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BOTANY   OF   CALIFORNIA. 


VOL.  I. 


#    «r 


(uniform  with  the  publications  of  the) 

GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  CALIFOENIA. 

J.  D.  WHITNEY,  State  Geologist. 


BOTANY. 


VOLUME   I. 


POLYPETAL^, 

By  W.  H.  BEEWER  and  SERENO  WATSOK 


GAMOPETAL^, 

By  ASA  GRAY. 


SECOND      (revised)     EDITION. 


CAMBRIDGE,   MASS.: 

JOHN  WILSON  AND  SON,  UNIVERSITY  PRESS. 

1880. 


JCAMBRIDGE.  M»SSj 


PREFATORY   NOTE   TO   THE   SECOND   EDITION. 


In  this  edition  of  the  present  volume,  no  changes  have  been  made 
excepting  such  as  may  properly  be  called  corrections  of  slight  verbal 
mistakes  and  of  errors  of  the  press.  Vol.  II.,  completing  the  Botany  of 
California,  is  published  contemporaneously  with  the  present  one,  and  in 
that  will  be  found  a  considerable  number  of  additions  and  corrections  to 
Volume  I.,  rendered  necessary  by  fresh  discoveries  made  by  various  zealous 
collectors  in  the  field. 

J.  D.  WHITNEY. 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  August  17,  1880. 


Names  of  the  gentlevien  hy  the  aid  of  ivJwse  contributions  the  pMication 
of  this  volume  has  been  secured :  — 


LELAND  STANFORD. 
D.  O.  MILLS. 
LLOYD  TEVIS. 
J.  C.  FLOOD. 

CHARLES  McLaughlin. 


R.  B.  WOODWARD. 
WILLIAM  NORRIS. 
JOHN  0.  EARL. 
HENRY  PIERCE. 
OLIVER  ELDREDGE. 


S.  CLINTON  HASTINGS. 


INTRODUCTION. 


rriHE  Act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  in  1860,  authorizing  a  geological 
-*-  Survey  of  the  State  of  California,  required,  among  other  things,  a  "  full 
and  scientific  description  of  its  botanical  productions."  In  accordance  with 
this  requisition,  the  material  necessary  for  such  a  description  was  assiduously 
collected  by  the  Geological  Corps,  whenever  and  wherever  it  was  possible 
to  carry  on  this  work  in  addition  to  the  other  more  pressing  duties  of  the 
Survey  proper.  During  the  years  from  1860  to  1864,  the  botanical  collect- 
ing was  entirely  under  the  charge  of,  and  mostly  performed  by,  Professor 
W.  H.  Brewer.  It  was  under  his  supervision  that  the  bulk  of  the  material 
was  accumulated,  the  elaboration  of  which  has  formed  the  basis  of  the 
present  volume.  Professor  Brewer  having  left  California  in  1864,  no  farther 
continuous  and  systematic  collecting  was  attempted  by  the  Survey.  Mr. 
H.  N.  Bolander  was,  however,  engaged  for  a  few  months  in  1866  and  1867 
in  making  a  more  thorough  botanical  exploration  of  portions  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  than  had  before  been  possible ;  and  he  also  made  a  trip  through  the 
Coast  Kanges,  north  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  in  which  he  was  assisted 
from  the  funds  of  the  Survey,  then,  as  always,  entirely  inadequate  to  a 
vigorous  prosecution  of  the  work  in  all  its  branches.  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper, 
Zoological  Assistant  of  the  Survey,  during  a  winter  spent  at  Fort  Mohave, 
and  on  the  way  thither  and  back,  made  important  additions  to  the  botanical 
collections.  On  the  return  of  Professor  Brewer  to  the  East,  in  1864,  arrange- 
ments were  commenced  for  working  up  the  collections,  with  a  view  to  the 
publication  of  a  Flora  of  California,  or  a  systematic  description  of  the  plants 
growing  spontaneously  over  that  wide  area  of  between  150,000  and  160,000 
square  miles.*     The  total  number  of  species  thus  included  was  estimated  at 

•  In  point  of  fact,  in  the  present  volume  the  botany  of  the  whole  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  of  the  ranges  adjacent  to  it  on  the  east,  from  Arizona  to  Northern  Nevada,  and 
of  Southern  Oregon,  has  been  fully  worked  up,  and  a  considerable  number  of  species  included 
which  have  not  yet  been  found  within  the  borders  of  the  State  of  California,  although  many 
of  them,  in  all  probability,  will  be. 


Viii  INTRODUCTION.  % 

two  thousand,  and  it  was  thought  that  the  work  of  determining  and  describ- 
ing them  would  not  occupy  more  than  a  year  or  two.  The  co-operation  of 
distinguished  specialists  throughout  the  country  was  secured,  and  various 
portions  of  the  collections  placed  in  their  hands  to  be  worked  up.  It 
is,  however,  at  the  Herbarium  of  Harvard  University,  and  under  the 
supervision  of  Professor  A.  Gray,  that  most  of  the  material  has  thus  far 
been  elaborated.  The  collections  made  by  the  Survey  were  there  arranged 
by  Professor  Brewer,  and  the  new  species  of  the  Polypdaloe.  and  Gamo- 
petalce  were  described  by  Professor  Gray  in  various  communications  made 
to  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  published  in  their 
Proceedings.* 

In  this  work  it  was  necessary  that  the  material  which  had  accumulated 
during  the  many  years  in  which  California  had  been  botanicaUy  explored 
by  various  Government  expeditions,  both  American  and  foreign,  and  by 
numerous  private  collectors,  should  be  passed  under  review.  It  was  equally 
necessary  that  the  mass  of  literature  already  accumulated  in  relation  to  this 
Flora,  and  scattered  through  hundreds  of  volumes,  which  in  many  cases  are 
not  to  be  obtained  except  with  great  difficulty,  should  be  thoroughly  ex- 
amined. Much  the  largest  portion  of  this  material,  both  of  books  and 
plants,  was  accessible  at  the  Herbarium  in  Cambridge ;  and,  where  the  collec- 
tions in  this  country  were  deficient,  both  Dr.  Gray  and  Dr.  Engelmann  were 
enabled  to  supply  deficiencies  and  make  the  necessary  comparisons,  during 
visits  to  Europe,  and  especially  to  the  great  storehouse  of  the  world's 
botany  at  Kew.  While  this  work  of  description  and  comparison  went  on, 
much  new  material  was  constantly  coming  in,  chiefly  through  several  zeal- 
ous private  collectors,  who  of  course  had  to  send  their  plants  to  Cambridge 
for  determination.  Thus  it  happened,  that,  as  the  amount  of  material  to 
be  worked  over  was  constantly  increasing,  so  the  time  required  for  the  work 
was  also  greatly  expanded.  The  Survey  not  being  able  to  pay  any  one  for 
devoting  his  whole  time  to  this  investigation,  the  year  1874  had  been 
reached  and  the  printing  had  not  been  begun.  The  Legislature  of  1873  -  74 
put  an  end  to  the  work  by  refusing  any  further  appropriations  for  the 
Survey,  and  the  present  volume  would  have  remained  unpublished,  had  it 
not  been  for  the  generosity  of  a  few  citizens  of  San  Francisco,  who  came 
forward  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  late  State  Geologist  a  sum  sufficient 
*  See  Proceedings  Am.  Acad.  Vol.  VI.  519,  and  VII.  327. 


INTRODUCTION.  Jx 

to  insure  the  publication  o&  one  volume  of  the  Flora  of  California.  The 
names  of  these  gentlemen  will  be  found  on  the  page  following  the  title. 
As  soon  as  possible  after  this  munificent  act,  an  arrangement  was  made  with 
Mr.  Sereno  Watson,  late  Botanist  of  the  Fortieth  Parallel  Survey,  to  under- 
take the  necessary  revision  of  the  Polypdalm,  previously  prepared  by  Pro- 
fessor Brewer,  but  which  needed  still  further  elaboration.  Professor  Gray, 
in  accordance  with  previous  arrangement,  was  ready  with  the  Gamopetalce, 
and,  to  insure  greater  uniformity,  all  the  ordinal  characters  of  the  volume 
have  also  been  written  by  him.  There  has  been  no  interi'uption  in  the  work 
since  the  necessary  funds  were  raised  for  its  continuance.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary to  insist  on  the  reasons  why  the  preparation  of  this  volume  has  involved 
a  much  larger  amount  of  labor  and  of  time  than  was  originally  expected. 
Botanists  will  not  fail  to  appreciate  the  magnitude  of  tlie  task  thus  under- 
taken, and  will  recognize  the  great  difference  between  a  work  like  the  present 
one  and  even  the  most  complete  of  the  botanical  reports  which  have  hitherto 
accompanied  or  formed  a  part  of  the  reports  of  Government  expeditions. 
It  only  remains  for  me  to  thank  those  who  have  contributed  to  this  volume 
either  intellectually  or  pecuniarily,  and  to  express  my  sincere  regret  that  the 
Legislature  of  California  has  just  adjourned  without  having  made  any  pro- 
vision for  the  continuance  of  the  Botany,  or  for  bringing  before  the  world 
other  portions  of  the  results  of  the  Survey  already  in  process  of  publication, 
or  nearly  ready  for  it,  at  the  time  the  work  was  suspended  by  the  Legislature 
of  1873-74. 

Should  the  means  be  secured  for  the  publication  of  the  second  volume 
of  the  Botany  of  California,  it  will  contain  the  remaining  exogenous  (the 
Apetalcc  and  the  Gymnospermce),  the  endogenous,  and  the  cryptogamous 
orders.  It  is  proposed  also  to  add  an  accented  list  of  generic  names  with 
their  derivations ;  and  a  chronological  list  of  botanical  collectors  on  the 
west  coast  of  America,  together  with  an  index  to  the  genera  and  species 
of  the  entire  Flora,  and  a  glossary  of  the  botanical  terms  used. 

J.  D.  WHITNEY. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  April  15,  1876. 


NOTE 


The  following  Keys  are  designed  to  facilitate  the  reference  of  any  plant  to  its  proper  Order ; 
and  it  is  hoped  that  the  one  may  so  supplement  the  other  that  in  most  cases  little  difficulty 
will  be  found.  A  synopsis  is  likewise  given  of  the  genera  under  each  order,  and  of  the  species 
in  most  of  the  larger  and  more  difficult  genera. 

All  the  more  important  synonymy  is  cited,  including  references  to  the  principal  figures. 
The  geographical  range  is  indicated  as  nearly  as  our  present  knowledge  permits,  but  the 
habitats  of  many  of  the  rare  or  local  species  will  doubtless  be  much  extended  as  the  State 
is  more  thoroughly  explored.  Additional  species  will  also  be  discovered,  and  the  descriptions 
of  the  known  species  here  given  may  prove  in  some  cases  to  be  defective  or  erroneous.  In- 
formation in  regard  to  any  additions  or  corrections  is  solicited  for  an  appendix  to  the  second 
volume,  or  for  a  future  supplement. 

It  has  not  been  possible  to  give  here,  introductory  to  the  Flora,  that  preliminary  botanical 
instruction  which  is  necessary  to  its  use.  To  supply  the  need,  a  brief  Introduction  to  Sys- 
tematic Botany  will  probably  be  included  in  the  volume  which  is  to  follow,  and  reference 
may  be  made  meanwhile  to  the  ordinary  text-books  upon  the  subject,  such  as  Gray's  "  Les- 
sons in  Botany." 


ANALYTICAL   ARTIFICIAL  KEY   TO   THE   ORDERS   AND 
ANOMALOUS   GENERA   IN  THIS   VOLUME. 


RANUNCULACEa;,  1. 

Papaverace^,  5. 

NYMPHiEACEvE,  3. 

Acacia  in  Leguminos^,  31. 


Division  I.     POLYPETAL^  :  calyx  and  corolla  both  present ;  the  latter  of  separate  petals. 

A.    Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10  and  more  than  double  the  number  of  the  petals, 

1.  Uypogynous,  i.  e.  on  the  receptacle  free  from  the  ovary  and  calyx. 

Pistils  few  to  many  distinct  carpels,  or  rarely  only  one. 
Calyx  mostly  deciduous  :  juice  of  herbage  colorless. 
Calyx  early  deciduous  :  juice  yellowish.  Platystemon  in 

Calyx  persistent  :  leaves  peltate. 
Pistil  a  single  simple  carpel,  forming  a  pod. 
Pistil  compound  :  cells,  placenta;,  or  stigmas  more  than  one. 
Petals  more  numerous  than  the  sepals. 

Indefinitely  numerous,  small,  and  persistent :  aquatic. 
Just  twice  as  many  (4  or  6),  and  both  usually  caducous. 
Five  to  16  and  more  numerous  than  the  persistent  sepals. 
Petals  of  the  same  number  as  the  sepals, 
Four,  and  both  deciduous. 
Four  or  less,  but  cleft,  and  calyx  persistent. 
Five,  and  the  calyx  persistent. 

Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud  :  stamens  monadelphous. 
Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

Leaves  opposite,  entire,  pellucid-punctate. 
Leaves  alternate,  not  pellucid-punctate,  plane. 
Corolla  ephemeral  :  two  outer  sepals  small  and  bract-like. 
Corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular  :  sepals  round.    Fouquiera  in 
Leaves  all  i-adical,  hollow  pitchers. 


Nymph^ace^,  3. 
Papaverace^,  5. 

PORTULACACEiE,  16. 

Capparidace^,  8. 
Resedace*,  9. 

Malvace^,  20. 

Hypericace^,  19. 

ClSTACE^,  10. 

tamariscine.e,  17. 
Sarraceniace^,  4. 


Cactace^,  43. 
Ficoide^,  44. 

PoRTULACACEiE,  16. 

Calycantuaceje,  33. 
Saxifragace^,  34. 
Rosacea,  32. 

Crossosoma  in  Ranunculackj),  1. 


2.  Perigynous  or  epigynous,  borne  on  the  (either  free  or  adnate)  calyx. 

Leafless  mostly  prickly  fleshy  plants :  ovary  1 -celled. 
Leafy  fleshy  plants,  with  3  or  more  cells  to  the  ovary. 
Leafy  fleshy  herbs,  with  1 -celled  ovary. 
Not  fleshy. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  :  sepals  and  petals  numerous. 
Leaves  opposite,  simple  :  sepals  and  petals  4  or  5. 
Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules. 
Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 

Carpels  2  or  more,  superior,  becoming  follicles. 
Ovary  inferior,  with  3  or  more  parietal  placenta;. 

Flowers  mainly  dioecious  :  petals  minute  or  none.  Datiscace^,  42. 

Flowere  perfect :  petals  conspicuous  :  leaves  rough.  LoASACRfi,  40. 

B.   Stamens  10  or  less,  or  if  more  not  exceeding  twice  the  number  of  the  petals,  or  sepals  when 

the  petals  are  wanting. 

1.  Ovary  or  ovaries  superior  or  mainly  so  (but  sometimes  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube). 

*  Pistils  more  than  one  and  distinct. 

Pistils  of  just  the  same  number  as  petals  and  as  sepals. 

Leaves  simple,  fleshy.  Crassulaceje,  35. 

Leaves  pinnate.     (Styles  partly  united.)  Limnanthes  in  Geraniace^,  24. 
Pistils  not  con-esponding  in  number  with  petals  or  sepals. 

Stamens  borne  on  the  receptacle.  Ranunculace.1:,  1. 
Stamens  borne  on  the  calyx. 

Stipules  persistent  :  leaves  alternate.  RosACEiE,  32. 

Stipules  caducous  :  leaves  opposite,  compound.  Staphylea  in  Sapixdace.i!,  29. 

Stipules  none  or  indistinct.  SAXiFRAGACEyE,  34. 


xu 


ANALYTICAL  ARTIFICIAL  KEY. 


■» 


*  *  Pistil  only  one, 
+■  Simple,  i.  e.  of  one  carpel,  as  sIiowti  by  tlie  single  style,  stigma,  and  cell  (the  latter  sometimes 


with  a  false  division  in  Astragalus). 


Berberidace^,  2. 


Leguminos^,  31. 
polygalaceje,  12. 


Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves  or  transversely. 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise  or  at  the  top. 

Flowers  irregular,  or  leaves  twice  pinnate  :  fruit  a  legume. 
Flowers  irregular  :  leaves  simple. 
Flowers  regular. 

Leaves  opposite,  punctate.  Cneoridiugi  in  Eutaceje,  25. 

Leaves  alternate,  not  punctate,  mostly  stipulate. 

Fruit  a  drupe  or  akene.  EosACEiB,  32. 

Fruit  a  coriaceous  follicle.  Glossopetalou  in  Sapindace^,  29. 

■i-  +-  Pistil  compound,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  cells  or  placenta,  styles  or  stigmas. 

Ovary  1 -celled,  with  (2  to  4  or  rarely  more)  parietal  placentse. 
Petals  (long-clawed)  and  teeth  of  long-tubular  calyx  4  or  5. 
Petals  and  sepals  or  lobes  of  the  cleft  calyx  5. 
Corolla  irregular  ;  lower  petal  spurred. 
Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 
Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  entire. 
Styles  3,  each  2-parted :  placentae  3. 
Petals  2,  but  persistent  sepals  i  :  flower  irregiilar. 
Petals  4,  but  bract-like  sepals  2  :  flower  irregular. 
Petals  4  or  6  :  sepals  half  as  many,  caducous. 
Petals  and  sepals  each  4  :  stamens  6. 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled  :  2  placentte  parietal :  stamens  tetradynamous. 
Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled,  several  -  many-seeded  on  a  central  placenta, 
Tmly  so,  the  partitions  wanting  or  very  incomplete. 
Sepals  2  :  leaves  often  alternate. 
Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  5  or  sometimes  4  :  leaves  all  opposite 


Frankeniace^,  13. 

Violace-s:,  11. 

Saxifragace^,  34. 
DrosehacejE,  36. 
Resedace^,  9. 
Fumariace^,  6. 
Papaverace^e,  5. 
Capparidace^,  8. 
Crucifer^,  7. 


PORTtJLACACE^,  16. 

Caryophyllace^,  14. 


Glaux  in  Primulace^,  57. 


Here  may  be  sought  the  apetalous 
Apparently  so  ;  the  partitions  at  length  vanishing, 
Stipules  between  the  opposite  leaves. 
No  stipules. 
Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled  with  a  single  seed  on  a  stalk  from  the  base. 
Shrubs  :  styles  or  stigmas  3  :  fruit  drupe-like. 
Herbs  :  fruit  a  utricle. 

Style  at  most  2-cleft  :  stipules  scarious. 
Styles  5  :  calyx  scarious. 
Ovary  more  than  1-celled  :  seeds  attached  to  the  axis,  or  base,  or  summit. 
Flowers  very  iiTegular  :  ovary  2-celled  :  cells  1 -seeded. 
Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

No  green  foliage.  Monotropeae,  &c.,  in  Ericace^e,  54. 

Foliage  pellucid-punctate  :  strong-scented  shrubs.  ~ 

Foliage  not  pellucid-punctate. 
Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  chinks  at  the  end. 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them,  i.  e.  alter- 
nate with  the  calyx-lobes. 
These  valvate  in  the  bud. 
These  small  or  obsolete  :  petals  valvate. 
Stamens  when  just  as  m.any  as  petals  alternate  with  them. 
Strong-scented  shrub  :  leaves  opposite,  2-foliolate. 
Strong-scented  herbs  :  leaves  lobed  or  compound. 
Herbs,  not  strong-scented. 
Ovules  1  to  4  in  each  cell. 
Leaves  all  simple  and  entire. 
Leaves  all  opposite,  compound,  and  leaflets  entire. 
Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  the  latter  with  divisions 
or  leaflets  not  entire. 
Ovules  numerous. 

Stamens  on  the  calyx  :  style  1. 
Stamens  on  the  calyx  :  styles  2  or  3. 
Stamens  on  the  receptacle  :  leaves  opposite,  simple. 
Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals,  2  or  5 


Elatinace^e,  18. 

LYTHRACEiE,  37. 

Anacardiace^,  30. 

iLLECEBRACEiE,  15. 

Plumbaginace^,  56. 
polygalace^e,  12. 


EUTACE^,  25. 

Ericace^,  54. 


Ehamnacete,  27. 

VlTACEiE,   28. 

Zygophyllace^,  23. 
Geraniace^,  24. 


Linage.*!,  22. 
Zygophyllace.«;,  23. 

GERANIACEiE,  24. 
LYTHRACEiE,  37. 

Saxifragace^,  34. 


Cells  fewer  than  the  sepals,  3. 


Elatinace^e,  18. 
MoUugo  in  FicoiDEiE,  44. 


ANALYTICAL   ARTIFICIAL   KEY.  yiji 

* 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  simple  leaves, 

Pinnately  veined,  not  lobed.  Celastrace^  26. 

Palmately  veined,  lobed.  Sapindace^,  29. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  lobed  leaves.  Steuculiace^,  21. 
Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  compound  leaves. 

Stamens  4  to  8.  Sapindace^,  29. 

Stamens  2  or  rarely  3.  Oleacke,  59. 

2.  Ovary  and  fruit  inferior  or  mainly  so. 

Tendril-bearing  herbs  :  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Cucurbitace^,  41. 

Aquatic  herbs  :  flowers  dicecious  or  monandrous.  _  Haloeage^,  38. 

Shrubs  with  catkin -like  drooping  spikes  :  flowers  dicecious.       Ganya  in  CoknacEjE,  47. 
Shrubs  or  lierbs,  not  tendril-bearing  nor  dioecious,  nor  umbelliferous. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  small  or  unguiculate  petals  and  opposite 

them  :  calyx  valvate.  Rhamnackb,  27. 
Stamens  if  of  the  number  of  the  petals  alternate  with  them. 
Styles  2  to  5,  distinct  or  united  below. 

Fruit  a  few-seeded  pome.  Rosaceje,  32. 

Frait  a  many-seeded  (or  rarely  3-5-celled  3-5-seeded)  capsule.  Saxifragaceje,  34. 
Fruit  a  1 -celled  many-seeded  berry.                                    Ribes  in  Saxifragace^,  34. 
Style  1,  undivided  :  stigmas  1  to  4. 

Flowers  in  cymes  or  a  glomerate  cluster.  CoKNACE^  47. 
Flowei-s  racemose,  spicate,  or  axillary. 

Ovary  1-celled  :  herbage  scabrous.  LoASACE^,  40. 

Ovary  2  -  5-,  mostly  4-celled.  Onagrace^,  39. 

Herbs  :  flowers  in  umbels  :  styles  2  :  fruit  dry.  Umbellifer^,  45. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  :  flowers  in  umbels  :  styles  4  or  5  :  fruit  berry-like.  Araliace^,  46. 

Division  II.     GAMOPETALiE  :  petals  more  or  less  united  into  one  piece. 

A.    Ovary  inferior,  or  at  least  largely  so. 

Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  8  or  10, 

Distinct  and  free  from  it,  or  nearly  so.  Ericaceae,  54. 

Monadelphous  on  its  tube.  Styracacke,  58. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (5  rarely  4),  syngenesious. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head.  Composite,  51. 

Flowei-s  separate,  racemose  or  spicate.  LoBELIACEiE,  52. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  at  least  4,  distinct, 
Nearly  or  quite  free  from  corolla  :  leaves  alternate :  no  stipules. 

Stamens  distinct.  Campanulace^  53. 
Stamens  more  or  less  united.                                        Nemacladus  in  Lobeliace^,  52. 
Inserted  on  the  corolla  :  leaves  opposite  or  whorled, 

With  stipules,  or  else  in  whorls,  quite  entire.  Rubiace^,  49. 

Without  stipules,  opposite.  CAPRiFOLiACEiE,  48. 
Stamens  only  3,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite  :  stamens  distinct.  Valerianace^,  50. 

Leaves  alternate  :  stamens  often  united.  CucURBlTACE^  41. 

B.    Ovary  superior  (free),  or  mainly  so. 
1.  Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Pistil  single  and  simple  :  leaves  compound.  Leguminos^,  31. 

Pistils  several  and  simple  :  leaves  simple,  fleshy.  Crassttlace^  35. 
Pistil  compound,  with  3  styles.                                               Fouquiera  in  Tamariscineje,  17. 
Pistil  compound,  with  one  undivided  style. 

Ovary  3-10-celled  :  stamens  distinct.  Ericace^,  54. 

Ovary  partly  or  at  length  1-celled  :  stamens  monadelphous.  Styracace^,  58. 

2.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 

Styles  5  :  ovary  and  fruit  1-ovuled,  1 -seeded.  PLUMBAGiNACEiE,  56. 

Style  1  :  ovary  and  capsule  several  -  many-seeded.  PRiMULACEiE,  57. 

3.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  or  fewer. 
*  No  green  herbage. 

Corolla  regular  :  stamens  free  :  seeds  very  many  and  minute.  MoNOTROPEiE,  54. 

Corolla  regular  :  stamens  in  its  throat  :  fruit  10  -  20-celled.  LENNOACEiE,  55. 
Corolla  regular  :  stamens  on  the  tube  :  fruit  2-celled.             Cuscuta  in  Convolvulace^  66. 

Corolla  irregular  :  stamens  didynamous :  capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded.  GKOBANCHACEai,  69. 


XIV 


ANALYTICAL   ARTIFICIAL   KEY. 


*  *  With  ordinaiy  green  herbage. 
+-  Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so  :  stamens  not  didynamous. 
Corolla  scarious  and  veinless  :  stemless  herbs. 
Corolla  more  or  less  veiny. 

Stamens  2  or  3,  but  parts  of  corolla  4  or  5. 
Stamens  5,  sometimes  4,  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 
Pollen  in  solid  waxy  masses  :  fruit  a  pair  of  follicles. 
Pollen  in  powdery  grains. 

Ovaries  2  :  fruit  a  pair  of  follicles. 

Ovary  4-lobed,  fonniug  4  separate  or  separable  seed-like  nutlets. 

Ovary  single  and  entire. 

Style  3-cleft  at  apex  :  capsule  3-celled  :  corolla  convolute. 
Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  1. 

Ovules  and  seeds  at  most  4,  large,  with  large  embryo  and 

little  or  no  albumen  :  peduncles  axillary. 
Ovules  few  or  numerous  :  embryo  small,  in  albumen. 
Leaves  all   opposite   or  whorled   and    entire  :    capsule 

1 -celled  :  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Leaves  alternate,  3-foliolate  :  leaflets  entire  :  corolla  in- 
duplicate  :  flowers  racemose.  Menyanthes  in  Gentianace^,  62. 
Leaves  various,  mainly  alternate. 
Styles  2,  or  1  and  2-cleft  (except  in  Romanzoffia)  :  cap- 
sule 1  -  2-celled.  Hydrophyllace^,  64. 
Style  only  1  :   stigma  usually  1  :   capsule  or  berry  ■ 

2-celled,  or  rarely  more,  many-seeded.  Solanaceje,  67. 

See  also  Verbascum  &  Limosella  in  Sckophulariaceje,  68. 

+-  +-  Corolla  irregular  :  stamens  (with  anthers)  only  4  and  didynamous,  or  2  :  style  1. 


Plantaginace*:,  75. 
Oleace^,  59. 

AsCLEPIADACE^,  61. 

Apocynace^,  60. 
borraginace^,  65. 

PoLEMONIACEiE,  63. 

convolvulace^,  66. 
Gentianace^,  62. 


Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  few  -  many-seeded. 

Seeds  small,  mostly  indefinite  :  embryo  small  in  copious  albumen. 
Seeds  larger  in  proportion,  filled  by  the  flat  embryo. 

Numerous  in  a  long  capsule,  winged,  on  a  partition  which  sepa- 
rates from  the  valves. 
Few,  on  hooked  processes  of  the  placenta. 
Ovary  and  capsule  1 -celled,  with  many-seeded  placentae  in  the  axis. 
Ovaiy  4-parted,  in  fruit  as  many  seed-like  nutlets. 
Ovary  undivided  :  fruit  splitting  into  2  or  4  one-seeded  nutlets  (or 
berry-like  with  as  many  stones). 


SCROPHULARIACE^,   68. 


Bignoniace^,  71. 

ACANTHACEiE,   72. 

Lentibularie.*,  70. 
Labiat^e,  73. 

Verbenace^,  74. 


Apetalous  Forms  in  Polypetalous  and  Gamopetalous  Orders. 


Carjiels  several  or  numerous  and  distinct  :  stamens  hypogynous. 
Carpels  single  and  simple :  calyx  also  wanting.  Achlys 

Carjiels  1  or  2,  rarely  3,  distinct  and  free  :  stamens  on  the  calyx. 
Carjiel  single  and  simple  :  stamen  epigynous.  Hijipuris 

Carpels  combined  into  a  com|X)und  ovary,  which  is 
One-celled  and  1  -  2-ovuled. 
Herbs  with  scarious  stipules. 

Shrubs  without  stipules.  Pistacia 

Two  -  four-celled,  with  one  or  at  most  two  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Aquatic  herbs.  Myriophyllum 

TeiTestrial  herbs,  2-seeded.  Lepidium 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

With  alternate  simple  leaves  and  fleshy  fruit. 
With  opposite  compound  or  lobed  leaves,  and 

Single  1 -celled  1 -seeded  samara  for  fruit.  Fraxinus 

A  pair  of  samaras.  Acer  &  Negundo 

One-celled  and  many-ovuled  :  herbs. 
Placental  3,  parietal :  ovary  inferior. 
Placentae  2,  parietal :  ovary  partly  superior. 
Placenta  1,  central  or  basal  :  leaves  mostly  opposite. 
Style  and  stigma  one. 

Styles  or  at  least  stigmas  3,  or  rarely  more. 
Two  -  five-celled  and  many-ovuled. 

Herbs,  with  free  calyx  and  green  herbage. 
Herbs,  with  adnate  calyx  and  green  herbage. 
Herbs  destitute  of  green  herbage. 
Shrub,  with  alternate  lobed  leaves. 


EANUNCULACEiE,  1. 

in  Beubep>idace.e,  2. 

RosACEiK,  32. 
in  Halokage.*,  38. 


iLLECEBRACEiB,   15. 
in  ANACARDIACEiE,  30. 

in  HaloragejE,  38. 
in  Cruciferje,  7. 

Rhamnace^,  27. 

in  Oleace^,  59. 
in  Sapindace^,  29. 

DATISCACEiB,  42. 

Saxifragace^,  34. 


Glaux  in  PRiMULACEiE,  57. 

Caryophyllace-e,  14. 


Ludwigia 
AUotropa 


FicoiDEa:,  44. 
in  Onagrace^e,  39. 
in  EuiCAOE^a:,  54. 

Sterculiace^e,  21. 


11.  SYNOPTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  OEDEES,  &c. 


Division  I.     POLYPETALjE.     Petals  distinct,  or  nearly  so  (sometimes  wanting). 

A.    Stamens  hypogynous  (free  both  from  the  calyx  and  from  the  superior  ovary). 

*  Carpels  solitary  or  distinct. 
+■  Sepals  and  petals  deciduous  (rarely  persistent  in  No.  1).    Leaves  alternate  (opposite  in  climb- 
ers), or  radical :  stipules  none. 

1.  Ranunculaceae,  p.  2.     Sepals  (4  or  more),  petals  (as  many  and  alternate  with  them,  when 

present),  stamens  (usually  numerous),  and  carpels  (1  to  many)  all  distinct  and  free. 
Fruit  akenes  or  follicles  (in  Actcea  a  solitary  berry).     Mostly  herbs. 

2.  Berberidaceae,  p.  14.     Parts  of  the  flower  in  threes,  in  opposite  ranks,  distinct  (sepals  and 

petals  wanting  in  Achlys,  and  stamens  9).  Carpel  solitary  (a  berry  in  Berberis).  An- 
thers opening  by  valves.     Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  compound  leaves. 

Carpels  several,  soon  distinct,  becoming  linear  torulose  several-seeded  pods.  Sepals  3  :  petals  6  : 
stamens  many.    Annual  ;  leaves  entire,  mostly  opposite.    Platystemon  in  Papaveracece. 

Carpel  solitary,  becoming  a  spinose  pubescent  1-seeded  nut.  Flowers  irregular  :  sepals  and  pet- 
als, 5  :  stamens  4.     Pubescent  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves.     Krameria  in  Polygalacecc. 

+■  +■  Sepals  persistent  ;  petals  deciduous. 

Carpel  solitary,  becoming  a  globose  drupe.     Flowers  4-merous.     Smooth  shrub,  with  opposite 

entire  pungent  leaves.     Cneoridium  in  RutMceoe. 
Carpel  solitary,  becoming  a  few-  to  many-seeded  2-valved  or  indehiscent  pod.    Flowers  5-merous  : 

stamens  10  or  many.     Small  trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  spikes  or 

heads.     Mimose^  in  Leguminosce. 
Follicles  several.     Fleshy  plants,  with  stamens  nearly  hypogynous.     Crassulace^. 
Follicles  2.     Anthers  attached  to  the  stigma.     Herbs  ;  leaves  opposite,  entire.    Asclepiadacels. 

HH  HK  -i-  Sepals  and  petals  persistent. 

Carpels  becoming  indehiscent  1  -  2-seeded  pods.  Sepals  and  petals  3  or  4  :  stamens  many.  Per- 
ennial aquatic,  with  peltate  leaves.     Brasenia  in  Nymphceacece. 

*  *  Ovary  compound,  with  parietal  placentee  or  seeds  covering  the  cell-walls. 
HH  Capsule  many-celled,  indehiscent.     Sepals  and  petals  persistent. 

3.  Nymphaeaceae,  p.  16.     Parts  of  the  flower  indefinite,  mostly  numerous.     Seeds  numerous, 

covering  the  walls  of  the  cells.  Perennial  aquatic,  with  cordate  entire  leaves  and  soli- 
tary flowers. 

+■  +■  Valves  separating  from  the  persistent  placentae.     Sepals  (2  or  4)  and  petals  deciduous. 

++  Seeds  albuminous. 

5.  Papaveraceae,  p.  18.     Sepals  2  or  3,  caducous  :  petals  twice  as  many,  alike  :  stamens  nu- 

merous. Capsule  2  -  several-valved,  1 -celled  (several-celled  in  .fiomnei/a).  Herbs  (very 
rarely  shrubby),  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  often  colored  juice. 

6.  Pvunariaceae,  p.  23.     Flowers  very  irregular :  sepals  2,  small  :  petals  4,  in  dissimilar  pairs  : 

stamens  6,  diadelphous.  Pod  1 -celled,  2-valved,  several  -  many-seeded.  Perennial  herbs, 
with  alternate  dissected  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

++  ++  Seeds  without  albumen.     Flowers  regular. 

7.  Cruciferae,  p.  25.     Sepals  and  petals  4  :  stamens  6,  tetradynamous  (rarely  4,  2,  or  none). 

Pod  2-celled,  2-valved,  2  -  many-seeded  (rarely  1-celled  and  indehiscent).  Herbs,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

8.  Capparidaceae,  p.  49.    Sepals  and  petals  4  :  stamens  6  or  more,  nearly  equal.    Pod  2-valved, 

1  -  2-celled,  1  -  several- seeded.  Mostly  annual  herbs  (Jsomeris  shrubby),  with  alternate 
compound  leaves,  often  stipulate. 


xvi  SYNOPTICAL   KEY. 

-1 — H  Hf-  Capsule  1- celled,  several-carpelled,  the  valves  not  separating  from  the  placentae.     Calyx 

persistent. 

++  Flowers  irregular. 

9.  Resedaceae,  p.  53.     Sepals  4  :  petals  2  or  4,  cleft  or  entire  :  stamens  few  to  many.     Cap- 
sule 3  -  6-beaked,  many-seeded.     Herbs  ;  leaves  alternate,  entire  ;  stipules  glandular. 

11.  Violaceae,  p.  54.      Sepals  and  petals  5  :  anthers  5,  coherent  :  style  1,  clavate.     Capsule 

3-valved,  many-seeded.     Low  herbs,  with  alternate  or  radical  stipulate  leaves. 

++  ++  Flowers  regular.     Stipules  jione. 

10.  Cistaceae,  p.  54.  Sepals  and  petals  5,  two  of  the  sepals  minute  :  stamens  many  :  style  1. 
Capsule  3-valved,  few -many-seeded.     Herbs  or  woody  at  base  ;  leaves  entire,  alternate. 

36.  Droseraceae,  p.  212.  Flowers  5-raerous,  but -styles  3,  2-parted.  Capsule  3-valved,  many- 
seeded.    Low  marsh  herbs  ;  leaves  radical,  reddish,  entire,  beset  with  gland-tipped  hairs. 

13.  Frankeniaceae,  p.  60.    Stamens  4  to  7  :  style  2  -  4-cleft.    Capsule  2  -  4-valved,  enclosed  in 

the  tubular  fun-owed  4  -  5-lobed  calyx.  Low  woody-based  herbs,  with  opposite  entire 
leaves  and  small  flowers. 

Flowers  5-merous  :  stamens  indefinite  :  styles  3.  Capsule  3-valved.  Low  herbs,  with  opposite 
entire  punctate  leaves.     Hypericum  in  Hypericacecc. 

Flowers  4-merous  :  petals  united  at  base,  bearing  a  broad  gland.  Capsule  2-valved,  few -many- 
seeded.     Smooth  biennials,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves.     Fraseka  in  Gentianacece. 

*  *  *  Ovary  compound  (of  2  to  several  carpels),  with  central  placentae.     Stamens  mostly  strictly 

hypogj-nous.     Sepals  persistent. 

-i-  Flowers  very  irregular. 

12.  Polygalaceae,  p.  58.     Capsule  compressed,  narrowly  winged,  2-celled,  2-seeded.     Stamens 

6  to  8,  united  ;  anthers  1 -celled,  opening  at  the  top.  Low  Avoody -based  perennials,  with 
alternate  entire  leaves,  and  no  stipules. 

■+-  -J-  Flowers  regular.     Capsule  1-celled,  with  free  central  placenta.     Leaves  entire. 
++  Embryo  curved  around  central  albumen. 

14.  Caryophyllaceae,  p.  61.     Flowers  mostly  5-merous  :  petals  sometimes  none  :  stamens  10 

or  fewer  :  styles  3  to  5,  the  capsule  opening  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves.  Seeds 
numerous.     Herbs,  rarely  woody  at  base,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  no  stipules. 

15.  Ulecebraceae,  p.  71.     Fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle  included  in  the  calyx.     Petals  none  :  sta- 

mens perigynous  :  style  bifid.  Low  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  scarious  stipules,  and 
sessile  axillary  flowers. 

16.  Portulacaceae,  p.  73.    Capsule  2  -  3-valved  or  circumscissile.     Sepals  2  (4  to  8  in  Lcwisia)  : 

petals  2  to  5  or  more  :  stamens  few  or  many  :  style  2  -  3-cleft.  Seeds  few  or  many. 
Succulent  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  or  radical  leaves,  often  stipulate. 

++  ++  Embryo  straight  in  albumen.     Petals  united  at  base  :  stamens  opposite  them. 

Utricle  1-seeded,  enclosed  in  the  scarious  calyx.  Flowers  5-merous.  Perennial  acaulescent  mari- 
time herbs.     Plumbaginace^. 

Capsule  5-valved,  few  -  many-seeded.  Flowers  mostly  5-merou8  :  style  1.  Herbs  with  mostly 
opposite  leaves,  or  acaulescent.     Some  PRiMULACEiE. 

■i-  -t-  +■  Flowers  regular.     Ovary  2  -  several-celled. 

++  Capsule  not  lobed  nor  winged. 

(a.)  Stamens  distinct  or  nearly  so,  not  fascicled. 

4.  Sarraceniaceae,  p.  17.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  Sepals  and  petals  5, 
persistent  :  stamens  many  :  style  5-lobed.  Acaulescent  marsh  perennials,  with  pitcher- 
shaped  leaves  and  solitary  flowers. 

18.  Iilatinaceae  p.  79.  Capsule  2 -5-celled,  many -seeded.  Flowers  2-  or  5-merous:  styles 
distinct.     Low  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves,  membranous  stipules,  and  axillary  flowers. 

22.  Linaceae,  p.  88.  Capsule  2 -5-valved,  4-10-celled  and  -seeded.  Flowers  5-merous  :  styles 
2  to  5.  Low  herbs,  with  entire  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  often  with  stipular  glands, 
and  panicled  flowers. 

Capsule  3-celled,  several-seeded.  Flowers  5-merous  :  petals  none  :  styles  3.  Prostrate  annual, 
with  entire  verticillate  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.     Mollugo  in  Ficoideoe. 

Capsule  5-celled,  several  seeded.  Low  herbs,  with  sour  juice  and  alternate  or  radical  3-foliolate 
leaves.     Oxalis  in  Geraniacece. 

Capsule  5-10-celled,  many-seeded.  Stamens  10,  rarely  fewer  ;  anther-cells  opening  by  a  terminal 
pore  or  chink.  Scaly-bracted  herbs  without  green  foliage  (or  Ledum  an  evergreen  shrub, 
with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves).     Some  Ericage^. 


SYNOPTICAL   KEY.  Xvii 

t 

Capsule  woody,  5-celled,  5-seeded.     Flowers  5-merous.     Seeds  winged.     A  leafless  spinose  shnib. 

Canotia  in  Rosacem. 
Ovary  3-cclled  :  fruit  a  large  leathery  3-valved  1 -seeded  pod.    Trees,  with  opposite  digitate  serrate 

leaves,  no  stipules,  and  showy  panicled  irregular  flowers.     .^EscULUS  in  Sapindaccoc. 

(h.)   Stamens  clustered  in  fascicles  or  united  into  a  tube. 

19.  Hypericaceae,  p.  80.    Stamens  numerous  in  3  sets.    Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.    Sepals 

and  petals  5  :  styles  3.  Perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  punctate  leaves,  no  stipules, 
and  yellow  cymose  flowers. 

20.  Malvaceae,  p.  82.    Stamens  numerous,  united  into  a  tube  :  anthers  1-celled.    Carpels  either 

in  a  ring,  1  -  few-seeded  and  at  length  separating,  or  forming  a  5  -10-celled  many-seeded 
capsule.  Calyx  valvate  :  petals  5,  united  at  base.  Herbs  or  shnibs,  with  alternate 
stipulate  leaves. 

21.  Sterculiaceae,  p.  88.    Stamens  5,  united  into  a  tube  :  anthers  2-celled.    Capsule  4  -  5-celled, 

few-seeded.  Flowers  5-merous  ;  calyx  imbricate  :  petals  none.  Shrub,  with  alternate 
leaves,  and  showy  flowers. 

++  ++  Fruit  lobcd  or  winged.     Seeds  1  or  2  in  the  ceUs,  pendulous  :  albumen  little  or  none. 

23.  Zygophyllaceae,  p.  91.     Capsule  5-10-lobed,  -celled,  and  -seeded.     Flowei-s  5-merous: 

stamens  10  :  style  1,  short  :  sepals  mostly  deciduous.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite 
stipulate  compound  leaves  (leaflets  entire),  and  solitary  flowers. 

24.  Geraniaceae,  p.  92.     Capsule  5-parted,  -celled,  and  -seeded.     Flowers  5-merous  :  stamens 

mostly  10  :  styles  coherent  to  an  axis,  at  length  separating  from  it.  Herbs,  with  lol)ed 
or  compound  toothed  leaves,  —  opposite  and  stipulate,  the  carpels  long-beaked,  or  alter- 
nate and  without  stipules,  the  carpels  not  beaked. 

25.  Rutaceae,  p.  96.     Fruit  2-celled,  an  orbicular  samara  or  didymous  capsule.     Flowers  4-me- 

rons  :  style  1.     Shrubs,  with  aromatic  dotted  alternate  leaves,  and  no  stipules. 

29.  Sapindaceae,  105.     Fruit  a  double  samara.     Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  often  apeta- 

lous.     Trees,  with  palmately  lobed  or  pinnate  opposite  serrate  leaves,  and  no  stipules. 
Fniit  a  simple  samara,  usually  1-celled  and  1-seeded.     Flowers  4-merous,  perfect  or  dioecious: 
petals  often  none  :  stamens  often  2  :  style  1.     Trees,  with  opposite  pinnate  leaves,  and 
no  stipules.     Fkaxinus  in  Oleacece. 

*  «  «  «  Ovary  compound,  with  central  placentae.  Stamens  upon  a  more  or  less  perigynous  disk. 
Flowers  mostly  polygamous  or  dicecious.  Calyx  persistent  or  the  limb  deciduous. 
Cells  1  -few-seeded.     Seeds  mostly  erect  or  ascending  and  albuminous. 

26.  Celastraceae,  p.  98.     Capsule  2  -  5-celled  and  -lobed.     Flowers  perfect,  4 -5-merous  :  style 

veiy  short.  Seeds  arillate.  Shmbs,  with  simple  opposite  pinnately  veined  leaves,  and 
no  stipules. 

27.  Rhamnaceae,  p.  99.     Fruit  berry-  or  drupe-like,  or  diy,  1  -  4'-celled.     Calyx  valvate,  the  4 

or  5  lobes  alternate  with  as  many  sttimeus,  deciduous  :  j^tals  often  none  :  style  2-4- 
cleft  or  lobed.     Shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  small  stipules. 

28.  Vitaceae,  p.  105.     Fruit  a  2-celled  2-4-seeded  berry.      Flowei-s  4  -  5-merous  :  calyx  mi- 

nute :  petals  valvate  :  the  stamens  opposite  them.  Woody  vines,  climbing  by  ten- 
drils :  leaves  alternate,  lobed. 

30.  Anacardiaceae,  j).  109.     Drupes  1-celled,  1-seeded.     Flowers  mostly  5-merous  :  stigmas  3. 

Shrulis,  with  milky  resinous  juice,  alternate  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  no  stipules. 
Albumen  little  or  none. 
Fruit  a  bladdery  3-lobed  several-seeded  capsule.     Flowere  perfect,  5-merous.     Shrubs  with  oppo- 
site compound  stipulate  leaves.     Staphylea  in  Sapindaceae. 

B.    Stamens  perigynous  (upon  the  calyx),  or  epigynous. 

*  Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so.     (See  last  group.) 

-H-  Carpels  solitary  or  distinct     Seed  very  rarely  albuminous. 

31.  Leguminosae,  p.  111.    Carpel  solitary  becoming  a  legume.    Flowers  mostly  irregular  (papili- 

onaceous) :  stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  mostly  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Herbs, 
shrubs,   or  trees,  with  alternate  stipulate  simple  or  compound  leaves. 

32.  Rosaceae,  p.  164.    Carjwls  one  to  many,  Ix'coming  akenes  or  sometimes  1  -  2-seeded  drapes 

(or  coherent  with  the  calyx  into  a  2  -  several-celled  pome).  Flowers  regular,  mostly 
5-merous,  or  tlie  stamens  usually  numerous.  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  alternate 
mostly  stijmlate  simple  or  compound  leaves. 

33.  Calycanthaceae,  p.  190.     Carpels  numerous,  becoming  akenes  within  a  hollow  receptacle. 

Se])als,  ])etixls,  and  stamens  indefinite.  Aromatic  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves, 
and  no  stipules. 


xviii  SYNOPTICAL  KEY.  ^ 

Carpels  2  to  5,  becoming  many-sepded  follicles.  Seed  albuminous.  Sepals  and  petals  5,  persist- 
ent :  stamens  many.  Smooth  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  no  stipules. 
Crossosoma  in  Ilanunculaxxce. 

Flowers  5-merous  :  carpels  fewer  than  5.     Low  acaulescent  herbs.     Saxifraga  in  Scudfragacece. 

Flowers  3  -  7-merous.     Thick  fleshy  herbs,  with  simple  alternate  leaves.     Some  Crassulace^. 

Carpel  solitaiy,  becoming  an  ovoid  1  -  2-seeded  follicle.  Flowers  4-merous.  Low  spinescent 
shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  stipulate  leaves.     Glossopetalon  in  Sapindacece. 

+-  Hf-  Carpels  more  or  less  united.     Seeds  mostly  albuminous.     Leaves  simple  :  stipules  none. 

34.  Sasdfragacese,  p.  192.     Carpels  2  to  5,  fonning  a  1 -celled*  »r  2-5-celled  many-seeded  cap- 

sule, or  nearly  distinct.     Flowers  5-merous  :  stamens  rarely  numerous  :  styles  2  to  5, 
usually  distinct.     Herbs  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  alternate  (opposite  in  Hydrangeoi)  or  radical. 

35.  Crassulaceae,  p.  208.     Carpels  3  to  5,  becoming  1  -  many-seeded  follicles,  distinct  or  con- 

nate at  base.     Flowers  3-  or  5-merous  ;  stamens   nearly   hypogynous.     Thick  fleshy 
plants,  mostly  herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves. 

37.  Lythraceae,  p.  213.     Capsule  2  -  4-celled,  many-seeded,  enclosed  in  the  tubular  or  campan- 

ulate  calyx.     Flowei-s  4-  or  6-merous  :   style  1.     Herbs,  with  entire   mostly   opposite 

leaves,  and  axillary  flowers.     No  albumen. 
Fruit  a  1  -  2-seeded  utricle,   included  in  the  calyx.     Style  2-cleft.     Low  herbs,  with  opposite 

entire  leaves.     iLLECEBRACEiE. 
Carpels  2,  with  distinct  styles,  enclosed  in  the  at  length  fleshy  calyx  and  becoming  berry-like. 

Small  tree,  with  alternate  serrate  evergreen  leaves  and  minute  stipules.     Heteromeles 

in  Rosacece. 
Capsule  3  -  5-celled,  many-seeded,  circumscissile.     Flowers  5-merous  :  petals  none  :  styles  3  to  5. 

Fle.shy  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves.     Sesuvium  in  Ficoidece. 
Capsule  2-celled,  several-seeded,  adnate  at  base  to  the  calyx.     Flowei-s  in-egiilar  :  petals,  as  well 

as  filaments,  somewhat  united.     Slender  annual,  with  alternate  leaves  and  milky  juice. 

Nemaclapus  in  Lobeliacecc. 
Fruit  fleshy,  becoming  dry,  3-valved,  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded.     Petals  about  5,  united  at  base  :  sta- 
mens 10,  monadelphous  :  style  1.     Shrub,  with  alternate  entire  leaves.     Styracace^. 

*   *  Ovaiy  wholly  inferior. 

-f-  Fruit  with  central  placentae.     Herbs,  with  few  stamens,  not  trailing,  and  flowers  not  in  um- 
bels :  stipules  none. 

38.  Halorageae,  p.  214.     Fruit  indehiscent  and  nut-like,  1  -  4-celled  and  -seeded.     Seeds  sus- 

pended, albuminous.     Aquatic  herbs,  with  verticillate  or   opposite  leaves,   and  incon- 
spicuous often  apetalous  sessile  axillaiy  flowere. 

39.  Onagracese,  p.  216.     Capsule  2-  or  4-celled,  sometimes  indehiscent,  mostly  many-seeded. 

Flowers  2  -  4-merous  :   style  1  :   calyx  valvate.      Herbs,   rarely  woody  at   base,    with 
mostly  alternate  leaves  ;  flowers  often  showy.     No  albumen. 
Capside  1-celled,   1-seeded.     Flowers  5-merous :  style  1.     Seed  suspended,  exalbuminous.     Per- 
ennial herbs,  with  simple  alternate  tenaciously  scabrous  leaves.     Petalonyx  in  Loa- 
soiceoB. 

+-  -i-  Frait  fleshy,  indehiscent.     Tendril-bearing  herbs.     Stamens  few. 

41.  Cucurbitaceae,  p.  238.     Flowere  monoecious  or  dioecious,  often  gamopetalous.     Fruit  1  - 

several-celled.     Leaves  alternate,  palmately  veined  or  lobed,  without  stipules.     Seeds 
without  albumen. 

-H  Hh  -i-  Fruit  with  parietal  placentae,  several  -  many-seeded.     Stamens  many  (except  in  Ribes). 

Stipules  none. 

++  Herbs,  not  fleshy.     Capsule  1-celled. 

40.  Loasaceae,  p.  235.     Flowers  perfect,   conspicuous  :   style  3  -  5-cleft  :   placentae   as  many. 

Leaves  rough  with  tenacious  hairs,  simple. 

42.  Datiscaceae,  p.  242.     Flowers  mostly  dicecious  :  petals  minute  or  none  :  styles  3.     Leaves 

smooth,  pinnately  compound. 
Fruit  a  berry.     Flowers  4  -  5-merous  :  styles  2  to  4,  more  or  less  united.     Shrubs,  often  spiny, 
with  simple  alternate  palmately  veined  and  lobed  leaves.    Grossulacejs  in  SaxifragaceoR. 

++  ++  Thick  fleshy  plants.     Capsule  1  -  several-celled. 

43.  Cactaceae,  p.  24.     Fruit  fleshy,  1-celled.     Sepals  and  petals  numerous.      Leafless  prickly 

j)erennials,  sometimes  woody. 

44.  Ficoideae,  p.  250.     Capsule  3  -  5-celled.     Sepals   few,    mostly   5.     Unarmed  herbs,  with 

mostly  opposite  leaves. 


SYNOPTICAL   KEY.  xix 

* 

-H  H — f-  HH  Fniit  indehiscent,  dry  or  berry-  or  drupe-like,  2-  (rarely  3  -  5-)  celled,  the  cells  with 

one  suspended  seed.     Ovary  with  an  epigynous  disk  (wanting  in  Garrya). 
++  Flowers  in  umbels.     Herbs,  mostly  with  alternate  and  compound  leaves.  .    . 

45.  Umbelliferae,  ji.  252.     Carpels  and  styles  2  :  fruit  dry.     Umbels  mostly  compound. 

46.  Araliaceee,  p.  273.    Car^Kds  and  styles  4  or  5,  forming  a  berry -like  fruit.     Umbels  panicled. 

++  ++  Flowers  in  cymes  or  aments.     Shriibs  (rarely  herbaceous)  with  opposite  entire  leaves. 

47.  Cornaceae,  p.  274.     Drupes  baccate,  1  -  2-celled.     Flowei-s  perfect  and  cymose,  or  dioecious 

and  in  aments,  4  -  5-merous  :  petals  valvate,  distinct :  style  1. 
Baccate  drupes  containing  1  to  5  seed-like  nutlets.     Flowers  perfect,  cymose,  5-merous  :  petals 

imbricate,  united.     Shiiibs  with  simple  or  pinnate  l(!aves.     Sambuce,e  in  Caprifoliacece. 
Fruit  a  berry  or  dru^w,  containing  2  to  5  tliin  1  -  2-celled  carj^els  or  nutlets  :  ovaries  2  in  each 

car^Hil,   ascending.     Flowers  5-merous  :   stamens  10  or  20  :  petals  imbricate,  distinct. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  alternate  stipulate  leaves.     Pomace^e  in  llosacece. 

Division  II.     GAMOPETAL^.     Petals  united  above  their  base  (very  rarely  wantuig).      Calyx 
generally  i>ersistent  (sometimes  minute). 

A    Ovary  inferior. 
♦  Filaments  and  anthers  distinct.     Leaves  opposite. 

48.  Caprifoliaceae,  p.  277.     Fniit  a  1  -  5-celled,  1  -  few-seeded  berry  or  capsule.    Stamens  4  or 

5  :  style  1  or  none.  Shrubs  (one  low  Gi-eeiHjr),  witli  simple  or  pinnate  leaves  and  no 
stipules.      Seed  albuminous. 

49.  Rubiaceae,  p.   281.     Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,   2-4-celled,   2-4-seeded.      Flowers  regular, 

4  -  5-nierous  :  style  1,  entire  or  cleft.  Shrubs  with  capitate  flowei-s,  or  herbs  with  Howers 
mostly  cymose  ;  leaves  entire,  o))posite  and  stijmlate,  or  verticillate.     Seed  albuminous. 

50.  Valerianaceae,  p.  286.     Ovary  3-celled,  becoming  a  1 -celled  1 -seeded  akene-like  fruit.    Sta- 

mens 3,  fewer  than  the  corolla-lol)es.  Flowers  inegiilar.  Herbs,  with  opposite  simple 
or  pinnate  leaves,  without  stipules.     Albumen  none. 

»   ♦  Anthers  or  filaments  (5)  united  into  a  tube  around  the  2-cleft  or  entire  .style.     No  stipules. 

51.  Compositae,  p.  288.     Fruit  an  akene.     Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head  :  calyx  reduced  to 

a  pa]>pus  or  wanting  :  filaments  mostly  distinct.     Albumen  none. 

52.  Lobeliaceae,  p.   443.     Capsule  1  -  2-cellcd,   many-seeded,  more  or  less  inferior.     Flowei-s 

irregular,  scattered  or  racemose  :  filaments  united  ;  anthei"s  sometimes  distinct.  Herbs, 
with  alternate  simple  leaves.     Seeds  albuminous. 

♦  *  *  Stamens  distinct.     Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 

53.  Campanulacese,  p.  445.     Capsule  2  -  5-celled,  many-seeded,  with  central  placentje.    Flow- 

ers regular,  5-merous:  style  1,  2  -  5-lobed.     Herbs;  leaves  simple.      Seeds  albuminous. 

Berry  many-seedeil,  4  -  5-«;elled.  Flowers  regular,  4  -  5-merous  :  anthers  opening  by  tenninal 
pores  :  style  1.     Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves.     Vaccinium  in  Ericaceae. 

Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent.  Flowers  moncecious  or  dioecious  :  stamens  commonly  united.  Tendril- 
bearing  trailing  herbs.     CucuRBiTACEiE. 

B.    Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so,  compound.     (Stipules  none.)  . 

*  Corolla  regular.     Stamens  not  didynamous. 
-f-  Fruit  5  -  many-celled. 

54.  Ericaceae,  p.  448.    Fruit  beiTy-like  or  capsular,  5  -  10-celled,  5  -  many-seeded,  with  central 

(rarely  parietal)  placentie.  Flowers  4  -  5-merous  :  style  1  :  anther-cells  opening  by  a 
terminal  |)ore  or  chink.  Shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  leaves  (opposite  in  AaMi«.),  or 
scaly  bracted  herbs  without  green  foliage. 

55.  Lennoaceae,  p.  464.     Fruit  drupaceous,  12- 20-celled  and -seeded.     Parts  of  the  flower  5  to 

10  :  style  1  :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.     Fleshy  scaly  herbs,  without  gi-een  herbage. 

-J-  -f-  Fruit  1  -  4-celled. 
++  Fruit  1 -celled,  with  a  central  basal  placenta. 

56.  Flumbaginaceae,  p.  465.    Capsule  a  1 -seeded  utiicle  inclosed  in  the  scarious  calyx.   Flowers 

S-incrous  :  petals  nearly  distinct.     Maritime  acaulescent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves. 

57.  Primulaceae,  p.  466.      Capside  5-valved  or   circumscissile,    few  -  many-seeded  :    placenta 

basal.  Flowei-s  mostly  5-merous  :  stamens  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  is 
wanting  in  Glaux :  style  1.     Herbs,  with  mostly  entire  alternate  leaves. 


XX 


SYNOPTICAL   KEY. 


68.  Styraceae,  p.  470.     Fruit  fleshy,  becoming  dry,  3-valved,  1-seeded.     Calyx  truncate  :  pet- 

als 4  to  8,  nearly  distinct  :  stamens  10,  mouadelphous  :  style  1.     Shinib,  with  alternate 
entire  leaves. 

69.  Oleaceae,  p.  471.     Fruit  a  simple  samara,  usually  1-celled  and  1-seeded  (or  a  2-celled  drupe 

or  capsule).     Flowers  4-merous,  perfect  or  dioecious  :  petals  often  none  :  stamens  usually 
2  :  style  1.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  pinnate  or  simple  leaves. 

++  ++  Carpels  2,  united  by  their  styles  or  stigmas,  becoming  distinct  follicles  with  numerous  comose 
seeds.    Perennial  herbs,  with  milky  juice,  and  opposite  entire  leaves  :  flowers  5-merous. 

60.  Apocynaceae,  p.  472.     Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.    Aifthers  nearly  free  :  pollen  powdery. 

61.  Asclepiadaceae,  p.  474.     Corolla  and  calyx  nearly  valvate.     Anthers  attached  to  the  stig- 

ma :  poUen-'in  waxy  masses. 

++  ++  +t  Fruit  1-celled  :  placentae  2,  parietal  (sometimes  united  in  the  axis). 

62.  Gentianaceae,  p.  478.     Capsule  septicidal,  few  -  many-seeded.    Flowers  4  -  5-merous  :  style 

1  or  none  ;  stigmas  1  or  2.     Glabrous  herbs,  with  simple  and  opposite  or  3-foliolate  and 
alternate  leaves  :  inflorescence  not  scorpioid. 

64.  Hydrophyllaceae,  p.  501.     Capsule  loculicidal,  few  -  many-seeded.      Flowers  5-merous: 

styles  2,  usually  more  or  less  distinct.     Herbs  {Eriodictyon  shrubby),  often  rough-hairy, 
with  alternate  (mrely  opposite)  often  comiwund  leaves,  and  mostly  scorjiioid  inflorescence. 

++  ++  ++  ++  Fruit  2  -  4-celled,  with  centi-al  placentae. 

75.  Plantaginaceae,  p.  610.      Capsule  2-celled  2  -  few-seeded,  circumscissile.      Flowers  4-me- 
rous :  stamens  2  or  4  :  style  1  :  corolla  scarious.     Acaulescent  herbs. 

66.  Convolvulaceee,  p.  532.     Capsule  2-celled,  1  -  4-seeded,  2-valved  or  circumscissile.    Flow- 

ers mostly  5-merous  :  styles  1  or  2.     Herbs,  mostly  twining,  with  alternate  leaves,  or 
paiasitic  and  without  green  herbage. 

65.  Borraginaceae,  p.  518.     Ovary  4-celled   and   mostly  4-lobed,   maturing  usually  as  many 

1-seeded  nutlets.     Flowers  5-merous  :  style  single.     Herbs,  mostly  rough-hairy,  with 
alternate  (or  the  lower  opposite)  entire  leaves,  and  scorpioid  inflorescence. 

63.  Polemoniaceae,  p.  485.     Capsule  3-celled,  3  -  many-seeded,  loculicidal.    Flowers  5-merous  : 

style  3-cleft.     Herbs  (rarely  woody  at  ba.se),  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple  or  com- 
pound leaves. 

67.  Solanaceae,  p.  537.    Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule,  2-celled  (rarely  more),  many- seeded.     Flowera 

5-uierous  :  style  simple  :  corolla  valvate  or  plaited  in  the  bud.     Herbs  (rank-scented) 

or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  or  pinnate  leaves. 
Capsule  didymous,  mostly  2-parted,  circumscissile,  2  -  4-seeded.    Stamens  2  or  3  :  style  1.    Nearly 

herbaceous,  with  mostly  opposite  sessile  leaves.     Menodora  in  Oleacccc. 
Capsule  2-celled,   many-seeded.      Flowers  5-merous  :  style  single  :  corolla  irregular,  imbricate. 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  racemose  flowers.     Veisbascum  in  Scrtyphulariacem. 
Capsule  imperfectly  3-celled,  several-seeded.     Flowers  5-merous  :  stamens  10  or  more  :  styles  3. 

Seeds  thin,  winged  or  comose.    Small  spinescent  trees.     Fouqi'IERA  in  Tamariscincce. 

*  *  Flowei-s  irregular.     Fertile  stamens  4  and  didynamous,  sometimes  2. 

+-  Fruit  capsular,  1  -  2-eelled :  style  1. 

++  Seeds  albuminous. 

68.  Scrophulariaceae,  p.  546.     Capsule  2-celled,    with  central  placentae,   few  -  many-seeded. 

Corolla  imbricated.     Herbs  or  sometimes  woody,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves. 

69.  Orobanchaceae,  p.  583.     Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  with  2  -  4  parietal  placenta,   many- 

seeded.     Parasitic  herbs,  without  green  foliage  :  scales  alternate. 

++  ++  Seeds  without  albumen. 

70.  Lentibularieae,  p.  586.    Capsule  1-celled,  with  central  placentae,  bursting  irregularly,  many- 

seeded.     Stamens  2  ;  anthers  1-celled.     Floating  herbs,  with  capillary  dissected  leaves. 

71.  Bignoniaceae,  p.  586.     Capsule  (linear)  1  -  2-celied,  2-valved,  with  numerous  winged  and 

tulted  seeils.     Shrubs,  with  linear  entire  opposite  or  alternate  leaves. 

72.  Acanthaceae,  p.  587.     Capsule  clavate,  2-celled  with  central  placentai,  4-seeded  :  seeds  on 

hook-like  processes  of  the  placenta.    Stamens  mostly  2.    Herbs  or  shrabs ;  leaves  opposite. 

+-  +-  Fruit  of  2  or  4  distinct  or  united  1  -seeded  nutlets. 

73.  Labiatae,  p.  589.     Ovary  4-lobed  around  the  2-cleft  style,  fonning  as  many  distinct  nutlets. 

Stamens  4  or  2.       Mostly  aromatic  herbs  or  \voody  at  base,  with  square  stems,  and 
opposite  simple  leaves. 

74.  Verbenaceae,  p.  607.     Ovary  not  lobed,  2  -  4-celled  ;  fruit  splitting  into  as  many  nutlets. 

Stamens  4  :  style  1.     Heibs  or  shrubby,  rarely  aromatic  ;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 


BOTANY 


07 


CALIFORNIA. 


Series  I.    PH^NOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Plants  bearing  true  flowers,  that  is,  having  stamens  and  pistils,  and  producing 
seeds  which  contain  an  embryo. 


Class  I.    DICOTYLEDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  consisting  of  a  pith  in  the  centre,  of  bark  on  the  outside,  and  these  sepa- 
rated by  one  or  more  layers  of  fibrous  or  woody  tissue,  which,  when  the  stem  lives 
from  year  to  year,  increases  by  the  addition  of  new  layers  to  the  outside  next  the 
bark.  Embryo  usually  with  two  opposite  cotyledons,  or  rarely  with  several  in  a 
whorl. 

Subclass  I.    ANGIOSPERM^. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary  which  contains  the  ovules  and  forms  the  fruit. 
Cotyledons  two. 

Division  I.     POLYPETAL^. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  usually  of  both  calyx  and  corolla;  the  petals  not 
united  with  each  other,  in  some  cases  wanting. 
1 


RANUNCULACE^.  '^  Clematis. 


Order  I.    BANUNCULACE-ffi. 

Herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants,  with  colorless  and  usually  acrid  juice ; 
distinguished  by  the  polyandrous  and  often  polygynous  flowers ;  the  numerous  sta- 
mens hypogynous  (perigynous  in  Crossosoma)  ;  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  few 
or  numerous  (in  Actoea  solitary)  pistils  all  distinct  and  free.  Sepals  very  commonly 
colored  and  petaloid.  Petals  in  many  wanting  or  in  the  form  of  nectaries.  Anthers 
short.  Seeds  solitary  or  several,  with  minute  embryo  in  firm-fleshy  albumen.  — 
Foliage  various  :  stipules  none. 

An  order  of  31  genera,  several  of  which  are  numerous  in  species,  widely  distributed  over  the 
world,  but  most  largely  represented  in  the  northern  temperate  and  frigid  zones.  Several  are  used 
in  medicine  ;  some  (like  Aconite)  are  acrid  poisons  ;  and  many  are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

Our  thirteen  genera  belong  to  six  tribes,  which  need  not  be  recapitulated,  as  their  characters 
may  be  more  easily  apprehended  from  a  simple  key. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

♦  Sepals  petal-like,  valvate-induplicate  in  the  bud,  deciduous  :  leaves  all  opposite. 

1.  Clematis.     Half-woody,  climbing  by  the  petioles.    Petals  none  or  minute.    Fruit  a  head  of 

hairy-tailed  akenes. 

*  ♦  Sepals  petal-like  or  sometimes  greenish,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous:  herbs. 
+-  Carpels  numerous,  1-ovuled,  in  fruit  becoming  akenes. 
++  Leaves  on  the  stem  opposite  or  whorled  on  or  below  1 -flowered  peduncles. 

2.  Anemone.     Sepals  4  to  20,  petal-like.     Petals  none.     Akeues  in  a  head. 

++  ++  Leaves  all  alternate. 

3.  Thalictrum.     Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  panicled.     Petals  none.     Akenes  several  in  a  head. 

4.  Myosurus.     Flowers  perfect,  solitary  on  a  scape.     Sepals  spurred  at  base.     Petals  slender. 

Akenes  very  numerous  in  a  long  slender  spike. 

5.  Ranunculus.     Flowers  perfect.      Sepals  not  spurred.     Petals  generally  broad  and  conspic- 

uous (rarely  minute).     Akenes  numerous  in  a  globular  or  oblong  head. 

+■  +■  Carpels  few,  several-ovuled,  becoming  follicles  (pods)  in  fruit. 
++  Flowers  regular. 

6.  Caltha.     Petals  none  :  leaves  simple  and  round-reniform  :  carpels  5  to  12. 

7.  Isopyrum.     Petals  none  :  leaves  teruately  compound  :  carpels  3  to  6. 

8.  Aquilegia.     Petals  5,  all  spurred  backward  :  leaves  temately  compound  :  carpels  5. 

++  ++  Flowers  irregular. 

9.  Delphinium.     Upper  sepal  produced  backward  into  a  spur  :  carpels  1  to  5. 

10.  Aconitum.     Upper  sepal  arched  into  a  hood  :  carpels  3  to  5. 

-i — I — f-  Carpel  one,  many-ovuled,  in  fruit  a  berry. 

11.  Actaea.     Sepals  caducous  :  petals  small.    Leaves  temately  compound.     Raceme  short. 

*  *  ♦  Sepals  herbaceous,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent  :  petals  conspicuous  :  carpels  few, 
becoming  many-seeded  follicles  in  fruit  :  leaves  alternate. 

12.  Paeonia.     Herbs,  with  compound  leaves.     Seeds  not  arillate. 

13.  Crossosoma.    Shrubs,  with  simple  entire  leaves.     Seeds  arillate.     Stamens  perigynous. 

1.   CLEMATIS,  Linn. 

Sepals  4  (sometimes  more  in  foreign  species),  colored  and  petal-like,  valvate  in 

the  bud.     Petals  none  or  small.     Pistils  numerous  :  styles  persistent,  and  (in  our 

species)  becoming  long  feathery  awns  in  fruit.     Akenes  numerous,  in  a  head.  — 

Half-woody  climbers  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves. 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  belonging  to  temperate  and  warm  climates  of  both  hemispheres. 
Many  have  much  beauty,  and  a  few  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  Our  species  are  long,  woody  (or 
half- woody)  vines,  climbing  by  the  jwtioles,  with  compound  leaves  and  showy  flowers. 


Anemone.  RANUNCULACE^.  3 

§  1.  Petals  none. — Clematis  proper. 

1 .  C.  ligusticifolia,  I^utt,  Nearly  glabrous  :  stems  elongated  (sometimes  30  feet 
long) :  leaves  5-foliolate ;  leaflets  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,  1 1  to  3  inches  long, 
acute  or  acuminate,  3-lobed  and  coarsely  toothed,  rarely  entire  or  3-parted  :  flowers 
dioecious,  paniculate  :  sepals  thin,  silky,  white,  4  to  6  lines  long :  akenes  pubescent ; 
tails  1  to  2  inches  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  9. 

Var.  Califomica,  Watson.     Leaves  silky-tomentose  beneath,  often  small. 
The  typical  form  ranges  from  Oregon  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  New  Mexico,  entering  Cali- 
fornia on  the  northeast ;  the  variety  from  San  Diego  to  the  Saci-amento,  and  to  Arizona. 

2.  C.  lasiantha,  Xutt.  1.  c  Silky  tomentose  :  stems  elongated,  stout :  leaflets 
3,  ovate,  |  to  1^  inches  long,  acute,  coarsely  toothed  or  3-lobed  or  the  terminal 
3-parted  :  flowers  dioecious,  solitary,  on  rather  stout  1  -  2-bracted  peduncles  :  sepals 
obtuse,  thickish,  6  to  10  lines  long  :  akenes  pubescent. 

Santa  Barbara  to  Napa  Co.,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  M.  E.  Pulsifer  Ames. 

3.  C.  pauciflora,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Somewhat  silky-pubescent :  stems  more  slender, 
short-jointed  :  leaves  short  and  fascicled ;  leaflets  3  to  5,  only  3  to  9  lines  long, 
cuneate-obovate  to  cordate,  mostly  3-toothed  or  -lobed :  flowers  solitary  or  few  and 
panicled,  on  slender  pedicels  :  sepals  thin,  4  to  6  lines  long  :  akenes  glabrous, 

San  Diego,  Nuttall,  Cooper,  Cleveland. 

C.  Drummoxdii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  a  similar  species,  but  with  long-petioled  and  not  fascicled  leaves, 
—  leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  long-acuminate  and  3-lobed  ;  akenes  pubescent,  with  tails  2  to  4 
inches  long,  —  probably  eutere  S.  E.  California  from  Arizona  and  Sonora. 

§  2.  Some  of  the  outer  jilaTnents  enlarging  to  smull  spatulate  petals.  —  Atragene,  DC. 

4.  C.  verticillaris,  DC.  A  slender  climber,  almost  glabrous  :  leaves  ternate ; 
leaflets  ovate  or  subcordate,  pointed  :  flowers  solitary,  bluish-purple,  2  or  3  inches 
across  :  the  outer  stamens  enlarging  to  narrow  petals. 

Shaded  rocky  places  in  mountains.  Cape  Mendocino  (Douglas)  ;  east  to  Maine,  and  north  to 
British  America.  Leaflets  2  inches  long,  commonly  entire  ;  but  sometimes  those  on  sterile  stems 
are  1  -  3-toothed  or  lobed.     Peduncles  3  to  6  inches  long,  the  flower  commonly  nodding. 

2.  ANEMONE,  Linn. 

Sepals  4  to  20,  colored  and  petal-like,  imbricated  in  the  bud.      Petals  none. 

Pistils  numerous  :  style  short :  stigma  lateral.    Ovule  suspended.    Akenes  in  a  head, 

compressed,  pointed,  or  ending  in  long  feathery  awns.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs  with 

lobed  or  divided  leaves,  which  are  all  radical  except  those  which  form  an  involucre, 

usually  some  distance  below  the  flower. 

Species  about  70,  mostly  belonging  to  the  mountains  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones. 
Of  the  15  North  American  species  half  a  dozen  are  also  found  either  in  the  Old  World  or  in  the 
Andes  of  South  America. 

*  Styles  long  and  hairy,  at  length  ffffiming  plumose  tails.  —  Pulsatilla,  Tourn. 

1.  A.  OCCidentalis,  Watson.  More  or  less  silky-villous,  alpine  :  stems  stout, 
\  io  \\  feet  high,  1-flowered  :  radical  leaves  large,  long-petioled,  biternate  and  pin- 
nate, the  lateral  primary  divisions  nearly  sessile,  the  segments  pinnatitid  with  nar- 
row laciniately  toothed  lobes  :  iiivolucral  leaves  similar,  nearly  sessile  about  the 
middle  of  the  stem  :  sepals  6  or  7,  6  to  9  lines  long,  white  or  purplish  at  base  : 
receptacle  conical,  becoming  much  elongated,  sometimes  1|  inches  long:  akenes 
linear-oblong,  the  tails  at  length  1|  inches  long,  reflexed.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  121. 
A.  alpina,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  5,  not  Linn. 

Mt.  Shasta  (Brewer)  ;  Lassen's  Peak  (Lcmmon)  ;  and  northward  to  the  British  boundary. 
Perhaps  it  is  also  the  A.  alpina  of  arctic  collectors  from  Kotzebue  Sound  and  the  GuK  of  St. 


4  RANUNCULACEJl.  **  Anemone. 

Lawrence.  It  differs  from  A.  alpma  of  Europe  and  the  Caucasus  in  its  more  finely  and  narrowly 
dissected  leaves,  with  the  lateral  primary  divisions  not  long-petiolulate,  and  in  its  lengthened 
receptacle,  which  in  the  Old  World  species  is  small  and  hemispherical,  even  in  fruit. 

*  *  Styles  short  and  nearly  naked,  not  becoming  elongated.  —  Anemone  proper. 
-(-  Carpels  very  numerous,  in  a  close  head,  densely  villous. 

2.  A.  multifida,  DC.  Alpine  or  subalpine,  somewhat  silky-villous  :  steins  .3  to 
15  inches  liigh,  1  -  3-liowered  :  radical  leaves  lojig-petioled,  nearly  semicircular  in 
outline,  ternate,  the  sessile  divisions  deeply  lobed  with  cleft  linear  segments  :  invo- 
lucral  leaves  similar,  shortly  petioled  :  sepals  5  to  8,  red  or  whitish,  4  to  6  lines  long, 
villous  externally :  receptacle  oblong,  the  head  in  fruit  globular  to  oblong,  5  to  1 2 
lines  long  :  akenes  very  densely  woolly,  ovate-oblong,  with  a  straight  beak. 

Sierra  Co.  {Lemmon)  ;  on  the  Columbia  (^Douglas)  ;  and  frequently  in  the  mountains  eastward, 
ranging  to  the  Saskatchewan,  Lake  Superior,  and  N.  New  York.     Also  South  American. 

-!-  "t-  Carpels  fewer,  pubescent  only :  stems  1-flowered. 

3.  A.  nemorosa,  Linn.  Smooth  or  somewhat  villous :  stems  from  a  slender 
rootstock,  3  to  1 2  inches  high,  without  radical  leaves  :  involucre  of  three  petioled  ter- 
nate leaves,  the  divisions  cuneate-oblong  to  ovate,  incisely  toothed  or  lobed,  or  the  lat- 
eral ones  2-parted,  about  an  inch  long  :  peduncle  equalling  the  involucre :  sepals  4  to 
7,  oval,  white  or  pinkish  :  akenes  12  to  20,  oblong,  2  lines  long,  with  a  hooked  beak. 

Under  redwoods  near  the  coast  {Bigclow,  Bolander) ;  Sierra  Co.  (^Lemmon)  ;  and  northward  to 
the  British  Boundary.  It  is  common  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent,  in  Europe  and  N. 
Asia.     Popularly  known  as  Wood- Anemone. 

A.  DELTOiDEA,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  6,  t.  3,  A.,  is  a  closely  allied  species  in  Oregon.  It  is  10  to  15 
inches  high,  slender  :  radical  leaves  trifoliolate  ;  leaflets  rhomboid,  serrate  :  involucre  of  rhom- 
boid or  rhomboid-ovate  and  undivided  leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  serrate  and  sometimes 
3-lobed.     It  has  not  yet  been  found  in  California. 

3.  THALICTBUM,  Toum. 

Sepals  4  to  7,  either  greenish  or  petal-like,  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Petals  none. 

Pistils  4  to   15.     Ovule  suspended.     Akenes  in  a  head. — Perennial  herbs  with 

alternate  leaves  which  are  2  or  3  times  ternately  compound ;  the  leaflets  stalked. 

Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles. 

A  genus  of  about  50  species,  belonging  mostly  to  northern  climates.  They  are  of  delicate  and 
gi'aceful  habit.     Our  species  are  dioecious,  and  not  abundant. 

1.  T.  Fendleri,  Engelm.  Dioecious  :  leaves  2  -  3-ternate  ;  the  leaflets  usually 
more  or  less  3-lobed,  sometimes  toothed  or  cut  at  the  apex  into  several  lobes,  the 
base  entire,  and  varying  in  shape  from  cordate  to  cuneate  :  sepals  broadly  ovate  : 
filaments  very  numerous,  slender :  anthers  pointed  :  carpels  5  to  15,  compressed, 
oblique,  with  about  three  ribs  on  each  side,  sometimes  reticulated.  —  PI.  Fendl.  5. 

Rocky  or  shaded  places,  Napa  Valley  and  southward  ;  New  Mexico  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  whole  plant  is  smooth,  erect,  12  to  30  inches  high.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Leaflets 
6  to  9  lines  long  and  about  as  wide. 

T.  occiDENTALE,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  372,  from  Oregon  to  Montahai,  is  very  like 
T.  Fendleri,  except  in  the  akenes,  which  are  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  narrow,  long-acuminate, 
and  less  curved  than  in  that.     Perhaps  to  be  found  in  N.  California. 

4.  MYOSURUS,  Linn.        Mouse-tail. 

Sepals  5,  spurred  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  linear,  on  a  slender  claw,  with  a  pit  at 
its  summit.  Stamens  5  to  20.  Akenes  very  numerous,  crowded  on  a  long  and  slen- 
der spike-like  receptacle.  Seed  suspended.  —  Very  small  annual  herbs,  with  a  tuft 
of  linear  or  spatulate  entire  radical  leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  on  simple  scapes. 


Ranunculus.  RANUNCULACE^.  5 

A  small  genus  of  only  two  or  three  specils,  widely  dispersed  over  the  globe.  They  are  known 
by  the  English  name  of  Mouse-tail,  from  the  very  long  and  narrow  receptacle  of  the  flower, 
densely  covered  with  the  small  akenes,  the  whole  very  like  a  mouse's  tail. 

1.  M.  minimus,  Linn.  Receptacle  in  fruit  slender,  1  or  2  inches  long  :  akenes 
blunt.  —  Gray,  Gen.  111.  i.  28,  t.  8. 

Wet  places  in  Sacramento  Valley  {Hartweg),  and  alkaline  soil  near  Livermore  Pass  {Brevier)  ; 
east  to  Kentucky  ;  also  Australia,  Northern  Europe,  and  Asia.  A  small  annual,  2  to  6  inches 
high,  with  a  tuft  of  narrow  radical  leaves  which  are  usually  shorter  than  the  naked  scapes.  Each 
scape  is  but  one-flowered,  but  the  receptacle  is  so  long  and  slender  that  it  seems  very  like  a  scaly 
si)ike  9  to  18  lines  long,  with  the  small  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  spreading  from  the  base. 
Although  so  widely  spread,  it  is  apparently  nowhere  an  abundant  plant. 

2.  M.  aristatus,  Benth.  Eeceptacle  in  fruit  oblong  or  linear,  2  to  8  lines 
long  :  akenes  long-beaked.  — Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  vi.  458. 

In  the  shade  of  sage-brush,  Carson  and  SieiTa  Valleys  to  Utah  ;  also  Chili.  A  small  plant, 
less  than  two  inches  high. 

5.   RA.NUNCULUS,  Linn.     Crowfoot.     Buttercup. 

Sepals  usually  5.     Petals  3  to  15,  each  with  a  small  scale  or  pit  at  the  base 

inside.     Pistils  numerous.     Akenes  in  a  head,  usually  flattened,  beaked  with  the 

persistent  style.  —  Herbs,  mostly  perennial,  of  somewhat  varied  habit.     Flowers 

either  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbed.     Leaves  various. 

A  genus  of  about  160  species,  inhabitants  of  all  parts  of  the  world,  but  most  abundant  north  of 
the  tropics.  Most  of  the  species  are  acrid,  and  some  are  poisonous.  The  name  Crowfoot  was 
originally  applied  to  species  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  BvMercup  to  those  with  yellow 
flowers,  but  both  names  are  now  more  loosely  used. 

§  1.  Aquatic  kerbs,  commonli/  perennial,  but  sometimes  annual,  with  the  submersed 
leaves,  if  any,  finely  divided :  petals  white,  tvith  a  pit  at  the  base,  the  claw 
yellow :  akenes  transversely  wrinkled.  —  Batrachium,  DC. 

1.  R.  hederaceus,  Linn.,  var.  Glabrous  :  stems  floating,  6  to  12  inches  long: 
leaves  commonly  all  floating,  3  to  8  lines  wide,  deeply  3-lobed,  truncate  or  cordate  at 
the  base ;  the  lobes  equal,  oval  or  oblong,  the  lateral  ones  usually  with  a  broad 
notch  in  the  apex ;  submersed  leaves  none,  or  rudimentary  and  resembling  adven- 
titious roots  :  peduncles  opposite  the  upper  leaves,  thicker  than  the  petioles,  6  to  8 
lines  long  :  sepals  a  line  long  :  petals  2  lines,  obovate-oblong  :  stamens  commonly  6 
(5  to  9)  :  akenes  commonly  4  (4  to  6),  about  a  line  long  :  receptacle  smooth.  —  B. 
hydrocharis,  var.  Lobbii,  Hiern. 

In  shallow  water,  Marin  Co.  (Bigelow),  and  Russian  River  {Bolander)  ;  and  Oregon  (Lobb), 
the  var.  Lobbii  (R.  hydrocharis,  var.  Lobbii,  Hiern,  in  Seemann's  Jour.  Bot.  ix.  66,  t.  114.)  — 
The  description  is  for  this  variety  only,  which  is  confined  to  the  Pacific  coast.  There  is  much 
difficulty  in  determining  the  species  of  this  section  ;  as  many  as  75  have  been  described,  but  au- 
thors diff'er  widely  as  to  their  limitations.  Hiern,  after  a  long  examination,  unites  aU  under 
one  aggregate  species,  arranging  them  under  35  main  varieties. 

2.  R.  aquatilis,  Linn.,  var.  trichophyllus,  Chaix.  Stems  long  and  coarsely 
filiform,  growing  in  water  :  leaves  all  submersed  and  cut  into  numerous  capil- 
lary segments  which  are  4  to  10  lines  long  :  peduncles  1  or  2  inches  long: 
flowers  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter :  akenes  numerous  in  a  close  globular  head,  which 
is  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter  :  receptacle  hairy.  —  R.  hydrocharis,  var.  trichophyllus, 
Hiern,  1.  c. 

Var.  CsespitOSUS.  Stems  short,  growing  in  mud  :  segments  of  leaves  ligulate, 
a  line  or  more  long  :  flowers  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  R.  hydrocharis,  var.  ccespito- 
sus,  Hiern,  1.  c. 

The  first  fonn  is  rather  common  in  ponds  and  streams  ;  the  second  is  much  more  rare.  Long 
Valley,  Mendocino  County  (Kellogg),  Sonoma,  Brewer.  Both  forms  extend  to  the  Eastern  States  ; 
also  to  Europe,  Asia,  and  Australia. 


6  RANUNCULACE^.  If  Ranunculus. 

§  2.  Terrestrial  herbs,  ivith  the  leaves  all  undivided  :  sepals  large  and  petal-like  :  pet- 
als minute,  with  a  nectariferous  pnt  at  the  base  of  the  blade :  akenes  smooth, 
tapering.  —  Aphanostemma,  St.  Hilaire. 

3.  R.  hystriculus,  Gray.  Glabrous  :  the  scape-like  stem  6  to  10  inches,  usually 
1-flowered  and  lealless  :  leaves  broadly  cordate  or  renifonn,  about  5-lobed,  deeply 
crenately  toothed  :  sej^als  5  to  6,  white  and  petal-like,  4  to  5  lines  long,  deciduous  : 
petals  inconspicuous,  consisting  of  a  minute  fleshy  blade  (having  a  nectariferous  pit 
at  its  base)  raised  upon  a  narrow  claw  of  twice  its*  length,  the  whole  scarcely  2  lines 
long :  akenes  2  to  3  lines  long,  slender  and  tapering  to  a  long  hooked  beak,  and 
forming  a  compact  ovate  head.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  328. 

Foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Forest  Hill  and  Newcastle  (Bolander),  and  near  Placerville, 
Rattan.  This  little  plant  has  more  the  look  of  an  Anemone  than  a  Ranunculus,  but  the  fruit 
distinguishes  it.  The  scapes  are  rarely  2-flowered,  and  sometimes  bear  a  single  leaf.  The  mi- 
nute petals  are  probably  yellow.  Root  fascicled-fibrous.  Leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  on  petioles 
three  times  as  long. 

§  3.  Terrestrial  herbs,  with  the  leaves  compound:  sepals  somewhat  petal-like :  petals 
with  a  scale  at  the  base :  akenes  vesicidar  and  margined  or  vrlnged  at  the  base. 

4.  R.  Andersonii,  Gray.  Stems  3  to  6  inches  high,  1-flowered  :  radical  leaves 
palmately  2-ternate  ;  leaflets  petiolulate,  laciniately  lobed  :  flowers  about  an  inch  in 
diameter ;  petals  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  deep  pink  ;  sepals  nearly  as  long,  gla- 
brous, persistent,  somewhat  petaloid,  pink  on  the  margin  :  akenes  4  to  5  lines  long, 
bladdery,  obovate,  compressed,  with  a  narrow  ventral  wing  and  a  dorsal  margin, 
glabrous,  mucronate,  with  very  short  subulate  recurved  style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  327  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King.  6,  t.  1. 

SieiTa  Valley  (Lemmon),  near  Carson  Valley  {Anderson),  east  to  Salt  Lake,  Watson.  The 
plant  is  either  wholly  glabrous  or  somewhat  ciliate  on  the  dilated  petioles  and  on  the  segments 
of  the  leaves.  Stems  commonly  scape-like  and  leafless,  but  sometimes  with  a  small  divided  leaf 
or  bract  a  short  distance  below  the  flower.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  an  inch  or  more  long  and 
wide,  on  petioles  2  inches  long.     A  tmly  remarkable  species. 

§  4.  Terrestrial  herbs,  but  often  growing  in  wet  places,  mostly  erect :  sepals  green 
and  herbaceous :  petals  ydlow,  with  a  scale  at  the  base :  akenes  neither  tvrin- 
kled  nor  hispid.  —  Eanunculus  proper. 

*  All  the  leaves  undivided,  the  margins  entire. 

5.  R.  Flammula,  Linn.,  var.  reptans,  Gray.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems 
filiform,  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  joints,  4  to  10  inches  long  :  leaves  mostly  lance- 
olate and  acute  at  each  end,  entire:  flowers  4  (2  to  5)  lines  in  diameter:  petals 
broadly  obovate,  one  half  longer  than  the  sepals  :  akenes  few,  in  a  small  globular 
head,  plump,  smooth ;  beak  very  short  and  curved.  —  R.  repAans,  Linn. 

Moist  places  from  the  sea-level  to  6, 000  feet  altitude.  The  species  has  a  wide  range  on  both 
continents.  A  creeping  plant,  in  wet  places,  and  quite  variable  in  size.  Leaves  1  to  1^  inches 
long,  the  lower  ones  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  ones  usually  somewhat  clustered  at  the  joints, 
varying  from  linear  to  oblong  in  shape.  The  head  is  of  rather  few  carpels,  commonly  but  2 
lines  in  diameter. 

6.  R.  alismaefolius,  Geyer.  Smooth  throughout :  stems  nearly  or  quite  erect, 
10  to  16  inches  high,  rather  stout :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  entire,  blunt  at  apex  : 
flowers  6  to  9  lines  in  diameter  :  petals  broadly  obovate,  conspicuously  nerved,  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  :  akenes  smooth,  slightly  flattened,  pointed  with  a  nearly 
or  quite  straight  beak,  crowded  in  a  compact,  ovate  head.  —  Benth.  PI.  Hartw. 
295. 

Var.  alismellus,  Gray.  Stems  slender,  erect,  6  to  8  inches  high  :  lower  leaves 
elliptical :  petioles  sparinglyj)ilose  :  flowers  5  to  6  lines  in  diameter  :  petals  about  6. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  327. 


Ranunculus.  RANUNCULACEJ5.  ^ 

Wet  places.  The  first  form  in  severaf  localities  at  lower  altitudes,  by  various  collectors.  The 
var.  at  Lake  Tenaya  and  Mt.  Dana  (Breiver),  Ostrander's,  Bolander.  The  species  ranges  to  New 
England,  British  America,  and  Europe.  The  most  characteristic  distinction  between  this  and 
J{.  Flammula  is  the  straight  style  and  long  straight  beak  ;  but  so  far  as  relates  to  the  California 
i'orms,  the  most  obvious  ditference  is  that  this  has  usually  erect  stems  and  larger  flowers,  while 
thnt  has  creeping  stems. 

7.  R.  Lemmoni,  Gray.  Villous  at  base  :  stems  6  to  10  inches  high,  sparingly 
branched  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  3  to  4  inches  long,  the  radical  on  long  peti- 
oles :  flowers  few,  long-peduncled,  half  an  inch  broad,  bright  yellow  :  sepals  villous, 
somewhat  persistent :  heads  globose,  3  to  4  lines  broad  :  akenes  turgid,  pubescent, 
submembranaceous,  1^  to  2  lines  long;  beak  very  short,  subulate,  incurved.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  68. 

Sierra  Valley,  J.  G.  Lcmmon. 

8.  R.  trachyspermus,  var.  Lindheimeri,  Engelm.  Smooth  throughout : 
stems  slender,  erect,  8  to  10  inches  high  :  lower  leaves  oval,  upper  ones  lanceolate 
or  linear,  all  entire  :  flowers  2  lines  in  diameter :  heads  of  fruit  oblong  :  akenes 
granulately  roughened.  —  PI.  Lindh.  i.  3  ;  Torr.  Pacif.  R  Eep.  iv.  62. 

This  has  only  been  found  (by  Dr.  Bigelow)  in  Napa  Valley,  and  more  specimens  are  needed  for 
satisfactory  determination.     The  s])ecies  otherwise  is  known  only  from  Texas. 

*  *  Radical   leaves    undivided ;   stem    leaves,    if  any,    toothed   or   lobed :  glabrous 

perennials. 

9.  R.  Cymbalaria,  Pursh.  Glabrous  :  flowering  stems  or  scapes  leafless,  3  to  6 
inches  high,  1  to  7-flowered  :  leaves  thickish,  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-cordate,  coarsely 
crenate,  clustered  at  the  root  and  at  the  joints  of  the  long  filiform  rooting  runners ; 
petals  yellow,  2  lines  long  and  longer  than  the  green  sepals  :  the  mature  akenes  a 
line  long,  striate-veined  on  the  sides,  enlarging  upwards ;  apex  blunt,  with  a  short 
oblique  beak ;  head  compact,  oblong,  3  to  6  lines  long. 

Wet  saline  soils  {Bolander)  and  in  similar  places  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  ;  also  Europe  and  Asia. 

10.  R.  glaberrimiis,  Hook.  Glabrous  :  stems  3  to  6  inches  high,  1  -  3-flowered: 
radical  leaves  broadly  oval,  either  entire  or  with  3  large  blunt  teeth  at  the  apex ; 
cauline  leaves  cuneate  at  the  base,  3-cleft  to  the  middle  :  petals  oval,  yellow,  3  to  4 
lines  long  :  sepals  oval,  not  reflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  petals  :  akenes  plump  or 
turgid,  smooth,  tipped  Math  a  short  curved  beak :  heads  globular,  compact,  4  to  5 
lines  in  diameter.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  12,  t.  5. 

Washoe  Mountains  {Anderson)  and  northward  in  subalpine  situations  to  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

11.  R.  OZ3motliS,  Gray.  Alpine,  glabrous,  cespitose,  with  thick  fibrous  roots  : 
stems  stout,  4  to  6  inches  high,  decumbent  at  base,  1  —  3-flowered  :  leaves  crowded, 
subreniform  or  cuneate- rounded,  crenately  5  —  9-lobed,  6  to  9  lines  broad,  the  cauline 
broadly  cuneate  with  3  to  5  oblong  lobes  :  sepals  pilose  :  petals  4  lines  long,  bright 
yellow  :  head  oblong,  thick  and  fleshy,  4  to  9  lines  long  :  akenes  smooth,  oblong,  a 
line  long,  carinate  on  the  back,  acuminate  with  the  curved  subulate  style.  — Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  68. 

Near  snow  on  the  central  Sierra  Nevada,  at  10,000  to  11,000  feet  altitude  ;  Wood's  Peak  and 
peak  above  Sonora  Pass  {Breiver)  ;  Mount  Stanford,  Sierra  Co.  {Lemmon).  Near^.  nivalis,  differ- 
ing in  its  cespitose  habit  and  less  deeply  lobed  radical  leaves. 

*  *  *  Some  or  cdl  the  leaves  ternaiely  compound :  stems  branching,  several-flowered : 

roots  mostly  a  fascicle  of  thickened  fibres  :  flowers  bright  yellow. 

1 2.  R.  Californicus,  Benth.  More  or  less  pilose  :  stems  erect,  or  nearly  so, 
12  to  18  inches  high  :  root  a  cluster  of  somewhat  thickened  fibres  :  radical  leaves 
commonly  pinnately  ternate,  the  leaflets  laciniately  cut  into  3  to  7  lobes  or  parts, 
which  are  usually  linear  :  flowers  5  to  10  lines  in  diameter  :  petals  usually  10  to  14 
narrowly  obovate  :  sepals  shorter  than  the  petals,  reflexed  :  akenes  nearly  2  lines 
long,  much  flattened  and  with  sharp  edges  ;  beak  short  and  curved  :  heads  compact, 


8  RANUNCULACE^.  •?         Ranunculus. 

ovate  or  globular.  —  PI.  Hartw.  295.  R.  dissedus,  Hook.  &  Am.,  Bot.  Beech. 
316.  R.  acris,  var.,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  21.  R.  delphinifolius  ?  ib.  659  (not 
HBK.). 

Var.  canus.     Softly  canescent  throughout. — R,  canus,  Benth.  PL  Hartw.  294. 

This  is  by  far  the  most  common  and  abundant  species  in  the  State,  and  is  particularly  abun- 
dant in  the  coast  ranges,  where  low  grassy  hills  are  often  yellow  with  the  shining  flowers  in  early 
spring.  This  species  is  very  variable  in  most  of  its  parts.  The  pubescence  varies  with  the  local- 
ity, and  also  with  the  year  ;  the  plant  being  more  hairy  in  dry  years.  The  leaves  vary  greatly  in 
the  degree  of  their  division  ;  they  are  sometimes  simply  S-lobed,  sometimes  dissected  into  nu- 
merous linear  divisions,  and  are  found  in  every  intermediate  gradation.  The  flowers  are  usually 
bright  sulphur-yellow,  but  are  sometimes  found  quite  pale.  R.  canus,  Benth.,  is  thought  by 
Professor  Gray  to  be  probably  R.  occidentalis,  Nutt. ;  but  the  fruit  is  unknown. 

13.  R.  repens,  Linn.  More  or  less  hairy  :  stems  ascending,  usually  not  more 
than  10  to  15  inches  long,  and  in  the  typical  form  often  forming  long  runners  :  roots 
a  cluster  of  somewhat  thickened  fibres  :  radical  leaves  variously  ternately  divided ; 
the  leaflets  either  sessile  or  stalked,  and  variously  laciniately  cut  or  divided  :  flowers 
6  to  10  lines  in  diameter ;  petals  usually  5  to  7,  obovate  and  longer  than  the  spread- 
ing sepals  :  akenes  flattened,  margined,  \\  lines  long,  the  stout  beak  nearly  half 
as  long  :  heads  compact  and  globular. 

This  variable  species  stands  between  R.  Califomicus  and  R.  maeranthus,  its  varieties  passing 
into  those  species  by  a  complete  succession  of  forms.  The  connecting  foi-ms,  however,  are  not 
Califomian.  The  species  is  rare  here,  and  it  is  questionable  whether  the  typical  form  has  yet 
been  found  in  the  State.  It  really  belongs  more  eastward.  The  two  others  mentioned,  while 
more  limited  in  range,  are  vastly  more  abundant  here.  It  extends  across  the  continent  and  to 
Europe. 

1 4.  R.  maeranthus,  Scheele.  More  or  less  hairy  with  spreading  hairs :  root 
as  in  the  last :  stems  stout,  erect,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  radical  leaves  1  -  2-ternately  di- 
vided ;  the  leaflets  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed  :  flowers  14  to  18  lines  in  diameter : 
petals  commonly  5  or  6,  broadly  obovate,  deep  shining  yellow,  twice  as  long  as  the 
closely  reflexed  sepals:  akenes  flattened,  but  hardly  margined,  \\  lines  long;  the 
subulate  beak  nearly  as  long  ;  crowded  into  an  ovate-globose  head.  —  Watson,  Bot. 
King.  9. 

Moist  soils  from  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Texa.s.  In  this  State  near  the  coast.  This  is  the 
largest  and  stoutest  of  all  our  species  ;  is  sometimes  over  5  feet  high  {Kellogg),  and  also  has  the 
largest  flowers.  As  in  the  other  species  of  this  section,  the  leaves  are  very  variable  as  to  division 
and  pubescence.  Specimens  from  Texas  are  more  hairy,  and  the  petals  are  more  numerous  and 
narrower  than  in  ours. 

15.  R.  Nelsonii,  var.  tenellus,  Gray.  Sparingly  pilose  :  stems  erect,  1|  to  2 
feet  high,  rather  slender :  radical  leaves  either  trifoliolate,  with  the  leaflets  cuneate 
at  the  base  and  laciniately  3  to  5-cleft,  or  else  simply  cleft  and  with  the  divisions 
again  cut  into  lobes  :  petals  usually  5,  1  to  3  lines  long,  exceeding  the  hairy,  strongly 
reflexed  sepals  :  akenes  a  full  line  long,  flattened,  with  a  short  stout  curved  beak : 
heads  globular,  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  374.  R.  tenellus, 
Nutt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  23. 

Sierra  Nevada  near  Yosemite,  Bolander.  The  typical  form  is  a  more  robust  plant,  the  simple 
radical  leaves  often  3-4  inches  in  diameter.  It  mnges  from  Oregon  to  Alaska.  Our  variety  has 
a  more  slender  habit,  the  radical  leaves  two  inches  or  so  in  diameter,  the  peduncles  quite  slender 
and  1-4  inches  long.     The  small  flowers  easily  distinguish  it  from  the  other  species  of  this  group. 

§  5.  Akenes  hispid-roughened  :  annual :  otherwise  as  in  §  4.  —  Echinella,  DC. 

16.  R.  hebecarpus,  Hook.  &  Am.  Somewhat  pilose,  with  spreading  hairs  : 
stems  ascending,  slender,  6  to  18  inches  high :  lower  leaves  ternate  or  3-parted ;  the 
leaflets  cuneate  at  base,  and  2  to  3-lobed ;  upper  ones  more  divided  :  petals  5,  a  line 
or  less  long  :  sepals  hairy,  about  equalling  the  petals  :  akenes  few  in  a  head,  a  line 
or  less  long,  rounded,  flat,  the  sides  rough  with  short  scattered  hairs  :  heads  globu- 
lar, 2  lines  in  diameter.  —  Bot.  Beech.  316.  R.  pai-viflorus,  var.,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  25. 


Aquilegia.  RANUNCULACE^.  9 

Var.  pusillus.  Stems  very  slender  or  filiform,  weak  and  ascending  or  procum- 
bent, 3  to  6  inches  long  :  leaves  reniform,  crenately  5-lobed  or  parted. 

Coast-ranges  and  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  This  species  is  easily  recognized  by  its  slen- 
der habit,  minute  flowers,  and  roughened  akenes.  Like  our  other  annuals  it  is  very  variable, 
and  at  first  sight  some  of  the  forms  seem  strikingly  unlike  others. 

In  addition  to  the  preceding  species,  R.  fasdcularis,  Muhl,  has  been  reported  from  the  State, 
but  Professor  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  373)  thinks  the  species  is  not  found  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  "  What  has  been  so  called  from  California  is  probably  R.  Califomicios, 
Benth." 

R.  Chilensis,  DC,  occurred  in  the  collections  of  Captain  Beechey's  voyage,  from  California 
(Bot.  Beech.  134).  The  species  has  procumbent  stems,  hispid  petioles,  cordate-orbicular,  3  -  5-lobed 
leaves,  the  lobes  dentate.  This  species  has  not  been  found  in  the  State  since,  and  it  is  probable 
that  the  specimen  may  have  got  into  the  Califomian  collection  from  the  Chilian,  or  else  that  the 
species  was  once  introduced  but  failed  to  survive. 

R.  MUEiCATUs,  L.,  a  low  coarse  annual  species  from  Europe,  with  large  very  rough  akenes, 
and  flat  stout  recurved  beaks,  has  been  reported  from  "the  streets  of  San  Francisco  "  (Bolander's 
Catalogue,  3). 

6.   CALTHA,  Linn. 

Sepals  5  to  12,  deciduous,  colored,  and  looking  like  petals.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
numerous.  Pistils  5  to  12,  each  with  several  ovules,  becoming  follicles  in  fruit, 
which  at  ripening  are  spreading,  flattened,  and  several-seeded.  —  Glabrous  perennial 
herbs,  with  broad  cordate  undivided  leaves. 

A  small  genus  of  about  9  species,  belonging  to  the  cooler  parts  of  both  hemispheres. 

1.  C.  leptosepala,  DC.  Stems  erect,  l-flowered  and  scape-like,  3  to  12  inches 
high,  and  exceeding  the  leaves ;  leaves  all  radical,  cordate. 

Swamps  near  head  of  King's  River,  at  8,000  feet  {Brewer),  near  Lassen's  Peak,  Lemmon;  also 
alpine  stations  from  New  Mexico  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Alaska.  Califomian  specimens 
have  the  leaves  2  or  3  inches  across,  cordate-orbicular,  margins  nearly  entire  ;  sepals  greenish- 
white,  6  to  10  lines  long,  and  4  or  5  lines  broad,  and  rather  blunt.  Rocky  Mountain  speci- 
mens have  sepals  usually  nan-ower,  often  bluish  ;  the  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  and  more  or  less  cre- 
nate.  Sometimes  the  stems  bear  a  second  and  smaller  flower,  and  the  species  appears  to  pass 
into  C  hiflora. 

7.  ISOPYRUM,  Linn. 

Sepals  usually  5,  white  and  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals,  in  our  species  none 
(in  foreign  species  5,  minute).  Stamens  10  to  40.  Pistils  usually  3  to  6,  but  in- 
definite ;  becoming  follicles  in  fruit,  which  are  several-seeded,  oblong  or  ovate,  and 
pointed  with  the  persistent  style. — ^^Smooth,  slender  herbs,  with  2  -  3-ternately 
compound  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  flowers. 

Species  7,  belonging  the  North  Temperate  zone  of  both  continents. 

1.  I.  occidentale,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stems  several-flowered  :  follicles  7-9-seeded. 
—  Bot.  Beech.  316. 

Near  Forest  Hill,  on  light  soil  among  shrubs  (Bolander),  (where  Douglas  found  it  is  not  stated). 
A  glabrous  herb,  6  to  10  inches,  branching  above,  its  delicate  habit  suggesting  Tlmlktrum. 
Root  of  thickened  fibres.  Leaflets  4  to  8  lines  long  and  cut  into  2  or  3  broad,  blunt  lobes,  glau- 
cous beneath.  Flowei-s  6  to  9  lines  in  diameter,  white.  Follicles  or  pods  6  lines  long  and  2  wide, 
flattened,  obliquely  pointed,  transversely  veined. 

8.   AQUILEGIA,  Tourn.     Columbine. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  and  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  all  alike,  with  a 
short,  spreading  lip,  and  produced  backwards  into  a  long  tubular  spur.  Stamens 
numerous,  the  outer  ones  long  and  exserted,  the  inner  ones  reduced  to  thin  scales. 
Pistils  5  ;  styles  slender ;  ovaries  several-ovuled,  becoming  pointed    several-seeded 

2 


10  RANUNCULACE^.  ^         Aquilegia. 

follicles  in  fruit.  —  Glabrous  perennial  branching  herbs,  with  2  -  3-ternately  com- 
pound leaves,  the  leaflets  lobed.     Flowers  showy,  terminating  the  branches. 

Many  species  have  been  described,  which  some  authorities  now  reduce  to  half  a  dozen  or  less. 
They  belong  mostly  to  the  cooler  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

1.  A.  truncata,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Stems  1  to  2  feet  high  :  flowers  1  to  2|  inches 
in  diameter,  red  tinged  with  orange  or  yellow  :  sepals  spreading  or  reflexed  :  petals 
truncate,  the  very  short  limb  not  at  all  produced ;  spurs  thick  and  blunt,  6  to  9 
lines  long.  —  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  1843,  8.  Eegel,  Sei»t.  Petrop.  1852,  t.  &  fol.  11. 
A.  Canadensis,  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rep,  iv.  62.  A.  Calif ornica,  Lindl.  ;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  328.     A.  eximia,  Van  Houtte,  Fl.  Serres,  1857,  t.  1188. 

Shady  places  by  streams.  Very  variable  as  to  size,  foliage,  and  color  of  flowers.  A  variety 
near  New  Idria  has  silvery  margins  to  the  leaves. 

A.  FORMOSA,  Fisch.,  of  Oregon  and  eastward,  is  very  similar,  but  has  the  limb  of  the  petals 
longer  and  produced  upward  on  the  outer  side. 

2.  A.  cserulea,  James.  Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  sparingly  branched  :  leaflets 
usually  sessile  :  flowers  blue  or  white,  very  large,  the  sepals  spreading  2  to  3  inches  : 
petals  longer  than  the  stamens  and  style ;  spurs  slender,  and  1 1^  to  2  inches  long.  — 
Long's  Exped.  ii.  15.  A.  leptocera,  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  vii.  9.  A.  macrantha. 
Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  317,  t.  72. 

On  wooded  slopes  in  the  Sien-a  Nevada  at  8,000  to  12,000  feet  {Brewer,  Bolander),  rare  in 
this  State,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  it  is  very  abundant. 

9.  DELPHINIUM,  Tourn.        Larkspur. 

Sepals  5,  colored  and  petal-like,  very  irregular,  the  upper  one  prolonged  back- 
wards at  the  base  into  a  long  spur.  Petals  2  to  4,  irregular ;  when  4  the  upper  2 
developed  backwards  into  a  spur  which  is  enclosed  in  the  spurs  of  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens many.  Pistils  1  to  5.  Fruit  of  1  to  5  dehiscent,  many-seeded  follicles.  — 
Erect  herbs,  with  palmately-cleft,  lobed,  or  dissected  leaves,  and  racemose  flowers. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  variable  in  so  many  directions  that  it  is  difficult  to  satisfactorily 
limit  or  define  them.  Accordingly,  some  authors  recognize  100  or  more  species,  others  40  or  less. 
They  all  belong  to  the  north  temperate  zone.  Our  species  are  all  perennials,  with  showy  flowers, 
some  of  great  beauty. 

*  Flowers  blue,  purple,  or  violet,  or  at  least  not  red. 
-(-  Mostly  low  :  roots  a  cluster  of  thick  fleshy  fibres  or  tubercles. 

1.  D.  simplex,  Dougl.  Canescent  throughout  with  a  fine  short  somewhat 
woolly  pubescence,  rarely  nearly  glabrous  :  stem  stout  and  strict,  rather  tall,  1  to  2h 
feet  high,  leafy  :  leaves  all  much  dissected,  with  linear  obtuse  lobes,  on  stout  erect 
petioles  :  racemes  usually  dense  and  many-flowered,  the  pedicels  often  short  and 
nearly  erect :  flowers  small,  blue,  varying  to  nearly  white  or  yellowish  ;  sepals  4  to  5 
lines  long,  usually  about  equalling  the  stout  straight  spur,  rarely  much  spreading  : 
ovaries  and  capsule  pubescent.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  25. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  San  Diego  northward  to  Washington  Territory  and  Idaho  ;  Knight's 
Ferry,  Bigelow.  Much  resembling  D.  azureum  of  the  eastern  plains,  which  differs  in  its  less  strict 
habit,  and  looser  racemes  of  larger  and  more  open  flowers. 

2.  D.  variegatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Pubescent  with  straight  spreading  or  often 
reflexed  hairs,  the  pubescence  above  sometimes  tomentose  or  rarely  nearly  want- 
ing, sometimes  tomentose  throughout  or  short  and  appressed  :  stems  1  to  2  feet 
high,  sparingly  leafy :  leaves  all  dissected  with  oblong  or  linear,  obtuse  or  acutish 
lobes  :  flowers  large,  on  long  pedicels  in  a  short  open  raceme,  deep  blue  or  rarely 
white  ;  sepals  broad,  spreading,  6  to  10  lines  long ;  the  spur  usually  comparatively 
short  and  stout ;  upper  petals  not  purple-veined  (in  dried  specimens) :  ovary  and 
capsule  pubescent.  —  Fl.  i.  32. 


Delphinium.  KANUNCULACE^.  J  J 

» 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Santa  Barbara  (Brewer)  to  Punta  de  los  Reyes,  Bigelow.  A  frequent 
and  showy  species,  vaiying  in  its  colors.  Distinguished  from  D.  decorum,  to  which  it  has  usually 
been  referred,  by  its  hairy  ovaries,  leaves  all  dissected,  and  greater  pubescence. 

D.  Menziesii,  DC,  is  a  similar  species,  glabrous  below,  at  least  at  the  very  base,  pubescent 
above  with  spreading  hail's,  especially  the  inflorescence  :  flowers  large,  deep  blue  ;  the  upper 
petals  veined  with  purple  ;  the  spur  long  and  slender.  —  From  Puget  Sound  to  Montana  and  the 
Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon,  apparently  not  entering  California.  Reported  also  from  Kotzebue 
Sound.  The  D.  Menziesii  of  the  Colorado  Flora  is  D.  bicolor,  Nutt.  {D.  Menziesii,  var.  Utah- 
ensc,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  12),  very  similar  and  perhaps  only  a  variety,  but  it  has  uniformly 
smaller  flowers  and  is  glabrous  throughout  (including  the  ovaries),  or  occasionally  somewhat 
tomentose-pubescent. 

3.  D.  decorum,  Fisch.  &  Mej.  More  or  less  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs, 
but  usually  nearly  glabrous  :  stem  6  to  15  inches  high  :  lower  leaves  5-lobed,  spar- 
ingly toothed,  the  upper  with  narrow  linear  divisions  :  flowers  large,  deep  blue, 
long-pedicelled  in  an  open  raceme ;  sepals  broad,  6  to  9  lines  long,  spreading ;  spur 
usually  long  and  narrow  :  ovary  and  capsule  glabrous.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  661. 
J),  patens,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  296. 

Var.  Nevadense,  Watson.  Scarcely  differing  but  in  the  smaller  flowers  and 
leaves  often  all  linear-lobed.  —  U.  Menziesii,  Watson,  1.  c,  excl.  var. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Santa  Barbara  (Brewer,  and  perhaps  from  San  Diego,  Parry)  to  Men- 
docino Co.  The  variety  is  found  in  the  central  Sierra  N  evada,  and  is  frequent  on  the  mountains 
and  foot-hills  of  W.  Nevada.  Often  glabrous  excepting  the  ciliate  bracts  and  somewhat  villous 
flowers. 

4.  D.  depauperatum,  l^utt.  Perhaps  only  a  form  of  the  last  variety,  with 
the  ovaries  pubescent.  Most  of  the  specimens,  however,  are  very  slender  and  few- 
flowered,  the  lower  leaves  reniform  in  outline,  3  -  5-parted,  the  rather  broad  lobes 
entire  or  few-cleft.  The  pubescence  of  the  inflorescence  is  usually  straight  and 
spreading.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  33.     Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  12. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  head  of  the  Kern  (Rothrock)  to  the  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon,  and 
eastward  in  the  mountains  of  Nevada  (  Watson). 

-t-  -t-  Stout  and  tall :  root  perennial  hut  not  tuberous. 

5.  D.  Californicum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  nearly  or  quite  smooth  below  : 
leaves  large,  3  to  5  cleft,  the  divisions  variously  lobed  :  raceme  strict,  close-flowered 
above  :  pedicels  and  flowers  densely  velvety  pubescent.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i,  31. 
D.  exaltatmn,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  317. 

Dry  soils  near  the  coast.  Stems  stout,  2  or  more  feet  high.  Lower  leaves  3  to  5  inches  in 
diameter,  usually  deeply  5-cleft,  the  divisions  cuneate  at  base  and  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed. 
Flowers  commonly  a  light  but  dull  blue,  often  more  or  less  tinged  with  violet. 

6.  D.  SCOpillorum,  Gray.  Stems  tall,  smooth  or  puberulent :  lower  leaves  on 
long  petioles  which  are  dilated  at  the  base,  3  —  5-parted,  the  divisions  laciniately 
lobed,  the  lobes  sharp-pointed  :  raceme  rather  strict  :  flowers  sparingly  pilose  with- 
out. —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  9. 

Big  Tree  Road  (Brewer)  ;  Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon)  ;  a  stout  form,  5  to  6  feet  high,  differing 
from  that  prevalent  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  in  the  less  narrowly  divided  leaves  and  nearly 
glabrous  inflorescence.  It  is  still  less  like  D.  datum,  var.  (?)  occidentale,  of  the  mountains  east- 
ward, which  with  very  similar  habit  and  foliage  has  the  raceme  densely  pubescent  with  straight 
spreading  subviscid  hairs,  stout  pedicels,  and  usually  larger  flowers  with  longer  curved  spm-s. 
The  pubescence  in  D.  scopulorwni  is  shorter,  more  woolly  and  appressed,  and  the  pedicels  are 
slender. 

7.  D.  trolliifolium,  Gray.  Glabrous  throughout  or  slightly  villous  :  leaves 
large,  long-petioled,  5  -  7-lobed,  the  lobes  laciniately  cleft  and  toothed  with  acumi- 
nate segments :  raceme  loosely  few-flowered,  with  long  pedicels  :  flowei-s  bright 
blue,  1  \  inches  broad,  the  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals  :  capsules  glabrous.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  275. 

Oregon,  Hall.  Specimens  collected  by  Kellogg  in  Mendocino  Co.  seem  referable  to  this 
species. 


12  RANUNCULACE^.  '^Delphinium. 

*  *  Flowers  red. 

8.  D.  nudicaule,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  or  slightly  villous  :  stem  ^  to  2  feet 
high  or  more  :  leaves  mostly  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  1  to  3  inches  in  diam- 
eter, 3  -  S-lobed,  the  lobes  more  or  less  deeply  3  -  7-toothed  with  broad  obtuse 
mucronulate  segments  :  flowers  1  to  1  ;^  inches  long,  including  the  straight  spur, 
which  is  longer  than  the  sepals,  usually  light  scarlet  with  more  or  less  of  orange ; 
sepals  but  little  spreading ;  petals  usually  ciliate  or  somewhat  villous :  carpels 
pubescent  or  smooth.  — Fl.  i.  33  &  661  j  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5819. 

Var.  elatius,  Thompson.  The  taller  form  with  more  leafy  stems,  the  flowers 
with  rather  longer  and  more  slender  spurs  than  in  the  typical  state.  —  Garden,  iii. 
477,     D.  sarcophyllum,  Hook.  <fe  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  317. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Mendocino  Co.  to  San  Francisco  ;  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Pulsifer  Ames. 

9.  D.  cardinale,  Hook.  Tall  and  stout,  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  large,  5-7- 
lobed  nearly  to  the  base,  the  divisions  deeply  3  —  5-cleft  with  narrow  long-acumi- 
nate segments  :  flowers  as  in  the  last,  but  larger  and  more  open,  briglit  scarlet 
with  yellow  centre,  petals  somewhat  hairy  :  carpels  smooth.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4887  ; 
Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  30,  t.  2.     D.  coccineum,  Torrey,  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv.  62. 

Apparently  confined  to  the  mountains  of  S.  California  ;  Los  Angeles  ( Wallace)  to  San  Diego. 

10.  ACONITUM,  Tourn.     Monkshood. 

Sepals  5,  colored  and  petal-like,  very  irregular ;  the  upper  one  arched  into  a  hood  or 

helmet.     Petals  2  to  5  ;  the  upper  2  with  long  claws  and  irregular  spur-like  blades 

concealed  within  the  hood ;  the  lower  3  either  very  minute  or  obsolete.     Pistils 

3  to  5.     Fruit  of  3  to  5  dehiscent,  many-seeded  follicles.  —  Herbs  with  palmately- 

lobed  leaves. 

Species  18,  mostly  belonging  to  the  mountains  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere.  Some  (all  ?)  of 
them  are  poisonous. 

1.  A.  Fischeri,  Reichenb.  Leaves  palmately  3  -  5-cleft ;  the  divisions  broadly 
cuneated,  and  laciniately  toothed  or  cut  into  acute  lobes  :  flowers  in  a  loose  terminal 
raceme,  often  somewhat  panicled  :  follicles  usually  3.  —  111.  Sp.  Aconiti  Gen.  fol. 
i.  22.  A.  nasutum,  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.  26.  A.  Cohcmbianum,  Nutt.  ;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  34. 

Moist  places  in  the  Coast  Ranges  north  of  Clear  Lake,  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  4  to  8,000  feet ; 
also  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Alaska,  Kamtsohatka,  and  Siberia.  Stems  smooth  below  and  either 
smooth  or  with  short  pubescence  above.  Leave  3  to  5  inches  in  diameter.  Specimens  from  near 
the  coast  are  identical  with  the  Sibeiian  plant,  the  stems  2  to  3  f  et  high,  sometimes  weak  at  the 
base,  either  smooth  or  sparingly  pubescent  above,  the  flowers  blue  or  purple.  In  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  eastward  a  larger  form  occurs,  3  to  6  feet  high,  more  pubescent  above,  the  sepals 
larger  and  pale  blue  or  white,  and  the  petals  smaller.     Rather  rare. 

11.  ACT^A,  Linn.     Baneberry. 

Sepals  4  to  6,  nearly  equal,  petal-like,  falling  off"  early.  Petals  4  to  10,  small. 
Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  single ;  stigma  sessile,  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  many-seeded 
berry.  Seeds  smooth,  flattened,  packed  horizontally  in  2  rows.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves.  Eoot  usually  tuberous  or  thickened.  Flowers 
in  a  terminal  short  raceme. 

Species  perhaps  2,  belonging  to  the  cooler  regions  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere. 

1.  A.  spicata,  Linn.,  var.  arguta,  Torr.  Fruit  either  white  or  red,  in  a  loose 
more  elongated  raceme.  —  A.  arguta,  Xutt. ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  35. 

Shady  ravines  of  the  Coast  Ranges  north  of  San  Francisco.  Rare  in  this  State,  but  a  widely 
spread  species,  extending  north  to  Alaska,  east  to  New  England  and  Canada  ;  also  to  Japan  ; 
Siberia,  and  Northern  Europe.     A  smooth  herb  with  graceful  habit,  1  to  2  feet  high.     The  stem 


Crossosoma.  RANUNCULACEiE.  I3 

bears  one  or  two  leaves  which  are  really  ternately  decompound,  but  very  often  each  terminal 
division  is  stalked  and  again  ternately  divided,  while  the  lateral  ones  are  sessile  and  only  toothed 
or  lobed,  thus  making  the  last  division  pinnately  5-foliolate.  Leaflets  1  to  2  inches  long,  doubly 
or  uuei|ually  serrate.     In  our  variety  the  raceme  is  short  and  capitate  in  flower,  becoming  3  to 

5  inches  long  in  fruit ;  the  pedicels  slender,  the  lower  ones  scattered  and  9  to  16  lines  long. 
Fruit  either  white  or  red. 

12.    P-ffiONIA,  Linn. 

Sepals  5,  herbaceous,  persistent,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  5  to  10.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  inserted  on  a  fleshy  disk.  Pistils  2  to  5.  Fruit  of  2  to  5  leathery, 
several-seeded  follicles.  —  Perennial  herbs  with  ternately  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves  and  showy  flowers. 

Species  3  to  6,  according  to  the  different  views  of  different  authorities,  all  belonging  to  the 
Northern  Hemispere.  Several  oriental  species  (or  at  least  varieties)  are  in  common  cultivation  for 
their  ornamental  flowers. 

1.  P.  Brownii,  Dougl.  Leaves  thick,  1  -  2-ternately  compound,  the  leaflets  ter- 
nately and  pinnately  lobed  :  follicles  3  to  5.  — Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i,  27.  P.  Cali- 
f arnica,  Nutt. ;   Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  41. 

San  Bernardino  to  Vancouver  and  Western  Utah,  but  rare  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Stems 
10  to  18  inches  high,  smooth,  striate,  erect  when  growing  but  gi-adually  bending  over  imtil  matu- 
rity, when  the  follicles  rest  on  the  ground.  Leaves  glaucous  beneath,  either  glaucous  or  glabrous 
above.  Sepals  green,  sometimes  quite  unequal  in  size.  Petals  scarcely  larger  than  the  sepals, 
thick  and  leathery,  dull,  dark  red.  Follicles  veiy  leathery,  smooth,  erect,  1  to  1^  inches  long. 
This  plant  endures  a  great  range  of  station  and  climate,  from  wet  to  very  dry  soils  and  from  the 
hot  plains  of  Southern  California  to  near  the  confines  of  perpetual  snow  on  the  mountains. 

13.  CROSSOSOMA,  Nutt. 

Sepals  5,  orbicular,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  unequal,  persistent,  scariously  mar- 
gined, united  at  base  into  a  short  turbinate  tube.  Petals  5,  not  clawed.  Stamens 
numerous  (12  to  30),  inserted  with  the  petals  in  2  or  3  irregular  series  upon  the 
somewhat  thickened  base  of  the  calyx,  persistent :  anthers  attached  dorsally  a  little 
above  the  base,  dehiscing  longitudinally  down  the  sides.  Carpels  2  to  6,  distinct, 
sessile  upon  a  short  stipe,  coriaceous,  follicular,  many-seeded.  Seeds  in  2  rows,  with 
a  large  fringed  arillus,  globose-reniform,  black  and  shining  :  embryo  strongly  curved 
in  the  thick  fleshy  albumen  and  nearly  as  long,  the  narrowly  oblong  cotyledons 
exceeding  the  radicle. —  Smooth  shrubs  with  alternate  simple  entire  mucronulate 
leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  terminating  the  branchlets. 

A  genus  anomalous  among  the  Ranunculaceoe  on  account  of  its  perig5mous  stamens,  arilled 
seeds,  the  characters  of  the  embryo,  &c.  It  is  referred  doubtfully  by  Bentham  and  Hooker  to  the 
Dilleniacece.     The  following  are  the  only  known  species. 

1.  C.  Calif omicum,  Nutt.  A  stout  diffuse  shrub,  4  feet  high,  with  Avhitish 
wood  and  gray  bitter  bark  :  leaves  oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long,  attenuate  to  a  very 
short  petiole  :  flowers  large,  on  long  stout  peduncles  ;  petals  orbicular,  6  to  9  lines 
long  :  carpels  oblong,  8  to  12  lines  long,  20  -  25-seeded  :  seeds  over  a  line  in  diame- 
ter, with  a  shining  crustaceous  testa,  covered  with  the  brown  fringe  of  the  arillus. 
—  PI.  Gamb.  150,  t.  22  ;  Torr.  Pacif  R.  Rep.  iv.  t.  1,  fig.  1,  only. 

Catalina  Island  (Gambel,  Wallace,  Ball) ;  Guadalupe  Island,  gi-owing  in  the  crevices  of  high 
cliffs,  Palmer.     Flowers  in  February,  ripening  its  seeds  in  April  ;  stamens  25  to  30. 

2.  C.  Bigelovii,  Watson.  Low  and  more  slender  :  leaves  glaucous,  3  to  6  lines 
long,  somewhat  fascicled  :  pedicels  shorter :  petals  purple  or  white,  spatulate-oblong, 

6  lines  long  :  stamens  15  to  25  :  carpels  10-  12-seeded,  ^  inch  long.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  122.     C.  Californicum,  Torr.  in  Pacif,  R.  Rep.  iv.  63,  t.  1,  excl.  fig.  1. 

Canons  near  the  mouth  of  Bill  Williams  River  (Bigelow)  ;  east  of  San  Bernardino,  Parry. 


X4  BERBERIDACE^.  "        Berheris. 


Order  II.    BERBERIDACE-SI. 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  mostly  with  compound  or  divided  alternate  leaves,  and  no  stip- 
ules ;  the  flowers  all  perfect,  with  the  parts  distinct  and  hypogynous,  remarkable 
for  having  the  bracts,  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  (in  ours  six)  before  each  other 
instead  of  alternating  (an  anomaly  which  comes  from  there  being  two  whorls 
of  each,  three  pieces  in  a  whorl),  and  the  2-celled  anlhers  opening  by  uplifted 
valves,  hinged  at  the  top.  —  Calyx  and  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous, 
both  usually  colored.  Pistil  one,  simple,  i.  e.  of  a  single  carpel :  style  short  or 
none.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  or  minute  embryo  in  copious  firm-fleshy  or 
horny  albumen.  —  Achlys  is  a  most  exceptional  genus,  having  no  calyx  nor  corolla, 
and  9  or  more  stamens. 

A  small  order  of  a  dozen  genera  (and  half  as  many  more  of  the  Lardizdbulece  appended  to  it, 
not  here  taken  into  view),  of  which  only  Berheris  is  numerous  in  species,  most  of  the  others  having 
only  one  or  two  species  each,  chiefly  natives  of  temperate  regions,  and  of  the  northern  hemisi>here, 
with  a  few  in  S.  America.  The  juice  is  watery,  hut  the  inner  bark  and  wood  of  the  Barberry 
yellow.  No  active  properties,  except  in  Podophyllum  of  the  Atlantic  States,  the  root  of  which 
yields  podophyllin,  a  powerful  cathartic.  The  fruits,  when  berries,  are  innocent  and  edible,  but 
sometimes  acid. 

♦  Flowers  complete  :  stamens  6,  mostly  short. 

1.  Berberis.     Flowers  yellow,  in  clustered  racemes.     Fruit  a  few-seeded  berry.     Shrubs  with 

rigid  leaves,  in  ours  odd-pinnate. 

2.  Vancouveria.    Flowers  whitish,  in  a  raceme  or  panicle.     Fruit  a  follicle.     Herb,  with  ter- 

nately  compound  leaves  all  radical. 

♦  *  Flowers  naked  :  stamens  9  or  more,  slender. 

3.  Achlys.    Flowers  spicate  on  a  scape,  without  bracts,  sepals,  or  petals.     Herb,  with  only 

radical  3-parted  leaves. 

1.  BERBERIS,  Linn. 

Sepals  6,  petal-like,  with  3  or  6  Closely  appressed  bractlets  in  1  or  2  rows. 
Petals  6,  opposite  the  sepals,  usually  2-glandular  at  base.  Stamens  6.  Carpel  1  : 
stigma  circular  and  peltate.  Fruit  a  berry,  with  1  to  3  erect  seeds.  —  Smooth 
shrubs  with  yellow  wood,  pinnate  or  fascicled  simple  leaves,  yellow  flowers  in  clus- 
tered bracteate  racemes,  and  oblong  or  globose  acid  berries. 

A  genus  of  about  50  species,  belonging  to  both  continents,  but  largely  S.  American.  In 
Berheris  proper,  of  which  B.  vulgaris,  Linn.,  the  common  Barberry,  is  the  type,  the  primary 
leaves  are  reduced  to  mere  spines,  in  the  axils  of  which  are  fascicles  of  actual  simple  leaves  with 
jointed  petioles.  All  our  species  belong  to  the  section  Mahonia,  Nutt.,  which  has  evergreen 
unequally  pinnate  leaves,  sessile  spinulosely  dentate  leaflets,  and  dark  blue  globose  berries. 

*  Leaflets  pinnaiely  veined. 

1.  B.  repens,  Lindl.  A  low  somewhat  procumbent  shrub,  less  than  a  foot 
high  :  leaflets  3  to  7,  ovate,  acute,  not  acuminate,  1  to  2|  inches  long,  not  shiny 
above:  racemes  few,  terminating  the  stems,  1  to  1|  inches  long. — Bot.  Eeg.  t. 
1176.     B.  Aquifolium,  Pursh,  mainly,  and  of  numerous  authors. 

"  Throughout  the  State,"  extending  northward  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  to  Colorado 
and  New  -Mexico. 

2.  B.  Aquifolium,  Pursh.  A  shrub  2  to  6  feet  high :  leaflets  usually  7,  but 
often  more,  the  lower  pair  distant  from  the  stem,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  1^  to 
4  inches  long,  acuminate,  green  and  shining  above,  sinuately  dentate  with  numer- 
ous spinose  teeth  :  racemes  1|  to  2  inches  long,  clustered  chiefly  in  the  subter- 
minal  axils;  fruit  nearly  globose,  —  Lindl.  Bot,  Eeg,  t,  1425. 


Achlys.  BERBERIDACE^.  15 


* 


Frequent  in  Oregon  and  northward,  where  it  is  known  as  the  "  Oregon  Grape,"  and  reported 
southward  in  the  coast  ranges  even  to  Monterey.  Pursh's  description  and  figure  belong  mainly 
to  B.  rejicns. 

3.  B.  pinnata,  Lag.  Very  much  like  the  last  species,  but  the  leaves  more 
crowded  and  more  nearly  sessile,  the  lower  pair  of  leaflets  being  approximate  to  the 
base  of  the  petiole ;  leaflets  usually  5  to  7  :  racemes  more  frequently  lateral  upon 
the  branches;  fruit  oblong-ovoid,  4  lines  long.  —  Gen.  &  Spec.  14.  Mahoniafasci- 
cularis,  DC. ;  Deless.  Icon.  Sel.  ii.  2,  t.  3. 

Hills  about  San  Francisco  Bay  and  southward  to  San  Diego,  thence  east  to  New  Mexico. 
Fniit  pleasant  to  the  taste  and  known  to  the  Mexicans  as  Lena  amarilla.  There  has  always  been 
much  confusion  and  is  still  some  uncertainty  respecting  this  species  and  its  allies.  Lagasca's 
original  description  (published  in  1803)  professedly  included  specimens  both  from  Monterey  and 
from  Vancouver  Island,  while  the  plant  cultivated  in  the  gardens  from  his  seed,  and  figured 
under  this  name,  appears  to  have  been  \vh0ll3'  the  Oregon  form,  which  Pureh  afterwards  included 
with  the  low  B.  repens  in  his  description  and  figure  of  B.  Aquifolium,.  Humboldt  and  Bonpland 
afterward  applied  the  name  B.  pinimta  to  a  Mexican  plant,  figured  by  them,  and  DeCandolle  at 
length  included  all,  the  Mexican,  Californian,  and  Oregon  together,  under  the  name  Mahonia 
fascicularis.  The  question  of  synonymy  is  most  conveniently  solved  by  retaining  what  has 
become  the  ordinary  application  of  the  names,  B.  fascicularis  being  limited  to  the  Mexican  spe- 
cies, which  seems  distinguishable  from  the  Californian  B.  pinnata  by  its  more  numerous,  more 
acuminate,  and  less  shining  leaflets. 

*  *  Leaflets  palmately  nerved. 

4.  B.  nervosa,  Pursh.  Stems  simple,  but  a  few  inches  high ;  petioles  and 
peduncles  springing  from  the  apex,  accompanied  by  dry  glumaceous  rigidly  acu- 
minate bracts  :  leaves  I  to  2  feet  long,  of  11  to  17  ovate  acuminate  leaflets  :  racemes 
elongated ;  pedicels  short  :  fruit  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species,  3  to  4  lines  in 
diameter.  —  Fl.  219,  t.  5,  excluding  flowers.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3949.  Mahonia 
glumacea,  DC. 

Near  the  coast  from  Monterey  to  Vancouver  Island. 

2.  VANCOUVERIA,  Morren  &  Decaisne. 

Sepals  6,  obovate,  reflexed,  caducous  with  the  6  to  9  oblong  membranaceous 
bractlets.  Petals  6,  shorter  than  the  sepals  and  opposite  them,  linear-spatulate, 
nectary-like,  reflexed.  Stamens  6.  Carpel  1,  the  stigma  slightly  dilated,  cup- 
shaped  :  ovules  10  or  less,  in  2  rows  upon  the  ventral  suture.  Capsule  dehiscing 
by  a  dorsal  valve  attached  by  the  base  and  persistent,  usually  2  -  6-seeded.  Seed 
oblong,  somewhat  curved,  with  a  broad  attachment  and  prominent  fleshy  arillus  : 
embryo  minute.  —  A  slender  perennial  herb,  with  radical  2  -  3-ternately  compound 
leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  an  open  paniculate  raceme  upon  a  naked  scape. 

A  genus  of  a  single  species,  scarcely  separable  from  Epimedium  of  the  Old  "World. 

1.  V.  he:sandra,  Morr.  &  Decaisne.  More  or  less  villous  with  brownish  hairs, 
1  to  2  feet  liigh  :  root  creeping  :  leaves  diffuse,  long-petioled ;  the  leaflets  1  to  2 
inches  broad,  petiolulate,  subcordate,  obtusely  3-lobed,  the  lobes  emarginate ;  the 
margin  thickened  and  often  undulate  :  scape  exceeding  the  leaves  :  pedicels  elon- 
gated, recurved  :  sepals  2  to  3  lines  long  :  capsule  half  an  inch  long,  gibbous-lanceo- 
late, with  a  slender  beak  :  arillus  2-lobed,  more  than  half  covering  the  seed.  —  Ann. 
Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  ii.  351.     Epimedium  hexandrum,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  31,  t.  13. 

Shady  woods  near  the  coast  from  Santa  Cruz  to  Vancouver  Island.  The  characters  of  the  firuit 
and  seed  are  those  of  Epimedium. 

3.  ACHLYS,  DC. 

Sepals  and  petals  none.  Stamens  9,  in  3  rows;  filaments  slender,  the  outer 
dilated  at  the  summit ;  anthers  short.     Carpel  1  :   stigma  sessile,  dilated  :  ovule 


16  NTMPH^ACE^.  ^  Achlys. 

solitary,  erect.  Fruit  pulpy,  becoming  dry,  indehiscent,  reniform,  the  rounded 
dorsal  portion  subcartilaginous,  the  ventral  side  strongly  concave,  membranaceous, 
with  a  fleshy  central  ridge.  Seed  erect,  straight :  embryo  very  small.  —  A  smooth 
perennial  herb,  with  radical  trifoliolate  leaves,  the  flowers  crowded  in  a  naked  spike 
terminating  the  scape. 

A  second  species  in  Japan  closely  resembles  the  following. 

1.  A.  triphylla,  DC.  Eoot  creeping  :  leaf  on  petioles  a  foot  long  or  more,  soli- 
tary from  a  scaly  base,  the  leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  3  to  5  inches  long,  palmately 
nerved,  the  outer  margin  irregularly  and  coarsely  sinuate :  scape  solitary,  equalling  the 
leaf;  spike  2  to  3  inches  long ;  flowers  small,  white,  fragrant  :  fruit  2  lines  long.  — 
Syst.  ii.  35.     Hook.  Fl.  i.  30,  t.  12. 

Shady  woods  near  Mendocino  {Bolander)  and  northward  to  Vancouver  Island.  Sometimes 
known  as  May-Apple. 

Order  III.    NYMPHiEACE-ffil. 

Aquatic   perennial  herbs,  with   horizontal  trunk-like  rootstocks   or   sometimes 

tubers,  which  have  rather  an  endogenous  than  exogenous  internal  structure ;  the 

leaves  peltate  or  deeply  cordate  and  involute  from  both  margins  in  the  bud ;  solitary 

axillary  perfect  flowers  on  long  peduncles ;  ovules  remarkable  for  being  on  the  back 

or  sides  of  the  carpels  (instead  of  the  ventral  edge)  ;  embryo  small  at  base  of  fleshy 

albumen  enclosed  in  a  fleshy  bag !     Stamens  numerous.  —  Comprises  almost  half  as 

many  suborders  as  genera. 

The  Water- Lilies,  and  their  relatives,  of  few  species  and  wide  geographical  dispersion,  comprise 
8  genera  under  three  suborders.  The  Water-Shield  is  the  type  of  the  first,  Water- Lilies  of  the 
second,  and  the  Nelumbium  or  Indian  Lotus,  the  sole  genus  of  the  third  {Nelumboneoc),  which 
differs  from  the  character  of  the  rest  in  the  great  embryo  without  albumen,  and  the  nut-like 
carpels  separately  immersed  in  hollows  of  a  top-shaped  receptacle.  To  this  belongs  the  Nelumbo 
of  Eastern  America  and  the  Indian  Lotus  or  Sacred  Bean  of  Asia.  There  are  no  true  Water- Lilies 
{Nymphcea)  in  North  America  west  of  the  Mississippi  region,  but  one  Nuphar  reaches  California  ; 
where  also  the  Water-Shield  is  a  solitary  representative  of  the  first  suborder,  Cabombeoe.  The  two 
genera  are  briefly  contrasted  thus  : 

1.  Brasenia.     Pistils  4  to  18  in  a  cluster,   pod-like,   1  -  2-seeded.     Leaves  on  slender  stems, 

entire,  centi-ally  peltate. 

2.  Nuphar.    Pistil  many-celled,  many-seeded,  free.      Leaves  all  from  the  rootstock,  deeply 

cordate. 

1.  BRASENIA,  Schreber.        Watee-Shield. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  narrowly  oblong,  dull  purple,  hypogynous,  each  3 
or  sometimes  4,  persistent.  Stamens  12  to  18,  hypogynous:  filaments  slender: 
anthers  oblong-linear.  Carpels  4  to  18,  distinct,  tipped  with  a  linear  and  one-sided 
large  stigma,  ripening  into  a  kind  of  indehiscent  1  -  2-seeded  pods.  —  A  single 
species. 

1.  B.  peltata,  Pursh.  Leaves  floating  (2  to  4  inches  long),  elliptical  and  cen- 
trally peltate  on  the  slender  petioles,  which  are  alternate  on  the  filiform  ascend- 
ing stems,  bright  green  above,  reddish-brown  beneath  :  flower  small,  half  an  inch 
long.  —  Gray,  Gen.  111.  t.  39. 

In  Clear  Lake  (Bolander)  and  Pit  River  (Bretcer)  ;  thence  to  Puget  Sound.  Known  at  few 
Pacific  stations,  while  from  Canada  to  Texas  it  abounds,  extending  to  Cuba.  It  also  occurs  in 
Japan,  Eastern  India,  Australia,  and  at  one  known  station  in  tropical  Western  Africa  !  The 
stems  and  stalks  are  coated  with  a  clear  jelly.  The  "tuberous"  rootstocks  are  collected  by  the 
Califomian  Indians  for  food. 


Darlingtonia.  SARRACENIACE^.  17 

2.  NUPHAE,  Smith.  Yellow  Pond-Lilt. 
Sepals  5  to  12,  thick,  roundish,  persistent,  free,  colored  (generally  yellow)  within, 
partly  green  outside.  Petals  and  stamens  short  and  numerous,  hypogynous,  densely 
crowded  around  the  ovary,  at  length  recurving,  persistent ;  the  former  sometimes 
resembling  sterile  stamens,  sometimes  more  dilated  and  conspicuous,  but  always 
small.  Filament  very  short  :  anther  truncate  at  apex,  the  two  linear  cells  adnata, 
introrse.  Ovary  oblong  or  ovate,  8  -  20-celled,  its  truncate  top  occupied  by  the 
8  -  20-radiate  stigma,  ripening  (usually  above  water)  into  an  ovoid  or  flask-shaped 
indehiscent  fruit  with  a  firm  rind  and  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  interior ;  the  cells  many- 
seeded.  K^o  arillus  to  the  oval  seeds.  —  Herbs  of  shallow  waters  (4  or  5  species  of 
the  northern  temperate  zone),  sending  up  large  and  mostly  rather  leathery  cordate 
leaves  (either  upright  or  floating)  and  stout  1 -flowered  peduncles  from  a  long  and 
thick  trunk-like  creeping  rootstock  in  the  mud  beneath  :  flowering  all  summer. 

1.  N.  polysepalum,  Engelm,  Larger  than  the  Atlantic  N.  advena :  leaves  6 
to  12  inches  long  and  three  fourths  as  wide,  rounded  above,  deeply  cordate  at  base  : 
sepals  8  to  12  :  petals  12  to  18,  dilated  and  unlike  the  stamens,  yellow,  often  tinged 
with  red  :  fruit  globular,  2  inches  long  or  less.  —  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  ii.  282. 
N.  advena,  Newberry  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  vi.  67. 

Rare  south  of  Mt.  Shasta,  more  abundant  thence  to  British  Columbia  and  east  to  and  beyond 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  Klamath  Marsh  is  half  covered  with  the  floating  leaves,  and  the  large 
seeds  form  an  important  article  of  food  among  the  Indians,  who  collect  great  quantities  for  winter 
use.  "The  seed  tastes  like  that  of  Broom-Corn,  and  is  apparently  very  nutritious."  This 
species  has  the  largest  fruit  and  flowers  of  any  of  the  genus,  some  of  the  flowers  being  5  inches  in 
diameter  and  borne  ou  scapes  1  or  2  feet  high.  The  leaves  are  floating  if  there  be  sufficient  water, 
otherwise  erect. 

Order  IV.    SARRACENIACEiE. 

Bog-plants  with  pitcher-shaped  or  tubular  and  hooded  leaves,  and  perfect  polyan- 
drous  hypogynous  flowers,  the  persistent  sepals,  petals,  and  cells  of  the  ovary  each 
5  (with  one  exception).  Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  Embryo  small  in  fleshy 
albumen.  —  Eepresented  in  the  Atlantic  United  States  by  several  species  of  Sarra- 
cenia,  in  the  mountains  of  Guiana  by  the  little-known  apetalous  Heliamphora,  in 
California  by  the  peculiar  genus, 

1.  DARLINGTONIA,  Torr. 

Calyx  without  bracts,  of  5  imbricated  narrowly  oblong  sepals,  persistent.  Petals 
5,  ovate-obloug,  erect,  Avith  a  small  ovate  tip  answering  to  the  blade,  and  a  larger 
oblong  lower  portion  answering  to  the  claw.  Stamens  12  to  15  in  a  single  row : 
filaments  subulate :  anthers  oblong,  of  two  unequal  cells,  turned  edgewise  by  a 
twisting  of  the  filament,  so  that  the  smaller  cell  faces  the  ovary.  Ovary  somewhat 
top-shaped,  the  broad  summit  being  truncate  or  concave  and  abruptly  dilated, 
higher  than  the  stamens,  5-celled ;  the  cells  opposite  the  petals  :  style  short,  5- 
lobed ;  the  lobes  short-linear  or  club-shaped,  recurving  :  stigmas  thickish,  introrsely 
terminal.  Capsule  loculicidally  5-valved.  Seeds  very  numerous,  obovate-clavate, 
thickly  beset  with  soft  slender  projections.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  D.  Califomica,  Torr.  A  perennial  herb,  of  greenish  yellow  hue,  with  long 
and  rather  slender  horizontal  rootstocks  clothed  with  the  bases  of  older  decayed 


18  PAPAVERACE.E.  ^^         Darlingtonia. 

leaves ;  these  tubular,  gradually  enlarging  upwards  to  a  vaulted  ventricose  hood, 
which  terminates  in  a  2-forked  deflexed  appendage  under  which  is  the  contracted 
rounded  orihce,  the  ventral  edge  winged  :  scape  bearing  several  membranous  scaly- 
bracts,  the  upper  ones  crowded  near  the  nodding  purplish  flower.  —  Smithsonian 
Contrib.  vi.  4,  t.  1,  &  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  221. 

Mountain  swamps  and  borders  of  brooks,  at  1,000  to  6,000  feet,  from  Tnickee  Pass  to  the 
borders  of  Oregon  ;  first  collected  near  Mount  Shasta,  by  JV.  D.  Brackcnridge  of  the  Wilkes 
Exploring  Expedition  party,  with  foliage  and  vestiges  of  fruit,  and  next  in  blossom  by  Dr.  G. 
W.  Hulse.  The  "pitchers"  are  18  to  34  inches  high,  and -an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  except 
near  the  top,  tapering  downward,  and  spirally  twisted  about  half  a  revolution,  the  twist  being 
most  often  to  the  left.  Expanding  near  the  summit  it  is  vaulted  into  an  inflated  sac  or  hood  2 
to  4  inches  across,  with  a  circular  opening  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter  on  the  under  side.  The 
dome  of  this  hood  is  spotted  with  large  thin  translucent  areolffi,  which  are  usually  colored  some- 
what orange  or  yellow.  A  wing  2  to  4  lines  wide  runs  along  the  inner  side  of  tlie  pitcher,  clasp- 
ing the  rootstock  below  and  entering  the  orifice  above.  At  the  upper  and  outer  edge  of  the  orifice, 
a  blade  or  appendage  arises  which  is  narrow  at  its  base,  but  rapidly  widens  and  divides  into  two 
equal  and  divergent  lobes,  it  is  something  like  a  fish-tail  in  shape,  spreading  3  or  4  inches, 
pointing  downward,  and  beset  with  short  and  sharp  stiff  hairs,  all  pointing  toward  the  orifice, 
the  lobes  twisted  outward  about  half  a  revolution.  The  gi'cen  of  this  blade  is  variously  blotched 
with  red  and  yellow.  The  interior  of  the  pitcher  is  polished  above,  but  the  lower  part  is  beset 
with  stiff"  sharp  slender  tiansparent  hairs  pointing  downwards  at  a  sharp  angle.  Within  antl 
about  the  orifice  and  on  the  colored  "fish-tail"  there  is  a  sweet  secretion  very  attractive  to 
insects.  A  line  of  this  honey  has  sometimes  been  found  to  extend  along  the  wing  from  the  orifice 
down  to  the  ground.  The  base  of  the  pitcher  contains  a  clear  secreted  liquid.  This  whole  con- 
trivance constitutes  one  of  the  most  curious  natural  fly-traps  known.  An  insect  roaming  over  the 
outside  soon  finds  the  wing  like  a  fence  to  guide  him  to  the  orifice,  and  a  line  of  honey  enticing 
him  that  way.  The  blade  at  the  opposite  side  is  mottled  and  gayly  colored  to  catch  the  eye  and 
fancy  of  the  flying  insect.  The  lobes  are  so  twisted  that  he  may  alight  on  the  outside  and  by 
travelling  along  the  blade  find  himself  within.  It  is  a  broad  and  open  road  at  first,  curving  and 
narrowing  as  the  two  lobes  converge,  and  leading  directly  into  the  orifice.  Moreover,  the  sharp 
bristles  in  the  path  all  pointing  one  way  make  that  the  natural  direction  to  travel,  and  the  honey 
sweetens  the  path  where  the  dangerous  opening  yawns  above  the  narrowed  way.  The  "honey 
jiastures  "  just  within  the  orifice  now  tempt  him,  and  are  next  visited.  When  satiated  and  he 
would  leave,  the  translucent  areola  above,  like  numerous  lighted  w  indows  in  the  roof,  entice 
him  away  from  the  darker  door  in  the  floor  by  which  he  entered.  The  captive  sees  no  way  of 
escape,  and  from  the  shape  of  the  pitcher  and  the  needle-like  hairs  pointing  ever  downwards,  his 
destruction  is  sure.  By  this  elaborate  contrivance  he  was  first  attracted  to  the  plant,  then  enticed 
within,  then  imprisoned  and  ultimately  consigned  to  the  lake  in  the  bottom  of  the  pit.  From 
the  experiments  of  Dr.  Hooker,  and  from  some  interesting  homologies,  it  is  not  difificult  to  believe 
that  this  liquid  digests  the  insect  for  the  nourishment  of  the  plant.  The  fragmentary  remains  of 
dead  insects  in  great  variety  are  always  found  in  the  mature  healthy  leaves,  often  filling  the  tube 
to  the  height  of  several  inches  and  tainting  the  air  with  their  decay.  From  the  observations  of 
the  entomologist  Edwards,  it  seems  that  more  species  of  flies  are  caught  than  of  other  insects. 
But  bees,  hornets,  butterflies,  dragon-flies,  beetles,  giasshoppers,  &c.,  and  even  snails  are  entrapped. 
For  fuller  details  of  the  behavior  of  this  "insectivorous  plant,"  see  Proc.  Am.  Assoc.  1874,  B, 
64,  and  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  1875.  The  secretion  upon  the  edge  of  the  wing  was  detected  by  Mrs. 
Ji.  M.  Austin,  of  Buttei-fly  Valley. 

The  plant  is  gregarious,  and  the  hoods  and  blades  are  strikingly  conspicuous  when  seen  in  the 
bright  sunshine  of  their  places-of  growth,  strongly  suggesting  the  unromantic  name  Calfs  Head, 
by  which  the  local  mountaineers  know  it. 


Order  V.     PAPAVERACEiE. 

Herbaceous  plants,  in  one  instance  shrubby,  usually  with  milky  or  orange-yellow 
juice,  of  narcotic  or  also  acrid  properties;  the  flowers  perfect,  with  sepals,  petals, 
and  stamens  hypogynous  and  not  in  fives  ;  the  former  2  or  3  and  caducous  (falling 
when  the  corolla  opens)  ;  the  petals  twice  as  many,  in  two  sets,  and  early  decidu- 
ous ;  the  stamens  indefinite  ;  the  pistil  with  a  1 -celled  ovary  with  parietal  placentae, 
in  fruit  cap.sular ;  the  seeds  numerous  or  several,  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo 
in  copious  albumen.  —  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  destitute  of  stipules.     Peduncles 


Platystemon.  PAP  AVERAGES.  19 

usually  1 -flowered  and  the  flower-bud  drooping  before  expansion.  Petals  imbricated 
and  commonly  crumpled  in  the  bud.  Valves  of  the  capsule  in  most  cases  separat- 
ing from  the  slender  placentae,  which  remain  as  a  kind  of  frame.  — Dendromecon  is 
the  sole  shrubby  plant  of  the  order.  Platystemon  is  exceptional  in  having  the  sev- 
eral carpels  all  distinct,  or  at  least  early  separating,  and  forming  as  many  torulose 
pods,  and  the  upper  leaves  are  disposed  to  be  opposite  or  in  whorls.  Eschsclioltzia 
has  the  two  sepals  united  into  a  calyptra  which  falls  off  whole,  and  the  juice  is  color- 
less ;  it  is  nearly  so  in  Romneya,  in  which  the  capsule  is  several-celled,  more  truly 
than  in  a  poppy,  by  the  placentae  reaching  the  centre.  And  Ardomecon  has  per- 
sistent petals  ! 

An  order  of  17  genera  and  about  50  species,  mostly  inhabitants  of  the  temperate  and  warm  parts 
of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Many  have  showy  flowers,  and  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  Opium 
is  derived  from  the  milky  juice  of  the  poppy  (mostly  F.  somnifcrum,  Linn.),  and  several  other 
species  have  reputed  medicinal  value. 

Papaver  somniferum,  Linn.,  extensively  cultivated  for  opium,  and  familiar  in  gardens  as  an 
ornamental  annual,  is  not  unlikely  to  occur  spontaneously  in  some  places.  P.  Rh(Eas,  Linn. ,  the 
Corn  Poppy  of  Europe,  might  also  have  been  expected  in  grain-fields,  but  it  has  not  been  reported. 
The  genus  is  known  by  the  radiate  sessile  crowoi  of  stigmas,  lorming  a  cap  over  the  summit  of 
the  ovary  and  capsule,  the  latter  opening  only  by  pores  under  the  margin  of  the  crown. 

*  Herbs  :  sepals  2  or  3  and  distinct. 
+-  Annuals,  with  entire  leaves,  the  uppermost  opposite  or  whorled. 

1.  Platystemon.     Filaments  very  broad.     Carpels  few  to  many,  in  a  circle,  distinct  or  soon 

becoming  so,  forming  as  many  slender  torulose  pods,  tipped  with  the  linear  stigmas. 

2.  Platystigma.     Filaments  slightly  dilated  or  filiform.     Ovary  with  3  placentae,  tipjied  with 

3  broad  and  flat  or  linear  stigmas,  becoming  a  3-valved  capsule. 

+-  +-  Perennials,  with  lobed  or  toothed  leaves,  all  alternate. 

3.  Romneya.     Sepals  3,  winged.     Stigmas  several,    oblong.     Capsule  bristly,   several-celled, 

seveial-valved  from  the  top.     Leaves  divided. 

4.  Arctomecon.     Sepals  mostly  2  :  petals  4,  persistent.     Stigma  thickish,  4  -  6-lobed.     Cap- 

sule smooth,  1-celled,  4  -  6-valved  at  the  top.     Leaves  few-toothed. 

-i-  -i-  +-  Annuals,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves.     {Papaver  would  belong  here.) 

5.  Argemone.     Stigma  3- 4-lobed,  almost  sessile.     Capsule  bristly  or  prickly.    Leaves  simple, 

j)rickly-toothed. 

6.  Meconopsis.     Stigma  4-8-lobed  on  a  club-shaped  style.      Capsule  unarmed  and  smooth. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided,  unanned. 

*  *  Shrub  with  entire  leaves  or  nearly  so. 

7.  Dendromecon.     Stigmas  2,   short  and  erect  on  a  short  style.     Capsule  linear,  grooved, 

2-valved. 

*  *  *  Annual  herbs  :  sepals  completely  united  into  a  narrow  pointed  cap  (calyptra),  which  falls 
off"  entire  from  a  dilated  top-shaped  receptacle. 

8.  Eschscholtzia.     Stigma-lobes  4  to  6,  subulate,  unequal  :  style  very  short :  capsule  linear, 

grooved,  2-valved. 

1.  PLATYSTEMON,  Benth. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6.  Stamens  many,  with  flattened  filaments  and  linear  anthers. 
Carpels  6  to  25,  at  first  united  :  stigmas  linear,  free.  Fruit  of  as  many  distinct 
linear  indehiscent  torulose  pods,  3  -  8-seeded,  finally  breaking  transversely  between 
the  seeds.  —  A  low  villous  pale-green  annual,  with  entire  linear  opposite  leaves  (the 
lower  alternate),  and  long-peduncled  yellow  flowers. 

1.  P.  Californicus,  Benth.  Slender,  branching,  6  to  12  inches  high,  villous 
with  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  sessile  or  clasping,  broadly  linear, 
obtuse  :  peduncles  3  to  8  inches  long,  erect  :  the  sepals  villous  ;  petals  pale  yellow 
shading  to  orange  in  the  centre,  3  to  6  lines  long :  carpels  6  to  25,  aggregated 


20  PAP  AVERAGES.  •  Platystigma. 

into  an  oblong  head,  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy,  5  to  10  lines  long,  beaked  with 
the  linear  pereistent  stigmas,  the  1 -seeded  divisions  a  line  long :  seeds  smooth.  — 
Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  2  ser.  i.  405.     Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3579  &  3750. 

Very  common  in  early  spring  on  the  lower  hills  and  in  the  valleys  from  Mendocino  County 
to  S.  California,  and  also  eastward  through  Arizona  to  S.  Utah.    Sometimes  called  Cream-Cups. 

2.  PLATYSTIGMA,  Benth. 

Sepals  3  (rarely  2).  Petals  4  to  6.  Stamens  few  to  many,  with  narrow  filaments 
and  oblong  or  linear-oblong  anthers.  Ovary  3-angled,  oblong  or  linear:  stigmas 
3,  distinct,  ovate  to  linear.  Capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved,  dehiscent  to  the  base,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  small,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Low  slender  annuals,  resembling 
Platystemon  in  habit,  with  pale-green  entire  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  and 
long-peduncled  pale-yellow  flowers.     Only  the  following  species. 

*  Capsule   ovoid-oblong :   stamens  many ;  anthers  linear-oblong ;    filaments  dilated : 

stigmas  broad :  villous,  short-stemmed.  —  Platystigma  proper. 

1.  P.  lineare,  Benth.  Somewhat  villous  with  spreading  hairs,  6  to  12  inches 
high,  the  stem  usually  very  short  and  leafy  :  leaves  linear,  1  to  3  inches  long  : 
peduncles  erect :  flowers  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter :  capsule  half  an  inch  long.  — 
Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  2  ser.  i.  407.    Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3575. 

Valleys  and  low  hills  from  Salinas  Valley  to  Oregon  ;  common  in  early  spring. 

*  *   Capsule  linear:    stamens  few;    anthers   oblong;   filaments  filiform:    stigmas 

narrow  :  glabrous,  long-stemmed.  —  Meconella.     (^Meconella,  Nutt.) 

2.  P.  Califomicum,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Yery  slender,  with  long-jointed  dichoto- 
mous  stems  :  leaves  ovate-spatulate  to  oblanceolate  or  the  upper  ones  linear,  ^  to  \ 
inch  long,  acute  :  flowers  3  to  12  lines  broad  :  stamens  10  to  12  :  capsule  narrowly 
linear,  9  to  15  lines  long.  —  Gen.  PI.  i.  51.  Meconella  Calif ornica,  Torr.  in  Frem. 
Eep.  312. 

Central  California,  San  Mateo  to  Sonoma  counties,  and  eastward  to  the  foot-hills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada, 

P.  Oreoanum,  Benth.  &  Hook.,  a  smaller  plant  with  smaller  flowers,  4  to  6  stamens,  and 
shorter  capsvdes,  inhabiting  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  may  be  looked  for  in  Northern 
California. 

3.  BOMNEYA,  Harvey. 

Sepals  3,  with  a  broad  membranaceous  dorsal  wing.  Petals  6.  Stamens  very 
numerous,  with  filiform  filaments  thickened  above,  and  oblong  anthers.  Ovary 
oblong,  densely  setose,  more  or  less  completely  several-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the 
many-ovuled  placentas:  stigmas  free,  oblong,  fleshy.  Capsule  completely  7- 11- 
celled,  dehiscing  to  the  middle,  the  valves  separating  by  their  margins  from  the  firm 
persistent  placentas.  Seeds  numerous,  finely  tuberculate.  —  A  smooth  stout  peren- 
nial, with  colorless  bitter  juice,  pinnately  cut  or  divided  alternate  leaves,  and  very 
large  white  flowers. 

1.  R.  Coulteri,  Harv.  Leaves  glaucous,  thickish,  petioled,  3  to  5  inches  long, 
the  lower  ones  pinnatifid,  the  upper  ones  pinnately  cut  or  toothed ;  the  petioles  and 
margins  often  sparingly  ciliate  with  rigid  spinose  bristles  :  flowers  Avhite,  sometimes 
nearly  6  inches  in  diameter  ;  petals  broadly  obovate  :  filaments  half  an  inch  long, 
purple  at  base  :  capsule  oblong,  1  to  1^  inches  long,  obscurely  many-angled,  hispid 
with  appressed  bristles  and  crowned  with  the  persistent  stigmas  :  seeds  black,  a  line 
or  less  long.  —  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  iv.  74,  t.  3. 


Meconopsis.  PAPAVERACE^.  21 

Borders  of  streams  near  San  Diego.  The  plant  is  probably  several  feet  high,  the  stems  erect, 
branching  and  flexuous,  but  whether  entirely  herbaceous  or  half  woody  at  the  base  has  not  been 
definitely  stated. 

4.   ARCTOMECON,  Torrey. 

Sepals  mostly  2.  Petals  4,  persistent.  Stamens  numerous,  with  filaments 
slightly  thickened  upward,  and  linear  anthers.  Ovary  smooth,  4  -  6-carpelled,  with 
nerve-like  placentas,  rather  few-ovuled  :  style  very  short :  stigmas  4  to  6,  short  and 
thick.  Capsule  obovoid,  1-celled,  4  -  6-angled,  dehiscent  above,  the  4  to  6  valves 
separating  from  the  firm  persistent  placental  ribs.  Seeds  few,  shining,  very  finely 
lined  longitudinally.  —  A  low  somewhat  hairy  biennial  or  perennial ;  with  alternate 
leaves,  few-toothed  at  the  apex,  and  rather  large  white  flowers. 

1.  A.  Californicum,  Torr.  Erect  and  somewhat  cespitose,  the  stems  4  to  12 
inches  high,  more  or  less  villous  below  with  long  bristly  hairs,  nearly  glabrous 
above  :  leaves  long-cuneate  or  oblanceolate,  1  to  2  inches  long,  3  -  several-toothed 
(sometimes  lobed)  at  the  apex,  or  the  upper  entire,  crowded  at  base  ;  the  teeth 
bristle-tipped  :  petals  oblong-oval  to  orbicular,  6  to  10  lines  long :  capsule  3  to  5 
lines  long  :  seeds  nearly  straight,  1|  lines  long.  —  Frem.  Rep.  312,  t.  2.  Parry,  Am. 
Naturalist,  ix.  139. 

Discovered  by  Fremont  on  the  banks  of  a  creek  in  sterile  soil  near  the  southeastern  border  of 
the  State,  but  probably  in  Nevada.     It  has  since  been  collected  only  by  Parry  in  S.  Utah. 

5.  AHGEMONE,  Linn. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  spinosely  beaked.  Petals  4  to  6.  Stamens  numerous,  with  fili- 
form filaments  and  linear  anthers.  Ovary  oblong,  with  3  to  6  nerve-like  placentas  : 
stigmas  nearly  sessile,  dilated,  radiating.  Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  prickly,  1-celled, 
opening  at  the  top,  the  3  to  6  valves  separating  from  the  firm  parietal  ribs.  Seeds 
many,  ovoid-globose,  pitted,  slightly  crested  on  the  rhaphe.  Stout  glaucescent 
annuals ;  with  sinuately  pinnatifid  prickly- toothed  leaves,  large  white  or  yellow 
short-pedicelled  flowers,  and  yellow  juice. 

A  genus  of  about  half  a  dozen  species,  all  natives  of  the  wanner  parts  of  America. 

1.  A.  hispida,  Gray.  Erect,  1  to  2^  feet  high,  hispid  throughout  or  armed 
with  rigid  bristles  or  prickles  :  leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  the  lower  attenuate  to 
a  winged  petiole,  the  upper  sessile  or  auriculate-clasping  :  flowers  white,  2  to  4 
inches  in  diameter:  capsule  oblong,  IJ  inches  long,  very  prickly:  seeds  a  line  in 
diameter. — PI.  Fendl.  5.  A.  mwiita,  Durand  &  Hilgard,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  5,  t,  1. 
A.  Mexicana,  var.  hispida,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  31. 

Dry  hillsides  and  valleys  through  Central  California,  and  eastward  to  Colorado  and  New  Mex- 
ico.    In  Southern  California  it  is  known  as  Chicalote.     The  foliage  is  pale  but  not  spotted. 

A.  Mexicana,  Linn.,  is  very  similar  but  is  smoother,  the  leaves  are  blotched  with  white,  and 
the  flowers  are  usually  yellow.  It  is  native  from  Texas  and  Northern  Mexico  to  Central  America, 
but  as  a  weed  has  spread  to  almost  all  warm  countries  and  may  have  reached  Southern  California. 

6.   MECONOPSIS,  Viguier. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous,  with  filiform  filaments  and  oblong 
anthers.  Ovary  1-celled ;  placentas  4  to  8,  nerve-like  or  somewhat  intruded  :  style 
distinct :  stigma  4  -  8-lobed.  Capsule  oblong  to  ovoid,  dehiscing  by  short  rounded 
valves  which  separate  from  the  stout  parietal  ribs.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  obscurely 
pitted.  —  Herbs  with  yellow  juice,  dissected  leaves,  and  long-pedicelled  flowers. 

A  genus  of  8  species,  6  of  which  belong  to  the  Himalaya  region,  and  1  to  Western  Europe. 


22  PAPAVERACE^.  ^  Meconopsis. 

1.  M.  heterophylla,  Benth.  Annual,  smooth,  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  lower 
leaves  long-petioled,  pinnately  divided,  the  segments  oval  to  linear  and  2  to  12  lines 
long ;  upper  leaves  sessile,  the  segments  usually  narrow  :  flowers  scarlet  to  orange, 
the  petals  2  to  12  lines  long ;  peduncles  elongated  :  capsules  smooth,  obovate-oblong 
or  top-shaped,  truncate,  narrowed  below,  6  to  8  lines  long,  strongly  ribbed ;  the 
persistent  style  a  line  long.  —  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  2  ser.  :  i.  408.  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t. 
272.     M.  crassifolia,  Benth,  1.  c. 

A  veiy  variable  species,  in  dry  soils  from  Sau  Diego  to  Cigar  Lake,  flowering  in  early  summer. 

7.  DENDROMECON,  Benth. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous,  with  short  filiform  filaments  and  linear 
anthers.  Ovary  linear,  with  2  nerve-like  placentas  :  style  short :  stigmas  2,  short 
and  erect.  Capsule  linear,  nerved,  1-celled,  dehiscent  the  whole  length  by  2  valves 
separating  from  the  placental  ribs,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong  or  globose,  finely 
pitted,  carunculate.  —  A  smooth  branching  shrub  ;  with  alternate  vertical  entire  thick 
and  rigid  leaves,  and  showy  yellow  flowers.  The  only  truly  woody  plant  belong- 
ing to  the  order. 

1.  D.  rigidum,  Benth.  A  shrub  2  to  8  feet  high,  with  many  slender  branches 
and  whitish  bark  :  leaves  ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  very  acute 
or  mucronate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  twisted  upon  the  base  so  as  to  become  vertical, 
reticulately  veined,  the  margin  rough  or  denticulate  :  flowers  bright  yellow,  1  to  3 
inches  in  diameter,  on  pedicels  1  to  4  inches  long  :  capsules  curved,  attenuate  above 
into  the  short  stout  style,  \\  to  2|  inches  long:  seeds  large,  1|  lines  long. — 
Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  2  ser.  i.  407.  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  3.  D.  Ilarfordii, 
Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  102. 

Dry  rocky  hills  of  the  Coast  Eanges  from  San  Diego  to  Clear  Lake,  most  abundant  south  of 
Point  Conception  ;  Santa  Rosa  Island,  Harford.  Very  variable  in  its  foliage  and  in  the  size  of 
the  flowers,  but  all  the  forms  seem  referable  to  a  single  species. 

8.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA,  Cham. 

Sepals  coherent  into  a  narrow  pointed  hood,  deciduous  from  within  a  dilated  top- 
shaped  torus.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous,  with  short  filaments  and  linear 
anthers.  Ovary  linear,  with  2  nerve-like  placentas  :  style  very  short  :  stigmas 
divided  into  4  to  6  linear  unequal  divergent  lobes.  Capsules  elongated,  strongly 
lO-nerved,  1-celled,  dehiscent  the  whole  length  by  2  valves  separating  from  the 
placental  ribs,  many-seeded.  Seeds  globose,  reticulate  or  rough-tuberculate.  — 
Smooth  glaucous  slender  annuals ;  with  colorless  bitter  juice,  finely  dissected  alter- 
nate petioled  leaves,  and  bright  orange  or  j^ellow  flowers. 

The  very  variable  Californian  plant,  first  collected  by  Chamisso,  and  published  by  him  in 
1820,  has  since  been  described  under  numerous  names,  and  has  usually  been  considered  as  afford- 
ing basis  for  4  or  5  or  more  distinct  species  ;  but  the  differences  in  liabit,  foliage,  and  flowers 
seem  to  be  of  too  little  moment  or  too  inconstant  for  a  recognition  of  more  than  varieties  among 
the  various  fonns.  There  are  indications,  however,  that  the  seeds  may  afford  characters  upon 
which  some  of  the  following  varieties  may  be  re-established  as  species.  Mature  fruiting  speci- 
mens are  at  present  too  rare  in  our  collections  to  permit  a  positive  determination  of  the  (piestion. 

1 .  Ij.  Californica,  Cham.  Usually  1  to  1 1  feet  high  and  rather  stout,  branch- 
ing :  flowers  large,  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter,  usually  brilliant  orange  in  the  centre  ; 
torus  dilated  and  often  broadly  rimmed  :  capsule  2|  inches  long,  curved  :  seeds  two 
thirds  of  a  line  in  diameter,  reticulated ;  rhaphe  obscure.  —  Hor.  Phys.  Berol.  73, 
t.  15.     E.  crocea,  Benth. 


Dicentra.  FUMARIACE^.  23 


f 


Var.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Rather  more  slender  and  the  leaves  more  finely  divided ; 
flowers  smaller,  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  more  yellow  ;  torus  with  a  narrower 
limb  or  simply  turbinate :  seed  tuberculate ;  rhaphe  well  marked.  —  E.  Douglasii, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  296. 

Var.  hypecoides,  Gray.  Still  more  slender,  4  to  12  inches  high,  the  stems 
leafy  :  flowers  |-  to  1  inch  in  diameter,  with  cyhndrical  torus  :  capsule  1|  inches 
long.  —  E.  h;/pecoides,  Benth*.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  2  ser.  i.  408. 

Var.  caespitosa,  Brewer.  Stems  very  short :  leaves  mostly  subradical,  shorter 
than  the  scape-like  peduncles ;  the  lobes  narrowly  linear,  acute  :  flowers  ^  to  an 
inch  broad  :  torus  cylindrical :  capsule  1|  to  2  inches  long  :  seeds  more  densely 
tuberculate.  —  E.  ccespitosa  and  tenuifolia,  Benth.  1.  c. 

Sunny  exposures,  particularly  valle}^  and  low  hills,  throughout  the  State  and  to  "Washington 
Territory,  often  in  great  abundance.  The  typical  form  seems  confined  to  California.  Some  of  the 
latter  reduced  foi-ms  are  found  eastward  through  Arizona  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  Utah,  but  rarely. 
This  is  the  most  conspicuous  flower  of  the  State  flora,  and  sometimes  large  areas  are  made  pain- 
fully brilliant  by  its  intense  glow  in  the  bright  sunshine.  The  color  varies  from  deep  orange  to 
light  sulphur-yellow,  or  even  pure  white.  The  larger-flowered  varieties  are  common  in  culti- 
vation under  various  names. 

2.  E.  minutiflora,  Watson.  Slender,  branching,  a  foot  high :  flowers  3  lines 
in  diameter  or  less:  torus  without  border:  capsule  IJ  inches  long,  very  narrow  : 
seeds  smaller  (hardly  half  a  line  in  diameter),  nearly  smooth.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi. 
122.  E.  Calif ornica,  var.  tenuifolia^  Gray  in  Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  5,  in  part, 
E.  Californica,  var.  hypecoides,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  1 4. 

Peculiar  to  the  interior  basin,  ranging  from  Northwestern  Nevada  (  Watson)  to  Sitgreaves  Pass 
in  Western  Arizona  {Newberry)  and  Southern  Utah,  Parry. 


Order  VI.    PUMARIACE^. 

Tender  herbs,  with  watery  and  bland  juice,  dissected  compound  leaves,  and  per- 
fect irregular  hypogynous  flowers  with  the  parts  in  twos,  except  the  diadelphous 
stamens,  which  are  6  ;  the  ovary  and  capsule  one-celled  with  two  parietal  placentae. 
Seeds,  &c.,  as  in  Fapaveraceae,  to  which,  being  a  small  group  of  about  6  genera,  it 
has  been  united.  Like  that  order,  the  petals  are  double  the  number  of  the  sepals, 
viz.  four  in  two  series.     The  main  characters  are  given  under  the  genera. 

1.  Dicentra.     Corolla  flattened,  heart-shaped  or  2-spurTed  at  the  base. 

2.  Corydalis.    Corolla  l-spuned  at  the  base. 

1.  DICENTRA,  Borkh. 
Sepals  2,  small  and  scale-like,  sometimes  caducous.  Corolla  flattened  and  cordate, 
at  least  at  base,  of  2  pairs  of  petals ;  the  outer  pair  larger,  saccate  or  spurred  at  base, 
the  tips  spreading;  the  inner  much  narrower,  spoon-shaped,  mostly  carinate  or 
crested  on  the  back ;  the  small  hollowed  tips  lightly  united  at  the  apex,  the  two 
forming  a  cavity  which  contains  the  anthers  and  stigma.  Stamens  6,  in  two  sets, 
viz.  tliree  before  each  of  the  outer  petals  and  slightly  adhering  to  their  base,  their 
elongated  filaments  more  or  less  united  :  the  middle  anther  2-celled ;  the  lateral 
ones  1-celled.  Style  slender,  persistent:  stigma  2-lobed,  each  lobe  sometimes 
2-crested  or  horned.  Capsule  narrow,  1-celled,  with  2  filiform  parietal  placentae, 
from  whicli  the  valves  at  maturity  separate.  Seeds  several  or  numerous,  somewhat 
reniform,  with  or  mthout  a  crest.  —  Perennials,  sometimes  with  tuberiferous  or 
granuliferous  subterranean  base  or  shoots ;  with  ternately  or  pinnately  compound 


24  FUMARIACE^.  *  Dicentra. 

or  decompound  leaves,  wholly  glabrous,  and  racemose  or  paniculate  flowers ;  the 

corolla  often  withering-persistent. 

A  genus  of  about  a  dozen  species,  divided  between  North  America  and  Eastern  Asia  with  the 
Himalayas  ;  one  large  and  showy  species  from  Northern  China,  D.  spectabilis,  now  common  in 
gardens. 

§  1.  Flowers  on  a  scape:  filaments  lightly  xmited :  seeds^  shining,  tvith  a  loose  carun- 
cle or  crest  at  the  hilum. 

1.  D.  formosa,  DC.  Leaves  and  scapes  from  flie  apex  of  thickish  and  almost 
naked  creeping  rootstocks,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  two  in  height ;  the  former  twice  or 
thrice  ternately  compound  ;  the  ultimate  divisions  narrow  and  incisely  pinnatihd  : 
flowers  compound-racemose  at  the  summit  of  the  naked  scape  :  corolla  rose-colored, 
ovate-cordate,  with  short  spreading  tips  to  the  larger  petals.  —  Fumaria  formosa, 
Andr.  Bot.  Kep.  vi.  t.  393. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  3,000  to  9,000  feet,  and  through  Oregon  to  Fraser  River.  A  graceful 
plant ;  the  scapes  rather  later  than  the  leaves.  Base  of  the  corolla  sometimes  deeply,  sometimes 
slightly  cordate.     Nearly  related  to  D.  eximia  of  the  Alleghanies. 

2.  D.  uniflora,  Kellogg.  Leaves  and  scape  from  a  fasciculate  fleshy  root  sur- 
mounted by  a  bulb-like  cluster  of  fleshy  grains,  3  to  5  inches  high  :  the  blade  of 
the  former  ternately  or  somewhat  pinnately  divided,  broadly  or  narrowly  ovate  in 
outline,  glaucous ;  the  3  to  7  divisions  pinnatifid  into  a  few  linear-oblong  or  spatu- 
late  lobes:  scape  2- 3-bracted,  1 -flowered  :  corolla  flesh-colored,  narrowly  oblong- 
cordate  ;  the  two  outer  petals  tapering  above,  at  length  recurved-spreading.  —  Proc. 
Calif  Acad.  iv.  141  ;  Porter  in  Hayden  Pep.  1872,  760. 

Sierra  Nevada  in  the  alpine  region,  near  Cisco  and  northward,  Kellogg,  Levimon.  Also  in  the 
Wahsatch  Mountains  above  Ogden  and  northward,  Chadbouriie,  Coulter,  &c. 

D.  CucuLLARiA,  DC,  of  Eastern  North  America,  occurs  in  the  woods  of  Oregon,  and  may 
extend  to  the  borders  of  California.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  simple  or  nearly  simple  raceme  of 
cream-colored  flowers,  with  the  sacs  of  the  outer  petals  extended  into  divergent  spurs. 

§  2.  Flowers  long  and  narrow,  compound-racemose  or  panicled  on  a  leafy  stem : 
filaments  diadelphous  nearly  to  the  top :  seeds  dull,  crestless.  —  Chrysocapnos, 
Torr. 

3.  D.  chrysantha,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Pale  and  glaucous,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves 
twice  pinnate,  the  larger  a  foot  long  or  more ;  the  divisions  cleft  into  a  few  narrow 
lobes  :  racemose  panicle  terminal,  a  foot  or  two  long :  sepals  caducous  :  corolla 
linear-oblong  or  clavate,  bright  golden-yellow,  over  half  an  inch  long,  the  base 
slightly  cordate  :  capsule  oblong-ovate  or  narrower.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  320.  t.  73  ; 
Torr.  Bot.  Max.  Bound,  32.  Capnorchis  chrysantha,  Planchon,  Fl.  Serr.  viii.  193, 
t.  820. 

On  arid  hills,  &c.,  from  Lake  Co.  to  San  Diego.  Plant  of  stiff  and  rather  coarse  habit,  but  the 
flowers  brilliant. 

2.  CORYDALIS,  Vent. 

Corolla  one-spurred  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  deciduous.  Otherwise  mainly 
as  in  Dicentra. 

A  rather  large  genus,  of  wide  geogi-aphical  distribution,  most  abundant  in  the  Old  World,  only 
a  single  and  a  rare  species  known  in  California.  Two  others  are  not  xmlikely  to  occur  on  the  nortli- 
em  border,  viz. 

C.  AiTREA,  Willd.,  var.  occidextalis  (otherwise  called  0.  montana),  Engelm.,  a  low  biennial 
species  with  golden  yellow  blossoms. 

C.  ScouLERi,  Hook.  ri.  t.  14,  of  the  woods  of  Oregon,  a  thick-rooted  perennial,  with  one 
or  two  large  3  or  4  times  pinnate  leaves  on  the  stem,  and  loose  spreading  racemes  of  long-spurred 
rose-colored  flowers,  —  to  which  the  following  is  somewhat  related. 

1.  C.  Caseana,  Gray.  Perennial,  pale  and  slightly  glaucous,  branching,  2  or  3 
feet  high  :  leaves  tM'ice  or  thrice  pinnate ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblong,  nearly  sessile 


CRUCIFER^.  25 

(about  half  an  inch  in  length),  Some  of  them  more  or  less  confluent :  racemes  erect, 
densely  many-flowered,  3  to  5  inches  long  :  corolla  white  or  cream-color  with  bluish 
tips;  the  straight  spur  half  an  inch  long,  horizontal  or  ascending,  very  obtuse, 
exceeding  the  rest  of  the  flower  :  capsule  oval  or  oblong,  turgid,  tipped  with  a 
slender  style  :  seeds  shining,  crestless.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  69. 

Moist  and  shady  ravines  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Truckee  (Bolander)  :  thence  to  Plumas 
Co.,  E.  L.  Case  (for  whom  it  is  named),  Lemmon,  &c.     Also  in  S.  Colorado,  Brandegee. 

Order  VII.    CRUCIPERiE. 

Herbs,  with  a  pungent  watery  juice,  cruciform  corolla,  tetradynamous  stamens,  a 
2-celled  pod  (silicle)  with  2  parietal  placenta?,  and  an  embryo  filling  the  seed,  with 
cotyledons  (accumbently  or  incumbently)  applied  against  the  radicle.  —  Flowers  per- 
fect, hypogynous.  Calyx  of  4  sepals,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  usually  with  narrowed 
base  or  claw,  and  the  lamina  spreading,  so  forming  a  cross,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens 
6,  two  of  them  inserted  lower  down  on  the  receptacle  and  shorter  than  the  other 
four.  Ovary  2-celled  by  a  partition  which  stretches  across  from  the  placentae,  rarely 
1-celled  by  its  abortion.  Style  undivided  or  none :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed. 
Fruit  the  peculiar  capsule  or  pod  named  a  silique,  or  when  short  a  silicle ;  the  2 
valves  falling  away  from  the  placentae  and  partition,  which  persist,  forming  what  is 
called  a  replum,  in  a  few  genera  indehiscent.  Ovules  few  or  numerous,  sometimes 
solitary,  campylotropous.  Seeds  with  a  smooth  coat ;  albumen  none.  Cotyledons 
either  accumbent  (i.  e.  applied  edgewise  to  the  radicle)  or  incumbent  (i.  e.  with  the 
radicle  against  the  back  of  one  of  them),  usually  plane,  sometimes  (as  in  Mustard) 
folded  or  wrapped  around  the  radicle.  Flowers  generally  in  racemes  and  the  pedicels 
without  any  bract.     Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules  :  no  glandular  pubescence. 

A  large  family,  comprising  about  175  genera,  and  between  one  and  two  thousand  known  species, 
distributed  over  all  parts  of  the  world,  but  few  in  the  tropics,  and  most  in  the  temperate  and 
colder  regions.  Nearly  all  are  innocent,  except  for  the  excessive  pungency  or  acridity  of  the  seeds 
of  Mustard  and  the  root  of  Horse-radish  ;  several  furnish  condiments ;  and  Cabbage,  Turnips,  &c., 
are  staple  articles  of  food.     The  order  is  so  strictly  natural  that  generic  distinctions  are  difficult. 

I.  Pod  regularly  dehiscent,  2-valved. 

*  Pod  strongly  compressed  parallel  with  the  broad  partition:  cotyledons  accumbent. 

-{-  Pod  short ;  valves  nerveless  or  faintly  1 -nerved  :  flowers  white  or  yellow. 

1.  Platyspermum.     Pod  large,  orbicular,  8-12-seeded;  valves  fiat,  nerveless.     Seeds  broadly 

winged.     Dwarf  glabrous  annual,  with  1-flowered  scapes:  flowers  small,  white. 

2.  Alyssum.     Pod  small,  orbicular,  2  -  4-seeded  ;  valves  convex,  nei-veless.     Seeds  wingless. 

Canescent,  branching  :  flowers  racemose. 

3.  Draba.     Pod  ovate  to  oblong  or  linear,  few  -  many-seeded  ;  valves  flat  or  convex.    Seeds 

wingless.     Low  :  flowers  racemose. 

HI — 1-  Pod  elongated. 

+t  Valves  nerveless  ;  replum   thickened  :   seeds  wingless :   flowers  white  or  rose-color,  mostly 

large :  leaves  all  petioled  :  stems  usually  from  running  rootstocks  or  small  tubers. 

4.  Dentaria.     Pod  with  elongated  beak  and  very  stout  replum.    Seed  turgid.    Stem  few-leaved 

near  the  summit  :  raceme  short  :  glabrous. 

5.  Cardatnine.     Pod  moderately  beaked  or  pointed,  less  stout.     Seed  more  flattened.     Stems 

leafy,  with  elongated  racemes. 

++  ++  Valves  1 -nerved  ;  replum  thin  :  seeds  flat,  often  winged  or  margined  :  flowers  white  to 
purple  (yellow  in  oiie  species  of  Cheiranthus) :  leaves  entire  or  toothed,  the  cauline 
sessile  :  root  perpendicular. 

6.  Arabis.     Anthers  short,  scarcely  emarginate  at  base.     Petals  with  a  flat  blade  and  claw. 

Calyx  short  or  narrow,  rarely  colored.     Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows. 


26  CRUCIFEE.E.  >> 

7.  Streptanthus.    Anthers  elongated,  sagittate  at  base.    Petals  often  without  a  dilated  blade, 

more  or  less  twisted  or  undulate,    the   claw  channelled.      Calyx  dilated   and  usually 
colored.     Seeds  in  one  row. 

8.  Cheiranthus.     Petals  with  a  broad  flat  limb  and  long  claw.     Calyx  large,  not  colored. 

Seeds  in  one  row,  not  margined. 

*  *  Pod  terete  or  4-angled,  slightly  or  not  at  all  compressed  :  seeds  not  margined  ;  cotyledons 

incumbent  or  more  or  less  obli(^ue. 
+-  Pod  long-linear  (1  to  d  inches) ;  valves  1 -nerved  :  seeds  in  1  row,  oblong,  somewhat  flattened; 
cotyledons  mostly  more  or  less  obliii[ue  :  anthers  linear.   ,  Stout  biennials  or  perennials. 
++  Flowers  white  to  purple  :  anthers  sagittate. 

9.  Caulanthus.     Petals  with  a  broad  claw,  somewhat  dilated  above  and  undulate,  little  longer 

than  the  broad  sepals,  usually  purple.     Filaments  included.     Stigma  nearly  sessile,  some- 
what 2-lobed.     Pod  sessile,  3  inches  long  or  more. 

10.  Thelypodium.     Petals  with  narrow  claw  and  flat  linear  to  rounded  limb,  much  exceeding 

the  narrow  sepals,  white  or  rose-color.     Filaments  often  exserted.     Style  short  ;  stigma 
mostly  entire.     Pod  shorter,  sessile  or  short-stipitate. 

++  ++  Flowers  yellow. 

11.  Stanleya.     Pod  somewhat  terete,    long-stipitate.      Stigma  sessile,   entire.     Anthers  not 

sagittate,  spirally  coiled.     Leaves  petioled,  entire  or  pinnatifid. 

12.  Erysimum.      Pod   4-angled,    sessile.      Stigma   2-lobed.      Anthers  sagittate,    not   coiled. 

Leaves  narrow,  entire  or  repandly  toothed. 

+-  +-  Pod  linear,  mostly  less  than  an  inch  long,  more  or  less  4-angled  ;  valves  1  -  3-nerved : 
seeds  globose  to  oblong,  smaller  and  less  flattened,  in  one  row  (except  one  species  of 
Sisymbrium) :  anthers  oblong  to  linear-oblong  :  flowers  yellow  (white  in  Smelowskia)  :  at 
least  the  lower  leaves  pinnatifid. 

13.  Brassica.     Pod  nearly  terete,  with  a  long  stout  beak.     Seed  globose  ;  cotyledons  infolding 

the  radicle.     Anthers  long,  sagittate. 

14.  Barbarea.     Pod  pointed,  somewhat  4-angled.     Seeds  oblong;  cotyledons  nearly  accumbent. 

.Anthers  short,  oblong.     Leaves  IjTately  pinnatifid.     A  smooth  marsh  perennial. 

15.  Sisymbrium.     Pod  nearly  terete,  short-pointed  or  obtuse.     Seeds  small,  oblong ;  cotyle- 

dons incumbent.     Anthers  linear-oblong,  sagittate.     Mostly  annual,  often  with  finely  dis- 
sected leaves. 

16.  Smelo'wrskia.     Pod  short,    4-angled,   pointed  at  each  end.      Flowers  white  or  pinkish. 

Alpine  perennials  with  narrowly  pinnatifid  leaves  ;  otherwise  as  Sisymbrium. 

-}-  -1-  -i-  Pod  oblong-cylindric  to  globose  ;  "V^alves  strongly  convex,  nerveless :  seeds  in  2  rows ; 

cotyledons  accumbent. 

17.  Nasturtium.     Pod  oblong  or  short-linear.     Flowers  white  or  yellow.     Smooth  or  somewhat 

hispid. 

18.  Vesicaria.     Pod  ovate  to  globose.      Seed  flattened.     Flowers  yellow.      Densely  stellate- 

caneseent. 

*  *    *   Pod  more  or  less  obcompressed,  i.  e.  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  which  is  narrower 

than  the  valves  :  seeds  not  winged. 

-i-  Valves  1 -nerved  or  obtusely  carinate,  not  winged  :  cells  several-seeded  :  cotyledons  incumbent : 
flowers  white  (or  yellow  in  Tropidocarpiun). 

19.  Subularia.     Pod  ovoid,  slightly  obcompressed.     A  dwarf  stemless  aquatic,  smooth,  with 

tufted  subulate  leaves. 

20.  Tropidocarpum.     Pod  linear,  often  1 -celled  by  the  disappearance  of  the  narrow  partition. 

Slender  hirsute  annuals  with  pinnatifid  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

21.  Capsella.     Pod  obcordate   or  oblong,   much   compressed,    many- seeded  ;   valves  carinate. 

Nearly  smooth  annuals. 

-J-  -i-  Valves  acutely  carinate  or  winged  :  cells  few-  (1  -  5-)  seeded  :  cotyledons  ac(!umbent  and 
flowers  white  (or  in  Lcpidium  cotyledons  mostly  incumbent  and  in  one  species  the  flowers 
yellow). 

22.  Lyrocarpa.      Pod   fiddle-shaped,   flattened,    somewhat  acutely   cai-inate  ;    cells   5-seeded. 

Pubescent  annuals. 

23.  Thlaspi.     Pod   cuneate-oblong ;    valves   sharply  carinate  ;   cells   2-4  seeded.     A   smooth 

alpine  perennial  ;  leaves  entire. 

24.  Lepidimn.     Pod  orbicular  or  obovate,  2-winged  at  the  summit ;  cells  1  -  2-seeded. 

-J-  Hh  Hh  Valves  inflated,  nerveless  :  cells  several-seeded  :  cotyledons  accumbent  :  flowers  yellow. 


Draha  CRUCIFEILE.  27 

25.  Physaria.     Pod  didymous  ;  ccU^early  globular.     Stellate-canescent  perennials,  with  entire 

leaves. 

II.    Pod  of  2  indehiscent  cells,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  axis. 

26.  Senebiera.     Cells  small,  globose,  rugose  or  tuberculate.     Seed  turgid  ;  cotyledons  incum- 

bent.    Flowers  white,  minute,  in  racemes  opposite  to  the  pinnatifid  leaves. 

27.  Biscutella.     Cells  flat,  nearly  orbicular.     Seeds  flat.     Flowers  rather  large.    Stigma  dilated 

or  conical,  nearly  sessile. 

III.    Pod  indehiscent,  1 -celled  or  transversely  jointed. 

28.  Thysanocarpus.      Pod  small,    plano-convex,    orbicidar,    winged  or  margined,    1-seeded. 

Slender  annuals. 

29.  Raphanua.     Pod  elongated,    terete  or   necklace-form,   attenuated    above,   several-seeded. 

Coarse  introduced  annuals  or  biennials. 

1.  PLATYSPERMUM,  Hook. 

Pod  orbicular,  flat,  with  flat  nerveless  valves  and  hyaline  partition.  Seeds  few, 
orbicular,  flat  and  broadly  margined  with  a  thin  wing;  cotyledons  accumbent. 
Sepals  equal,  spreading.  Petals  obovate,  scarcely  clawed.  —  A  low  delicate  annual ; 
with  radical  simple  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  several  slender  1-flowered  scapes; 
flowers  small,  white. 

1.  P.  scapigerum,  Hook.  Glabrous  :  leaves  usually  runcinately  pinnatifid  : 
scapes  2  to  3  inches  high  :  flowers  erect  or  nodding  :  pod  8  -  12-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  68, 
t.  18. 

On  dry  hillsides  in  the  shade  of  larger  plants,  in  early  spring  ;  of  short  duration.  Sierra  Co. 
(Lomnon) ;  Steamboat  Springs,  Nevada  ( Watson) ;  and  northward  to  the  Columbia, 

2.  ALYSSUM,  Toum. 

Pod  oval  or  orbicular,  compressed ;  valves  convex  and  nerveless.     Seeds  1  or  2 

in    each  cell ;    cotyledons   accumbent.      Sepals   equal.     Petals   white   or   yellow. 

Longer  filaments  often  toothed.  —  Low  herbs,  stellate-canescent,  mostly  with  simple 

leaves. 

A  large  genus  of  the  Eastern  Continent,  a  few  of  its  species  widely  naturalized  weeds  or  readily 
escaping  from  cultivation. 

1.  A.  calycinum,  Linn.  Annual,  branching  from  the  root,  the  stems  mostly 
simple,  decumbent  at  base,  §  to  1  foot  high  :  leaves  entire,  linear-spatulate,  6  to  12 
lines  long  :  flowers  small,  in  slender  racemes,  the  white  or  pale  yellow  petals  but 
little  exceeding  the  short  sepals  :  pods  orbicular,  with  a  thin  margin,  slightly  emar- 
ginate  above,  1 J  lines  in  diameter,  a  little  exceeding  the  persi.stent  sepals,  pubescent, 
4-seeded,  on  spreading  pedicels  a  line  long  :  style  half  a  line  long. 

A  native  of  Southern  Europe,  sparingly  naturalized  about  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

2.  A.  maritimum,  Linn.  Perennial,  somewhat  canescent  with  appressed  silky 
hairs,  the  numerous  stems  branching,  a  foot  high  or  less,  ascending  or  decumbent : 
leaves  lanceolate-spatulate,  entire  :  flowers  2  lines  long,  the  broad  white  petals  twice 
longer  than  the  deciduous  sepals  :  pod  orbicular,  a  line  broad,  nearly  smooth, 
pointed  with  the  slender  style,  2-seeded :  pedicels  slender,  3  to  4  lines  long,  spread- 
ing horizontally. 

Often  cultivated  for  its  fragrant  flowers  under  the  name  of  Sweet  Alyssum.  Kative  about  the 
Mediterranean  ;  sparingly  naturalized  near  Oakland. 

3.   DRABA,  Linn. 
Pod  oval  to  oblong  or  linear,  flat ;  valves  nearly  flat,  nerveless  or  faintly  1 -nerved. 
Seeds  few  to  many,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  wingless ;  cotyledons  accumbent.    Sepals 


28  CRUCIFER^.  ^  Draha. 

equaL     Filaments  mostly  flattened,  without  teeth.     Anthers  rounded  or  oval.  — 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs ;  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves  and  white  or  yellow 

flowers. 

A  large  genus,  of  nearly  a  hundred  or  more  species,  mostly  inhabitants  of  cool  climates,  and 
many  alpine  or  arctic.  The  limits  of  many  of  the  species  are  with  difficulty  defined,  and  author- 
ities differ  much  in  their  views  respecting  them. 

*  Annual  or  biennial,  with  leafy  stems :  petals  usually  emarginate. 

1.  D.  cuneifolia,  Nutt.  Hirsute-pubescent  througliout  with  branching  hairs  : 
stems  usually  branching  at  base,  3  to  6  inches  high,  leafy  below  or  only  at  base  : 
leaves  obovate  or  spatulate  with  a  narrow  or  cuneate  base,  1^  to  1  inch  long,  spar- 
ingly toothed  toward  the  apex  :  petals  white,  1|  to  2  lines  long,  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals :  pod  linear-oblong,  3  to  6  lines  long,  acutish,  somewhat  pubescent  with 
short  ascending  hairs,  on  spreading  pedicels  1  to  3  lines  long :  style  none.  —  Torr. 
&  Gray,  FI.  i.  108. 

Frequent  east  of  the  Colorado  to  Texas  and  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Reduced  specimens  were 
collected  at  Los  Angeles  by  Gambel,  and  a  more  doubtful  form  by  Brewer  in  the  Temescal  Moun- 
tains, near  the  tin  mines.  The  latter  specimens  are  scarcely  an  inch  high,  the  leaves  obovate- 
spatulate,  only  two  lines  long  and  entire,  the  flowers  smaller  (a  line  long),  and  the  young  capsule 
broader  in  proportion  and  glabrous. 

2.  D.  Stenoloba,  Ledeb.  Somewhat  villous  with  spreading  hairs,  glabrous 
above:  stems  erect,  slender,  4  to  12  inches  high,  with  divergent  or  decumbent 
branches  from  near  the  base :  leaves  oblanceolate,  |  to  1  inch  long,  rather  thin, 
acute,  rarely  and  sparingly  toothed,  ciliate  and  slightly  villous-pubescent ;  the 
cauline  few  and  sessile :  petals  bright  or  pale  yellow,  1  to  1 1  lines  long,  half  longer 
than  the  calyx,  obtuse  :  pod  linear,  3  to  5  lines  long,  acute  at  each  end,  glabrous, 
in  an  elongated  raceme,  on  spreading  scattered  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long :  style 
none.  —  Fl.  Ross.  i.  154.     D.  nemorosa,  var.  lutea,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  22. 

Dry  soils  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  7,000  to  10,000  feet  altitude,  from  Yosemite  Valley  and 
Mono  Pass  (Brewer,  Gray)  to  Donner  Pass  (Greene),  and  eastward  in  the  Wahsatch  and  Uintas 
(  Watson)  and  Colorado.  It  appears  to  be  identical  with  the  original  Unalaschkan  form.  It  is 
readily  distinguished  from  D.  nemorosa,  with  which  it  has  been  confounded  and  which  is  frequent 
in  the  mountains  from  Washington  Temtory  to  Colorado,  by  its  thinner,  narrower  and  more 
entire  leaves  and  its  shorter  pedicels. 

*  *  Biennial  or  perennial. 

-t-  Stems  leafy. 

3.  D.  aurea,  Vahl.  Biennial,  more  or  less  canescently  stellate-pubescent  and 
usually  somewhat  villous  with  branching  hairs  :  stems  3  to  18  inches  high,  solitary 
or  several  from  the  same  root,  simple  or  branched,  leafy  :  leaves  oblanceolate  and 
petioled,  ^  to  2  inches  long,  the  upper  sessile  and  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  acute, 
entire  or  sometimes  sparingly  toothed  :  petals  yellow  turning  to  white,  twice  longer 
than  the  calyx,  rounded  at  the  apex  or  emarginate  :  pod  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  6 
lines  long,  attenuate  upward  into  the  short  style,  puberulent,  often  somewhat 
twisted.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1460.     Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2934. 

In  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  to  British  America.  Specimens  collected  by  Brewer 
on  Mt.  Dana  at  12,000  feet  altitude,  and  by  Lcnimon  farther  north  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  must 
apparently  be  referred  here  though  they  have  more  of  a  perennial  habit  than  is  usual  in  the  spe- 
cies. Their  basal  leaves  are  densely  crowded,  and  the  whole  plant,  including  the  pods,  densely 
stellate-pubescent. 

-f-  -t-   Stems  naked  and  scape-like  above  the  base,  few-flowered. 

4.  D.  crassifolia,  Graham.  Biennial  or  perennial  (sometimes  apparently  annual), 
glabrous  :  stems  slender,  1  to  5  inches  high,  solitary  or  few  from  a  very  short  and 
nearly  simple  rootstock  :  leaves  rosulate,  thin,  flat,  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  linear, 
^  to  1  inch  long,  rarely  with  1  or  2  lateral  teeth,  more  or  less  ciliate  with  long  hairs : 


Dentaria.  CRUCIFER^.  29 

petals  yellow,  about  a  line  long,  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  pods  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  3  to  4  lines  long,  on  pedicels  nearly  as  long,  in  an  elongated  raceme ; 
style  none.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  106.  D.  Johannis,  Gray,  Am.  Jour.  iSci.  xxxiii.  242. 
At  Peregoy's,  above  Yosemite  Valley,  at  7,000  feet  altitude,  Gray.  Rather  frequent  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  to  lat.  57°.  Near  D.  lactea  (referred  to  D.  androsacea),  but  less 
cespitose  and  without  the  short  style  which  is  found  in  that  species. 

5.  D.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Glaucous  :  scapes  numerous  from  a  much-branched 
leafy  caudex,  pubescent,  |-  to  1|  inches  high,  corymbosely  liowered  :  leaves  below 
ovate,  the  uppermost  obovate  or  spatulate,  1  to  2  lines  long,  entire,  glabrous  or  some- 
what pubescent  with  simple  hairs,  hispidly  ciliate :  petals  white,  2  lines  long,  exceed- 
ing the  rather  fleshy  nearly  glabrous  broad  and  obtuse  sepals  :  pod  ovate-oblong, 
acutish  at  each  end,  beaked  with  the  slender  style,  puberulent,  2  lines  long ;  cells 
2-ovuled.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  328 ;  Watson,  Eot.  King  Exp.  22, 

South  of  Carson  City,  Nevada  {Anderson)  ;  on  Mount  Davidson  ( Watson)  ;  Sierra  Valley 
{Lemmon) ;  and  by  Douglas,  probably  still  farther  to  the  north. 

6.  D.  eurycarpa.  Gray.  Tomentose  with  stellate  hairs :  scapes  few-flowered,  1 
to  2  inches  high  :  leaves  rosulate,  spatulate,  entire,  4  to  8  lines  long :  pod  ovate,  5 
to  10  lines  long,  acute  and  beaked  with  the  long  slender  style;  ovules  rather 
numerous  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  520. 

On  a  dry  summit  near  Sonora  Paijs,  at  11,500  feet  altitude,  Brewer.  Known  only  from  fruit- 
ing specimens  that  have  shed  their  seeds. 

7.  D.  alpina,  Linn.  Densely  cespitose  and  much  branched,  more  or  less  stel- 
lately  pubescent  and  villous  :  scapes  ^  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  crowded  at  the  base, 
spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  2  to  9  lines  long,  ciliate,  not  carinate :  flowers  large,  yellow; 
petals  1|^  to  2|  lines  long,  much  exceeding  the  broad  obtuse  sepals  :  pod  ovate  to 
oblong-elliptical,  2  to  3  lines  long,  acute  and  beaked  with  the  short  thick  style ; 
cells  4-  10-ovuled.  —  Eegel,  Fl.  Ost-Sib.  i.  181  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  20.  "    " 

Var.  algida,  Kegel.  Pubescence  villous,  not  stellate  :  leaves  mostly  small  and 
spatulate,  strongly  ciliate,  not  carinate  :  style  slightly  longer.  —  Fl.  Ost-Sib.  i.  183. 
B.  algida,  Adams;  DC.  Prodr.  i.  167. 

Var.  glacialis,  Dickie.  Dwarf  :  leaves  more  rigid,  linear  or  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late, more  or  less  strongly  carinate,  and  stellate-pubescent,  not  ciliate :  pod  short- 
ovate,  pubescent.  —  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  33.     D.  glacialis,  Adams,  1.  c. 

The  typical  Old  World  form,  which  occui-s  also  in  Greenland,  has  rather  large  and  broad  leaves, 
not  carinate,  slightly  stellate-pubescent,  ciliate,  the  scape  and  pedicels  somewhat  hairy  ;  pod 
ovate,  smooth,  beaked  with  a  short  style.  This  has  not  been  collected  in  California,  though  forms 
nearly  approaching  it  are  found  in  the  mountains  east  and  northward.  Var.  algida  occurs  on  Mt. 
Dana  and  other  peaks  about  the  head  of  the  South  Fork  of  King's  River,  at  13,000  feet  altitude 
(Brewer),  and  in  the  Uinta  Mountains  ( JVatson),  as  well  as  on  the  Arctic  Coast.  Var.  glacialis 
is  somewhat  common  on  high  peaks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  the  mountains  eastward.  A  still 
more  extreme  form  is  found  on  the  dry  summit  of  Silver  Mountain  at  11,000  feet  altitude  (Brewer) 
and  in  the  Kast  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  ( IVatson)  ;  very  dwarf  and  densely  cespitose ;  the 
very  short  linear  leaves  appressed,  strongly  carinate  and  ciliate,  but  otherwise  glabrous  ;  the  short 
scapes  and  small  orbicular  pods  hirsute. 

4.   DENTARIA,  Linn. 

Pod  linear,  stout,  with  a  thickened  margin,  and  attenuate  above  into  the  elongated 
style ;  valves  flat,  nerveless.  Seeds  in  one  row,  turgid,  wingless  ;  cotyledons  peti- 
oled,  the  margins  somewhat  infohling  each  other.  Sepals  equal.  Petals  large,  long- 
clawed,  white  or  purplish.  —  Low  perennials,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  stems  simple, 
from  horizontal  fleshy  rootstocks  or  small  tubers,  usually  with  1  or  2  long-petioled 
compound  radical  leaves ;  cauline  leaves  2  or  3,  approximate  near  the  top,  petioled, 
simple  or  compound  ;  raceme  short,  few-flowered. 


30  CRUCIFER^.  ''"         Dentaria. 

A  genus  of  about  half  a  dozen  North  American  species,  and  as  many  more  of  Europe  and 
Northern  Asia.  Referred  to  Cardamine  by  Bentham  &,  Hooker,  but  of  peculiar  habit  and  more 
conveniently  kept  distinct. 

1.  D.  tenella,  Pursh.  Eootstock  interrupted,  of  elongated  and  somewhat  scaly 
joints  :  stem  G  to  10  inches  high,  with  a  pair  of  leaves  (rarely  1  or  3)  near  the  top, 
which  are  often  puberulent,  shortly  petioled,  palmately  or  pinnately  2  — 5-parted; 
the  lobes  narrowly  oblong  or  linear,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  obtuse,  often  mucronate, 
entire  or  in  the  lower  leaf  rarely  sinuate  ;  radical  leaves- said  to  be  simple,  roundish, 
about  5-lobed  :  flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  3  to  6  lines  long,  on  slender  pedicels  : 
fruit  unknown.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  87.     B.  teiiui/olia,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  46,  not  Led. 

Indian  Valley,  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  M.  E.  Pidsifcr  Ames.  Northward  to  Vancouver  Island  and 
Lower  Fraser  lUver,  Menzies,  Nuttall,  Lijall. 

D.  MACROCARPA,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon,  is  only  known  from  Nuttall's  description,  drawn  from  a 
single  specimen.  It  is  described  as  having  a  tuberous  root,  the  radical  leaf  witli  3  reniform  lobed 
leaflets  ;  cauline  leaf  3-pai"ted,  the  segments  entire,  obtuse ;  pod  very  long,  with  cuspidate  style 
and  capitate  stigma. 

5.  CABDAMINE,  Linn. 

Pod  linear,  with  somewhat  thickened  margins,  merely  pointed  or  beaked  above ; 
valves  flat,  nerveless.  Seeds  in  one  row,  somewhat  flattened,  wingless ;  cotyledons 
flat,  accumbent.  Sepals  equal.  Petals  white  or  purplish.  —  Mostly  perennials,  grow- 
ing in  moist  or  wet  places,  usually  with  running  rootstocks  or  small  tubers ;  stems 
leafy ;  leaves  (in  our  species)  all  petioled,  simple  or  pinnate  ;  raceme  elongated. 

A  rather  large  genus,  inhabiting  the  temperate  and  cooler  regions  of  all  quarters  of  the 
globe. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  with  several  pairs  of  small  leaflets. 

1.  C.  Gambelii,  Watson.  Perennial,  glabrous  throughout,  erect,  about  a  foot 
and  a  half  high  :  leaflets  4  to  6  pairs,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  sessile,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly toothed,  acute,  3  to  12  lines  long  :  flowers  white,  on  slender  pedicels  :  petals 
4  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the  sepals  :  pods  narrowly  linear,  ascending,  an  inch 
long,  equalling  the  strongly  deflected  pedicels :  beak  slender,  a  line  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  147. 

Collected  near  Santa  Barbara  by  Gamhel,  and  recently  by  Dr.  J.  T.  Rothrock,  of  Lieut.  G.  ^L 
Wheeler's  Survey,  in  the  same  region.  It  much  resembles  C  pratensis,  Linn.,  a  species  confined 
to  colder  nortliern  latitudes,  ranging  from  tlie  northern  border  States  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  but 
differs  especially  in  the  sessile  leaflets  and  in  the  divaricate  pedicels,  which  are  horizontal  or  even 
more  reflexed.  A  very  similar  form,  but  somewhat  pubescent,  has  been  collected  by  Bourgeau 
near  the  city  of  Mexico. 

2.  C.  oligosperma,  Nutt.  Annual,  somewhat  hairy  or  very  nearly  glabrous  : 
steams  weak  and  slender,  3  to  10  inches  high  :  leaves  all  pinnate;  leaflets  small,  3 
to  5  pairs,  roundish,  1  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  often  obtusely  3  -  5-lobed,  petiolulate  : 
petals  white,  1  to  1|  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx  :  pods  few,  somewhat 
approximate,  6  to  9  lines  long  by  half  a  line  broad,  attenuate  into  the  short  style, 
erect ;  cells  about  8-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  85. 

In  shaded  places  from  the  lower  Sacramento  to  Fraser  River  ;  perhaps  also  to  Sitka. 

C.  HIRSUTA,  Linn.,  which  is  common  from  Oregon  northward  to  Alaska  and  eastward  across 
the  continent,  may  be  found  in  Northern  California,  especially  the  more  slender  var.  svlvatica, 
Gray.  It  may  be  known  from  the  last  by  its  rather  stouter  habit,  leaflets  sessile  and  larger  and 
usually  more  or  less  oblong,  flowers  a  little  larger,  and  pods  in  a  longer  raceme,  narrower,  and 
with  more  numerous  seeds. 

*  *  Leaflets  few,  larger :  perennials,  uMcallp  smooth. 

3.  C.  paucisecta,  Benth.  Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent :  stems  from  small 
deep-seated  tubers,   rather  stout,  erect,  10  to  18  inches  high,  simple  or  branched 


Arabis.  CRUCIFER.E.  31 

above  :  lower  leaves  often  simple,  subcordate-orbicular,  1  to  2|  inches  broad,  5-7- 
nerved,  repand  ;  the  ui)per  deeply  lobed  or  i)innately  5-foliolate,  the  leaflets  ovate  to 
oblong,  more  or  less  irregularly  toothed  or  entire  :  petals  6  to  9  lines  long,  white  or 
pinkish:  pods  1  to  1|  inches  long,  as  many  lines  wide,  pointed  at  each  end  and 
tipped  with  a  style  1  to  H  lines  long  :  pedicels  spreading,  ^  to  1 1  inches  long.  — 
PI.  Hartw.  297.  C.  purjmrea,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  667.  Dentaria  integrifolia  & 
Californica,  Xutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  88.  C  angulata,  Torr.  in  Pacif,  R.  Rep. 
iv.  65,  &c. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  San  Diego  to  Mendocino  Connty.  Specimens  have  also  been  received 
from  the  nortliern  Sierra  Nevada  (Mrs.  Ames,  Lcmmon,  &c. ),  wliich  appear  to  belong  to  this  spe- 
cies, though  in  the  early  state  with  all  the  habit  of  a  Dentaria.  The  tubers,  as  usual,  have  a 
pungent  taste,  and  the  leaves  are  often  marked  with  purjtle. 

4.  C.  Breiveri,  Watson.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  at  base  :  stems  from  a 
running  rootstock,  flexuous,  decumbent  at  base,  6  to  18  inches  high,  usually 
simple  :  leaflets  1  or  2  pairs,  rounded  or  oblong,  the  terminal  much  the  largest,  ^  to 
an  inch  or  more  long,  entire  or  coarsely  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed,  obtuse,  often  cor- 
date at  base ;  radical  leaves  mostly  simple  and  cordate-reniform  :  petals  2  lines  long, 
white  :  pods  8  to  15  lines  long,  obtuse  or  scarcely  beaked  with  a  short  style,  ascend- 
ing on  pedicels  3  to  4  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  339. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Sonora  Pass  northward  {Brewer,  Anderson)  ;  Oregon  {Hall),  and  in 
the  mountains  eastward  to  Wyoming. 

C.  ANGULATA,  Hook.,  and  C.  cordifolia,  Gray,  both  of  this  group,  are  found  in  Oregon  and 
may  reach  the  northern  limits  of  the  State.  The  first  has  tall  slender  simple  stems  ;  leaves  all 
ternate,  the  leaflets  cuneate-ovate  or  -oblong,  with  3  or  rarely  5  lobes  or  coarse  teeth  ;  flowers  few, 
white,  3  to  4  lines  long,  on  slender  ascending  pedicels  ;  pods  short.  The  latter  is  stouter,  with 
simple  cordate-orbicular  or  -ovate  leaves,  the  margin  sinuate  ;  flowers  white,  4  to  6  lines  long  ; 
pods  an  inch  long,  attenuate  above,  on  rather  short  pedicels.  This  species  ranges  to  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico.     Both  have  running  rootstocks. 

6.  ARABIS,  Lmn. 
Pod  linear,  flattened  ;  valves  1-nerved,  not  strongly.  Seeds  in  one  or  two  rows, 
flattened  and  usually  winged ;  cotyledons  accumbent.  Sepals  short  or  narrow, 
rarely  colored.  Petals  with  a  narrow  claw  and  flat  blade,  white,  rose-colored,  or 
purple.  Anthers  short,  ovate  or  oblong,  scarcely  emarginate  at  base.  Stigma 
entire  or  somewhat  2-lobed. —  Erect,  with  perpendicular  roots,  and  undivided  leaves, 
the  cauline  sessile  and  usually  clasping  and  auricled  at  base. 

A  large  genus  of  perhaps  100  species,  most  abundant  in  Europe  and  Northern  Asia.  There 
are  20  or  more  species  in  North  America. 

*   Annual :  pod  reflexed,  long-beaked  :  leaves  narrowed  at  base. 

1.  A.  longirostris,  Watson.  Glabrous,  glaucous,  slender,  a  foot  high  or  more, 
branched  :  radical  leaves  ovate-spatulate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed ;  the  cauline 
Hnear-lauceolate,  an  inch  long  :  racemes  loose  ;  flowers  small,  few,  light  pink ;  petals 
1|  lines  long,  narrow,  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  pods  11  to  2  inches  long,  pen- 
dent on  short  pedicels ;  beak  3  lines  long,  narrow  :  seeds  in  one  row,  narrowly 
winged.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  1 7,  t.  2. 

In  alkaline  soil  in  the  valleys  of  N.  W.  Nevada,  and  on  the  islands  in  Salt  Lake  {Watsm) ; 
S.  Utah,  Parry :  doubtless  in  Northeastern  California. 

*  *  Biennials :  pods  straight,  strictly  erect,  narrowly  linear :  flowers  small,  white  or 

nearly  so. 

2.  A.  perfoliata,  Lara.  Glaucous :  stem  stout,  usually  simple,  2  to  4  feet  high, 
mostly  glabrous  but  often  somewhat  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs  toward  the  base  : 
lower  leaves  spatulate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  sinuate-pinnatitid  or  toothed,  ciliate  at 


32  CRUCIFER^.  *  Arabis. 

least  on  the  petioles ;  the  cauline  entire,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  the 
sagittate  base  :  petals  2  to  3  lines  long,  little  exceeding  the  sepals  :  pods  erect  and 
usually  appressed,  2  to  4  inches  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  nearly  straight,  on  ped- 
icels 3  to  4  lines  long;  style  short ;  stigma  2-lobed  :  seeds  in  two  rows,  narrowly 
winged  or  wingless.  —  Turritis  glabra,  Linn.,  and  T.  macrocarpa,  ]S^utt.  ;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  78. 

Ill  the  mouutains  from  San  Diego  to  the  British  Boundary  and  northward,  and  east  across  the 
continent ;  also  in  Europe  and  N.  Asia. 

A.  HIKSUTA,  Scop.,  has  not  been  certainly  found  in  California,  but  is  frequent  in  the  Columbia 
Valley  and  northward,  and  also  east  to  Colorado  and  the  Atlantic.  It  is  usually  more  slender 
and  hirsute  than  the  last,  1  to  2  feet  high,  the  stems  often  clustered  and  with  slender  strict 
branches  above  ;  leaves  often  rosulate  at  the  base,  1  to  2  inches  long,  the  cavJinc  ovate  to  oblong 
or  lanceolate  ;  pod  shorter,  1  to  2  inches  long,  nan-ower,  the  wingless  seeds  strictly  in  one  row. 

A.  SPATHULATA,  Nutt.,  is  another  nearly  allied  species,  but  little  known,  which  may  occur 
in  the  State,  having  been  found  in  Oregon  and  W.  Nevada  (if  No.  67  Watson  be  correctly 
referred  to  it).  It  appears  to  be  a  low  slender  plant,  much  like  small  forms  of  A.  hirsuta,  but 
with  fewer  leaves,  those  upon  the  stem  scattered  and  entire  ;  pedicels  spreading  ;  pods  still 
narrower,  less  than  an  inch  long,  beaked  with  a  narrow  style. 

*  *  *  Mostly  perennials :  pods  erect  or  ascending :  fiowers  mostly  larger,   deeper 

colored. 

3.  A.  Lyallii,  Watson.  Bright  green  or  glaucous  and  glabrous,  or  usually 
somewhat  villous  below  with  spreading  hairs,  especially  on  the  margin  of  the  peti- 
oles, rarely  more  or  less  canescent  with  stellate  pubescence  :  stems  slender  from  a 
branching  perennial  base,  2  to  15  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  on  slender 
petioles,  acute,  entire  ;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping  and  sagittate  at  base  : 
petals  light  pink,  about  3  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  tlie  sepals  :  style  none  :  pods 
straight,  narrowly  linear,  1  to  3  inches  long  :  seeds  in  2  rows,  narrowly  winged.  ■ — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  122.   A.  Dnimmondii,  var.  alpina,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  18. 

In  the  high  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mono  Pass  to  Washington  Territory,  and  also  eastward  to 
Utah  and  W.  Wyoming  ;  often  alpine  and  dwarf.  A  somewhat  variable  subalpine  and  alpine 
species,  distinguished  by  its  perennial  root  from  A.  Drummondii,  which  seems  not  to  occur  west 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  CANESCENS,  Nutt.,  of  the  mountains'in  E.  Nevada  and  Wyoming,  is  like  smaller  foi-ms  of 
A.  Lyallii,  but  is  densely  stellate-tomentose,  the  somewhat  broader  pods  reflexed  and  often 
secund,  and  the  seeds  in  one  row  and  more  broadly  winged. 

4.  A.  platyspexxna,  Gray.  Canescent  with  a  short  stellate  pubescence  :  stems 
several  from  a  perennial  base,  slender,  4  to  12  inches  high  :  leaves  entire,  the  lower 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  an  inch  long ;  the  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  but 
not  auricled  at  base,  4  to  10  lines  long  :  petals  rose-colored,  2  to  3  lines  long  :  pods 
straight,  erect,  1  to  2  inches  long  and  2  lines  wide,  acuminate,  without  style, 
loosely  reticulated  :  seeds  in  one  row,  Avith  a  broad  thin  wing.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vi.  519  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  16. 

Alpine  or  subalpine  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Yosemite  to  Mt.  Shasta  ;  in  the  East  Hum- 
boldt Mountains,  Nevada,   Watson. 

5.  A.  blepharophylla,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Smooth  or  slightly  villous,  the  stems 
often  tufted,  4  to  1 2  inches  high  :  leaves  strongly  ciliate,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate- 
toothed,  the  lower  obovate  or  broadly  spatulate,  1  to  2  inches  long,  the  cauline 
oblong,  sessile,  obtuse  or  acutish  :  flowers  large ;  sepals  generally  colored ;  petals 
bright  purple,  6  to  9  lines  long:  pods  1  to  1|  inches  long  and  as  many  lines  broad, 
beaked  with  the  short  stout  style,  loosely  spreading  :  seeds  in  one  row,  a  line  in 
diameter,  wingless  or  narrowly  margined.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  321  ;  Bot,  Mag.  t.  6087. 

On  low  hills  near  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  to  Monterey.  Blooming  in  early  spring  and 
"  superb  in  cultivation." 

6.  A.  repanda,  Watson.  Biennial,  pubescent  especially  below  with  loose 
branched  hairs  :  stem  rather  stout  and  coai-se,  2  feet  high,  and  with  the  spreading 


Streptanthus.  CRUCIFER^.  33 


» 


branches  somewhat  flexuous :  leaves  oblanceolate,  3  to  4  inches  long,  obtuse, 
coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  attenuate  to  a  winged  subclasping  base,  on  the  branches 
narrower  and  acutish  :  calyx  pubescent,  somewhat  membranaceous,  1  to  1^  lines 
long,  the  pinkish  petals  a  little  longer  :  pods  3  inches  long,  a  line  wide,  ascending, 
falcate,  somewhat  pubescent,  tij)ped  with  a  very  short  style  :  seeds  in  one  row, 
broadly  winged.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  122. 

Yosemite  Valley,  Bolandcr,  n.  4881.     A  well-marked  species. 

*  *  *  *  Mostly  'perennials :  pods  ^ls^lally  curved,  more  or  less  reflexed,  or  arcuate 
doionward :  style  none :  seeds  in  \  or  2  rows. 

7.  A.  Holboellii,  Hornem.  More  or  less  stellate-pubescent,  rarely  hirsute,  or 
even  glabrous  :  stem  erect,  ^-  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or  branching  :  lower  leaves 
spatulate,  entire  or  denticulate ;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  sagittate  and  clasping  at 
base,  I  to  1  inch  long  or  more  :  petals  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  3  to  4  lines 
long,  white  or  rose-color  or  rarely  purple,  becoming  reflexed  :  pods  1  to  4  inches 
long,  I  to  1  line  wide,  strongly  reflexed  :  seeds  wingless  or  narrowly  margined.  — 
ri.  Dan.  xi,  t.  1879.  A.  retrofracta,  Grab.  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  18.  Turritis 
patula,  Grab.     Sisymbrium  rejlexum,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  101,  fig.  29. 

Frequent  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Yosemite  Valley  northward,  and  east  to  New  Mexico 
and  the  Saskatchewan. ;  it  ranges  to  the  Arctic  Circle  and  Greenland.  Very  variable,  especially  in 
its  pubescence,  which  is  usually  densely  stellate,  rarely  tomentose,  sometimes  extending  to  the 
calyx  and  even  to  the  pods. 

8.  A.  arcuata,  Gray.  Canescently  villous  or  tomentose  with  branching  hairs, 
the  pubescence  of  the  inflorescence  short,  branched  and  entangled  :  stems  rather 
stout,  erect  from  a  branching  perennial  base,  1  to  2  feet  high  or  more :  lower  leaves 
numerous,  oblanceolate,  on  slender  petioles  ;  tlie  cauline  oblong-  or  linear-lanceolate, 
1  to  2  inches  long,  auricled  at  base,  acute ;  all  sparingly  sinuate-toothed,  sometimes 
entire  :  flowers  erect ;  petals  purple  or  deep  violet,  4  to  6  lines  long,  the  sepals  half 
as  long  and  often  colored  :  pods  3  to  4  inches  long,  scarcely  a  line  wide,  spreading 
and  recurved:  seeds  narrowly  winged  or  Avingless.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  187; 
Watson,  1.  c.     Streptanthus  arcuatus,  I^utt. 

From  Santa  Barbara  {NiUtall)  and  the  mountains  near  Tejon  {TFallaec)  northward  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  to  the  North  Fork  of  the  American  River.  What  is  probably  the  same  is  also 
found  in  Northwestern  Nevada  {Anderson,  IVatsm),  but  more  glabrous  above  and  with  the  calyx 
and  pods  a  little  shorter. 

9.  A.  Breweri,  Watson.  Cespitose,  canescent  with  dense  stellate  pubescence, 
villous  above  with  spreading  straightish  and  nearly  simple  hairs:  stems  simple 
from  a  branching  perennial  base,  2  to  10  inches  high :  radical  leaves  spatulate,  an 
inch  long  or  less,  shortly  petioled,  entire  ;  cauline  ovate-oblong,  sessile  but  not 
sagittate,  acute,  6  to  9  lines  long :  petals  deep  rose-color,  1  to  4  lines  long,  twice 
longer  than  the  purplish  sepals  :  pods  spreading  or  recurved,  1|^  to  2|  inches  long, 
a  line  wide  :  seeds  narrowly  winged.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  123. 

From  Mt.  Diablo  {Brewer,  Bolander)  to  Lake  Co.  {Greme)  and  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander. 

7.  STREPTANTHUS,  Nutt. 

Pod  linear,  flat;  valves  1 -nerved.  Seeds  in  one  row,  flattened,  more  or  less 
winged  ;  cotyledons  accumbent.  Petals  often  without  a  dilated  blade,  more  or  less 
twisted  or  undulate,  the  claw  channelled.  Sepals  broad  and  usually  colored. 
Longer  filaments  sometimes  connate.  Anthers  elongated,  sagittate  at  base.  Stigma 
simple.  —  jMostly  annual  or  biennial ;  leaves  usually  sagittate  and  clasping,  toothed 
or  entire  or  rarely  pinnatifid.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  182.  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Kxp.  19  &  429. 

A  genus  of  a  dozen  or  more  species,  confined  to  Western  North  America. 


34  CRTJCIFER^.  ft       Sireptanthus. 

*   Glabrous  or  glaucous :  stem-leaves  broad  and  clasping  bij  a  cordate  or  sagittate 
base :  a  broad  torus  at  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

1.  S.  cordatus,  Nutt.  Pereunial :  stems  simple,  1  to  2  feet  high,  rather  stout: 
leaves  thick,  usually  repandly  toothed  toward  the  apex,  the  teeth  often  sctosely 
tipped ;  lower  leaves  spatulate-ovate  or  obovate,  the  petioles  sparingly  ciliate ;  cau- 
line  leaves  cordate  to  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  with  a  broad  round- 
auricled  base  :  sepals  broad,  colored,  3  to  4  lines  long,  somewhat  obtuse,  the  petals 
about  half  longer,  greenish  yellow  to  purple  :  pods  -broadly  linear,  2  to  4  inches 
long,  2  lines  broad  or  more,  nearly  straight,  loosely  spreading  :  seeds  broadly 
winged. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i,  77;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  19. 

Rare  at  high  elevations  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Ebbett's  and  Sonora  Passes  {Breivcr)  ;  and  east- 
ward in  the  mountains  of  Nevada  and  Arizona  to  Colorado. 

2.  S.  tortUOSUS,  Kellogg.  Annual,  1  to  3  feet  high,  Avith  slender  virgate 
branches  :  lower  leaves  oblong,  narrowed  to  a  winged  base,  2  to  3  inches  long, 
repandly  toothed ;  the  upper  rounded,  |  to  1|^  inches  in  diameter,  clasping  by  a 
deep  closed  sinus,  entire  :  flowers  subsecund ;  sepals  broad,  long-acuminate,  yellow- 
ish or  purplish,  3  to  6  lines  long,  the  purplish  petals  a  little  longer :  pods  2  to  6 
inches  long,  a  line  wide,  falcately  recurved  :  seeds  narrowly  winged  or  often  Aving- 
less.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  152,  fig.  46. 

Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  4,000  to  11,000  feet  altitude,  in  diy  sunny  places,  from  the 
Yosemite  to  Yuba  Co.  and  Mt.  Shasta. 

3.  S.  BrCTVeri,  Gray.  Annual,  branched  from  near  the  base,  1  to  2  feet  high  : 
lowest  leaves  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  nearly  sessile,  dentate ;  cauline  leaves  ovate 
and  clasping,  the  uppermost  lanceolate  and  acuminate,  entire  or  denticulate  :  flowers 
purple  ;  sepals  acuminate,  2  to  3  lines  long,  somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous,  the 
petals  half  longer:  pods  Ij  to  2|  inches  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  erect  or  as- 
cending, straight  or  somewhat  incurved  :  seeds  not  margined.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad. 
iii.  101,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  184. 

In  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range,  on  dry  summits  of  San  Carlos  Mountain  and  near  the  head  of  Arroyo 
del  Puerto,  Brewer. 

*  *   Glabrous  :  stem-leaves  very  narroivly  linear :  sepals  very  unequal. 

4.  S.  polygaloides,  Gray.  Annual :  stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  virgate,  with 
simple  branches  :  stem-leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  folded  or  involute  and  apparently 
filiform  :  sepals  yellow,  the  outer  rounded  and  subcordate,  3  lines  in  diameter, 
somewhat  scarious,  the  inner  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  equalling  the 
purple  petals:  pods  1  to  1|  inches  long,  half  a  line  wide,  reflexed  and  somewhat 
secund  on  very  short  pedicels,  straight  or  neai-ly  so,  attenuate  upward  to  the  short 
style  :  seeds  narrowly  winged.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  519. 

A  rare  and  remarkable  species  ;  lower  leaves  unknown.  On  diy  barren  magnesian  soil  near 
Jacksonville  on  the  Tuolumne  {Brewer),  and  on  Mt.  Bullion,  Bolander. 

*  *  *  More  or  less  hispid  with  simple  hairs :  flowers  purple  or  red. 

5.  S.  glandulosus,  Hook.  Animal,  more  or  less  hispid  with  spreading  hairs, 
1^  to  2  feet  high,  branched  :  radical  leaves  spatulate,  sinuately  toothed  ;  stem-leaves 
narrow  to  oblong-lanceolate,  1  to  6  inches  long,  auricled  at  base,  sparingly  repand 
or  laciniately  denticulate,  the  teeth  with  somewhat  thickened  tips  :  petals  bright 
purplish-red,  6  to  8  lines  long,  half  longer  than  the  acutish  sepals  :  pods  2  to  3 
inches  long,  a  line  wide,  ascending  or  spreading,  straight  or  somewhat  curved  : 
stigma  sessile,  dilated  :  seeds  narrowly  winged.  —  Ic.  PL  t.  40 ;  Bot.  Beechey,  322. 

On  dry  hillsides  from  Clear  Lake  to  San  Luis  Obispo. 

6.  S.  heterophyllus,  Nutt.  Glabrous  above,  branching,  3  to  6  feet  high  :  leaves 
gash-piunatilid,  the  stem-leaves  sagittate  :  flowers  pendulous ;  sepals  deep  purple ; 


Cheiranthus.  CRUCIFER^.  35 

petals  linear,  purple  or  whitish  :  pods  3  to  5  inches  long,  very  narrow,  pendulous ; 
pedicels  4  lines  long  :  seeds  liaK  a  line  long,  narrowly  winged.  —  Torr.  &  Gi-ay,  Fl. 
i.  77  &  666. 

Annual  or  biennial,  knowTi  only  fioiff  Nuttall's  description  and  the  specimen  in  herb.  Hookei'. 
Bushy  hills  near  San  Diego  ;  distinguished  from  other  species  of  the  genus  by  its  pendent  pods. 
A  specimen  collected  by  Bolander,  i)robably  in  the  same  region,  seems  referable  here,  though 
simple  and  but  1^  feet  high  :  sepals  narrow,  acute,  deep  purple,  3  lines  long  ;  jietals  narrow,  pur- 
ple-veined, nearly  twice  as  long  ;  style  short,  with  dilated  stigma. 

7.  S.  hispidus,  Gray.  Annual,  hirsute  throughout,  simple  or  branched,  2  to  5 
inches  high  :  leaves  obovate-oblong  or  cuneate,  coai-sely  toothed  or  incised  above, 
the  teeth  obtuse ;  stem-leaves  sessile,  scarcely  at  all  clasping  :  raceme  short,  loosely 
flowered,  the  flowers  spreading  or  at  length  recurved ;  sepals  somewhat  membrana- 
ceous, purplish,  acutish,  2  to  3  lines  long,  half  as  long  as  the  bright  purplish-red 
petals:  pods  hispid,  1|  to  2  inches  long,  aline  wide,  straight,  erect:  style  none: 
seeds  winged.  — -Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  101 ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  186. 

On  the  dry  summit  of  Mt.  Diablo,  Brewer,  Bolander. 

*  *    *  *  Pilose  with  simple  hairs  :  leaves  not  sagittate  nor  clasping  :  flowers  yellow. 

8.  S.  flavescens,  Hook.     Annual :  stems  simple,   erect,   a  foot  high :  radical 

leaves  linear-oblung,  nearly  2  inches  long,  sinuate-pinnatitid  or -toothed,  petioled,  the 
cauline  scarcely  an  inch  long  :  flowers  erect ;  petals  yellowisla,  linear,  nearly  twice 
longer  than  the  oblong  acute  sepals  :  pods  erect,  hirsute,  beaked  with  the  slender 
style.  —  Ic.  PI.  t.  44: ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  322. 

Near  Monterey,  Douglas.     Mature  fruit  unknown. 

S.  REPANDUS,  Nutt.  Hirsute,  especially  Ixilow  :  stems  simple,  about  2  feet  high  :  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  elongated,  clasping,  angularly  toothed  or  repand  above  :  petals  white,  linear, 
about  eiiualling  the  linear  sepals  :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Santa  Barbara.  —  Only  known 
from  Nuttall's  imperfect  description.     It  may  be  a  species  of  Arabis. 

8.  CHEIRANTHUS,  Linn. 

Pod  elongated,  compressed;  valves  1 -nerved  or  somewhat  carinate.  Seeds  in  one 
row,  flattened,  not  winged  ;  cotyledons  accumbent  or  rarely  oblique.  Petals  with 
elongated  claw  and  flat  limb.  Calyx  large,  not  colored,  the  outer  sepals  strongly 
gibbous.  Stigma  with  two  spreading  lobes.  —  Perennial  or  biennial,  more  or  less 
canescent  with  stellate  or  appressed  2-parted  pubescence;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so; 
flowers  large,  purple  or  yellow. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  a  dozen  species  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  distinguished  from  Erysimiim 
by  the  more  flattened  pods  and  accumbent  cotyledons.  Besides  the  arctic  C.  pygnueus  only  the 
two  following  species  are  found  in  America. 

1.  C.  Menziesii,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Perennial  Avith  a  thick  long-persistent 
branching  roototock  :  the  stems  simple,  smooth,  scape-like,  6  to  8  inches  high  :  rad- 
ical leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  densely  covered  with 
a  short  stellate  pubescence,  obtuse  or  acutish,  attenuate  into  a  winged  petiole ;  cau- 
line bract-like,  half  an  inch  long,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  clasping  :  calyx  2  lines 
long ;  petals  bright  purple,  4  to  5  lines  long :  anthers  short,  oblong  :  pods  spread- 
ing, broad,  1  to  2  inches  long,  not  carinate,  attenuate  to  the  slender  style  :  stigma 
scarcely  lobed.  —  Gen.  PI.  i.  68  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  14.  Hesperis  Mendesii, 
Hook. ;  Bot.  Beechey,  322,  t.  75.     Phoenicaulis  cheiranthoides,  Nutt.  1.  c.  i.  89. 

In  the  mountains,  from  Ebbett's  Pass  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Brewer),  to  the  Columbia  River 
(Douglas),  and  in  Northwestern  Nevada,   JVatson. 

2.  C.  asper,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Rather  sparingly  pubescent  with  appressed 
2-parted  hairs  :  stem  simple  from  an  apparently  biennial  root,  erect,  leafy,  3  to  18 
inches  high :  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  the  h)wer  long-petioled,  the  cauline 


36  CRUCIFER^.  ^        Caulanthus. 

more  or  less  attenuate  to  the  base,  1  to  2  inches  long,  entire  or  usually  sinuate- 
toothed  :  sepals  broad,  4  to  6  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  bright  yellow  or 
orange  petals:  anthers  long,  sagittate:  pods  1^  to  2  inches  long,  1|-  lines  wide, 
somewhat  carinate,  spreading  on  rather  stout  pedicels  :  stigma  2-lobed  :  cotyledons 
accumbent  or  slightly  oblique.  —  Linnaia,  i.  14 ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  32,  C.  capi- 
iatus,  Dougl.  in  Hook,  El,  i,  38.     Erysimum  grandijiorum,  Xutt, 

On  the  sea-shore  from  Monterey  to  Mendocino  Co.,  usually  stunted  and  tlie  base  of  the  stems 
crowded  with  the  i>ersistent  petioles  of  old  leaves.  It  seems  ajso  to  extend  to  sandy  hills  a  feAV 
miles  from  the  coast,  where  it  is  taller  and  more  slender,  having  much  the  habit  of  Erysimum 
asperum,  with  which  immature  specimens  may  be  confounded, 

9.   CAULANTHUS,  Watson. 

Pod  terete,  elongated,  sessile  upon  the  receptacle ;  valves  1 -nerved.     Seeds  in  one 

row,  oblong,  somewhat  flattened,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  margined ;  cotyledons  more 

or  less  incumbent.     Sepals  large,  nearly  equally  saccate  at  base.     Petals  but  little 

longer,  undulately  crisped,  the  blade  only  a  somewhat  dilated  rhomboidal  extension 

of  the  broad  claw.     Anthers  linear,  sagittate  at  base,  curved  :  filaments  included. 

Stigma  somewhat  2-lobed.  —  Stout  biennials ;   with  pinnatifid  or  toothed  leaves, 

and  purple  or  greenish-white  flowers.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  27. 

A  genus  peculiar  to  California  and  the  interior  basm.  A  fifth  species,  C.  hastatus,  Watson, 
1.  c,  t.  23,  is  found  in  the  mountains  of  Utah. 

1.  C.  procerus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  glaucous  throughout :  stems  4  to  7  feet 
high,  stout,  branching  :  lower  leaves  petioled,  coarsely  laciniate-pinnatihd,  4  to  12 
inches  long ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  acuminate  :  flowers  greenish  Avhite,  4  to  6 
lines  long,  on  ascending  pedicels  half  as  long :  pod  terete,  very  slender,  3  to  5 
inches  long,  less  than  a  line  broad,  pointed,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading  :  stigma 
nearly  entire. — Streptanthus  fiavescens,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  186,  in  part. 
S.  procerus,  Brewer,  in  same,  vi.  519. 

Eich  clay  soils  from  Monte  Diablo  to  Pacheco  Pass  ;  locally  known  as  "Wild  Cabbage  "  and 
sometimes  used  as  a  poor  potherb. 

2.  C.  Coulteri,  Watson,  1.  c.  Mostly  hispid  :  stems  rather  slender,  1  to  2  feet 
high,  simple  or  branched  :  leaves  mostly  dentate,  sessile,  the  radical  broadly  spatu- 
late  and  sinuately  toothed  ;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping  with  a  cordate  base  ; 
the  uppermost  entire  :  sepals  3  to  4  lines  long,  broad,  acute,  hispid  :  pod  straight, 
terete,  3  to  4  inches  long,  nearly  \^  lines  broad,  pendent  upon  the  hispid  pedicel, 
beaked  by  the  stout  style  :  stigma  2-lobed.  —  Streptanthus  heterophi/llus,  Gray,  1.  c, 
in  part,  not  of  Nuttall. 

Southern  California  {Coulter)  ;  Fort  Tejon,  Xantus. 

3.  C.  pilosus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Somewhat  pilosely  hispid,  at  least  at  base  :  stout, 
erect,  branching,  3  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  petioled,  ly rate-pin  natihd ;  lobes  sparingly 
angular-toothed  :  flowers  spreading,  in  a  loose  raceme,  greenish  white,  the  oblong 
petals  narrowed  above,  4  lines  long ;  calyx  sHghtly  hairy  :  pod  slender,  3  to  5  inches 
long  :  stigma  slightly  2-lobed,  nearly  sessile. 

Truckee  and  Humboldt  Valleys,  W.  Nevada  {Watson),  and  probably  occurring  in  the  low 
valleys  of  Northeastern  California. 

4.  C.  crassicaulis,  Watson,  1,  c.  Glabrous,  glaucous  :  stem  hollow,  inflated, 
erect,  2  to  3  feet  high,  rarely  branched  :  leaves  mostly  radical,  petioled,  runcinate  or 
runcinate-pinnatifid  :  flowers  6  lines  long,  dark  purple ;  calyx  very  woolly  :  pod 
terete,  3  to  5  inches  long,  \\  lines  broad,  ascending  on  very  short  pedicels  :  stigma 
2-lobed,  sessile.  —  Streptanthus  crassicaulis,  Torrey,  Stansb.  Rep.  384,  t.  1. 

From  the  eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Utah,  on  dry  foot-hills  ;  also  known  as  "  Wild 
Cabbage  "  and  at  times  used  for  food. 


Thdypodium.  CRUCIFER^.  37 

10.  THELYPODIUM,  Endl. 

Pod  linear  or  elongated,  terete  or  slightly  compressed,  sessile  or  short-stipitate ; 

valves  strongly    1 -nerved.     Seeds  in  one  row,    oblong,    somewhat   flattened,  not 

winged  ;  cotyledons  more  or  less  incumbent.     Sepals  narrow,  equal  at  base.    Petals 

with  a  narrow  claw  and  flat  linear  to  orbicular  limb,  exserted,  white  or  rose-color. 

Anthers  linear,  sagittate  at  base,  curved ;  filaments  often  exserted.     Stigma  mostly 

entire.  —  Probably  all  biennials,   mostly  stout  and  coarse.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King 

Exp.  25.     Pacliypodium,  ^Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  96 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen. 

PI.  i.  81. 

A  genus  of  ten  recognized  species,  chiefly  confined  to  the  western  coast  and  interior  basin,  a 
single  species  occurring  in  Texas  and  the  Atlantic  States.  The  Mexican  flora  probably  includes 
some  others. 

*  Leaves  all  entire :  stipe  obsolete  or  very  short :  filaments  scarcely  exserted :  glahrov^. 

1.  T.  integrifolium,  Endl.  Stout,  3  to  6  feet  high,  branched  at  the  summit, 
often  corymbosely  :  radical  leaves  large  (often  a  foot  long  or  more),  oblong-elliptical, 
long-petioled ;  cauline  leaves  mostly  narrowly  lanceolate,  1  to  2  inches  long,  sessile, 
ascending,  the  uppermost  linear  :  flowers  crowded  and  almost  corymbose  at  the  end 
of  the  branches;  sepals  \\  to  2|  lines  long;  petals  spatulate-obovate,  pale  rose- 
color  :  fruiting  racemes  short  and  crowded ;  pod  6  to  15  lines  long,  somewhat  toru- 
lose,  acuminate  with  the  slender  style.  —  Watson,  1.  c.  Pachypodium  integrifolium, 
Nutt.  1.  c. ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  321,  t.  74. 

Edge  of  the  Mohave  Desert  {Heermann),  and  frequent  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
from  Oregon  to  the  Upper  Missouri  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  T.  sagittatum,  Endl.  Stems  weak,  rarely  erect,  12  to  18  inches  high, 
loosely  branched  :  leaves  somewhat  glaucous,  the  radical  long-petioled,  lanceolate,  3 
to  4  inches  long ;  cauline  leaves  sagittate  and  clasping  :  petals  pale  pink,  3  to  5 
lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the  purplish  calyx  :  the  loose  raceme  elongated  in 
fruit :  pod  1  to  2  inches  long,  somewhat  torulose,  acuminate  with  the  rather  long 
style,  spreading,  on  pedicels  3  to  6  lines  long  :  cotyledons  often  nearly  incumbent. 
—  Watson,  1.  c.     Pachypodium  sagittatum,  Xutt.  1.  c. 

Under  bushes  in  alkaline  localities,  from  Carson  and  Truckee  Valleys,  Nevada,  to  "Western 
Wyoming  ;  doubtless  in  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  State. 

3.  T.  Nuttallii,  Watson,  1.  c.     Eesembling  the  last,  but  stouter  and  more  erect, 

3  to  5  feet  high  :  radical  leaves  ovate,  long-petioled,  often  6  to  8  inches  long ;  the 

cauline  lanceolate,  sagittate  :  petals  and  calyx  bright  purple,  rarely  whitish  :  seed 

flatter  and  cotyledons  nearly  accumbent.  —  Streptanthus  sagittatus,  I*^utt. 

In  similar  localities,  from  the  Blue  Mts.,  Oregon  {Nevius),  and  Southern  Idaho  {Nuttall)  to 
Nevada  and  Utah  ( IFatsoii)  and  Arizona,  Ives. 

*  *  At  least  the  radical  leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid :  stipe  manifest:  filaments  long- 

exserted  {except  in  No.  6  and  7)  :  hir-sute  at  base  {glabrous  in  No.  5). 

4.  T.  brachycarpum,  Torr.  Stem  usually  erect,  virgate,  rarely  branching,  1  to 
5  feet  liigh  :  leaves  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy,  the  radical  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
pinnatifid  or  toothed;  stem-leaves  erect,  narrow,  sagittate  and  clasping,  entire  or 
sparingly  toothed  :  flowers  in  a  long  crowded  raceme  :  petals  narrowly  linear,  white, 
3  to  4  lines  long  :  pod  9  to  12  lines  long,  acuminate  with  the  slender  style,  ascend- 
ing on  short  pedicels.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  231,  t.  1. 

Mono  Pass  and  near  Mono  Lake  (Brewer)  and  northward  to  the  Truckee  River  (Torrcy,  Bailey)  ; 
first  collected  by  Pickering,  probably  on  the  Upper  Sacramento. 

5.  T.  laciniatum,  Endl.  Glabrous  :  stem  stout,  erect,  1  to  5  feet  high,  simple 
or  branching  :  leaves  all  petioled,  3  to  6  inches  long  or  more,  lanceolate  to  broadly 


38  CRUCIFERiE.  '^    Thelypodium. 

oblong,  laciniately  pinnatifid  or  coarsely  and  nnequally  sinuate-toothed  :  raceme 
long  and  crowded  :  petals  linear,  3  to  5  lines  long,  nearly  white  :  pod  1-|-  to  2^ 
inches  long,  pointed  with  the  slender  style,  on  short  stout  divaricately  spreading 
pedicels. — Macropodium  laciniatum,  Hook.  Bot.  Misc.  i.  341,  t.  G8,  Pachypodium, 
Nutt.  1.  c. 

From  Carson  and  Truckee  Valleys  to  the  Columbia  River. 

6.  T.  longifolium,  Watson,  1.  c.  Erect,  rather  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  lower 
leaves  oblanceolate,  2  to  3  inches  long,  petioled,  sinuately  toothed,  the  upper  linear 
and  entire  :  flowers  scattered,  on  slender  pedicels  :  sepals  purplish,  broad,  obtuse,  2 
lines  long,  a  little  shorter  than  the  purple  petals  :  lilainents  not  exserted  :  anthers 
short :  pod  terete,  1  to  1^  inches  long,  very  narrow,  acute  with  the  very  short  style, 
ascending.  —  Streptanthus  longifolius,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  10.  S.  viicranthus,  Gray, 
PI.  Fendl.  7. 

Huevis  Valley,  W.  Arizona  {Bigclov^),  to  New  Mexico  and  southward ;  probably  in  S.  E.  Cali- 
fornia. 

7.  T.  ilavescens,  Watson,  1.  c.  Pilose  :  lower  leaves  sinuately  toothed ;  the 
upper  sessile  and  entire,  nut  auricled  at  base  :  sepals  and  pedicels  hairy  :  pod  1^ 
inches  long,  nearly  terete,  sparsely  hirsute,  beaked  with  the  long  slender  style, 
strictly  erect.  —  Streptanthus  flavescens,  Torrey  in  Pacif.  K.  Rep.  iv.  65,  not  Hook. 

A  little  known  species,  collected  only  by  Bigclow  near  Benicia  ;  said  to  have  yellowish  flowers. 

An  imperfect  fruiting  specimen,  collected  by  Cooper  at  Fort  Mohave,  is  probably  to  be  referred 
to  this  genus  rather  than  to  Sisymbrium,  —  well  marked  but  not  according  with  any  known 
species  of  either  genus.  It  is  glabrous  above,  with  narrow  entire  leaves,  sagittate  at  base  and 
clasping  ;  pods  lew  and  scattered,  strongly  reflexed  on  short  pedicels,  an  inch  long,  terete  and 
rather  stout,  beaked  with  a  slender  style  ;  seed-coat  gelatinous  on  boiling.  The  lower  part  of  the 
stem  is  wanting. 

11.  STANLEYA,  Nutt. 

Pod  linear,  elongated,  terete,  long-stipitate  ;  valves  1-nerved.     Seeds  in  one  row, 

oblong,  not  winged;  cotyledons  linear,  incumbent.     Sepals  equal  at  base,  narrow, 

spreading,   yellow.     Petals  yellow,  narrow,  with  long  connivent  claws.     Anthers 

linear,  not  sagittate,  at  length  closely  coiled ;  filaments  much  elongated.     Stigma 

sessile,  entire.  —  Stout  perennials  with  large  flowers  in  elongated  racemes. 

A  genus  of  but  three  species,  confined  to  the  interior  of  the  continent,  a  single  one  reaching 
the  soutliern  portions  of  the  State. 

1.  S.  pinnatifida,  Xutt.  Glabrous  :  stems  several  from  a  perennial  woody 
base,  1  to  8  feet  high,  simple  :  lower  leaves  coarsely  ly rate-pi  nnatif id  with  few 
oblong  segments  ;  the  upper  entire,  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  a  slender  ])etiole  :  calyx 
3  to  4  lines  long  :  petals  half  longer,  the  claws  and  stipe  of  the  ovary  somewhat 
pubescent  :  pod  2  inches  long,  a  line  wide,  curved,  attenuate  into  a  slender  stipe 
6  to  9  lines  long,  exceeding  the  spreading  or  horizontal  pedicels.  —  Gray,  Gen.  111. 
i.  154,  t.  65.     S.  integrifolia,  James.     S.  heterophylla  &  fruticom,  I^utt. 

Pose  Creek  (Hccrmann)  ;  Santa  Barbara  Co.  (Torrey)  ;  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper)  ;  and  north  and 
eastward  through  the  interior  to  the  Snake  Eiver,  the  Upper  Missouri  and  New  Mexico.  Califor- 
nian  specimens  have  tlie  leaves  all  narrow  and  entire,  and  the  pods  horizontally  recurved,  corre- 
sponding to  the  figure  of  the  Arizona  plant  in  Sitgreaves  Rep.  t.  1. 

S.  VIRIDIFLORA,  Nutt.,  is  knowu  by  its  lanceolate  sessile  and  clasping  stem-leaves,  the  radical 
ones  obovate  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  with  a  few  nmcinate  teeth  toward  the  base  ;  calyx  and  petals 
greenish  yellow  ;  pod  torulose.  It  is  found  in  the  valleys  of  Northern  Nevada  and  north  and 
eastward,  and  may  occur  m  Northeastern  California. 

12.  ERYSIMUM,  Linn. 

Pod  4-angled  by  the  prominent  midnerve  of  the  valves,  not  stipitate.  Seeds  in 
one  row,  oblong,  not  margined ;  cotyledons  incumbent  or  oblique.     Sepals  erect. 


Brassica.  CRUCIFER^.  39 

the  alternate  ones  strongly  gil)bous  at  base.  Petals  long-clawed,  with  a  flat  blade. 
Anthers  sagittate  at  base,  not  coiled.  Stigma  2-lubed,  dilated.  —  Biennials  or  per- 
ennials ;  with  narrow  entire  or  repandly  toothed  leaves,  not  clasping ;  the  flowers 
often  large,  yellow  or  orange,  or  occasionally  purple. 

A  rather  large  genus  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  most  numerously  represented  in  the  Old 
World.     But  two  or  three  species  are  found  in  America. 

1 .  "E.  asperum,  DC.  Biennial,  canescent  with  short  appressed  hairs :  stems 
solitary  and  simple,  rarely  branched  above,  1  to  3  feet  high,  or  less  :  leaves  oblan- 
ceolate  or  narrowly  spatulate ;  the  cauline  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly repand  with  short  acute  teeth,  1  to  3  inches  long  :  sepals  narrow,  4  to  G  lines 
long,  strongly  gibbous  :  petals  8  to  12  lines  long,  light  yellow  to  deep  orange  or 
purple  :  pods  1  to  4  inches  long,  a  line  wide,  beaked  with  a  stout  style,  ascending 
on  stout  spreading  pedicels  3  lines  long.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  64,  t.  22. 

Var.  (])  pumilum,  Watson.  A  low  form,  the  stem  branching  from  the  base ; 
blossoming  iu  early  spring.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  24. 

Var.  (I)  inconspicuum,  AVatson,  1.  c.  TaU  and  slender,  the  flowers  smaller, 
light  yellow,  the  petals  narrow  and  claw  scarcely  exserted. 

A  variable  species,  widely  diffused,  ranging  from  Mexico  to  British  America,  and  from  tho 
Pacific  to  Texas  and  Ohio,  —  and  in  elevation  from  the  low  liot  valleys  of  the  interior  to  above  the 
forest  line  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Alpine  specimens  are  much  dwarfed.  The  flowers  are  very 
sliowy  and  usually  fragi'ant.  The  low  variety  referred  to,  from  sandy  hillsides  in  the  Washoe 
Alountains  near  Carson  City,  Nevada  ( Watson),  much  resembles  the  Colorado  E.  pumilum 
of  Nuttall,  which  is,  however,  a  decided  perennial,  with  simple  stems  from  a  branching  rootstock, 
thougli  in  the  original  description  it  is  said  to  be  an  annual.  The  var.  inconspicuum  ranges 
from  Northern  Nevada  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  is  likely  to  be  found  in  N.  California. 

13.  BRASSICA,  Linn.  Mustard,  &c. 
Pod  linear,  nearly  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided,  pointed  with  a  long  conical  beak, 
not  stipitate  ;  valves  1  -  3-nerved.  Seeds  in  one  row,  globose,  not  margined  ;  coty- 
ledons infolding  the  radicle.  Lateral  sepals  usually  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  yellow. 
Anthers  long,  sagittate  at  base.  —  Coarse  erect  herbs  ;  lower  leaves  mostly  pinnate 
or  lyrate  with  a  large  terminal  lobe.  — Sinapis,  Linn. 

A  large  genus  of  nearly  100  species  or  more,  natives  of  the  Eastern  Continent,  but  many  widely 
naturalized  as  weeds  or  extensively  cultivated.  Among  the  latter,  B.  oleracca  in  its  several  vari- 
eties gives  the  Cabbage,  Broccoli,  Cauliflower,  Kale,  Kohlrabi,  &c.  ;  B.  campcstris,  the  Turnip, 
Rutabaga,  Rape,  &c.  ;  while  the  White  and  Black  Mustards  and  Charlock  belong  to  distinct 
species. 

1.  B.  nigra,  Boiss.  Glabrous  or  with  some  scattered  spreading  hairs,  anmial, 
branching,  i  to  12  feet  high  :  leaves  all  petioled.  the  lower  lyrate  with  the  terminal 
segment  very  large  and  deeply  lobed  ;  upper  leaves  lobedNor  entire  :  petals  3  to  4 
lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  tlie  yellowish  sepals  :  pods  closely  appressed,  4-angled, 
6  to  9  lines  long,  sharply  beaked  with  the  long  style  :  seeds  datrk  brown. 

Black  Mustard,  a  most  troublesome  weed  and  difficult  to  eradicate,  covering  large  areas,  par- 
ticularly in  the  more  fertile  valleys  of  the  southern  half  of  the  State,  sometimes  forming  a  dense 
growth.  Tlie  seeds  are  more  pungent  than  the  White  Mustard  {B.  alba,  readily  distinguished  by 
its  hirsute  pods*,  and  have  been  exiwrted  in  large  quantities. 

.  2.  B.  campestris,  Linn.  Annual  or  sometimes  biennial,  smooth,  2  to  3  feet 
higli :  low(!r  hiaves  more  or  less  glaucous,  pinnately  divided  with  a  large  terminal 
lobe  ;  the  upper  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  with  a  broad  clasping  auriculate  base  : 
flowers  3  to  4  lines  long  :  pods  nearly  terete,  2  inches  long  or  more,  2  lines  wide, 
ascending  on  spreading  pedicels ;  the  stout  beak  8  to  10  lines  long. 

Much  less  troublesome  than  the  last,  but  rather  common  in  fields  near  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco and  occasionally  met  with  elsewhere.  The  wild  stiite  shows  little  resemblance  to  the  culti- 
vated forms. 


40  CRUCIFER^.  Jf  Brassica. 

3.  B.  Sinapistrmu,  Boiss.  Annual,  rough  with  spreading  hairs,  2  to  5  feet 
high  :  lower  leaves  usually  with  a  large  coarsely  toothed  terminal  lobe  and  a  few 
smaller  ones  upon  the  rhachis ;  the  upper  leaves  often  undivided,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late :  pods  somewhat  torulose,  1  to  1|^  inches  long,  more  than  a  third  occupied  by 
the  stout  2-edged  beak ;  valves  often  ribbed  by  the  prominent  nerves.  —  Sinajns 
arvensis,  Linn. 

The  Charlock  of  the  Eastern  States  and  Europe,  where  it  is  often  a  troublesome  weed  in  grain- 
fields.     Sparingly  naturalized  in  Southern  California. 

14.  BAKBAREA,  R.  Brown.        Winter  Cress. 

Pod  linear,  somewhat  flattened,  pointed;  valves  somewhat  carinate.     Seeds  in 

one  row,  oblong,  turgid,  marginless  ;  cotyledons  slightly  oblique.     Petals  yellow.  — 

Glabrous  erect  branching  biennials  or  perennials,  with  angled  stems  and  entire  or 

pinnatilid  leaves. 

A  small  genus  of  temperate  regions,  some  of  the  species  widely  distributed.  The  only  one 
native  to  America  is  the  following. 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  E.  Br.  Perennial,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  lower  leaves  lyrate-pin- 
natifid  (the  radical  pinnate),  with  a  large  rounded  terminal  lobe  and  1  to  5  pairs  of 
lateral  ones,  oblong  in  the  cauline  leaves ;  upper  leaves  obovate,  more  or  less  pin- 
natilid at  base  :  flowers  2  to  3  lines  long  :  anthers  short,  oblong  :  pods  erect,  often 
appressed,  1  to  1|  inches  long,  somewhat  angled  when  mature,  about  25-seeded, 
beaked  with  the  rather  slender  style. —  (xray.  Gen.  111.  i.  148,  t.  62. 

Var.  arcuata,  Koch.     Pods  and  pedicels  spreading. 

Inhabiting  marshes  and  damp  places.  Only  the  variety  seems  to  have  been  collected  in  Cali- 
fornia, near  San  Francisco  an<l  northward  to  Sitka,  though  the  typical  form  is  conmion  in  Oregon 
and  eastward  ;  the  species  ranges  nearly  round  the  world. 

15.  SISYMBRIUM,  Linn.        Hedge  Mustard. 

Pod  linear,  terete  or  nearly  so,  short-pointed  or  obtuse ;  valves  somewhat  1-3- 
nerved.  Seeds  usually  in  one  row,  small,  oblong  and  teretish,  not  margined ;  coty- 
ledons incumbent.  Sepals  scarcely  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  yellow  or  yellowish. 
Anthers  mostly  linear-oblong,  sagittate.  —  Erect  herbs,  with  small  flowers,  the 
leaves  (in  our  species)  not  clasping  or  auriculate  at  base,  rarely  entire,  often  finely 
dissected. 

A  large  genus  of  rather  difficult  definition,  principally  confined  to  the  northern  temperate  zone. 
The  American  species,  less  than  a  dozen,  belong  to  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi,  ^S".  canes- 
cens  alone  ranging  farther  eastward. 

*  Seeds  in  two  rows :  leaves  usually  finely  dissected. 

1.  S.  canescens,  ISTutt.  Annual,  canescent  with  short  branching  hairs  :  stems 
branched,  \  to  2|  feet  high  :  leaves  1  -  2-pinnate,  the  segments  more  or  less  deeply 
pinnatifid  "or  toothed  :  petals  light  yellow,  equalling  the  sepals,  usually  a  line 
long  or  less  :  pods  oblong  to  linear,  3  to  6  lines  long,  a  line  broad  or  less,  acute 
at  each  end  and  beaked  with  the  very  short  style,  shorter  than  the  slender  spread- 
ing pedicels  :  seeds  ovate-oblong,  a  third  of  a  line  long.- — Gray,  Gen.  111.  i.  152, 
t.  64  ;  Fournier,  Sisymb.  65  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  23. 

In  dry  soils  from  Monterey  southward,  and  very  abundant  in  the  valleys  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  wliere  its  .seeds  are  collected  by  the  Indians.  Tlie  species  ranges  in  the  interior 
from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  Mexico,  and  as  far  eastward  as  New  York  and  rennsylvania.  The  aS". 
hrachycarpum  cited  by  Fournier  as  from  San  Diego  is  jirnbably  but  a  form  of  this,  as  is  certainly 
the  northern  plant  so  named  ])y  Richardson.  The  species  is  (piite  variable,  especially  in  the 
section  of  the  leaves  and  length  of  the  pod. 


Sisymbrium.  CRUCIFER^.  41 

*  *  Seeds  in  one  row. 
+■  Leaves  pinnate  or  hipinnate. 

2.  S.  incismn,  Engelm.  Annual ;  pubescence  sliort,  more  or  less  glandular : 
stems  branched,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  pinnate,  the  segments  linear  to  ovate- 
oblong,  more  or  less  deeply  pinnatifid,  sometimes  entire  :  petals  yellow,  about  1|- 
lines  long :  pods  narrowly  linear,  usually  pointed  at  both  ends,  half  an  inch  long 
and  8-  12-seeded,  or  sometimes  much  shorter  and  few-seeded,  mostly  exceeding  the 
spreading  pedicels.  —  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  8.  Smelowskia  {%)  Californica,  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  520.  Sisymbrium  Californicum,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  23,  fide 
Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  3  ser.  iii.  150. 

Var.  filipes,  Gray.  A  form  Avith  divaricate  pedicels,  6  to  8  lines  long,  exceed- 
ing the  pods.  —  PI.  Fendl.  8.     S.  longepedicellatum,  Fourn.  Sisymb.  59,  excl.  syn. 

Var.  EEart'Wegianuin,  AVatson,  has  the  rather  short  pods  on  somewhat  appressed 
or  nearly  erect  pedicels  about  2  lines  long.  —  S.  Hartwegianuvi,  Fourn.  1.  c.  66. 

In  dry  soils  in  the  Sienu  Nevada  at  6,000  to  10,000  feet  elevation  (Brewer),  and  in  the  moun- 
tains northward  and  eastward  to  Washington  Territory,  Winnipeg  Valley,  and  New  Mexico.  The 
var.  filipes  occurs  both  hom  Oregon  {Siyaldimj),  perfectly  glabrous,  and  ft-om  Arizona  (Palmer), 
canescent  with  a  fine  dense  pubescence.  Frequent  intermediate  forms  connect  var.  Hartwegi- 
anuni  with  the  typical  state. 

A  peculiar  type,  perhaps  distinct,  with  short  clavate  almost  pointless  pods,  2  to  3  lines  long, 
on  still  shorter  pedicels,  was  collected  by  Tolmie  in  the  "  Snake  Country  "  (aS'.  brarJiycorpum  of 
Bot.  Beechey,  not  Richardson),  and  more  recently  by  Dr.  Gray  in  Humboldt  Valley,  Nevada.  It 
will  probably  be  found  in  Northeastern  California. 

-t-  -(-  Leaves  pinnatifid  or.  sometimes  entire. 

3.  S.  reflexum,  Nutt.  Annual,  with  scattered  simple  hairs  :  stems  rather  slen- 
der, often  simple,  ^  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  pinnatifid  with  divari- 
cate toothed  segments,  the  upper  often  only  sinuate-toothed  :  petals  rose-color,  white 
or  yellowish,  1^  to  2  J  lines  long  :  pod  slender,  1  to  2  inches  long,  half  a  line  wide, 
terete,  strongly  deflexed,  straight  or  somewhat  curved,  on  short  pedicels.  —  PI.  Gam- 
bel.  183.  2'urritis  (?)  lasiophylta,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  321.  S.  defiexitm, 
Harv, ;  Torrey,  Pacif  E.  Rep.  iv.  66  ;  Fournier,  1.  c.  108. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  S.  California,  mostly  near  the  coast ;  Guadalupe  Island  {Palmer)  ; 
S.  Utah,  Parry.     Characterized  by  its  deflexed  pods. 

4.  S.  junceum,  Bieb.  Perennial,  glabrous,  glaucous  :  stems  branched,  1  to  1|^ 
feet  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  linear,  1  to  2  inches  long,  attenuate  to  a 
narrow  base,  entire  or  sometimes  pinnatifid  with  a  few  narrow  segments  :  petals 
light  yellow,  3  lines  long :  pods  ascending  on  short  spreading  pedicels,  10  to  15 
lines  long,  half  a  line  broad ;  style  short  and  thick ;  stigma  broad  and  2-lobed.  — 
Torr.  &  CJray,  Fl.  i.  91;  Watson,  1.  c.  »S^.  py(im(Kum  &  linifolium,  Nutt.  ;  Torr.  «fe 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  91.     Erysimum  (?)  glaberrimum.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  323. 

Oregon  to  Montana  ;  Snake  Country  {Tolmie) ;  East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  (Watson)  : 
will  probably  be  found  in  Northeastern  California.     It  is  also  native  to  Siberia. 

5.  S.  acutangulum,  DC.  Annual,  hirsute  with  scattered  simple  hairs  :  stems 
1  to  2  feet  high,  with  ascending  branches  :  leaves  petioled,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  2 
to  6  inches  long  :  petals  yellow  or  yellowish,  1  to  2  lines  long  :  pods  terete,  1  to 
\^  inches  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  erect  or  ascending  on  very  short  pedicels. 

A  native  of  S.  Europe,  naturalized  near  the  older  towns  from  San  Francisco  to  Los  Angeles. 

6.  S.  ofScinale,  Scop.  Annual  or  biennial,  sparingly  hirsute,  divaricately 
branched  :  leaves  runcinately  pinnatifid,  3  to  6  inches  long  :  flowers  small,  light 
yellow  :  pods  terete,  half  an  inch  long,  a  line  wide,  tapering  from  the  base  to  a 
sharp  point,  nearly  sessile,  closely  appressed  in  a  long  slender  raceme. 

A  homely  weed,  originally  from  Europe,  rare  in  California  but  very  frequent  in  the  Atlantic 
States. 


42  CKUCIFER^.  •#       Smelowskia. 

16.  SMELOWSKIA,  C.  A.  Meyer. 

Pod  short,  pointed  at  each  end,  4-angled,  few-seeded  :  valves  strongly  1 -nerved 
and  carinate.  Seeds  in  one  row,  oblong,  not  margined ;  cotyledons  incumbent. 
Petals  white  or  pinkish  :  anthers  oval  to  oblong.  —  Dwarf  alpine  perennials ;  leaves 
narrowly  pinnatitid. 

A  genus  of  4  or  5  species,  all  SKberian,  and  one  of  tliem  also  found  in  the  mountains  of  "Western 
America.     A  doubtful  Califoruiau  species  is  added. 

1.  S.  calycina,  C.  A.  Meyer.  Densely  white-tomentose  to  nearly  glabrous,  cespi- 
tose,  the  much-branched  rootstock  thickly  covered  Avith  the  sheathing  bases  of  dead 
leaves  :  stems  erect,  simple,  2  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  mostly  radical  and  with 
long  slender  petioles,  pinnate  or  pinnatihd ;  segments  linear  to  oblong,  entire  or 
sparingly  lobed  :  calyx  villous  :  petals  2  lines  long  :  pods  3  to  6  lines  long,  a  line 
wide,  attenuate  to  each  end  and  beaked  with  the  short  style  and  broad  stigma, 
ascending  on  spreading  pedicels  :  seeds  2  to  8,  a  line  long.  —  Hutchinsia  calycina, 
Desv.  ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  58,  t.  17,  lig.  B ;    Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  24. 

On  Lassen's  Peak  and  in  the  northern  SieiTa  Nevada  (Lemmmi)  :  from  Colorado  to  Oregon  and 
northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

2.  S.  (0  Fremontii,  Watson.  Pubescent  with  scattered  short  spreading  hairs, 
the  branching  woody  base  with  few  remnants  of  old  leaves :  stems  2  to  4  inches 
high  :  leaves  less  than  half  an  inch  long,  pinnate  with  1  to  3  pairs  of  linear  leaflets, 
which  are  strongly  nerved  and  somewhat  revolute  :  sepals  smooth,  ovate  to  broadly 
oblong,  less  than  a  line  long,  the  white  petals  twice  longer  :  pods  (not  mature)  2  to 
3  lines  long,  somewhat  obcompressed,  obtuse  at  base  and  scarcely  attenuate  above, 
beaked  with  the  short  thick  style  ;  valves  faintly  nerved  :  seeds  small,  10  or  more 
in  each  cell ;  cotyledons  obliquely  incumbent.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  123. 

Hills  around  Klamath  Lake  (Fremont)  ;  Sierra  Co.  (?),  Lemmmi.  Ikluch  resembling  the  last 
species  in  habit,  but  referred  to  the  genus  with  doubt  as  the  fruit  is  apparently  abnonnal  in  being 
comparatively  obtuse  and  terete,  and  in  the  obliquity  of  the  cotyledons. 

17.   NASTURTIUM,  R.  Brown. 

Pod  oblong  or  short-linear,  terete  or  nearly  so  :  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  in  2 
rows,  small,  turgid  :  cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Growing  in  water  or  in  moist  places, 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  white  or  yellow  flowers,  and  with  the  leaves  (in  our  spe- 
cies) pinnatifid  or  lyrate. 

A  genus  widely  distributed,  of  scarcely  20  species  according  to  Bentham  and  Hooker,  but  many 
more  are  recognized  by  most  authors.  There  are  about  10  native  American  species,  chiefly 
confined  to  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  region  westward. 

*  Flowers,  small,  pak  yellow :  stevis  not  rooting  :  leaves  pinnatifid  or  toothed. 

1.  N.  palustre,  DC.  A  stout  biennial,  glabrous,  erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  branch- 
ing :  leaves  lanceolate,  lyrately  pinnatifid,  petioled,  2  to  6  inches  long  :  petals  a 
line  long  :  pods  oblong,  3  to  4  line^  long,  equalling  the  spreading  pedicels,  acutish 
at  each  end  or  obtuse  above,  tipped  by  the  prominent  style. 

Var.  hispidum,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Somewhat  hispid  :  pods  shorter,  globose- 
oblong,  2  lines  long. 

Near  the  eastern  border  of  the  State  in  Trackee  Valley  (  Watson),  and  common  north  and  east- 
ward, from  Arctic  America  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

2.  N.  curvisiliqua,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  smooth,  usually  erect,  -|  to  1 
foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  pinnatifid  Avith  oblong  usually 
toothed  lobes,  rarely  only  sinuate-toothed  :  petals  a  little  exceeding  the  sepals  :  pods 
rather  slender,  4  to  6  lines  long ;  style  prominent  or  none ;  pedicels  usually  nearly 


Subularia.  CRUCIFER^.  .  43 

as  long,  and  both  often  strongly  curved.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  73.  N.  cernuum 
&  polymorphum,  N^utt.  1.  c. 

Var.  lyratum,  AYatson.  Often  decumbent  and  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base  :  leaves  with  broader  coarsely  toothed  lobes,  frequently  narrowed  at  the  base  : 
pod  more  turgid,  shortly  pedicelled.  —  JSf.  lyratum,  Nutt.  1.  c.     Watson,  1.  c.  15. 

Frequent  in  Washington  TeiTitory  and  Oregon,  ranging  southward  (especially  the  variety)  to 
the  Sacramento  and  N.  Xevada. 

3.  N.  sinuatum,  Xutt.  1.  c.  Stems  diffuse,  slender,  decumbent,  smooth  or 
slightly  rougliened,  "  from  perennial  creeping  or  subterranean  shoots  "  :  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, usually  narrow,  l^  to  3  inches  long,  regularly  sinuate-pinnatiftd  with 
numerous  linear-oblong  nearly  entire  lobes  :  flowers  2  lines  long  :  pods  linear,  half 
an  inch  long  or  less,  tipped  with  the  long  style,  becoming  curved,  as  also  the  slender 
pedicel.  —  Watson,  1.  c.  15. 

W.  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  ( IFatsoii),  S.  Nevada  ( Wlieekr),  and  probably  along  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ranging  eastward  to  New  Mexico  and  the  Upper  Mississippi. 

*  *  Flowers  rather  large,  white :  introdiiced  perennials. 

4.  N.  officinale,  K.  Br.  Aquatic,  smooth,  procumbent,  rooting  at  the  joints  : 
leaves  pinnate  witli  rounded  to  oblong  obtusely  sinuate  leaHets,  often  reduced  to  only 
the  terminal  one  :  petals  1 J  to  2  lines  long  :  pods  half  an  inch  long,  acute  at  each 
end,  eqvialling  the  spreading  pedicels ;  valves  slightly  nerved ;  style  short,  thick. 

The  Water-Cress  of  Europe,  often  cultivated  and  widely  naturalized. 

N.  AuiiORACiA,  Fries,  the  common  Horseradish,  will  doubtless  become  naturalized  in  the 
State.  A  stout  perennial  with  fusiform  root,  rarely  fruiting  ;  leaves  large,  oblong-lanceolate, 
crenately  toothed  ;  petals  3  lines  long  ;  pods  2  lines  long,  turgid. 

18.  VESICARIA,  Tourn.        Bladder-pod. 

Pod  ovate  to  globose ;  valves  rigid,  strongly  convex,  nerveless.     Seeds  few,  in  2 

rows,  flattened,  rarely  somewhat  margined  :  cotyledons  accumbent.     Style  long  and 

slender.  —  Low  densely  stellate-canescent    herbs ;   Avith  large  yellow  flowers,  and 

entire  or  sinuately  toothed  leaves. 

A  genus  of  about  20  American  species,  most  abundant  in  Texas  and  northward,  with  a  few  spe- 
cies in  Southern  Europe  and  Syria,  which  differ  in  habit  and  in  their  large  broadly  winged  seeds. 

1.  V.  montana,  Gray.  Perennial  :  stems  ascending  or  decumbent,  3  to  8 
inches  long  :  radical  leaves  orbicular  or  obovate  on  elongated  petioles,  the  cauline 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  entire  or  rarely  with  1  or  2  teeth  :  flowers  bright  yellow, 
3  lines  long,  the  petals  a  little  exserted  :  pods  oblong-ovoid,  2^-  lines  long,  erect  on 
slender  recurved  pedicels,  the  style  a  third  shorter.  — Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  18G3,  58. 

Lassen's  Peak  (Lemnion),  and  eastward  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado. 

19.  SUBULARIA,  Linn.        Awlwokt. 

Pod  small,  ovoid,  slightly  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition  :  valves  convex, 
1-nerved.  Seeds  several,  not  winged:  cotyledons  incumbent.  Style  none. — A 
dwarf  stemless  aquatic,  with  tufted  subulate  leaves,  and  few  minute  white  flowers. 

A  single  species,  inhabiting  the  margins  of  lakes  in  Europe,  Siberia,  and  N.  America. 

1.  S.  aquatica,  Linn.  Scapes  slender,  1  to  3  inches  high,  from  slender  run- 
ning rootstocks  with  numerous  fibrous  rootlets  :  leaves  usually  shorter  than  the 
scapes  :  flowers  scattered,  less  than  a  line  long,  the  petals  not  exserted  :  pods  1|- 
lines  long,  about  equalling  the  pedicels,  obtuse. 

In  pools  in  Mono  Pass  on  the  Upper  Tuolumne  River  (Bolander),  at  10,000  feet  altitude.  Yel- 
lowstone Lake,  Wyoming  {Parry)  ;  lakes  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 


44  CRUCIFER^.  Tropidocarpum. 

20.  TROPIDOCARPUM,  Hook. 

Pod  linear,  flattened  laterally,  often  1 -celled  by  the  disappearance  of  the  narrow 
partition  :  valves  carinate,  1 -nerved.  Seeds  in  two  rows,  minute,  flattened,  not 
winged :  cotyledons  incumbent.  Style  short.  —  A  low  slender  hirsute  brandling 
annual,  with  pinnately  divided  leaves,  and  yellow  solitary  axillary  flowers. 

1.  T.  gracile,  Hook.  Stems  weak,  2  feet  high  or  less  :  leaves  pinnatifid  or 
rarely  2-pinnatitid,  with  narrow  or  linear  segments  :  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
bract-like  leaves ;  petals  1|  to  3  lines  long,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  obtuse 
sepals  :  pods  6  to  30  lines  long,  more  than  a  line  broad,  pointed  at  both  ends, 
ascending  on  slender  spreading  pedicels  10  to  20  lines  long.  — Ic,  PI.  t.  43.  T.  sea- 
briusculum,  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  52. 

Valleys  and  low  hills  in  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Los  Angeles  to  the  Sacramento. 

21.  CAPSELLA,  Moench. 

Pod  obcordate  or  oblong,  much  flattened  laterally,  many-seeded  :  valves  carinate, 
1-nerved.  Seeds  not  winged  :  cotyledons  incumbent.  Style  none  or  very  short.  — 
Slender  and  mostly  smooth  annuals ;  with  small  white  flowers,  and  simple  or  pin- 
nate leaves. 

Only  half  a  dozen  species  are  known,  somewhat  diverse  in  habit  and  characters,  natives  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  —  two  North  American,  of  which  one  enters  California. 

1.  C.  divaricata,  "VValp.  Glabrous,  very  slender  and  difiusely  branched,  3  to 
1 2  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  an  inch  long  or  less,  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  with  few 
lobes,  the  upper  oblanceolate  to  linear,  entire  :  pods  elliptic-oblong,  2  lines  long,  on 
very  slender  spreading  pedicels.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  28.  Hymenolohus  diva- 
ricatus  &  erectus,  ^utt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  117. 

In  saline  or  alkaline  soils  ;  Vallejo  {Greene) ;  S.  Califoniia  {Coulter) ;  and  eastward  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Columbia  River  to  Colorado  and  S.  Utah. 

2.  C.  Bursa-pastoris,  Moench.  -  Usually  somewhat  hirsute  at  base,  12  to  18 
inches  high,  branching :  radical  leaves  mostly  runcinate-pinnatifid,  the  cauline  lan- 
ceolate auricled  at  base,  toothed  or  entire  :  pods  cuneate-triangular,  truncate  above, 
1  to  2  lines  long  and  broad  :  pedicels  widely  spreading  :  seeds  numerous,  minute. 

Originally  from  Europe,  now  naturalized  as  a  harmless  weed  over  most  of  the  civilized  world  ; 
known  as  Shepherds  Purse. 

22.   LYROCARPA,  Hook.  &  Harv. 

Pod  fiddle-shaped  or  reniform-obcordate,  strongly  flattened  laterally,  somewhat 
acutely  carinate :  cells  2  -  5-seeded.  Seeds  rounded,  flattened,  narrowly  winged  : 
cotyledons  accumbent.  Style  very  short :  stigma  2-lobed.  — Pubescent  annuals ; 
leaves  lyrately  pinnatifid,  petioled ;  flowers  purplish,  Avith  long  narrow  calyx. 

1.  L.  Coulteri,  Hook.  &  Harv.  Canescently  pubescent  throughout  with  branched 
hairs ;  stem  about  a  foot  high,  loosely  branched  :  leaves  all  petioled,  oblong,  lyrately 
pinnatifid,  1  to  2  inches  long :  flowers  in  a  very  open  raceme,  spreading  or  deflexed  : 
petals  linear,  acuminate,  9  lines  long  :  pods  fiddle-shaped,  6  to  8  lines  long,  4  to  5 
wide,  pubescent :  stigma  dilated,  depressed.  —  Loud.  Jour.  Bot.  iv.  76,  t.  4. 

Collected  only  by  Coulter,  the  precise  locality  unknown  ;  probably  in  S.  California  or  "W. 
Arizona.  An  immature  specimen  from  Cape  San  Lucas  (Xantus)  is  perhaps  distinct,  having 
shorter  petals,  with  a  dilated  blade,  and  a  less  depressed  conical  stigma. 

L.  Palmeri,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  123,  fioin  tlie  Big  Canon  of  the  Tantillas  Mountains, 
below  San  Diego,  differs  from  the  original  type  of  the  genus  in  its  renifonn-obcordate  pod,  4  to  5 
lines  wide,  with  2-seeded  cells  ;  upper  seed  horizontal,  the  lower  pendulous  :  petals  linear. 


Lepidium.  CRTJCIFER^.  45 

23.  ^THLASPI,  Linn. 

Pod  cuneate-oblong  or  obcordate,  laterally  compressed,  usually  emarginate  at  the 

apex,  few-seeded ;  valves  acutely  carinate  or  winged.     Seeds  somewhat  turgid,  not 

winged ;   cotyledons  accumbent.     Style  rather  long.  —  Low  glabrous  herbs   with 

simple  stems ;  lower  leaves  rosulate,  entire  or  toothed  ;  the  cauline  oblong,  auricled 

and  clasping ;  flow.ers  white  or  pinkish. 

About  25  or  30  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate  and  colder  regions  chiefly  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  But  a  single  species  is  indigenous  to  America,  common  also  to  the  mountains  of 
Europe  and  Asia. 

1.  T.  alpestre,  Linn.  Stems  several  from  a  branching  perennial  rootstock,  1  to 
15  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  obovate  or  elliptical,  an  inch  long  including  the 
slender  petiole,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed ;  cauline  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  entire, 
obtuse  or  acutish  :  flowers  white,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  pods  obovate  to  cuneate-oblong, 
3  or  4  lines  long,  emarginate  or  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  summit,  4  -  8-seeded, 
tipped  by  a  style  a  line  long,  horizontal  on  short  pedicels.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  31.  T.  cochlear i forme,  DC,  and  T.  montanum,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  58;  Torr,  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  114.     T.  Fendleri,  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  14. 

Alpine  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  British  America,  in  Oregon  and  in  the 
mountains  of  Nevada  and  Arizona.  Probably  to  be  found  in  N.  California  and  perhaps  southward 
in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

24.  LEPIDIUM,  Linn.        Pepper-grass. 

Pod  orbicular  or  obovate,  strongly  flattened  laterally,  emarginately  2-winged  at 
the  summit ;  valves  acutely  carinate  ;  the  cells  1-seeded.  Seeds  not  winged ;  coty- 
ledons incumbent  (very  rarely  accumbent).  —  Low  herbs ;  with  pinnatifid  or  toothed 
leaves,  and  small  white  (in  one  species  yellow)  flowers.  The  petals  in  many  of  our 
species  are  often  wanting,  and  the  stamens  only  2  or  4. 

A  genus  of  nearly  100  species,  of  both  temperate  zones.  Of  the  16  North  American  species  a 
single  one  is  found  on  tho  Atlantic  Coast,  the  rest  being  limited  chiefly  to  the  southwest  and 
to  the  region  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  mostly  low  annuals  of  peculiar  habit. 

*  Low  annuals :  pedicels  flattened :  petals  white,   often  wanting :  stamens  2  to  4: : 

style  none. 
-(-  Pod  reticulated. 

1.  L.  latipes,  Hook.  Hispid  Avith  short  spreading  hairs  or  the  leaves  glabrous  : 
stems  several,  stout,  simple,  1  to  3  inches  long  :  leaves  exceeding  the  stems,  irregu- 
larly and  coarsely  pinnatifid,  the  segments  linear  and  entire  or  lobod  :  racemes  short 
and  capitate,  in  fruit  an  inch  long  or  less  ;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long  :  sepals  very 
unequal :  petals  broadly  spatulate,  ciliate,  greenish,  1  to  2  lines  long,  much  exceed- 
ing the  sepals  :  pod  broadly  oval,  2  lines  Ijroad,  sparingly  pubescent,  strongly  reticu- 
lated, the  broad  acute  wings  nearly  as  long  as  the  pod.  —  Ic.  PI.  t.  41 ;  Torr.  <k 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  116. 

In  saline  soils  near  the  coast,  from  Martinez  to  San  Luis  Rey, 

2.  L.  dictyotum,  Gray.  Pubescent  throughout  with  short  spreading  hairs  or 
the  leaves  glabrous  :  stems  1  to  3  inches  high,  ascending,  slender,  branching :  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  1  or  2  inches  long,  entire  or  pinnatifid  with  a  few  linear  lobes  : 
petals  but  little  exceeding  the  sepals  or  wanting  :  stamens  4  :  pods  rounded,  1|-  lines 
broad,  emarginate  with  two  short  acute  wings,  finely  reticulated  and  pubescent,  ex- 
ceeding the  thick  erect  pedicels.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  329  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  30,  t.  4. 

Under  sage-brush  in  early  spring  at  Carson  City  and  Steamboat  Springs,  Nevada,  Anderson, 
WcUson,  Mann. 


46  CRUCIFER^.  fr  Lepidium. 

3.  L.  oxycarpum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  I^early  smooth  :  stems  slender,  ascending, 
simple  or  branched,  3  to  6  inches  high :  leaves  linear,  pinnatifid  with  a  few  nar- 
roAvly  linear  or  hliform  segments  or  entire  :  raceme  lax,  elongated  :  sepals  unequal ; 
soon  deciduous:  petals  none:  stamens  2:  pods  smooth,  rounded,  1^^  lines  broad, 
nodding  on  slender  pedicels  as  long  as  the  pod,  the  broad  and  acute  teeth  short  and 
divergent.  —  Fl.  i.  116. 

Var.  (])  strictum,  Watson.  Sepals  green,  persistent :  fruiting  racemes  crowded, 
the  pedicels  erect :  wings  less  acute  and  spreading  :  lobes  of  the  leaves  less  elongated. 

Vallejo,  Greene.  Also  by  Domjlas  and  Coulter,  probably  in  the  same  region.  The  variety  lias 
been  collected  only  by  Itattun,  near  Placerville,  and  is  hardly  referable  to  this  species. 

-i-  -i~  Pod  not  reticulated  or  scarcely  so. 

4.  L.  nitidum,  Xutt.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent  :  stems  simple  or 
branched,  3  to  10  inches  high:  leaves  pinnately  cut  into  riarrow  linear  acuminate 
segments,  the  uppermost  often  entire  :  petals  present,  small :  pods  in  a  loose  raceme, 
spreading,  glabrous  and  shining,  rounded,  1|  to  2  lines  broad,  acutely  margined; 
the  wings  short,  obtuse  and  slightly  spreading :  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long :  seeds 
often  ash-colored.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Y\.  i.  116.  L.  leiocarpum,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot. 
Beechey,  324. 

In  winter  and  early  spring,  from  above  San  Francisco  to  Los  Angeles. 

5.  L.  Menziesii,  DC.  Hispid  or  pubescent :  stems  3  to  0  inches  high,  branched  : 
leaves  oblong,  all  pinnatifid  with  short  oblong  or  spatulate  acutish  segments,  which 
are  rarely  sparingly  toothed  :  petals  none  :  pods  glabrous,  rounded,  1  to  li  lines 
broad,  not  margined  except  by  the  short  very  obtuse  teeth  at  the  summit  :  pedicels 
spreading  or  recurved,  1  or  2  lines  long,  slender  and  often  scarcely  flattened.  — 
Syst.  ii.  539  ;  &  Prodr.  i.  205. 

Santa  Barbara  {Nuttall)  to  Los  Angeles  {Brciver)  ;  Guadalupe  Lsland,  Palmer.  These  speci- 
mens accord  with  others  raised  from  seeds  cultivated  under  the  name  in  the  garden  at  Geneva 
prior  to  1840,  and  with  De  Gandolle's  description  based  upon  t\w  original  specimens  of  Men- 
zies  from  "California."  The  Oregon  plant  refeiTed  to  this  species  has  been  for  the  most  part 
L.  intermedium,  though  the  one  so  named  by  Torrey  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  is  aj^parently  L.  Vir- 
ginicum  with  unusually  deeply  pinnatifid  l^ves. 

6.  L.  lasiocarpiim,  Nntt.  Roughly  puberulent  or  pubescent  with  short  spread- 
ing hairs  :  stems  rather  stout,  branched,  3  to  10  inches  high,  decumbent :  lower 
leaves  3  to  4  inches  long,  more  or  less  ciliolate  at  least  on  the  petioles,  pinnate,  Avith 
ovate  to  oblong  sparingly  toothed  segments  ;  upj^er  leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  incisely 
pinnatifid  with  narrow  lobes,  or  the  uppermost  entire  :  petals  none  or  very  small : 
stamens  2  :  pods  rounded,  1|  to  2  lines  broad,  hispid  on  the  margin,  winged  at  the 
apex  with  short  very  obtuse  teeth,  crowded  in  a  narrow  i-aceme  on  short  ascending 
or  horizontal  pedicels.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  115. 

Santa  Barbara  (Nuttall) ;  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer.     Closely  allied  to  the  last  species. 

L.  Wpjghtii,  Gray.  A  veiy  similar  species,  hirsute  with  spreatling  haii-s  ;  leaves  pinnatifid 
or  toothed  ;  pods  hispid,  rather  broadly  winged  at  the  summit.  Of  the  Kio  Grande  Valley,  ranging 
westward  nearly  to  the  Colorado  ;  appears  to  be  in  N.  W.  Nevada,  Tarrcy,  Lcnimon. 

*  *  Low  annuals :  pedicels  terete :  petals  yelloiv :  stamens  6  :  style  elongated  •  piods 

reticidated. 

7.  L.  flavum,  Torrey.  Glabrous,  decumbent,  difl'usely  branched  :  stems  3  to  G 
inches  long  :  radical  leaves  pinnatifid  with  short  obtuse  lobes ;  cauline  leaves  few, 
oblanceolate,  acutely  toothed  or  entire  :  racemes  short,  nearly  sessile  :  petals  bright 
yellow  :  pods  orbicular,  a  line  broad  or  more,  shortly  winged  with  broad  divergent 
acutish  teeth,  on  spreading  or  deflexed  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long  :  style  nearly  as 
long  as  the  pod. — Pacif.  11.  Rep.  iv.  67  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  30. 

On  the  Mohave  River  (Fre)nont,  Bigelow) ;  also  about  Humboldt  Lake  and  in  the  upper  valley 
of  the  Humboldt  River,  N.  Nevada. 


Physaria.  CRUCIFER^.  47 

*  %  %  Stouter  and  often  tall,*mostly  biennial  or  j^erennial :  ^^edicels  terete. 
4-  Annual :  petals  small  or  usually  none :  stamens  '1  :  style  none  or  very  short. 

8.  L.  intenuedium,  Gray.  Erect  and  brandling,  witli  the  habit  of  L.  Virgini- 
cum,  h  to  li  I'eut  liigli,  puberulent  or  glabrous:  lower  leaves  1  to  2  inches  long, 
tootlied  or  pinnatitid,  the  upper  often  entire  or  but  sparingly  toothed,  oblanceolate 
or  linear  :  petals  wanting  in  the  western  form  :  pods  smooth  or  rarely  puberulent, 
rounded,  1  to  li  lines  broad,  very  shortly  winged  with  somewhat  divergent  obtuse 
teeth  :  pedicels  spreading,  2  lines  long.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  15. 

The  more  common  siiecies  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  widely  distributed  through  tlie  interior, 
ranging  from  the  Cohmibia  Valley  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  southward  to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and 
S.  CaUfornia.     The  typical  form  of  Texas  and  New  Mexico  has  rather  small  petals. 

-(-  -i-  Biennial  or  pej'ennial :  petals  conspicuous :  stamens  G  :  style  exceeding  the  wings. 

9.  L.  montaaum,  Xutt.  Biennial,  puberulent  or  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous, 
1 1  feet  high  or  less:  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  oblong  to  lanceolate  segments  usually 
more  or  less  divided,  especially  on  the  upper  side  ;  uppermost  leaves  with  few  seg- 
ments or  linear  and  entire  :  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  :  pods  a  line  broad, 
ovate,  narrowly  Avinged  above  with  short  acutish  teeth.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  116; 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  29. 

In  dry  valleys  and  on  hillsides  from  the  "Snake  Country"  (Tolmic)  through  Nevada  to 
Sonora,  New  Mexico,  and  Colorado.  Anderson's  specimens  from  near  Carson  City  are  perennial 
and  approach  the  next. 

10.  L.  alyssoides,  Gray.  Puberulent  or  often  glabrous  and  glaucous,  from  a 
perennial  root,  diffusely  branched,  |  to  1  foot  high  :  leaves  linear,  2  to  3  inches 
long,  the  lowest  sparingly  lobed  with  linear  segments  :  flowers  large  :  pods  from 
narrowly  oblong  or  linear  becoming  ovate,  1  to  1^  lines  broad,  shortly  winged 
above  with  acutish  teeth.  —  PI.  Fendl.  10. 

In  alkaline  soils,  from  N.  Nevada  and  Colorado  to  Northern  Mexico. 

11.  L.  Fremontii,  Watson.  Perennial  with  a  somewhat  woody  base,  diffusely 
branched,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  1  to  1|  feet  high  :  leaves  linear,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  entire  or  sparingly  lobed  :  racemes  rather  short  and  few-flowered,  terminal  and 
lateral :  pods  rounded,  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  2  to  4  lines  broad,  slightly  emar- 
ginate  with  short  very  obtuse  teeth.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  30,  t.  4. 

In  diy  deserts  ;  Mohave  Eiver  {Fremont)  ;  Northwestern  Nevada  (  Watson,  Lemmon)  ;  S.  Utah 
{Parry) ;  S.  Colorado,  Rothrock. 

25.  PHYSARIA,  Nutt. 

Pod  didymous,  with  a  short  narrow  partition;  cells  inflated,  nearly  globular, 
membranaceous,  nerveless,  several-seeded.  Seeds  not  winged ;  cotyledons  accum- 
bent.  —  Low  and  stellately  canescent  perennials ;  leaves  mostly  entire ;  the  flowers 
yellow. 

Tliree  species  are  known,  confined  to  the  interior  of  the  continent,  with  the  habit  of  Vcsicaria, 
to  wliich  they  are  referred  by  Bentham  and  Hooker. 

1.  P.  didymocarpa,  Gray.  Decumbent,  diffusely  branched:  radical  leaves 
broadly  spatulate,  occasionally  lyrate  ;  the  cauline  oblanceolate,  mostly  entire :  flowers 
shoAvy  ;  racemes  short :  pods  2  to  0  lines  in  diameter,  deeply  emarginate  above  and 
below,  the  cells  usually  approximate,  sometimes  divergent ;  the  partition  only  1  to 
IJ  lines  long.  —  Gen.  111.  i.  162  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  20.  Vesicaria  didymo- 
carpa, Hook.  Fl.  i.  49,  t.  16. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado  and  northward  to  Brit- 
ish America. 


48  CRUCIFER^.  *  Senebiera. 

26.  SENEBIERA,  DC. 

Pod  didymous,  2-celled  ;  cells  indehiscent,  subglobose,  separating  at  maturity  from 
the  persistent  linear  axis,  nerveless,  strongly  rugose  or  tuberculate,  1-seeded.  Seed 
turgid,  not  winged  ;  cotyledons  incumbent.  —  Diffuse  or  prostrate  annuals  or  bien- 
nials, with  minute  white  flowers  in  racemes  opposite  to  the  pinnatifid  leaves.  Sta- 
mens often  only  two. 

Half  a  dozen  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  and  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

1.  S.  didyma,  Pers.  Somewhat  hirsute  :  stems  diffusely  branched,  |  to  1|  feet 
long :  leaves  petioled,  with  small  narrow  segments :  pods  small,  emarguiate  above 
and  below,  strongly  reticulated,  a  line  broad  or  more.  —  aS'.  pinnatifida,  DC.  ;  Gray, 
Gen.  111.  i.  166,  t.  72. 

San  Pablo  Landing  (Bolandcr)  ;  introduced  and  probably  confined  to  sandy  localities  near  the 
Bay  of  San  Francisco.     Widely  distributed  in  warm  regions  around  the  globe. 

27.  BISCUTELLA,  Linn. 

Pod  flattened  laterally,  2-celled ;  cells  nearly  orbicular,  indehiscent,  with  a  thick- 
ened margin,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  linear  axis,  1-seeded.  Seeds 
flat,  horizontal,  not  winged  ;  cotyledons  accumbent. — Erect  annual  or  biennial,  his- 
pid or  tomentose  brandling  herbs ;  with  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  yellow  or 
purplish  flowers. 

A  genus  of  3  or  more  species,  belonging  to  the  Mediterranean  region,  to  which  Bentham  and 
Hooker  have  added  the  two  following,  previously  kept  distinct  under  the  name  Dithyrcua.  They 
form  a  section  differing  from  the  Old  World  sj^cies  in  the  nearly  sessile  and  conical  or  2-lobed 
broad  stigma,  the  simple  racemes,  whitish  or  purplish  flowers,  stellate  tomentum,  and  more  leafy 
stems. 

1.  B.  Califomica,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Tomentose  with  stellate  hairs,  annual : 
stems  6  to  15  inches  high,  erect  or  ascending:  radical  leaves  spatulate,  sinuately 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  the  upper  cuneate-oblong,  sessile  :  sepals  tomentose,  linear,  2 
to  3  lines  long ;  petals  (purple  f)  linear-spatulate,  half  an  inch  long :  racemes  loose 
and  elongated  in  fruit :  pods  4  or  5  lines  wide  and  half  as  long,  emarginate  above 
and  below,  pubescent  especially  on  the  margin,  with  a  small  cavity  adjoining  the 
axis  :  style  short :  stigma  dilated  and  depressed  :  pedicels  horizontal,  a  line  long. — 
Gen.  Plant,  i.  91.     Dithyrcea  Califomica,  Harv.  in  Lond.  Jour.  Eot.  iv.  77,  t.  5. 

On  sand-hills  near  the  Colorado  Eiver  ;  rare.  B.  AVislizexi,  Engelm.,  is  found  farther  to  the 
east,  from  Arizona  to  Texas.  It  is  a  foot  or  two  high,  more  leafy  ;  pods  larger,  broadly  tmncate 
above,  deeply  cordate  at  base  ;  stigma  conical ;  pedicels  5  to  8  lines  long. 

28.  THYSANOCARPUS,  Hook. 

Pod  1 -celled,  indehiscent,  plano-convex  and  much  compressed,  orbicular,  winged 
or  margined,  1-seeded:  seed  pendulous,  somewhat  flattened,  not  winged.  —  Erect 
and  slender  sparingly  branched  spring  annuals ;  with  minute  white  or  rose-colored 
flowers,  the  fruit  mostly  pendulous  on  slender  pedicels  in  elongated  racemes. 

1.  T.  curvipes,  Hook.  Somewhat  hirsute  at  base,  glabrous  above,  |  to  2  feet 
high :  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  pinnatifid  or  sinuately  toothed ; 
the  upper  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  clasping  by  a  broad  auricled 
base,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed :  pods  round  to  obovate  or  ovate,  densely  tomentose 
or  glabrous,  2  to  4  lines  in  diameter  including  the  entire  or  crenate  veined  and 
often  perforated  wing,  emarginate  at  the  summit  and  tipped  by  the  short  purple 
style  :  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long.  —  Fl.  i.  69,  t.  18.  T.  pulcliellus  &  elegans,  Fischer 
&' Meyer;  Hook.  Ic.  PL  t.  39. 


Raphanus.  CAPPARIDACEJE.  49 

Very  common  on  dry  hillsides  from  IjO#  Angeles  to  Oregon  ;  also  in  W.  Nevada  and  Arizona. 
The  form  with  perforated  wing  is  frequently  known  as  iMce-pod. 

2.  T.  laciniatUS,  iS^utt.  Smaller  and  more  slender  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or 
else  pinnately  or  runcinately  cut  into  narrowly  linear  segments ;  the  cauline  scarcely 
auricled  at  base  :  pods  obovate,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  2  to  3  lines  long,  cuneate  at 
base,  surrounded  by  a  narrow  entire  or  somewhat  crenate  wing.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  118 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  31. 

Var.  crenatus,  Brewer.  The  broader  wing  more  deeply  crenate  or  fringed  with 
rounded  lobes.  —  T.  crenatus,  IS^utt.  1.  c. 

Less  common  than  the  last,  ranging  from  the  Sacramento  to  S.  California  and  eastward  in 
Arizona  ;  the  variety  sometimes  known  as  Fringe-pod. 

3.  T.  radians,  Benth.  Glabrous,  1  to  1^  feet  high  :  radical  leaves  runcinate- 
pinnatitid,  the  caiUine  ovate-lanceolate  and  auriculate-clasping  :  petals  about  equal- 
ling the  sepals  :  pods  round,  4  to  5  lines  in  diameter,  tomentose  or  smooth,  scarcely 
emarginate,  with  a  broad  entire  translucent  wing  conspicuously  marked  by  radiating 
nerves  :  style  very  short :  pedicels  6  to  8  lines  long,  recurved.  —  PI.  Hartw.  297. 

Valleys  and  low  hills  in  Central  California,  much  less  frequent  than  the  preceding. 

4.  T.  pusillus,  Hook.  Roughly  pubescent  throughout,  3  to  12  inches  high  : 
lower  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  entire  or  remotely  dentate,  :j  to  1  inch  long, 
shortly  petioled ;  cauline  leaves  similar  but  smaller,  usually  entire,  sessile  but  not 
clasping :  flowers  barely  a  line  long,  sometimes  apetalous :  pods  obovate  to  orbicular, 
a  line  long  or  less,  hirsute  with  hooked  hairs,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  emarginate : 
style  short :  pedicels  1  to  2  lines  long,  at  length  reflexed.  —  Ic.  PI.  t.  43 ;  Hook.  & 
Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  324.      T.  ohlongifolius,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  PL  i.  118. 

Common  on  low  dry  hills  from  Los  Angeles  to  Vancouver  Island. 

T.  ERECTUS,  Watson,  is  an  additional  species  from  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer.  Glabrous  and 
leafy  :  leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  auriculate-clasping,  sinuately  dentate  :  fruit  on  erect  pedicels, 
minutely  pubescent,  the  wing  entire,  not  nerved  nor  perforated. 

29.  RAPHANUS,  Linn.        Radish. 

Pod  indehiscent,  elongated,  terete,  attenuated  above,  2-jointed ;  lower  joint  often 
seedless,  the  upper  inflated  or  constricted  between  the  several  seeds.  Style  long  and 
stout.     Cotyledons  enfolding  the  radicle.  —  Coarse  introduced  annuals  or  biennials. 

The  species  are  now  reduced  to  half  a  dozen  or  less,  all  natives  of  the  Eastern  Continent. 

1.  R.  sativus,  Linn.  More  or  less  hispid  :  flowers  purple  or  rose-color,  8  to  10 
lines  long  :  pod  inflated,  long-pointed,  1  to  2|  inches  long,  usually  2-seeded. 

The  ordinary  Radish,  common  in  fields  in  various  parts  of  the  State  ;  the  root  not  fleshy  but 
tough  and  stringy.     There  are  numerous  varieties  in  cultivation. 

R.  Raphanistrum,  Linn.  Petals  yellow,  veined,  becoming  whitish  or  purplish  :  pods  neck- 
lace-shaped, long-beaked,  1  -  9-seeded,  breaking  easily  between  the  seeds.  Known  as  Wild 
Radish,  and  naturalized  in  various  parts  of  the  world  as  a  troublesome  weed  in  cultivated  fields. 
To  be  expected  in  California. 

Order  VIII.    CAP P ARID ACE^. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  hypogynous  flowers ;  related  to 
Cruciferoe,  having  the  sepals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  petals  (with  claws)  4,  the 
stamens  commonlj'  6,  and  a  pod  with  a  pair  of  parietal  placentae  from  which  the 
valves  fall  away  ;  but  the  embryo  is  incurved  rather  than  folded,  and  the  juice  or 
herbage,  although  sometimes  pungent  (as  in  Capers),  is  generally  nauseous  or  bitter. 
—  Stamens  sometimes  numerous,  when  6  nearly  equal  in  length,  or  not  distinctly 


50  CAPPARIDACE^.  >  Isomeris. 

tetradynamous.  Style  and  stigma  one.  Ovary  and  fruit  commonly  raised  on  a 
stipe,  1 -celled,  sometimes  2-celled,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  globose-reniform. 
Leaves  either  simple  or  palmately  compound.     Pedicels  commonly  bracteate. 

An  order  of  24  genera  and  about  300  species,  of  warm-temperate  and  tropical  regions,  liere 
characterized  from  that  portion  of  it  which  has  capsular  fruit,  only  2  placentae,  and  few  stamens, 
the  tribe  CLEOMEa;.  But  the  larger  part  of  the  order  in  warm  regions,  of  the  tribe  Cappare^ 
(of  which  the  Caper-plant  is  the  type),  consists  of  shrubs  or  trees,  with  fleshy  fruit,  sometimes 
with  several  placentse  and  numerous  stamens.  Of  the  six  genera  here  admitted,  one  is  peculiar 
to  the  coast-district  of  California  ;  the  others  belong  to  the  diy  interior  region  and  barely  reach 
the  eastern  borders  of  the  State. 

Atamisquea  emarginata,  Miers,  a  shrub,  with  a  fleshy  1-2-seeded  fruit,  native  of  Chili  or 
Buenos  Ayres,  is  said  to  be  in  Coulter's  Califomian  collection  ;  but  we  find  no  trace  of  it  in  the 
State  nor  in  Arizona. 

*  Shrubby,  with  racemose  flowers  and  an  inflated  capsular  fruit. 

1.  Isomeris.     Calyx  4-cleft,  persistent.     Corolla  yellow.     Stamens  6.     Ovaiy  long-stipitate. 

*  *  Herbs,  with  racemose  flowers, 
-t-  Fruit  pod-like,  1 -celled,  several  -  many-seeded. 

2.  Polanisia.     Stamens  8  to  32.     Flowers  whitish  or  purple.     Pod  elongated. 

3.  Cleome.     Stamens  6.     Flowers  yellow  or  pink-purple.     Pod  oblong  or  linear. 

4.  Cleomella.   Stamens  6.    Flowers  yellow.    Pod  rhomboidal,  2-horned,  or  globular,  few-seeded. 

-i-  +■  Fruit  didymous,  2-celled  ;  the  cells  separating  as  small  l-seeded  nutlets ! 

5.  "Wislizenia.    Stamens  6.     Style  filiform.     Nutlets  open  at  the  scar. 

6.  Oxystylis.     Style  becoming  subulate  and  spiuescent.     Nutlets  closed. 

1.  ISOMERIS,  Nutt. 

Calyx  persistent,  4-cleft,  the  lobes  ovate,  acuminate.  Petals  sessile,  oblong, 
equal.  Torus  fleshy,  dilated  above,  somewhat  pro'duced  on  the  upper  side.  Sta- 
mens 6,  on  the  torus,  at  length  long-exserted.  Pod  large,  inflated,  coriaceous, 
long-stipitate,  1-celled,  many-seeded :  style  very  short :  stigma  minute.  Seeds 
large,  smooth.  —  A  low  ill-scented  shrub ;  with  puberulent  branches,  trifoliolate 
petioled  leaves,  and  large  yellow  flowers,  axillary  or  in  bracteate  racemes. 

1.  L  arborea,  N'utt.  Stout,  much  branched,  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  glandular- 
puberulent  or  nearly  smooth,  the  uppermost  and  the  floral  bracts  1-foliolate;  leaflets 
thickish,  narrowly  oblong  or  elliptical,  |  to  1  inch  long,  entire,  mucronate,  nearly 
sessile  :  pedicels  equalling  the  leaves  :  petals  5  to  8  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the 
calyx  :  pod  1  to  1^  inches  long,  abruptly  acute  above,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  stipe 
nearly  as  long.— Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  124;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3842;  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound,  t.  4. 

Common  in  dry  soils  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego.    The  wood  is  hard,  brittle,  and  yellow. 

2.  POLANISIA,  Raf. 

Sepals  4,  deciduous,  lanceolate,  sometimes  connate  at  base.  Petals  unguiculate 
or  sessile,  equal  or  unequal.  Torus  small,  depressed.  Stamens  8  or  more,  inserted 
below  the  torus.  Pod  membranaceous,  very  shortly  stipitate,  elongated,  compressed 
or  cylindrical,  many-seeded.  Seeds  rounded-reniform,  rugose  or  reticulated.  — 
Annual  herbs,  ill-scented  and  mostly  glandular ;  with  simple  or  3  -  9-foliolate  peti- 
oled leaves,  and  yellowish,  rose-colored  or  white  flowers  in  leafy-bracted  racemes ; 
pods  erect  on  spreading  pedicels. 

A  genus  of  about  a  dozen  species  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  of  which  the  following  reaches 
the  eastern  borders  of  the  State. 


Cleomella.  CAPPARIDACE^.  51 

1.  P.  trachysperma,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glandular-pubescent,  erect,  |  to  2  feet 
high  :  leaves  3-foliolate ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  ^  to  2  inches  long,  acute,  about  equal- 
ling the  petioles,  nearly  sessile ;  floral  bracts  mostly  simple,  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
shortly  petioled  :  petals  3  to  5  lines  long,  with  slender  claws  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
and  an  emarginate  blade  :  stamens  12  to  16 ;  filaments  exserted :  style  2  to  3  lines 
long  :  pod  1  to  2^  inches  long,  very  rarely  on  a  short  slender  stipe  :  seeds  finely 
pitted  and  often  warty. —  Fl.  i.  669  ;  Gray,  Gen.  111.  L  182,  t.  79.  F.  unigland- 
ulosa,Tovr.  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  iv.  67 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  34. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Kansas  and  southward  to  N.  Nevada  and  Texas.  The  P.  unigland- 
ulosa,  Cav. ,  of  Mexico  and  New  Mexico,  to  which  it  has  been  referred,  differs  in  its  much  larger 
flowers,  greatly  elongated  style,  larger  pods  upon  a  stout  terete  stipe,  and  smooth  seeds.  The 
eastern  P.  graveolens  may  be  distinguished  by  its  smaller  flowers,  shorter  style,  fewer  and  shorter 
stamens,  and  smoother  seeds ;  its  leaves  are  also  mostly  obtuse  or  obtusish. 

3.   CLEOME,  Linn. 

Sepals  4,  sometimes  united  at  base.     Petals  with  claws  or  sessile.     Stamens  6, 

upon  the  small  torus.    Pod  (in  our  species)  linear  or  oblong,  stipitate,  many-seeded  : 

style  short  or  none.     Seeds  globose-reniform  to  ovate.  —  Our  species  are  all  erect 

branching  annuals  ;  with  palmately  3  -  7-foliolate  leaves  (leaflets  entire),  and  yellow 

or  purple  flowers,  in  bracteate  racemes ;  pods  pendent  on  spreading  pedicels. 

About  70  species,  inhabitants  of  hot  and  dry  regions,  chiefly  of  America  and  Africa.  The  fol- 
lowing species  approach  the  eastern  or  southern  borders  of  the  State. 

1.  C.  lutea,  Hook.  Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaflets  5, 
linear-  to  oblong-lanceolate,  one  or  two  inches  long,  acute,  short-petiolulate,  equal- 
ling the  petioles ;  stipules  setaceous,  caducous  ;  bracts  simple,  bristle-tipped :  flowers 
showy,  bright  yellow,  corymbose,  the  raceme  elongated  in  fruit :  petals  3  to  4  lines 
long,  much  exceeding  the  ovate-lanceolate  sepals  :  stamens  much  exserted  :  pod  6  to 
15  lines  long,  about  2  lines  broad,  acute  at  each  end :  style  less  than  a  line  long : 
the  stipe  and  pedicel  each  about  half  an  inch  long.  —  Fl.  i.  70,  t.  25  ;  Lindl.  Bot. 
Reg.  xxvii.  t.  67.     G.  aurea,  :N'utt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  122  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  32. 

Abundant  in  the  valleys  of  Northwestern  Nevada,  thence  northward  to  the  Columbia  and  east 
to  Colorado. 

2.  C.  platycarpa,  Torr.  With  the  habit  and  characters  of  the  last,  but  pubes- 
cent and  somewhat  glandular :  leaflets  3,  broadly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  6  to  8  lines 
long,  obtuse  or  acutish :  sepals  linear-setaceous  :  pod  9  lines  long,  about  4  lines 
broad,  10-  12-seeded  :  style  2  lines  long.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  235,  t.  2. 

Klamath  River,  N.  California  {Pickering)  ;  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon,  Neviiis. 

3.  C.  sparsifolia,  Watson.  Smooth,  diffusely  branched,  a  foot  high :  leaves 
much  scattered,  simple  or  3-foliolate ;  leaflets  2  or  3  lines  long,  oblanceolate,  acute ; 
stipules  fimbriate,  caducous  :  flowers  few,  in  a  loose  raceme  :  sepals  ovate  :  petals 
with  a  nectariferous  scale  at  base,  3  lines  long,  exceeding  the  stamens  :  pods  9  lines 
long,  narrow,  acutish,  very  shortly  stipitate.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  32,  t.  5. 

In  dry  sand,  near  Ragtown,  Carson  Desert,  Nevada,  Watson. 

C.  SoxoR^,  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  16,  is  a  tall  slender  glabrous  species,  with  trifoliolate  almost 
sessile  leaves  and  linear  leaflets  ;  flowers  small,  in  loose  racemes  ;  pods  half  an  inch  long ;  style 
very  short.     From  Northwestern  Sonora  to  S.  Colorado,  and  may  enter  S.  California. 

4.  CLEOMELLA,  DC. 

Characters  nearly  as  in  Cleome,  but  the  few-seeded  pod  small  and  ovoid-globose 
or  rhomboidal,  or  with  the  valves  often  laterally  produced.  —  Erect  branching 
annuals  ;  flowers  yellow,  racemose  ;  leaves  3-foliolate. 

A  genus  of  half  a  dozen  species,  confined  to  the  interior  region  of  North  America. 


52  CAPPARIDACEiE.  ^  Cleomella. 

*  Stipe  longer  than  the  pod. 

1.  C.  longipes,  Ton.  Eather  stout,  1  or  2  feet  high,  glabrous :  leaflets  narrowly 
obovate  to  spatulate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  1^  to  1  inch  long  :  sepals  ovate,  acute  :  petals 
2  or  3  lines  long  :  stamens  long-exserted  :  pods  nearly  triangular  in  outline,  acute 
at  base,  2  lines  high,  3  to  5  in  breadth,  the  valves  being  more  or  less  strongly 
horned  :  style  half  a  line  long  or  less ;  stipe  4  to  7  lines  long,  about  equalling  the 
pedicel.  —  Gray,  PL  Wright,  i.  1 1 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  33. 

Var.  (I)  grandiflora,  Watson,  1.  c.  Leaflets  and-  bracts  narrowly  obovate  to 
orbicular  :  sepals  long-acuminate  :  style  about  a  line  long. 

Valleys  and  foothills  in  N.  W.  Nevada  (Anderson,  Watson) ;  New  Mexico  ( Wright)  ;  stouter 
and  larger  leaved  forms  than  the  original  Mexican  specimens  of  Gregg  and  Berlandier. 

2.  C.  obtusifolia,  Torr.  Somewhat  pubescent,  branching,  a  foot  high  or  more  : 
leaflets  oval  or  oblong,  3  to  6  lines  long,  equalling  the  petioles,  glabrous  above ; 
stipules  long  and  fimbriate  :  flowers  small,  in  leafy  racemes  :  sepals  ovate,  lacerate- 
ciliate  :  petals  1  or  2  lines  long  :  pods  2  to  5  lines  broad,  the  valves  acutely  and 
often  narrowly  horned  :  style  very  slender,  2  lines  long  :  stipe  3  hues  long,  reflexed 
upon  the  equal  pedicel.  — Frem.  Rep.  311. 

Near  Sacramento  ?  {Fremont)  ;  Soda  Lake  on  the  Mohave  River  (Cooper)  ;  Arizona,  Wheeler. 

3.  C.  plocasperma,  Watson.  Low,  glabrous,  diffusely  branching :  leaflets 
linear-oblong,  3  to  6  lines  long;  bracts  mostly  small :  petals  1|  lines  long  :  stamens 
short  or  exserted  :  pods  short-rhombic,  the  valves  somewhat  dilated  :  style  short ; 
stipe  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the  pod,  usually  equalling  the  pedicel :  seeds 
minutely  tessellated  under  the  microscope.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  33. 

Valleys  of  Northern  Nevada,  Watson,  Rev.  R.  Burgess. 

4.  C.  OOCarpa,  Gray.  Very  similar  :  leaves,  and  flowers  slightly  larger :  pods 
ovate,  the  valves  not  dilated  :  seeds  smooth.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  72. 

Saline  valleys  of  Humboldt  Co.,  Nevada  (Torrey,  Gray)  ;  S.  W.  Colorado,  Rrandegee. 

*  *  Stipe  shorter  than  the  pod. 

5.  C.  parviflora,  Gray.  Low  and  slender,  decumbently  branched,  smooth : 
leaflets  and  bracts  linear,  half  an  inch  long  :  flowers  rather  few  :  petals  scarcely  a 
line  long,  equalling  the  stamens  :  pods  on  long  slender  pedicels ;  valves  slightly 
homed  :  style  and  stipe  almost  none.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  520 ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

At  Camp  Cady  on  the  Mohave  (Cooper)  ;  Northern  Nevada,  Anderson,  Watson. 

5.  WISLIZENIA,  Engelm. 

Characters  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  but  the  pod  didymous ;  valves  contracted 
upon  the  solitary  seeds  and  deciduous  with  them,  nutlike,  nerved  or  reticulated, 
open  at  the  scar  :  style  elongated.  —  Smooth  erect  branching  annuals ;  with  yellow 
racemose  flowers  and  1  -  3-foliolate  leaves.     The  following  are  the  only  species. 

1.  W.  refracta,  Engelm.  One  to  two  feet  high,  widely  branching  :  leaflets  3, 
oblanceolate  to  obovate,  5  to  9  lines  long,  usually  exceeding  the  petioles  :  flowers  in 
dense  racemes,  at  length  elongated  :  petals  a  line  long  :  stamens  and  ovary  exserted  : 
cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled  :  fruit  1|  lines  broad  or  more;  the  divergent  obovate 
reticulated  valves  separated  by  a  perforated  partition  :  style  filiform,  1  to  2  lines 
long :  stipe  2  to  3  lines  long,  strongly  refracted  upon  the  rather  longer  pedicel.  — 
Wisliz.  Eep.  14;  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  11,  t.  2. 

Mohave  Valley  (Newberry)  ;  Coloi-ado  Desert  (Blake)  ;  thence  to  Sonora  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  W.  Falmeri,  Gray.  With  the  habit  of  the  last :  leaves  simple  (lowest 
unknown),  linear,  1 J  inches  long,  very  shortly  petioled  :  racemes  fewer-flowered : 


OUgomeris.  RESEDACE^.  53 

petals  2  lines  long  :  fruit  3  to  4  lines  broad ;  the  oblong-obovate  valves  nerved  and 
sim-ounded  at  the  truncate  extremity  by  a  row  of  stout  blunt  tubercles  :  style  3 
lines  long :  stipe  3  to  4  lines  long,  refracted.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  628. 
On  the  Lower  Colorado  River,  Palmer. 

6.  OXYSTYLIS,  Torr. 

Distinguished  (so  far  as  known)  from  Wislizenia  by  the  subulate  persistent  at 
length  spinescent  style,  and  by  the  ovoid-globose  1  -  2-seeded  valves  completely 
closed  at  the  scar.  —  A  smooth  annual,  with  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  small  yellow 
flowers  in  capitate  axillary  racemes. 

1.  O.  lutea,  Torr.  Eather  stout,  erect,  12  to  15  inches  high:  leaflets  1  to  1| 
inches  long,  obtuse  :  heads  of  flowers  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  not  elongated  in 
fruit :  petals  2  lines  long.  —  Frem.  Eep.  264  &  313. 

Known  only  from  specimens  collected  by  Fremont  in  April,  1844,  in  a  single  locality  in  the 
valley  of  the  Armagosa  River  near  its  bend. 

Order  IX.    RESEDACEiE. 

A  small  order  of  herbs,  or  slightly  shrubby  plants,  related  only  to  the  preceding  ; 
with  alternate  leaves,  merely  glands  for  stipules,  and  terminal  racemes  or  spikes  of 
small  and  rather  inconspicuous  flowers  ;  these  both  irregular  and  unsymmetrical,  the 
stamens  not  covered  in  the  bud,  the  one-celled  ovary  and  capsule  3  -  6-beaked  and 
with  as  many  parietal  placentae.  —  Flowers  perfect,  bracteate.  Calyx  4  -  7-parted, 
herbaceous,  hypogynous,  persistent.  Petals  2  to  7,  mostly  with  broad  and  thickened 
nectariferous  claws,  and  the  blade  cleft.  Stamens  3  to  40,  usually  on  a  more  or  less 
one-sided  hypogynous  disk.  Stigmas  3  to  6,  terminating  the  diverging  beaks  of  the 
ovary.  Ovules  numerous,  campylotropous.  Seeds  reniform,  and  with  a  crustaceous 
coat,  tilled  by  the  incumbently  incurved  embryo. 

The  family  belongs  to  the  Old  World,  mainly  to  the  Mediterranean  and  adjacent  warm  regions; 
the  watery  juice  is  destitute  of  pungency  and  generally  of  active  properties. 

Reseda  Luteola,  Linn.,  the  Dyer's  Weed  or  Weld,  however,  has  been  used  for  dyeing  yellow. 
It  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  which  has  become  spontaneous  in  the  United  States.  Having 
been  found  in  the  streets  of  Oakland,  it  may  become  a  naturalized  weed  of  roadsides,  as  in  the 
Atlantic  States.  The  genus  may  be  known  by  the  several-lobed  or  parted  petals,  and  the  10  to 
40  stamens  borne  on  the  inside  of  a  fleshy  disk,  which  projects  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower : 
and  this  species  is  a  stout  erect  herb,  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  greenish-yellow 
flowers  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme,  4  petals,  and  a  short  small  capsule. 

R.  ODORATA,  Linn.,  the  common  Sweet  Mignonette,  cultivated  as  an  annual  for  its  fragrant 
flowers,  may  also  escape  from  cultivation. 

1.  OLIGOMERia,  Cambess. 

Sepals  4,  lateral.     Petals  2,  next  to  the  axis,  free  or  united  at  base,  entire  or 

2  -  3-lobed,  persistent.     Disk  none.     Stamens  3  to  8  ;  filaments  united  at  base. 

Ovary  sessile,  4-angled,  4-beaked.     Capsule  4-sulcate,  many-seexied,  opening  at  the 

summit.  —  Low  branching  herbs ;  with  numerous  linear  entire  leaves,  and  small 

white  flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

A  genus  of  only  5  species,  four  confined  to  S.  Africa,  the  fifth  ranging  from  the  Canary  Islands 
to  India,  and  also  seemingly  indigenous  to  N.  America. 

1.  O.  subulata,  Boiss.     Annual,  glabrous,  5  to  10  inches  high,  branching  from 


54  CISTACE^.  "     Helianthemum. 

the  root :  leaves  somewhat  succulent,  often  fascicled,  |  to  1  inch  long  :  flowers 
minute,  subtended  by  small  bracts  :  capsules  in  long  loose  spikes,  depressed-globose, 
about  1  ^  lines  in  diameter,  angled  and  sulcate,  shortly  4-beaked.  —  Miill.  in  DC. 
Prodr.  16^.  587.  0.  glaucescens,  Cambess.  in  Jacquem.  Voy.  4.  24,  t.  25.  Ellimia 
ruderalis,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  125. 

San  Diego  {NuttalV);  Mohave  Desert  {Newberry);  Colorado  Desert  {Blake,  Coulter);  Guadalupe 
Island  {Palmer);  and  in  the  interior  to  New  Mexico  and  Mexico. 


Order  X.   CISTACE^. 

Distinguished  from  the  other  orders  with  free  one-celled  ovary,  parietal  placentse, 
and  hypogynous  petals  and  stamens,  by  the  orthotropous  ovules  on  slender  stalks, 
and  the  slender  more  or  less  curved  or  convolute  embryo  in  mealy  albumen.  — 
Flowers  perfect  and  regular.  Sepals  persistent,  usually  5  ;  and  two  of  them  smaller, 
wholly  exterior,  and  bract-like.  Petals  usually  ephemeral.  Stamens  indefinite  or 
in  some  flowers  few,  with  filiform  filaments :  anthei-s  short.  Style  one.  Ovules 
with  3  parietal  placentae.  Capsule  3-valved ;  the  seeds  borne  on  the  middle  of  the 
valve,  few  or  numerous.  —  Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple 
and  entire  leaves  ;  chiefly  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  but  several  in  the  Atlantic 
United  States,  none  in  the  interior,  only  one  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM,  Toum. 

Petals  5,  broad.  Stamens  usually  numerous.  Style  short,  articulated  with  the 
ovary  :  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  1-celled,  3-valved,  few- many-seeded.  Em- 
bryo curved  or  hooked. — Low  branching  herbs,  or  somewhat  woody;  flowers  yellow, 
often  showy,  opening  only  once,  in  sunshine. 

A  genus  of  from  30  to  150  species  according  to  the  views  of  authors,  principally  native  to  the 
Mediterranean  region  and  Western  Asia.  Five  species  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  the 
following  in  California. 

1.  H.  SCOparium,  Nutt.  Perennial  (?),  woody  at  base,  much  branched,  pubes- 
cent with  stellate  hairs  or  glabrate,  a  foot  high ;  the  upper  branches  green  and 
slender :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  4  to  1 2  lines  long,  alternate  :  flowers  on  slender 
pedicels,  solitary  or  subcorymbose  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  :  sepals  3  lines  long, 
acuminate,  the  outer  ones  linear  and  shorter  :  petals  4  lines  long  :  stamens  about  20 : 
style  short :  capsule  equalling  the  calyx,  often,  with  the  other  parts  of  the  flower, 
much  reduced. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  152;  Lindl.  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  v.  79. 
Linum  trisepalum,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  42,  fig.  10. 

Rather  common  on  dry  hills  from  Lake  Co.  to  San  Diego. 


Order  XL    VIOLACE^. 

Herbs  (at  least  those  of  temperate  climates  and  the  northern  hemisphere),  dis- 
tinguished by  the  somewhat  irregular  one-spurred  corolla  of  5  petals,  5  stamens, 
adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  which  has  a  single  club-shaped 
style  with  a  one-sided  stigma,  a  one-celled  ovary  with  3  parietal  several-ovuled 
placentae ;  the  ovules  anatropous  ;  the  rather  large  seeds  with  a  smooth  hard  coat, 
and  a  large  and  straight  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen  ;   its  cotyledons  broad  and 


Viola.  VIOLACE^.  55 

flat.  —  Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  (persistent)  and  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypo- 
gynous.  Capsule  3-valved ;  the  valves  bearing  the  seeds  along  their  middle ;  each, 
after  dehiscence,  in  drying  firmly  folds  together  lengthwise,  and  by  its  increasing 
pressure  projects  the  obovate  seeds.  —  Represented  only  by  the  familiar  genus. 

1.  VIOLA,  Linn.        Violet. 

Sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  auricled  at  base.     Petals  unequal,  the  lower  spurred 

at  base.     Anthers  broad,  nearly  sessile,  often  coherent,  the  connectives  of  the  two 

lower  bearing  spurs  which  project  into  the  spur  of  the  petal. — Mostly  perennial 

herbs ;  with  alternate  leaves,  foliaceous  persistent  stipules,  and  1 -flowered  axillary 

peduncles.     Flowers  usually  dimorphous  ;  the  earlier  ones  perfect  and  conspicuous, 

but  often  sterile;  the  later  (near  the  ground  in  the  stemless  species)  with  small 

and  rudimentary  petals,  fertilized  in  the  bud  and  producing  numerous  seeds. 

A  large  genus  of  100  species  or  more,  largely  belonging  to  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  but  30  species  are  found  in  the  mountains  of  S.  America,  and  a  very  few  occur  in  S. 
Africa,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand.  The  North  American  species  number  about  30,  half  of 
which  belong  to  the  western  side  of  the  continent.  Many  of  them  are  very  variable  and  their 
limits  not  easily  defined.  Some  of  the  foreign  species  are  favorites  everywhere  for  their  fragrance 
or  beauty.  The  Californian  are  as  a  whole  very  showy,  but  generally  not  sweet-scented.  Some, 
however,  have  a  peculiar  and  rather  agreeable  fragrance,  very  unlike  the  typical  "odor  of 
violets. " 

*  Stemless,  the  leaves  and  scapes  all  from  a  subterranean  rootstock :  leaves  not  lohed 

nor  parted :  flowers  white  or  purple. 

1.  V.  blanda,  Willd.  Rootstock  creeping  and  at  length  producing  runners  : 
leaves  rounded-cordate  or  reniform,  J  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  minutely  and  spar- 
ingly pubescent  or  glabrous,  obscurely  crenate-toothed  :  peduncles  2  to  4  inches 
high  :  flowers  white,  the  lower  petals  veined  with  purple,  nearly  beardless,  usually 
3  or  4  lines  long ;  spur  short  and  blunt. 

Wet  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  6,000  to  9,000  feet  altitude,  rather  rare  :  common  east- 
ward to  the  Atlantic. 

V.  PALUSTRis,  Linn. ,  very  similar,  but  with  pale  lilac  flowers,  does  not  certainly  occur  in  Cali- 
fornia. It  is  found  from  the  British  boundary  northward,  on  Mt.  Washington  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  perhaps  also  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  V.  CUCullata,  Ait.  Rootstock  thick  and  branching,  not  producing  runners  : 
leaves  long-petioled,  smooth  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  cordate  with  a  broad  sinus, 
the  lowest  often  reniform  and  the  later  acute  or  acuminate,  crenately  toothed,  the 
sides  rolled  inward  when  young  :  peduncles  3  to  10  inches  high :  flowers  deep  or 
pale  violet  or  purple  (sometimes  white) ;  petals  5  to  8  lines  long,  the  lateral  and 
often  the  lower  ones  bearded ;  spur  short  and  thick. 

Cucamonga,  San  Bernardino  Co.  {Bigelow)  ;  above  Carson  City  and  in  Sierra  Co.  {Anderson, 
Lemmon) ;  and  more  common  northward  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States,  where  it  is  the 
most  common  of  all  the  species,  and  very  variable. 

V.  ODORATA,  Linn.,  the  well-known  Sweet  or  English  Violet,  has  been  collected  "among  the 
redwoods  "  {Holder),  doubtless  escaped  from  cultivation. 

*  *  Leafy  stems  at  length  elongated,  from  short  or  Tanning  rootstocks :  spur  very 

short,  except  in  the  first  species. 

-f-  Stems  leafy  throughout,  erect  or  ascending  :  leaves  all  undivided. 
++  Floivers  purple,  or  not  bright  yellow. 

3.  V.  canina,  Linn.,  var.  adunca,  Gray.  Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  low 
(usually  3  to  4  inches  high),  at  length  sending  out  runners :  leaves  ovate,  often 


56  VIOLACE^.  .  Viola. 

somewhat  cordate  at  base,  acute  or  obtuse,  |  to  1 1  inches  long,  obscurely  crenate : 
stipules  foliaceous,  narrowly  lanceolate,  lacerately  toothed  :  flowers  violet  or  purple, 
rather  large ;  lateral  petals  bearded ;  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals,  rather  slender, 
obtuse,  hooked  or  curved.  —  V.  adunca,  Smith,  in  Eees  Cyc. 

Var.  longipes,  Watson,  Yery  similar,  but  the  stout  and  obtuse  spur  is  nearly 
straight.  —  V.  longipes,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  140.  V.  adunca,  Hook.  Fl. 
i.  79,  in  part. 

Var.  oxyceras,  Watson.  Flowers  rather  smaller ;  spur  slender,  nearly  equalling 
the  petals,  acute  and  curved. 

The  first  two  fonns  of  this  veiy  variable  species  are  common  in  the  Coast  Eanges,  in  meadows 
and  moist  places,  from  San  Francisco  to  Washington  Territory,  apparently  extending  into  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  Nearly  identical  forms  are  found  eastward  in  the  Kocky  Mountains  and  to  Win- 
nipeg Valley.  The  var.  oxyceras  has  been  collected  only  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Yosemite  Val- 
ley {Brewer,  Gray),  and  near  Donner  Pass,  Torrey.  The  species  to  which  these  are  all  referred 
is  distributed  throughout  the  northern  zones  around  the  world.  The  var.  sylvestris  of  the  Atlantic 
Coast,  from  the  Northern  States  to  Greenland,  is  glabrous,  with  more  deeply  cordate  or  reniform 
leaves,  the  spur  straight  and  obtuse. 

4.  V.  ocellata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  or  less  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs, 
rarely  glabrous  :  stems  nearly  erect,  6  to  12  inches  high  :  leaves  cordate  to  cordate- 
ovate,  acutish,  conspicuously  crenate,  1  or  2  inches  long ;  stipules  small,  scarious, 
entire  or  slightly  lacerate  :  petals  5  to  7  lines  long,  the  upper  ones  white  within, 
deep  purple-brown  without,  the  others  pale-yellow  veined  with  purple,  the  lateral 
ones  with  a  purple  spot  near  the  base  and  slightly  bearded  on  the  claw.  —  Fl.  i. 
142;  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  325. 

From  Monterey  northward  to  Mendocino  Co. ,  in  wooded  districts. 

V.  TRICOLOR,  Linn.,  the  Pansy  or  Heart's-ease  of  the  gardens,  often  escapes  from  cultivation 
and  becomes  wild.  It  is  a  native  of  Europe  and  Siberia,  erect,  with  angled  stems,  large  foliaceous 
divided  stipules,  rather  small  cordate  or  ovate  or  even  lanceolate  leaves,  and  flowers  variously 
colored  with  purple,  violet,  yellow  and  white.  Nature  furnishes  several  varieties  and  art  has 
produced  many  more. 

++  -M-  Floivers  yellow,  more  or  less  veined  or  tinged  with  purple. 

5.  V.  pedunculata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  puberulent, 
the  ascejidiiig  stems  2  to  6  inches  high  from  a  slender  decumbent  or  procumbent 
base  :  leaves  rhombic-cordate,  with  base  usually  truncate  or  abruptly  cuneate,  obtuse, 
^  to  1^  inches  long,  often  small,  coarsely  crenate  :  stipules  foliaceous,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  entire  or  gashed  :  peduncles  much  exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  showy, 
deep  yellow,  usually  large  :  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute  :  petals  6  to  9 
lines  long,  the  upper  more  or  less  tinged  with  brown  on  the  outside,  the  others 
veined  with  purple ;  lateral  petals  bearded  :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  5  to  6  lines 
long,  glabrous.  —  Fl.  i.  141 ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  325  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
5004. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Southern  California  to  San  Francisco,  and  probably  northward. 

6.  V.  aurea,  Kellogg.  More  or  less  pubescent  with  short  spreading  hairs  :  the 
stems  ascending  from  a  straight  rootstock,  2  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  ovate  to  lan- 
ceolate, cuneate  or  sometimes  truncate  at  base,  obtuse,  \  to  li  inches  long,  coarsely 
crenate  :  stipules  foliaceous,  lanceolate,  laciniate  :  peduncles  a  little  longer  than 
the  leaves  :  sepals  linear,  acuminate  :  petals  4  to  6  lines  long,  as  in  the  last  but 
lighter  yellow  :  capsule  nearly  globular,  3  lines  long,  pubescent.  —  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  ii.  185,  fig.  54.  V.  Nuttallii  &  prcemorsa,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  298.  V. 
pedunculata,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  68,  in  part.  V.  Nidtallii,  var.  prcemorsa, 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  35, 

Var.  venosa,  Watson.  Alpine  and  more  slender  ;  flowers  rather  smaller  ;  leaves 
often  purple -veined.  —  F.  purpurea,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  56.  V.  Nuttallii, 
var.  (1)  venosa,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  35. 


Vtola.  VIOLACE^.  57 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Santa  Barbatra  and  Fort  Tejon  to  Mendocino  Co.  :  also  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  at  an  altitude  of  5,000  to  6,000  feet  ;  Yoseniite  Valley  (Bolander)  ;  above  Carson  City, 
Anderson,  Watson.  The  variety  more  alpine,  at  altitudes  of  8,000  to  10,500  feet,  from  Mt. 
Brewer  to  Donner  Pass,  and  in  the  high  mountains  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch. 

7.  V.  Nuttallii,  Pursh.  From  densely  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  to  nearly- 
glabrous  :  stems  ascending  from  a  straight  rootstock,  usually  low,  often  very  short : 
leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oblong,  attenuate  into  the  long  petiole,  obtuse,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  entire  or  obscurely  sinuate  ;  stipules  mostly  narrow,  entire :  peduncles  usually 
shorter  than  the  leaves  :  petals  half  an  inch  long,  yellow,  tinged  more  or  less  with 
brown  or  purple  :  capsule  ovate,  smooth.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  29,  t.  76 ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  141.      V.  prcemorsa,  Dougl. ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  xv,  t.  1254. 

From  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Colorado  ;  probably  to  be 
found  in  the  northern  or  northeastern  parts  of  the  State. 

-t-  +-  Stems  leafy  prostrate  stolons :  leaves  undivided :  flowers  yellow. 

8.  V.  sarmentosa,  Dougl.  Slightly  pubescent :  leaves  rounded-cordate,  reni- 
form,  or  sometimes  ovate,  ^  to  IJ  inches  broad,  finely  crenate,  dark  green  above, 
often  rusty  below,  usually  punctate  with  numerous  dark  dots  :  peduncles  mostly 
exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  rather  small,  light  yellow.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i,  80  ;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  143. 

Near  the  sea,  commonly  in  woods,  from  Monterey  to  British  Columbia.  At  the  north  it  ranges 
farther  inland. 

-f-  -t-  -j-  Stems  erect,  naked  below,  or  nearly  so :  flowers  yellow. 
++  Leaves  undivided. 

9.  V.  glabella,  Nutt.  Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrous  :  stems  slender  from  a 
creeping  rootstock,  naked  or  sparingly  leafy  below,  5  to  1 2  inches  high  :  radical 
leaves  on  elongated  petioles,  the  upper  shortly  petioled,  reniform-cordate  to  cordate, 
acute,  crenately  toothed  or  crenulate,  1  to  4  inches  broad ;  stipules  usually  small 
and  membranaceous,  entire  or  serrulate  :  flowers  bright  yellow,  half  an  inch  long  :, 
petals  more  or  less  veined  with  purple,  the  lateral  ones  bearded  :  capsule  ovate- 
oblong,  3  to  5  lines  long,  abruptly  beaked. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  142.  V.  Cana- 
densis, var.  Sitchensis,  Bongard.  V.  hiflora,  var.  Sitchensis,  Eegel.  V.  pubescens,  var. 
scabriuscula,  Gray,  Manual,  79. 

In  shady  places,  Mendocino  Co.  {Bolander)  ;  Mariposa  Grove  {Mrs.  S.  P.  Monks)  ;  Sierra  Co. 
{Lemmon);  northward  to  Alaska  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

++  ++  Leaves  usually  lobed  or  parted. 

10.  V.  lobata,  Benth.  Finely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  stems  rather  stout, 
8  to  12  inches  high,  from  an  erect  rootstock:  leaves  glabrous  above,  cordate  or 
reniform  in  outline,  2  to  4  inches  broad,  the  cauline  shortly  petioled,  more  or  less 
deeply  palmate  into  5  to  9  narrowly  oblong  lobes,  the  central  lobe  usually  more 
elongated  ;  some  of  the  radical  leaves  occasionally  less  lobed,  or  entire  and  coarsely 
toothed  :  stipules  foliaceous,  often  large,  toothed  or  entire :  petals  6  to  8  lines  long, 
yellow,  the  upper  brownish  purple  externally,  the  others  veined  or  tinged,  and  the 
lateral  slightly  bearded  :  stigma  bearded  on  each  side  :  capsule  5  to  6  lines  long, 
acute.  —  PI.  Hartw.  298;  Torr.  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  68.  V.  Sequoiensis,  Kellogg, 
Proc.  Cahf.  Acad.  ii.  185,  fig.  55. 

Var.  integrifolia,  Watson.    Leaves  not  at  all  lobed,  coarsely  toothed,  acuminate. 

From  San  Diego  to  Mt.  Shasta,  most  common  in  the  central  Sierra  Nevada  at  3,000  to  5,000 
feet  altitude,  but  not  abundant  even  tliere  :  the  variety  in  Sierra  Co. ,  Lemmon.  Very  variable 
in  its  foliage  and  pubescence.  As  in  the  last  species,  the  upper  and  later  joints  of  the  stem  are 
short  and  the  leaves  approximate. 

V.  Hallii,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  377,  from  Oregon,  is  a  similar  but  more  slender  species; 
glabrous  ;  leaves  S-jjarted,  the  narrow  segments  1  -  3-lobed  ;  lower  petals  yellow,  the  upper  deep 
violet ;  stigma  surrounded  by  hairs. 


68  POLYGALACE^.  Viola. 

*  *  *  Stems  very  short,  usually  clustered,  from  a  deep  subterranean  rootstock :  leaves 
all  divided :  flowers  yellow  ;  spur  very  short. 

11.  V.  chrysantha,  Hook.  More  or  less  pubescent  with  short  spreading  hairs: 
leaves  bipiiinatitid  witli  narrow  oblong  or  linear  segments ;  stipules  lanceolate, 
eiTtire  or  toothed  :  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  2  to  5  inches  long  : 
flowers  usually  large  :  petals  5  to  9  lines  long,  bright  yellow,  the  upper  brown- 
purple  on  the  outside,  the  others  veined,  the  lateral  ones  not  bearded  :  stigma 
slightly  hairy  below  the  rounded  summit :  capsule  5  lines  long,  acute  :  seeds  large. 
—  Ic.  PI.  t.  49;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  325*;  KeUogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad, 
ii.  229,  lig.  72. 

In  dry  soil  on  low  hiUs  from  Monterey  (Douglas)  and  Knight's  FeiTy  {Bigdmv)  to  Mendocino 
Co.  (Bolander)  and  northward  ;  Snake  Country,  Tolmie. 

12.  V.  Beck^vithii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or  pubescent :  leaves  broadly 
cordate  in  outline,  3-parted ;  the  divisions  lobed  and  cleft  into  linear  or  oblong  seg- 
ments :  peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves  :  petals  4  to  7  lines  long,  very  broad, 
the  upper  purple,  the  others  yellow  with  purple  veins,  the  lateral  ones  bearded  and 
the  lower  deeply  emarginate :  stigma  lightly  bearded  at  the  sides  :  capsule  obtuse.  — 
Pacif.  E.  Rep.  ii.  119,  t.  1.      V.  montana,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  56. 

In  the  central  Sierra  Nevada  upon  both  sides  of  the  range,  from  Alpine  Co.  {Anderson)  to  Sierra 
Co.  {Lemmmi) :  Diamond  Mountains,  N.  Nevada,  Beckwith. 

13.  V.  Sheltonii,  Torr.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  as  in  the  last :  petals 
rather  smaller,  narrower,  all  yellow,  veined  with  purple,  the  lateral  ones  and  the 
stigma  glabrous ;  lower  petal  not  emarginate. — Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  67,  t.  2. 

In  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Plumas,  Sierra,  and  Nevada  counties,  Rev.  Mr.  Shelton,  Bige- 
low,  Lemmon,  Mrs.  Pulsifer  Ames. 

Order  XII.    POLYGALACEiEJ. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  simple  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules,  remarkable  for  the 
papilionaceous-looking  flowers  (but  of  structure  unlike  the  papilionaceous  corolla), 
monadelphous  or  diadelphous  stamens  coherent  with  the  petals,  and  one-celled 
anthers  opening  at  the  top ; —  an  order  not  closely  related  to  any  other,  to  which  is 
appended  the  very  peculiar  genus  Krameria. 

1.  POLYGALA,  Toum. 

Sepals  5,  very  unequal,  the  2  lateral  ones  large  and  petal-like  (called  vnngs).  Pet- 
als 3,  united  to  each  other  and  to  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  one  (or  heel)  hooded 
above  and  often  crested  or  beaked.  Stamens  6  to  8,  the  filaments  united  below 
into  a  split  sheath,  adnate  at  base  to  the  petals :  anthers  1-celled,  often  cupshaped, 
opening  at  the  apex.  Ovary  2-celled :  ovules  solitary,  pendulous,  anatropous : 
style  long,  curved,  dilated  above:  stigma  terminal  or  apparently  lateral.  Capsule 
membranaceous,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition,  rounded  and  often  notched 
above,  loculicidal  at  the  margin.  Seed  carunculate  at  the  hilum  :  embryo  large, 
straight,  with  thin  albumen.  —  Herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby ;  with  simple 
entire  leaves,  and  racemose  or  spicate  flowers.  The  Californian  species  are  perennials 
with  a  woody  base,  alternate  leaves,  and  few  large  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

A  genus  of  some  200  species,  of  the  temperate  and  warmer  zones,  represented  by  30  or  more 
species  in  the  region  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  A  bitter  principle  is  common  to  the  genus, 
of  medicinal  value  in  some  instances.. 


Krameria.  POLYaALACEiE.  59 

1.  P.  CUCullata,  Benth.  Steiiis  slender  from  a  woody  base,  2  to  8  inches  high, 
mostly  simple,  puberulent  above  :  leaves  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  oblong-lance- 
olate or  sometimes  ovate-elliptical,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  cuneate  at  base 
and  very  shortly  petioled  :  flowers  rose-colored,  on  pedicels  1  to  3  lines  long,  with- 
out bracts  :  sepals  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  the  outer  2^  lines  long,  rounded-saccate  at 
base;  the  wings  rather  broadly  spatulate,  4  to  6  lines  long:  lateral  petals  linear-lance- 
olate, somewhat  ciliate,  equalling  the  broad  obtuse  more  or  less  curved  beak  of  the 
rounded  hood  :  fruit  mostly  from  apetalous  flowers  near  the  root ;  capsule  glabrous, 
broadly  ovate,  2|^  to  3  lines  long,  retuse  above,  nearly  sessile,  narrowly  margined  : 
seed  2  lines  long,  somewhat  pubescent ;  the  caruncle  vesicular  and  wrinkled,  calyptra- 
like,  half  the  length  of  the  seed.  —  PL  Hartw.  299.  P.  Nuikana,  Torrey,  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  49,  t.  12. 

From  Santa  Barbara  to  Ukiah,  on  dry  hillsides.  This  has  usually  been  confounded  with  the 
next,  and  with  it  referred  to  P.  Nutkana,  Mo9ino,  which  however  is  doubtless  a  Mexican  plant 
and  the  same  as  P.  ovalifolia,  DC. 

2.  P.  Californica,  Nutt.  Much  resembling  the  last ;  but  stems  more  shrubby, 
stouter  and  more  branched,  i  to  1  foot  high  or  more :  flowers  greenish  white,  usually 
fruiting  :  sepals  all  densely  tomentose ;  the  wings  oblong,  scarcely  narrowed  at  base : 
lateral  petals  only  equalling  the  hood,  which  bears  a  straight  narrow  erect  beak  : 
capsule  ovate,  4  lines  long,  emarginate  or  retusely  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  narrowly 
winged  :  seed  3  lines  long,  densely  hairy ;  the  caruncle  firm  and  terete,  with  a  thin 
lateral  wing  partially  covering  the  body  of  the  seed. — Torr.  &  Gray,  FL  i.  671. 
P.  Nutkana,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  P.  ciicullata,  Newberry,  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  vi.  70. 
P.  cornuta,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  61. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  El  Dorado  Co.  to  Oregon  {Newberry) ;  in  pine  forests.  Possibly 
Nuttall  included  both  species  under  his  description,  but  specimens  ticketed  by  him  belong  to  the 
present  form.  Dr.  Ton-ey  ticketed  specimens  of  his  own  collection  as  from  Santa  Barbara,  prob- 
ably by  mistake. 

3.  P.  subspinosa,  "Watson.  Glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent :  the  stems 
numerous,  2  to  8  inches  high,  branched  above,  the  branches  often  spinose  :  leaves 
^  to  an  inch  long,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  attenuate  to  a  narrow  base  : 
bracts  narrow,  scarious;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long,  at  length  usually  deflexed  :  sepals 
glabrous  or  ciliate  ;  the  outer  narrow,  rounded-saccate  at  base  ;  the  oblong  rose-colored 
wings  4  to  5  lines  long  :  lateral  petals  linear,  equalling  the  broad  rounded  beak  of 
the  yellow  keel :  capsule  obovate,  emarginate,  narrow  at  base,  3  lines  long  :  seed 
hairy,  2  lines  long ;  the  short  caruncle  with  membranous  lateral  wings  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  seed. — Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  299. 

On  dry  hills  near  Silver  City,  Nevada,  Kellogg :  Southern  Utah,  from  several  collections,  and 
Arizona,  Palmer.  The  only  other  species  of  the  inner  basin  is  P.  acanthoclada,  Gray,  collected 
by  Brandegee  in  S.  Coloi-ado,  similar  to  this  but  more  woody  and  with  much  smaller  scattered 
whitish  flowers. 

P.  Xanti,  Gray,  of  Lower  California,  is  also  a  low  perennial,  pubescent  throughout ;  leaves 
oval,  shortly  petioled  ;  flowers  recurved,  3  lines  long,  white  tinged  with  yellow  and  purple,  the 
keel  not  beaked  or  crested  ;  capsule  ovate,  3  lines  long,  deeply  emarginate,  densely  pubescent ; 
seed  with  a  short  thick  caruncle. 

2.  KHAMEHIA,  Linn. 
Sepals  5,  somewhat  unequal,  more  or  less  petal-like.  Petals  5  ;  the  3  upper  similar, 
long-clawed,  approximate,  the  lower  short,  sessile  and  fleshy.  Stamens  4,  united 
below  :  anthers  2-celled,  dehiscing  obliquely  at  the  apex.  Ovary  simple,  silky  : 
ovules  2,  pendulous  from  toward  the  apex  of  the  cell :  style  simple,  straight, 
obliquely  terminal,  acutish  :  stigma  terminal.  Capsule  globose,  coriaceous,  inde- 
hiscent,  spinose  or  muricate,  1 -seeded.  Seed  naked,  without  albumen  :  embryo 
straight,  the  cotyledons  auriculate  at  base  and  including  the  radicle. —  Small  shrubs 


60  FRANKENIACE^.  j.  Krameria. 

or  somewhat  woody  perennial  herbs,  silky-tomentose  and  often   prostrate ;  with 

alternate  and  entire  narrow  leaves ;  flowers  solitary,  on  axillary  bracted  peduncles, 

purplish. 

A  genus  of  about  a  dozen  species,  confined  to  the  warmer  portions  of  America,  three  or  four 
indigenous  on  the  southern  border  of  the  United  States. 

1.  K.  parvifolia,  Benth.  A  rigid  diffusely  branched  shrub,  1  or  2  feet  high, 
with  silky  appressed  pubescence,  the  slender  divaricate  branchlets  often  spinose  : 
leaves  linear,  4  to  8  lines  long  ;  the  lower  obtuse  (often  small  and  ovate  to  oblong), 
the  upper  aculeately  tipped  and,  with  the  inflorescence,  usually  sprinkled  with  short 
rigid  gland-bearing  hairs  :  flowers  2  to  4  lines  long ;  peduncles  with  2  or  3  pairs  of 
leaf-like  bracts  :  the  ovate  silky  sepals  purple  within  :  petals  with  claws  united 
nearly  to  the  top,  the  middle  blade  narrow  :  stamens  nearly  free  :  fruit  with  numer- 
ous very  slender  prickles  retrorsely  barbed  their  whole  length,  cordate-globose,  4 
lines  long,  shortly  acuminate,  obscurely  ridged  on  each  side.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  6,  t,  2  j 
Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  41 ;  Berg,  Bot.  Zeit.  xiv.  766. 

From  San  Diego  (Cleveland)  to  Fort  Mohave  (Cooper)  and  Sonora  (Thurber),  and  eastward  to 
New  Mexico  ;  southward  on  the  coast  to  Magdalena  Bay. 

2.  K.  canescens,  Gray.  Very  similar  in  habit  and  foliage  :  pubescence  short 
and  tomentose  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear :  peduncles  shorter,  2-bracted  :  sepals 
lanceolate,  the  smaller  one  linear  :  capsule  ovate-globose,  tipped  with  the  stout 
curved  style,  and  armed  with  slender  prickles  barbed  at  the  apex.  —  PI.  Wright,  i. 
42  ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  49,  t.  13. 

"  Desert  west  of  the  Colorado  "  (Anfisell),  and  New  Mexico. 

K.  LANCEOLATA,  Torr.,  is  a  more  eastern  species,  from  Tucson,  Arizona  (Palrner),  to  Florida. 
It  is  silky-villous,  with  2-bracted  peduncles,  the  fruit  armed  with  stout  and  straight  retrorsely 
scabrous  spines. 

Order  XIII.    PRANKENIACE^. 

Low  perennial  herbs  or  undershrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules  ; 
distinguished  from  the  first  tribe  of  the  following  order  mainly  by  the  parietal  pla- 
centfE,  and  oval  or  oblong  anatropous  seeds  with  a  straight  embryo ;  —  of  a  single 
genus. 

1.  PRANKENIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic,  furrowed ;  the  4  or  6  lobes  valvate  and  induplicate 
in  the  bud.  Petals  4  or  5,  hypogynous ;  the  blade  tapering  into  a  claw,  which 
bears  an  appendage  (crown)  on  its  inner  face.  Stamens  4  to  7  or  rarely  more,  hypo- 
gynous. Ovary  1 -celled,  with  2  to  4  few-  to  several-ovuled  parietal  placentae  :  style 
2  -  4-cleft  into  filiform  divisions  :  stigmas  unilateral.  Capsule  included  in  the  per- 
sistent calyx,  2  -  4-valved  ;  the  few  or  several  seeds  attached  by  filiform  stalks  to 
the  margin  of  the  valves.  —  Leaves  small,  mostly  crowded  and  also  fascicled  in  the 
axils,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  pair  often  united  by  a  membranous  somewhat  sheath- 
ing base  :  flowers  small,  perfect,  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  or  by 
the  reduction  of  the  upper  leaves  to  bracts  becoming  cymose-clustered  on  the 
branches  :  corolla  pink  or  purplish. 

A  widely  diffused  genus,  of  30  or  more  species,  only  three  of  them  North  American,  and  these 
all  southwestern. 

1.  F.  grandifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Smooth  or  somewhat  pubescent  with 
short  spreading  hairs,  rather  woody  at  base,  erect  or  prostrate,  6  inches  high,  leafy : 


Franhenia.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  61 

leaves  thickish,  obovate  to  lineaf-oblanceolate,  3  to  6  lines  long,  the  margin  revo- 
lute  :  calyx  3  lines  long,  linear,  very  strongly  furrowed,  the  lobes  short  and  acute  : 
petals  exserted  1  to  1|^  lines,  the  blade  oblong,  erose  at  the  summit,  the  appendage 
bifid  :  stamens  4  to  7  :  style  3-cleft :  capsule  linear,  angled,  sliorter  tlian  the  calyx  : 
seeds  numerous.  —  Linnsea,  i.  35  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  36,  t.  5. 

Sea-shore  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego  and  southward,  and  eastward  in  the  desert  to  Ari- 
zona and  S.  Nevada. 

F.  Palmeri,  Watson,  collected  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer  on  the  eastern  side  of  Lower  California,  is  a 
rather  slender  shrub,  a  foot  high,  the  numerous  fascicled  leaves  only  1  or  2  lines  long,  thick 
and  strongly  revolute,  canescent  with  a  white  encrustation  :  calyx  1^  lines  long  :  petals  linear,  a 
little  exserted  :  stamens  4  :  style  bifid  :  capsule  2-seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  124. 

F.  Jamesii,  Torr.  (Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  622),  is  a  more  eastern  species,  of  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico,  with  the  habit  of  F.  yrandifolia,  but  more  pubescent,  leaves  narrower  and  with 
revolute  margins,  flowers  larger,  and  ovary  3-ovuled. 


Order  XIV.    CARYOPHYLLACEiB. 

Herbs,  sometimes  suffrutescent  at  base,  bland  and  inert,  Avith  regular  and  mostly 
perfect  flowers,  persistent  calyx,  its  parts  and  the  petals  4  or  5  and  imbricated  or 
the  latter  sometimes  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  distinct  stamens  commonly  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals  (when  of  the  same  number  alternate  with  them,  sometimes 
fewer),  ovary  1-celled  with  a  free  central  placenta,  bearing  many  or  several  campylo- 
tropous  ovules ;  the  reniform  seeds  with  a  slender  embryo  coiled  around  the  outside 
of  farinaceous  albumen.  —  Stems  usually  swollen  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  often 
■united  at  the  base  by  a  transverse  line,  in  one  group  with  interposed  scarious  stip- 
ules. Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  mostly  hypogynous  around  an  annular 
disk,  sometimes  perigynous  by  its  cohesion  with  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Styles  2  to 
5,  mostly  distinct,  and  with  stigma  running  down  the  inner  face,  in  the  last  genera 
more  or  less  united  into  one.  Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  valves,  or  by  teeth  at  the 
summit.     Flowers  terminal  or  in  the  forks,  or  in  cymes. 

A  large  order,  found  in  every  part  of  the  world,  but  abounding  in  temx)erate  and  frigid  regions, 
of  a  thousand  or  more  species,  under  about  35  genera,  of  no  important  properties  or  uses,  except 
that  many  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  such  especially  as  Pinks,  Lychnis,  &c.  Much  more  largely 
represented  in  Western  North  America  than  upon  the  Atlantic  side. 

Tribe  L  SILENEtE.  Sepals  united  into  a  4  -  5-toothed  or  lobed  calyx.  Petals  commonly 
with  an  appendage  (crown)  on  the  base  of  the  blade  within,  narrowed  below  into  a  con- 
spicuous claw  ;  these  and  the  stamens  borne  on  a  stipe  under  the  ovary.  Styles  distinct. 
Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  summit  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  teeth  as  styles.  Stipules 
none.     Flowers  comparatively  large. 

1.  Silene.     Styles  3.     (Lychnis,  with  4  or  5  styles,  not  yet  found  in  California.) 

Tribe  II.  ALSINEiE.  Sepals  distinct  to  the  base  or  nearly  so.  Petals  without  crown  or 
distinct  claw,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the  margin  of  the  hypogynous  or  sometimes 
perigynous  disk  under  the  sessile  ovary,  not  rarely  wanting  or  inconspicuous. 

*  Stipules  none. 

2.  Cerastium.     Capsule  cylindric,  dehiscent  with  twice  as  many  equal  teeth  as  styles :  petals 

emarginate  or  bifid  :  styles  5,  rarely  3  or  4,  opposite  to  as  many  sepals. 

3.  Stellaria.     Capsule  globose  to  oblong,  with  as  many  valves  as  styles,  bifid  or  2-parted :  petals 

bifid  J  styles  3  (rarely  2,  4,  or  5),  opposite  to  as  many  sepals. 

4.  Arenaria.     Petals  entire  or  wanting  :  styles  3  (rarely  2,  4,  or  5),  opposite  to  as  many  sepals  : 

capsule  globose  to  oblong,  with  as  many  valves  as  styles,  these  entire  or  bifid  or  2-parted. 

5.  Sagina.     Petals  entire  or  wanting  :  styles  as  many  as  the  sepals,  alternate  with  them  and 

with  the  entire  valves  of  the  capsule. 


62  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  ^  SUent. 

*  *  Stipules  scarious  or  setiform, 
+■  Petals  conspicuous  :  styles  distinct. 

6.  Spergula.     Styles  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals  and  with  the  entire  valves  of  the  capsule. 

7.  Lepigonum.     Styles  and  valves  of  the  capsule  3. 

-1-  +-  Petals  inconspicuous  or  minute  :  styles  united  below. 

8.  Polycarpon.     Sepals  and  petals  entire.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong  :  stipules  scarious. 

9.  Loeflingia.     Sepals  rigid  and  with  a  setiform  tooth  on  each  side.     Leaves  subulate  or  seta- 

ceous :  the  setiform  rigid  stipules  adnate  to  each  margin. 

Drymaria,  Willd. ,  is  represented  by  one  or  two  species  in  Lower  California  and  by  others  in 
Arizona.  They  have  the  aspect  of  Chickweeds  {Stellaria),  small  and  scarious  stipules,  and  2-6- 
cleft  petals. 

1.  SILENE,  Linn.        Catchfly.    Campion. 

Calyx  tubular,  cylindro-clavate  to  campanulate,  5-tootlied,  10-nerved.  Petals  5, 
with  narrow  claws ;  the  blade  mostly  2  -  many-cleft,  and  usually  crowned  with  2 
scales  at  the  base.  Stamens  10,  borne  with  the  petals  upon  the  stipe  of  the  ovary. 
Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled :  styles  3.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  6,  rarely  3,  short 
teeth.  Seed  opaque,  tuberculate  or  echinate,  attached  marginally  :  embryo  peri- 
pherical. — Annual  or  mostly  perennial  herbs,  of  various  habit. — Eohrbach,  Monog. 
Silene,  and  in  Linnaea,  xxxvi.  170;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  430,  and  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  340. 

A  genus  of  300  or  more  species,  most  abundant  in  the  northern  temperate  regions  of  the  Old 
World.  Of  the  25  American  species,  the  larger  number  is  confined  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
the  region  westward. 

*  Annuals  :  flowers  small. 

Glabrous  :  flowers  in  an  open  naked  dichotomous  panicle.  4.  S.  antirrhina. 

Villous  ;  flowers  racemose  or  spicate  :  leaves  spatulate.  3.  S.  Gallica. 

*  *  Perennials  :  calyx  campanulate,  inflated  :  flowers  few. 

Glandular-puberulent :  flowers  nodding  :  blade  4-parted  ;  claws  and  fila- 
ments pubescent.  1.  S.  campanulata. 

Mostly  glabrous  :  flowers  erect :  blade  bifid  ;  claws  narrow,  naked.  2.  S.  Lyallii. 

Puberulent  :  calyx  somewhat  inflated  :  flowers  erect  :  blade  bifid ;  claws 

broader.  17.  S.  Douglasii. 

*  *  *  Perennials  :  calyx  oblong-cylindric  or  clavate. 

Usually  low  :  inflorescence  leafy. 

Flowers  white,  small  :  blade  bifid,  without  crown.  5.  S.  Menziesii. 

Flowers  large,  pale  pink  :  blade  4  -  6-parted  :  tomentose  above.  6.  S.  Hookeri. 

Flowers  large,   deep  scarlet  :  blade  4-parted  :  glandular-pubescent  or 

puberulent.  7.  S.  Californica. 

Taller  :  floral  bracts  small  and  narrow. 
Blade  of  the  petals  4-parted  or  4-cleft. 
Flowers  large,   bright  scarlet  :  blade  deeply  4-cleft  :  leaves  narrowly 

lanceolate  or  linear.  8.  S.  LACINIATA. 

Slender,  subglabrous  :  calyx  short  :  blade  equally  4-parted  :  capsule 

nearly  sessile.  9.  S.  Lemmoni. 

Stout  and  tall,  glandular  :  calyx  long  :  blade  deeply  4-cleft  ;  claw 

narrow,  villous  :  stipe  long.  10.  S.  occidentalis. 

Slender,  puberulent  :  calyx  long  :  blade  4-cleft  ;  claw  naked  ;  auri- 
cles and  crown  lacerate  :  stipe  long.  11.   S.  MONTANA. 
Slender,  puberulent :  calyx  and  petals  short  :  blade  narrowly  4-parted  ; 

narrow  claw  and  filaments  villous  :  stipe  short.  12.  S.  Palmeri. 

Blade  of  the  petals  bifid,  mostly  light  rose-color  ;  lobes  mostly  oblong. 
Stout,  glandular  :  calyx-teeth  long,  lanceolate  :  petals  purplish  ;  claw 

narrow,  not'auricled.  13.  S.  pectinata. 

Tall,  lax  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  :  claw  narrowly  auricled  :  stipe 

short  :  seed  not  tubercled.  14.  S.  incompta. 


Silene.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  63 

Low  :  leaves  narrow  :   claw  narrowly  auricled  :   stipe   short  :  seed 

strongly  tuberculate  on  the  back.  15.  S.  VERECtTNDA. 

Puberulent :  leaves  narrow  ;  claw  broadly  auricled :  stipe  rather  long : 

seed  tubercled.  17.  S.  Douglasii. 

Petals  white,  very  narrow  ;  lobes  linear  :  styles  long-exserted.  16.  S.  Buidgesii. 

§  1.  Calyx  campanulate,  inflated:  flowers  few  in  a  loose  panicle  or  paniculate  raceme: 

perennials. 

1.  S.  campanulata,  Watson.  Glandular-puberulent :  steins  erect,  6  to  10 
inches  higii,  simple  or  dichotomously  branclied  at  the  summit  :  leaves  lanceolate, 
1  to  1^  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate  :  flowers  solitary  or  few,  on  short  nodding 
pedicels  :  calyx  5  to  6  lines  long,  finely  net-veined,  the  teeth  broad  and  acute  or 
acutish  :  petals  pale  flesh-color,  9  lines  long  ;  claws  pubescent,  narrowly  auricled ; 
blade  4-parted,  the  lobes  bifid  or  the  lateral  ones  entire  or  notched  ;  appendages  ob- 
long, entire  :  filaments  pubescent,  exserted :  ovary  subglobose,  shortly  stipitate.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  342. 

Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  County,  Bolander,  Kellogg. 

2.  S.  Lyallii,  "Watson.  Glabrous  except  the  subglandular  puberulent  inflores- 
cence :  stems  slender,  ascending  :  leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  1  to  2  inches  long : 
flowers  few  in  a  dichotomous  cyme,  erect  on  slender  pedicels  :  calyx  4  lines  long, 
net-veined  above  ;  teeth  broad,  obtuse  :  petals  brownish  purple,  7  lines  long ;  blade 
oblong,  shortly  bifid ;  claw  naked,  scarcely  auricled ;  appendages  oblong,  entire  : 
anthers  included  :  ovary  narrowly  oblong.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  342. 

In  Gold  Lake  and  Sierra  Valleys,  Siena  County,  Lemmon.  Cascade  Mountains,  Washington 
Territory,  Lyall. 

What  appears  to  be  another  species  of  this  group,  with  pendulous  flowers,  has  been  collected  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada  above  Cisco,  but  the  material  is  too  meagre  for  a  specific  description.  The 
flowers  are  clustered,  on  short  pedicels ;  calyx  greenish,  4  to  5  lines  long ;  blade  shortly  bifid, 
obscurely  toothed  at  the  side,  and  with  short  entire  appendages ;  inflorescence  pubemlent. 

S.  MONANTHA,  Watsou,  1.  c,  the  one  other  western  species  with  inflated  calyx,  has  been  found 
only  at  the  falls  of  the  Columbia.  It  is  distinguished  by  weak  elongated  stems,  the  long-pedun- 
culate flowers  terminal  and  solitary,  not  deflexed,  and  the  limb  of  the  petals  bifid. 

§  2,  Calyx  ohlong-cylindric  or  davate,  becoming  expanded  by  the  enlarging  ovary. 

*  Annuals :  flowers  small,  solitary,  racemose  or  panicled :  capsule  ovoid,  very  shortly 

stipitate,  3  <o  4  lines  long. 

3.  S.  Gallica,  Linn.  Villous-pubescent :  leaves  spatulate,  1  to  1^  inches  long: 
flowers  on  very  short  pedicels,  racemose,  4  to  5  lines  long,  the  rose-colored  petals 
little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

A  European  species  now  widely  distributed.      Abundant  in  many  localities  near  the  coast. 

4.  S.  antirrhina,  Linn.  Glabrous,  with  a  part  of  each  joint  viscid,  erect,  slen- 
der, 1  to  2^  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear :  flowers  in  a  naked  dichotomous 
panicle,  on  long  pedicels :  petals  obovate,  minutely  appendaged,  equalling  the  calyx. 
—  Rohrb.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras,  xiv.^  292,  t.  66. 

Throughout  California,  but  apparently  rare,  ranging  north  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward 
across  the  continent. 

*  *  Perennials,  spreading  or  decumbent,  tisually  low :  inflorescence  leafy. 

5.  S.  Menziesii,  Hook.  Glandular-puberulent :  stems  numerous,  weak  and 
ascending,  dichotomously  branched,  6  to  12  inches  high,  leafy  :  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  -oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  peduncles 
1 -flowered,  lateral  and  terminal,  equalling  the  leaves  :  petals  bifid,  without  crown, 
3  or  4  lines  long,  exceeding  the  ovate  calyx,  white  :  capsule  ovate-oblong,  shortly 
stipitate  :  seeds  minutely  tuberculate,  at  length  nearly  black  and  shining.  —  Hook. 
Fl.  i.  99,  t.  30.     S.  DorHi,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  44,  fig.  12. 


64  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  ,  Silene. 

From  Mono  Lake  to  the  British  boundary  and  frequent  in  the  mountains  eastward,  from  Slave 
Lake  to  New  Mexico. 

6.  S.  Hookeri,  Nutt.  Somewhat  white-toraentose,  especially  above,  the  leafy- 
stems  3  to  lU  inches  high  from  a  deep  perpendicular  root :  leaves  spatulate,  acute, 
an  inch  or  two  long  :  flowers  1  to  5,  large,  erect,  on  pedicels  1  \  inches  long  :  calyx 
oblong-clavate,  8  to  10  lines  long  :  petals  pale-pink,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  broad  claw  ciliate  below,  the  cuneate  blade  4  -  6-parted  with  lanceolate  or  linear 
entire  or  bifid  segments  ;  appendages  lanceolate,  decurrent  upon  the  claw  :  ovary 
nearly  sessile.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  193  j  Hook,  f,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6051.  S.  Bol- 
anderi,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  330.  Melandryxim  Hookeri  &  M.  Bolanderi, 
Eohrb.  in  Linnsea,  xxxvi.  254. 

Wooded  hillsides,  from  Plumas  and  Mendocino  counties  to  the  Columbia  Eiver. 

7.  S.  Californica,  Durand.  Glandular-pubescent  or  puberulent :  stems  |  to  4 
feet  high,  lax,  leafy,  somewhat  branched  above  :  leaves  oblanceolate  to  ovate,  1|  to 
4  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate :  flowers  large,  deep  scarlet,  few  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches  :  pedicels  short,  the  lower  deflected  in  fruit :  calyx  7  to  10  lines  long : 
petals  deeply  parted,  with  bifld  segments,  the  lobes  2-3-toothed  or  entire,  with 
often  a  linear  lateral  one ;  appendages  oblong-lanceolate  :  capsule  ovate,  ^  inch  long, 
rather  shortly  stipitate.  —  PI.  Pratten.  83.  S.  laciniata,  var.  Californica,  Gray ; 
Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  341.     Melaiidryum  Calif ornicum,  Rohrb.  1.  c.  252. 

From  Mendocino  and  Placer  counties  to  Santa  Cruz,  Fort  Tejon,  and  the  Mariposa  Grove.  It 
probably  extends  southward  in  the  Coast  Ranges  to  San  Diego.  The  flowers  much  resemble  those 
of  the  next  species,  to  which  it  has  been  referred. 

*  *  *  Erect  perennials,  with  the  flowers  in  a  panicle  or  racemose-panicidate,  the  floral 

bracts  small  and  narrow. 

■(-  Petals  i-parted  or  4:'cleft. 

8.  S.  laciniata,  Cav.  Pubescent  with  more  or  less  viscid  hairs  or  puberulent : 
stems  erect  or  ascending  from  a  thick  woody  rootstock,  1  to  1 1  feet  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  oblanceolate  to  linear,  2  to  3  inches  long  :  flowers  one  or  few  on  the  elon- 
gated branches,  large,  bright  scarlet,  on  pedicels  ^  to  3  inches  long,  not  reflexed  in 
fruit :  petals  deeply  4-cleft  with  linear  acute  lobes,  the  lateral  ones  spreading  and 
shorter  ;  appendages  ovate  :  capsule  oblong,  shortly  stipitate,  not  greatly  distending 
the  calyx  :  seed  strongly  tuberculate  on  the  back.  —  Icon.  vi.  44,  t.  564 ;  Lindl. 
Bot.  Reg.  xvii.  t.  1444.  Lychnis  pulchra,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Melandryum  lacini- 
atum,  Rohrb.  1.  c. 

From  the  Sacramento  southward  into  Mexico,  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico. 

9.  S.  Lemmoni,  Watson.  Glabrous  or  puberulent,  the  inflorescence  glandular  : 
stems  erect  from  a  decumbent  perennial  branching  base,  slender,  8  to  12  inches 
high,  branched  :  leaves  mostly  on  the  young  shoots,  an  inch  long,  spatulate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  :  flowers  in  an  open  panicle,  erect  or  at  length  deflexed,  on 
slender  pedicels  4  to  9  lines  long  :  calyx  ovate-cylindric,  4  lines  long,  the  teeth 
acutely  triangular  :  petals  rose-colored,  6  to  8  lines  long ;  the  broad  blade  4-cleft 
nearly  to  the  base,  with  linear  entire  or  notched  lobes ;  the  lanceolate  appendages 
entire  and  the  villous  claw  narrowly  auricled  :  ovary  oblong,  very  shortly  stipitate. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  342. 

Webber  Lake  Valley,  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon. 

10.  S.  occidentalis,  Watson.  Glandular-puberulent,  or  below  somewhat  tomen- 
tose  :  stems  often  stout,  erect  from  a  vertical  rootstock,  1|  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or 
branching  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  acute,  the  lower  ciliate  at  base  : 
flowers  in  an  open  panicle,  erect  or  sometimes  nodding,  on  slender  pedicels  6  to  15 
lines  long  :  calyx  cylindrical,  6  to  8  lines  long,  the  teeth  ovate  and  obtuse  :  petals 
deep  purple,  one  half  longer,  deeply  4-cleft  into  nearly  equal  lobes  or  the  lateral 


Silene.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  65 

ones  shorter ;  appendages  linear,  entire,  half  the  length  of  the  limb ;  claw  slightly 
villous,  without  auricles  :  filaments  slightly  exserted  :  stipe  3  lines  long,  as  long  as 
the  oblong  ovary.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  343. 
Big  Meadows,  Plumas  Co.,  Lemmon. 

11.  S.  montana,  Watson.  Puberulent :  the  stems  slender,  from  a  decumbent 
branching  perennial  base,  mostly  simple,  a  foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
1^  to  2  inches  long,  acuminate  :  flowers  in  a  narrow  panicle,  erect  upon  usually 
short  pedicels  :  calyx  cylindrical,  7  to  9  lines  long,  the  oblong  teeth  acutish  :  petals 
apparently  rose-colored,  scarcely  longer ;  the  broad  blade  deeply  4-cleft  into  linear 
entire  equal  segments ;  claws  naked,  the  auricles  and  broad  ovate  appendages  some- 
what lacerate  :  capsule  oblong,  the  stipe  2  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  343. 

Near  Carson  City  (^Anderson),  and  in  Sierra  Valley,  Sierra  County,  Lemmon.  A  perhaps  dis- 
tinct form  from  the  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon,  has  the  short  quadrate  limb  barely  notched,  the 
coronal  appendages  and  auricles  entire  or  nearly  so,  and  the  stipe  shorter. 

12.  S.  Palmeri,  Watson.  Puberulent  with  short  spreading  hairs,  the  inflores- 
cence glandular  :  stems  slender,  a  foot  high,  from  a  branching  rootstock  :  leaves 
oblanceolate,  an  inch  long :  flowers  purplish,  on  slender  pedicels  in  an  open  panicle : 
calyx  four  lines  long  ;  teeth  short :  petals  very  narrow,  half  an  inch  long ;  blade 
4-parted  into  linear  entire  or  bifid  lobes  ;  appendages  linear ;  claw  not  auricled,  and 
with  the  filaments  very  villous  :  styles  and  stamens  much  exserted  :  capsule  oblong, 
exceeding  the  calyx ;  stipe  about  a  line  long  :  seeds  tuberculate,  not  crested.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  124. 

Cuiamaca  Mountains,  San  Diego  Co.,  Dr.  Edward  Palmer. 

S.  Oregana,  Watson,  also  from  the  Blue  Mts.,  Oregon,  may  extend  into  California.  It  has 
its  petals  2-parted,  with  filiform  bifid  segments,  very  nan-ow  claws  with  the  auricles  produced  up- 
ward, and  a  long-stipitate  capsule. 

-(-  -t-  Petals  hifid. 

1 3.  S.  pectinata,  Watson.  Viscidly  pubescent :  stems  erect,  stout,  simple  or 
branched,  1  to  1  ^  feet  high,  several  from  a  stout  perpendicular  root :  leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  1|^  to  2|^  inches  long,  the  radical  long-petioled  :  flowers  in  a  narrow  strict 
or  spreading  panicle,  erect  on  pedicels  ^  to  1  inch  long  :  calyx  oblong,  6  to  9  lines 
long,  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle  into  narrow  acute  teeth  :  petals  dark  rose-color  or 
purple,  about  an  inch  long ;  claw  naked,  not  auricled ;  blade  broadly  oblong,  deeply 
bifid  with  obtuse  segments ;  appendages  lanceolate,  entire  :  ovary  oblong,  nearly 
sessile  :  seeds  finely  tuberculate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  344. 

Near  Carson  City  {Anderson) ;  Walker's  Meadows  {Brewer) ;  Plumas  and  Sierra  counties,  Mrs. 
M.  E.  P.  Ames  and  Lemmon. 

14.  S.  incompta,  Gray.  Viscidly  puberulent  or  pubescent :  stems  tall  and  lax, 
simple  or  somewhat  branched  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  1|  to  2 J  inches  long: 
flowers  on  slender  rather  short  pedicels  loosely  racemose  :  calyx  oblong-cylindric, 
six  lines  long,  the  oblong  teeth  acute  :  petals  a  half  longer,  light  rose-color ;  lobes 
ovate-oblong,  often  toothed ;  claws  naked,  very  narrowly  auricled  ;  appendages  short, 
toothed  :  capsule  ovate,  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  very  shortly  stipitate  :  seeds  small, 
not  tuberculate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  330.     S.  Engelmanni,  Rohrb.  1.  c.  264. 

Mount  Bullion  and  Yosemite  Valley,  Bolander,  Torrey. 

15.  S.  verecunda,  Watson.    Glandular-pubescent :  stems  low,  clustered,  erect, 

simple,  8  to  18  inches  high  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  flowers 
few  in  a  loose  panicle,  erect  upon  stout  and  mostly  elongated  pedicels  ^  to  an  inch 
long  :  calyx  oblong-cylindric,  half  an  inch  long ;  teeth  acutish,  triangular :  petals 
rose-color,  a  half  longer ;  blade  oblong,  cleft  to  the  middle  into  linear  entire  lobes ; 
appendages  notched  at  the  apex;  claw  naked,  narrowly  auricled :  filaments  included: 
ovary  oblong,  shortly  stipitate  :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  exceeding  the  calyx  :  seeds 


66  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  Silene. 

strongly  tubercled  on  the  back.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  344.      aS'.  Ungelmanni,  var. 
Behrii,  Rohrb.  in  Linnaea,  xxxvi.  264. 

Rocky  hills  near  Mission  Dolores,  Bolander,  Behr. 

1 6.  S.  Bridgesii,  Rohrbach.  Finely  pubescent  below  and  viscid  above  :  stems 
simple,  slender,  erect,  a  foot  high  or  more :  leaves  rather  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  flowers  simply  racemose,  on  slender  spreading 
pedicels  3  to  6  lines  long :  calyx  oblong-cylindric,  4  to  5  lines  long,  with  rather  nar- 
row acute  teeth  :  petals  white,  very  narrow,  8  lines  long,  the  claw  scarcely  auricled 
and  lobes  narrowly  linear ;  appendages  very  small :  styles  greatly  elongated :  capsule 
equalling  the  calyx,  ovate.  —  Ind.  Sem.  Berol.  1867,  &  Monogr.  Silene,  204. 

In  Yosemite  Valley  and  at  Clark's  on  the  Merced,  Bindges,  Gray. 

17.  S.  Douglasii,  Hook.  Finely  puberulent  throughout,  and  rarely  somewhat 
glandular  above  :  stems  erect  or  ascending  from  a  branching  decumbent  rootstock, 
slender,  6  to  15  inches  high,  simple,  few-flowered  :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  to 
linear,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  flowers  erect,  on  slender  pedicels  :  calyx  oblong-cylindric, 
often  somewhat  inflated,  5  to  7  lines  long,  with  broad  acutish  teeth  :  petals  rose- 
color  or  nearly  white,  8  to  10  lines  long,  with  broad  obtuse  lobes,  a  broadly  auricled 
claw,  and  narrow  appendages :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  equalling  the  calyx,  rather  long- 
stipitate  :  seeds  strongly  tubercled  on  the  back.  —  Fl.  i.  88  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  190. 
»S^.  multicaulis,  Nutt.;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  192. 

From  "Washington  Territory  and  Montana  to  the  Sacramento  River,  Donner  Pass  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  the  Wahsatch  Mts. ;  the  most  frequent  of  all  the  species.  Scanty  specimens,  doubt- 
fully referred  here,  were  collected  by  Palmer  in  the  Cuyamaca  Mts.,  San  Diego  Co. 

S.  ScouLERi,  Hook.,  and  S.  Spaldingii,  Watson,  both  from  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State 
northward,  but  perhaps  to  be  found  on  its  northern  borders,  belong  to  a  group  of  stout  perennials 
with  the  flowers  shortly  pedicelled  and  often  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  rather  leaf-like  bracts. 
The  first  has  conspicuous  petals,  the  broad  bifid  limb  with  notched  lobes  and  appendages  ;  claw 
auricled  ;  capsule  ovate,  long-stipitate  ;  leaves  narrow,  distant.  The  latter  is  viscidly  pubescent 
throughout,  with  numerous  lanceolate  leaves  ;  petals  with  a  very  broad  claw,  but  short  and  obtuse 
emarginate  limb,  and  four  short  distinct  appendages  ;  capsule  oblong,  short-stipitate. 

One  or  two  dwarf  alpine  species  occur  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  apparently  undescribed,  but  the  mate- 
rial collected  is  too  scanty  for  satisfactory  description.  Specimens  from  Mt.  Dana  (Bi'ewer),  near 
Ebbett's  Pass  (Brewer,  n.  2081),  and  from  some  locality  farther  north  {Lemvion),  are  alike  in  habit, 
having  mostly  1 -flowered  stems,  linear  leaves,  a  short  subcampanulate  calj'x  and  short  bifid  petals, 
but  diffier  in  pubescence  and  in  some  of  the  characters  of  the  flower.  They  are  closely  allied  to 
that  group  of  the  genus  Lychnis  which  includes  L.  affinis,  triflora,  opetala,  &c.,  —  alpine  and 
arctic  species  of  doubtful  limitation,  —  none  of  which  seem  to  have  been  found  in  California, 
though  some  occur  farther  north  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  CERASTIUM,  Linn.  Mouse-eau  Chickweed. 

Sepals  5,  not  carinate  nor  3-nerved.     Petals  5,  emarginate  or  bifid.     Stamens  10. 

Styles  5,  rarely  4  or  3.    Capsule  cylindric  or  cylindric-conic,  often  incurved,  1 -celled, 

many-seeded,  dehiscent  by  twice  as  many  equal  teeth  as  there  are  styles.     Seed  sub- 

reniform-globose,  usually  granulate. — Mostly  pubescent  or  hirsute  low  herbs  ;  leaves 

rarely  subulate  ;  flowers  white,  in  terminal  leafy  or  scariously  bracted  dichotomous 

cymes. 

Distinguished  from  Arenaria  and  Stellaria  by  habit,  as  well  as  by  the  form  and  dehiscence  of 
the  capsule.  A  genus  of  perhaps  100  species,  widely  distributed,  but  sparingly  represented  in 
America. 

1.  C.  nutans,  Raf.  Annual,  viscid-pubescent,  erect,  usually  branched  at  the 
base,  about  a  span  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  clasping, 
^  to  1|  inches  long,  the  lowest  spatulate  :  cyme  open,  rather  many-flowered ;  pedi- 
cels often  nodding  or  reflexed  in  fruit :  calyx  1^  to  2  lines  long,  the  petals  slightly 
longer  :  capsule  4  to  6  lines  long,  curved. —  Gray,  Gen.  111.  ii.  40,  t.  114. 


Stdlaria.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  67 

From  the  Atlantic  States  to  Washington  Territory,  Utah,  and  Northern  Mexico  ;  collected  by 
Anderson  in  the  mountains  above  Carson  City,  Nevada. 

2.  C.  arvense,  Linn.  Perennial,  downy  with  reflexed  hairs,  cespitose  ;  stems 
erect,  3  to  12  inches  high:  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  12  lines  long,  acute, 
clasping :  cyme  few-flowered,  usually  narrow ;  pedicels  mostly  long,  erect  or  nod- 
ding :  calyx  1|  to  3  lines  long,  the  petals  nearly  twice  longer  :  capsule  little  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx,  nearly  straight. 

Northern  States  and  westward  in  the  mountains  to  Colorado  and  Washington  Territory  :  also 
European  and  Asiatic.  Found  but  sparingly  in  California,  at  the  Russian  Colony,  and  by 
Bolander  in  Mendocino  County  at  Noyo,  in  sandy  fields  among  shrubs,  and  on  the  East  Fork  of 
Eel  River.  The  latter  specimens  might  be  referred  to  C.  ohlongifolium,  Ton-ey,  which  seems  to 
be  but  a  form  of  C.  arvense  with  the  capsule  a  half  longer  than  the  calyx. 

3.  C.  pilosum,  Ledeb.  Perennial,  erect,  rather  stout,  more  or  less  densely 
pilose,  glandular-pubescent  above  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  \  to  an  inch  long,  1  to 
6  lines  broad,  acute,  almost  sheathing  at  base  :  flowers  large,  few :  calyx  3  to  4  lines 
long,  the  petals  half  longer:  capsule  6  to  10  lines  long,  the  slender  teeth  at  length 
circinate. —  Icon.  Ross.  t.  351.  C.  stellarioides,  Mo^ino,  Icon.  Ined.  t.  54.;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  187. 

Alaska  and  Siberia ;  Punta  de  los  Reyes  {Bigelow),  referred  to  C.  oblongifolium  in  Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  iv.  70. 

3.  STELLABIA,  Linn.        Chickweed. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.     Petals  as  many,  2-cleft,  rarely  none.     Stamens  10,  or  fewer 

by  abortion.     Styles  3,  or  rarely  2,  4,  or  5,  opposite  to  as  many  sepals.     Capsule 

globose  to  oblong,  many-seeded,  dehiscent  to  below  the  middle  into  twice  as  many 

valves  as  styles.     Seeds  reniform-globose  or  laterally  compressed.  —  Low  herbs, 

mostly  diflfuse ;  leaves  rarely  subulate ;  flowers  white,  solitary  or  cymose,  terminal 

or  becoming  lateral ;  stems  mostly  4-angled. 

Including  70  species  or  more,  widely  distributed,  especially  in  the  temperate  and  colder  regions  ; 
about  20  North  American. 

*  Leaves  ovate,  petioled :  stems  marTced  hy  a  pubescent  line :  petals  shorter  than  the 
calyx  :  annual  tr  nearly  so,  introduced. 

1.  S.  media,  Linn.  Weak  and  spreading,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints  :  leaves  3 
to  9  lines  long,  on  hairy  petioles,  or  the  uppermost  sessile  :  flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, deflexed  in  fruit,  with  foliaceous  bracts  :  calyx  pubescent :  stamens  3  to  10  : 
capsule  oblong-ovate,  2  to  3  lines  long,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx. 

A  common  introduced  weed,  in  shady  places,  native  of  Europe. 

*  *  Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  sessile :  perennials,  excepting  the  first, 

-t-  Bracts  small  and  scarious  ;  petals  small  or  wanting,  or  often  exceeding  the  calyx  in 

the  last. 

2.  S.  nitens,  ^utt.  Annual,  slender  :  stems  3  to  6  inches  high,  erect  or  spread- 
ing, smooth  and  sliining,  often  slightly  hairy  at  base  :  leaves  lanceolate,  3  to  6  lines 
long,  acute,  the  lower  shortly  petiolate  :  flowers  erect,  on  short  pedicels  :  sepals 
3-nerved,  narrow,  acuminate,  shining,  two  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the  deeply 
lobed  petals,  which  are  sometimes  wanting  :  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
rather  few-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  185  ;  Torr.  in  Pacif  R.  Rep,  iv.  69. 

Valleys  ami  foot-hills  from  Los  Angeles  northward  to  the  British  boundary  ;  Guadalupe  Island, 
Palmer. 

3.  S.  mnbellata,  Turcz.  Glabrous  :  stems  very  slender,  ascending,  from  slen- 
der creeping  rootstocks,  which  are  covered  with  orbicular  scale-like  colorless  bracts  : 
leaves  spreading,  elliptic  or  oblong-lauceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  4  to  8  lines  long  : 


68  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  .  Stellaria. 

flowers  in  a  simple  or  compound  open  umbel-like  few-rayed  cyme ;  pedicels  elon- 
gated :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved,  1  to  H  lines  long :  petals  none  :  capsule 
at  first  ovate,  at  length  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Ledeb.  Fl.  Eoss.  i. 
394 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  38. 

Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  ;  in  the  Wahsatch  (  Watson)  ;  at  Peregoy's  above  the  Yosemite, 
Gray.     Identical  with  the  Asiatic  fonn. 

4.  S.  longipes,  Goldie.     Smooth  and  shining  or  glaucous,  erect  or  ascending, 

2  to  18  inches  high:  leaves, linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  |^  to  1|  inches  long,  1  to  1-^ 
lines  wide,  acute,  rather  rigid  and  usually  ascending':  flowers  few,  on  long  slender 
erect  pedicels,  the  scarious  bracts  often  wanting  in  the  less  developed  specimens  : 
sepals  scarcely  nerved,  1|  to  2^  lines  long  :  petals  about  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
calyx  :  capsule  ovate-oblong,  at  length  exserted,  usually  dark-colored  at  maturity  : 
seed  smooth.  —  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  245. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Yosemite  northward,  ranging  to  the  Arctic  Sea  and  eastward  to 
Maine  and  Labrador  :  also  Asiatic. 

5.  KiNGii,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  39,  t.  6,  of  the  mountains  of  Nevada,  may  be  found  in 
California  :  stems  low,  from  a  woody  base,  strict,  glandular-pubescent ;  leaves  linear,  rigid, 
short ;  capsule  half  longer  than  the  calyx. 

-*-  -t-  Bracts  foliaceous :  petals  exceeding  the  calyx,  or  wanting  in  the  first. 

5.  S.  borealis,  Bigelow.  Glabrous  :  stems  usually  weak,  erect  or  spreading, 
branched,  |^  to  1^  feet  high  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  ^  to  2  inches 
long,  1  to  5  lines  wide,  acute,  usually  spreading :  flowers  in  dichotomous  cymes,  on 
pedicels  ^  inch  long,  at  length  spreading  or  deflexed  :  sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate,  a 
line  or  two  long,  usually  short  :  petals  2-parted,  included,  2  to  5,  or  more  usually 
wanting  :  capsule  ovate,  1|^  to  2  lines  long  :  seeds  smooth. 

Wet  places  in  Mendocino  County,  Bolandcr ;  the  form  with  larger  calyx.  A  common  species 
northward,  and  in  the  mountains,  across  the  continent  ;  also  in  the  Old  World.  The  variety 
alpestn's,  Gray  (var.  corollina,  Fenzl),  with  the  bracts  small  and  partly  scarious,  and  with 
roughish  seeds,  occurs  in  Oregon  and  may  be  found  in  California. 

6.  S.  Jamesii,  Torrey.  Somewhat  viscidly  jjubescent,  rather  stout,  ascemling, 
branched,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear-  to  ovate-lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long, 

3  to  9  lines  wide,  acuminate,  dark  green  :  pedicels  divaricate,  rather  short,  at  length 
deflexed  :  sepals  oblong,  acute,  2  or  3  lines  long,  the  bifid  petals  mostly  twice 
longer :  capsule  ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  seed  smooth.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
183 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  38. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Bolander,  Mrs.  Ames),  and  in  the  mountains  eastward  to  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico. 

7.  S.  littoralis,  Torrey.  Pubescent  throughout,  ascending,  a  foot  high,  rather 
stout :  leaves  ovate,  an  inch  long,  acute,  rounded  at  base,  rather  thick  :  flowers  in  a 
terminal  compound  cyme  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  3-nerved,  2  lines  long, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  2-parted  petals  :  styles  sometimes  4  :  capsule  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  —  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  69. 

Sea-shore,  Punta  de  los  Reyes,  Bigelow. 

4.  AHENARIA,  Linn.        Sandwort. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many,  entire  or  rarely  emargiuate,  or  wanting. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  3,  rarely  more  or  fewer,  opposite  to  as  many  sepals.  Capsule 
globose  or  short-oblong,  dehiscent  into  as  many  entire,  2-cleft,  or  2-parted  valves  as 
there  are  styles,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seed  reniform-globose  or  laterally  compressed.  ^ 
Mostly  low  annuals  or  perennials,  usually  tufted  ;  with  sessile  leaves,  often  subulate 
and  more  or  less  rigid,  without  stipules  ;  flowers  white,  cymosely  panicled  or  capitate. 

A  large  genus  of  about  130  species,  very  widely  dispersed,  many  of  them  arctic  or  alpine. 


Arenaria.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  gg 

§  1.   The  3  valves  of  the  capsule  1-cfeft  or  j^arted :  seeds  not  appendaged  at  the  hilum  : 
cespitose  perennials,  mostly  scarious-br acted.  —  Arexaria  proper. 

1.  A.  COngesta,  Xutt.  Smooth,  glaucous,  4  to  12  inches  high:  leaves  very 
narrowly  subulate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  often  pungent,  the  lower  1  to  2^  inches 
long,  the  cauline  ^^  to  1  inch  long  :  flowers  in  1  to  3  dense  subumbellate  fascicles, 
with  large  dilated  membranous  bracts  :  sepals  ovate-oblong,  strongly  concave,  scari- 
ously  margined,  obscurely  3-nerved,  \^  to  2 J  lines  long,  acute  :  petals  narrowly 
oblong,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  stvjmas  capitellate :  capsule  equalling  the 
calyx.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  178;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  39.  Brewerina  suffru- 
tescens,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  620. 

Var.  subcongesta,  Watson.  Flowers  less  densely  fascicled  and  somewhat 
cymose.  —  A.  Fendleri,  var.  subcongesta,  Watson  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  40. 

In  the  mountains  from  Wasliington  Territory  to  Colorado  ;  at  Summit  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
(Bolander) ;  above  Carson  City,  Anderson.  The  variety  in  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada  (^Lermnon), 
and  eastward.  The  typical  form  has  the  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  close  heads.  Brewerhm  suf- 
fridescens,  Gray,  is  a  form  somewhat  woody  at  base  and  with  the  flowei-s  upon  longer  nearly  equal 
pedicels.  The  remarkable  character  of  capitellate  or  somewhat  capitellate  stigmas  it  has  in  com- 
mon with  A.  Fendleri,  and  they  are  also  found  in  A.  capillaris  and  A.  Frunklinii. 

2.  A.  capillaris,  Poir.  More  or  less  glandular-pubescent  above,  erect,  3  to  12 
inches  high  :  leaves  linear-subulate,  J  to  2  inches  long,  pungent ;  the  cauline  few, 
short  and  erect :  flowers  few,  in  an  open  cyme  ;  bracts  small,  lanceolate  :  sepals 
ovate,  acute,  \^  to  2  lines  long,  3-nerved,  membranously  margined  :  petals  half 
longer:  capsule  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Including  A.  nardifolia,  Ledeb. 
(Hook.  Fl.  i.  98,  t.  32),  and  some  other  Asiatic  forms.  A.  formosa,  Torr.  Bot. 
Wilkes  Exp.  243 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  39. 

In  the  mountains  from  the  British  boundary  southward  ;  Donner  Pass  (Torrey) ;  Silver  Moun- 
tain, at  11,000  feet  altitude,  Brewer.    The  more  typical  glabrous  form  seems  not  to  occur  here. 

3.  A.  pungens,  Nutt.  Pubescent  throughout,  cespitose,  2  to  3  inches  high : 
leaves  linear-subulate,  3  to  5  lines  long,  pungent,  crowded  :  flowers  in  an  open 
cyme,  leafy-bracted  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pungent,  1|^  to  3  lines  long,  rather 
obscurely  3-nerved  :  petals  about  equalling  the  calyx  :  the  capsule  shorter :  seeds 
very  few,  smooth.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  179  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  above  the  Big  Tree  Grove  {Bolander)  ;  Silver  Mountain,  at  11,000  feet 
{Brewer)  ;  above  Cai"son  City  {Anderson)  ;  and  eastward  to  Colorado. 

A.  Franklinii,  Dough,  is  of  similar  habit,  but  stouter  and  less  pubescent ;  stems  leafy  at  base  : 
flowers  fascicled  in  a  rather  close  cyme  :  sepals  3  to  5  lines  long,  smooth  and  shining,  scariously 
margined,  as  also  the  large  bracts  :  petals  as  long,  and  capsule  shorter.  —  Oregon  to  Colorado, 
and  perhaps  to  be  expected  in  the  mountains  of  California. 

§  2.   The  3  valves  of  the  capsule  entire :  seeds  not  appendaged  at  the  hilum, :  low 
annuals  urith  foliaceous  bracts  {the  Calif ornian  species),  — Alsine. 

4.  A.  Douglasii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Sparingly  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  or 
glabrous,  slender,  much  branched,  3  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  filiform,  ^  to  1  inch 
long  :  flowers  rather  large,  on  long  slender  pedicels  :  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute, 
3-nerved,  1|  lines  long :  petals  obovate,  2  lines  long  or  more :  capsule  globose, 
equalling  the  calyx  :  seeds  large,  flat,  smooth,  acutely  margined. — Fl.  i.  674. 

Drj- hillsides,  throughout  California.  The  very  similar  A.  tenella,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon  and 
Washington  Territory,  is  distinguished  by  narrower  and  more  strongly  nerved  sepals,  oblong 
capsule,  and  small  minutely  roughened  seeds. 

5.  A.  Califomica,  Brewer.  Glabrous,  very  slender,  branching,  2  to  6  inches 
high  :  leaves  lanceolate,  1  to  2  lines  long,  obtusish  :  flowers  small,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels :  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute,  3-nerved,  1  to  1 1  lines  long  ;  petals  spatulate, 
about  a  half  longer  :  capsule  oblong  :  seeds  small,  sharply  muriculate.  —  Bolander, 
Cat.  6.     A.  brevifolia,  var.  (?)  Califomica,  Gray,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  101. 

Sonoma  County  to  Santa  Cniz  and  eastward  ;  Auburn,  Bolander. 


70  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  t^  Arenaria. 

6.  A.  palustris,  Watson.  Apparently  annual,  smooth,  the  stems  weak,  simple, 
4  to  8  inches  high  :  leaves  linear,  flaccid,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  acute  :  flowers  few,  large, 
on  long  pedicels  :  sepals  elliptic,  obtuse,  1|  to  2  lines  long,  herbaceous,  not  nerved  : 
petals  oblong,  twice  longer  :  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  seeds  numer- 
ous.—  Alsine  palustris,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  61. 

Swamps  near  San  Francisco,  Bolander,  Kellogg. 

§  3.  Parts  of  the  flowers  sometimes  in  fours :  valves  of  the  capsule  bifid  ;  the  young  ovary 
3-celled :  seed  appendaged  at  the  hilum  tvith  a  small  caruncle.  —  Mcehringia. 

7.  A.  macrophylla,  Hook.  Perennial,  with  running  rootstocks  ;  stems  ascend- 
ing, 3  to  8  inches  high,  mostly  simple,  leafy,  puberulent  above  :  leaves  3  to  4  pairs, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  1  to  2  inches  long,  thin,  bright  green  :  flowers 
few,  on  slender  pedicels:  sepals  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  1^  to  2 J  lines  long, 
1-nerved,  exceeding  the  obtuse  petals  :  capsule  ovoid,  nearly  equalling  the  calyx  : 
seeds  several,  smooth,  rather  large.  —  Fl.  i.  102,  t.  37.  Moehringia  umbrosa,  Gray, 
PI.  Fendl.  13,  not  Fenzl.     M.  macrophylla,  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  246. 

From  Washington  Territoiy  to  California  {Bigelow)  ;  Sierra  County,  Lemmrni.  Also  in  New 
Mexico,  Fendler.  Another  species  of  this  section,  A.  lateriflora,  Linn.,  with  broader  obtuse 
leaves  and  exserted  petals,  occurs  in  Oregon  and  is  of  wide  range  northward  and  eastward. 

5.   SAGINA,  Linn.        Peaklwort. 

Sepals  4  to  5.     Petals  as  many,  entire  or  slightly  emarginate,  often  minute  or 

wanting.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  rarely  twice  as  many  or  fewer.     Ovary 

1-celled,  many-ovuled  :  the  styles  alternate  with  the  sepals,  and  as  many.     Capsule 

dehiscent  to  the  base  by  entire  valves  alternate  with  the  sepals.  —  Low  green  herbs, 

with  subulate  or  filiform  leaves  without  stipules,  and  small  terminal  usually  long- 

pedicelled  flowers. 

A  small  genus,  inhabiting  moist  places  in  temperate  and  frigid  regions,  chiefly  of  the  northern 
hemisphere. 

1.  S.  OCCidentalis,  Watson.  Annual,  glabrous,  very  slender  and  delicate,  2  to 
6  inches  high,  decumbent  at  base  or  ascending  :  leaves  not  fascicled,  3  to  6  lines 
long,  pungent :  flowers  pentamerous,  on  elongated  straight  pedicels  :  sepals  obtuse 
or  acutish,  a  line  long :  petals  nearly  equalling  the  sepals  :  stamens  10  :  capsule 
exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  345.     aS*.  procumbens,  Bolander,  Cat.  6. 

Valleys  and  borders  of  salt-marshes  from  San  Francisco  to  Washington  Territory. 

2.  S.  Linnaei,  Presl.  Biennial  or  perennial,  glabrous,  densely  matted  and  de- 
cumbent, 1  or  2  inches  high  :  leaves  somewhat  fascicled,  3  to  6  lines  long,  pungent : 
flowers  on  long  pedicels,  at  length  nodding  :  sepals  a  line  long,  obtuse,  exceeding 
the  petals  :  stamens  10  :  capsule  at  length  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.  — 
Spergula  saginoides,  Linn. 

Webber  Lake,  Letnm.on.  Arctic  America  and  southward  in  the  Eocky  Mountains  to  New 
Mexico  ;  also  in  the  Old  World. 

6.  SPERGULA,  Linn.        Corn-Spurrey. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  10,  rarely  5.  Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled  : 
styles  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  Capsule  5-valved,  the  entire  valves  opposite  to 
the  sepals.  Seeds  laterally  compressed,  acutely  margined  or  winged  :  embryo  spiral. 
—  Annuals,  dichotomously  or  fasciculately  branched ;  with  subulate  fascicled  or 
apparently  whorled  leaves,  and  small  scarious  stipules ;  flowers  pedicelled,  in  dicho- 
tomous  cymes. 

A  genus  of  2  or  3  species,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  widely  naturalized  as  weeds  in  cultivated  fields. 


iMjlingia.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  >J\ 

1.  S.  arvensis,  Linn.  Smooth ;  stems  several,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  fili- 
form, numerous  in  apparent  whorls,  1  or  2  inches  long ;  stipules  small :  flowers 
white,  the  long  pedicels  at  length  reflexed  :  sepals  oblong  to  ovate,  2  or  3  lines 
long,  equalling  the  petals,  a  little  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovoid  capsule  :  seeds 
rough,  acutely  margined. 

Sparingly  naturalized  ;  near  San  Francisco  {Torrey)  ;  Mark  West  Creek,  Bolander. 

7.   LEPIGONUM,  Fries.        Sand-Spurrey. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  rarely  fewer  or  none.  Stamens  10,  or  fewer  by  abor- 
tion. Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled :  styles  3,  or  rarely  5.  Capsule  3-valved. 
Seeds  winged  or  naked  :  embryo  annular.  —  Low  herbs,  usually  diffuse ;  with  seta- 
ceous or  linear  fascicled  leaves  and  scarious  stipules  ;  flowers  white  or  pink,  pedi- 
celled,  in  at  length  subracemose  cymes.  —  Kindberg,  Monog.  Lepig. 

A  genus  (known  also  as  Spergularia)  of  5  or  6  species,  chiefly  confined  to  the  sea-coast  or  saline 
localities  ;  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  zones.     Species  of  rather  difficult  definition. 

1.  L.  macrothecum,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Perennial,  rather  stout,  often  a  foot 
high,  decumbent  at  base,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  above,  the  calyx  more  or  less 
tomentose  :  leaves  fleshy,  |^  to  2  inches  long,  with  large  ovate  stipules  :  flowers 
large,  subracemose ;  pedicels  4  to  1 2  lines  long,  becoming  reflexed  :  sepals  3  lines 
long  or  more,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  petals  :  capsule  ovoid,  a  little  exceeding 
the  calyx:  seeds  smooth,  narrowly  winged.  —  Kindberg,  1.  c.  16,  t.  1,  fig.  1.  Sper- 
gularia rubra,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  70. 

In  salt-niai-shes  from  Marin  County  to  San  Diego. 

2.  L.  medium,  Fries.  More  slender  and  diffusely  branched  than  the  last,  an- 
nxial  or  biennial  (sometimes  perennial  1),  more  or  less  pubescent  or  often  nearly 
glabrous  :  leaves  fleshy,  |  to  1  inch  long  or  more ;  stipules  short :  pedicels  |^  to  6 
lines  long,  often  short,  reflexed :  flowers  smaller ;  calyx  1  to  2  lines  long  :  seeds 
smaller,  smooth,  wingless  or  narrowly  winged. 

In  saline  localities  from  San  Diego  to  Puget  Sound  and  across  the  continent  ;  also  European 
and  Asiatic.     A  very  variable  species  as  at  present  received. 

8.  POLYCARPON,  Linn. 

Sepals  entire,  scarious  upon  the  margin.  Petals  small,  hyaline.  Stamens  3  to  5. 
Ovary  1-celled:  style  short,  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-valved,  several-seeded. — Low  dif- 
fuse dichotomously  branched  annuals  ;  leaves  flat ;  stipules  small,  scarious ;  flowers 
small,  cymose. 

Half  a  dozen  species,  in  the  temperate  and  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

1.  P.  depressum,  Xutt.  Yery  small  and  much  branched,  scarcely  an  inch 
high,  slender  and  glabrous  :  leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  in  pairs  ;  stipules  small  and 
narrow  :  flowers  minute,  in  loose  cymes,  the  pedicels  with  small  bracts  :  petals  nar- 
row, much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  entire:  capsule  globose,  6 -12-seeded. -^Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  174. 

On  bare  sand-hills  near  San  Diego  {Nuttall) ;  near  San  Beniardino,  Lemmon. 

P.  TETRAPHYLLUM,  Linn,  f.,  is  found  around  the  world,  but  is  not  yet  known  from  California. 
It  is  a  larger  plant  in  every  way,  the  broad  leaves  sometimes  apparently  in  fours,  and  the  stipules 
and  bracts  often  conspicuous. 

9.  LCEFLINGIA,  Linn. 

Sepals  5,  rigid  and  carinate,  the  margin  scarious  ;  the  three  outer  with  a  narrow 
tooth  upon  each  side.    Petals  very  small  or  none.     Stamens  3  to  5.    Ovary  1-celled: 


^2  ILLECEBEACE^.  ^  Loeflingia. 

style  very  short  or  none.     Capsule  3-valved,  several-seeded.  —  Low  rigid  dichoto- 

mous  annuals  ;  leaves  subulate,  with  adnate  and  connate  setaceous  stipules  ;  flowers 

small,  sessile  in  the  axils. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  five  species,  of  the  Mediterranean  region  and  Central  Asia,  with  the  follow- 
ing from  North  America. 

1.  L.  squarrosa,  Nutt.  Glandular-pubescent,  much  branched,  the  stems  2  to 
6  inches  long  :  leaves  and  sepals  subulate- setaceous,  rigid  and  squarrose,  the  leaves 
2  or  3  lines  long,  exceeding  the  flowers  :  capsule'  triangular,  at  length  exserted, 
many-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  174 ;  Gray,  Gen.  111.  ii.  24,  t.  106.  L.  Texana, 
Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  285. 
San  Diego  {NvMcUT),  and  eastward  to  Texas. 

Order  XV.    ILLECEBRACE^. 

Distinguished  from  the  scarious-stipulate  Caryophyllaceoe  only  by  the  solitary  or 
sometimes  geminate  ovules,  undivided  or  2-cleft  style,  and  one-seeded  utricular  or 
akene-like  fruit ;  the  petals  wholly  wanting  or  reduced  to  mere  filaments  ;  these 
and  the  stamens  usually  more  perigynous.  Closely  related  on  the  other  hand  to 
Amarantacece  and  other  apetalous  orders.  Here  represented  by  only  two  plants,  but 
several  species  of  other  genera  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

1.  Pentacaena.     Calyx  of  5  unequal  awn-tipped  sepals  :  stamens  inserted  on  their  base. 

2.  Achyronychia.     Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  10-nerved  tube  and  blunt  silvery-scarious  lobes  :  sta- 

mens inserted  on  the  throat. 

1.  PENTACJENA,  Bartling. 

Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct,  hooded,  unequal,  terminating  in  a  short  divergent  spine, 
the  inner  more  shortly  awned.  Petals  minute,  scale-like.  Stamens  3  to  5,  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  sepals ;  staminodia  none.  Style  very  short,  bifid.  Utricle 
included  in  the  rigid  connivent  calyx.  —  Low  densely  tufted  perennials  ;  leaves  subu- 
late, densely  crowded  on  the  branches ;  stipules  dry  and  silvery ;  flowers  sessile, 
clustered  in  the  axils. 

A  genus  of  2  or  3  species,  of  S.  America  and  Mexico,  only  one  reaching  our  western  coast. 

1.  F.  ramosissima,  Hook.  &  Am.  Prostrate  and  matted,  the  stem  2  to  18 
inches  long,  somewhat  woolly :  leaves  3  to  5  lines  long,  pungently  awned,  at  length 
recurved  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1 -nerved  :  calyx- 
tube  nearly  a  Hne  long,  the  divergent  outer  lobes  twice  longer  :  stamens  usually  5  : 
stigmas  subsessile  :  utricle  apiculate.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Misc.  iii.  338.  Paronychia 
ramosissima,  DC.  Paronych.  12,  t.  4;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  172.  Acanthonychia 
ramosissima,  Rohrb.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras,  xiv.^   249,  t.  56. 

On  the  sea-coast  from  Oregon  to  Southern  California  and  Mexico,  forming  large  patches  on  the 
drifting  sands  about  San  Francisco.  Also  on  the  South  American  coast  from  Chili  to  Patagonia, 
and  in  S.  Brazil. 

2.   ACHYRONYCHIA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  turbinate  10-nerved  tube  at  length  cylindrical  and 
coriaceous ;  lobes  oval,  obtuse,  thickened  at  base,  silvery-scarious  above  and  nerve- 
less. Petals  none.  Filaments  or  staminodia  15,  in  one  row  at  the  summit  of  the 
tube,  filiform,  only  1  or  2  antheriferous.  Style  short,  bifid.  Ovules  2,  on  very 
short  funicles,  one  abortive.     Utricle  thin,  included.     Seed  oblong-pyriform.  —  A 


Portulaca.  PORTULACACE.E.  73 

depressed  annual ;  with  opposite  spatulate  leaves,  large  hyaline  stipules,  and  flowers 
in  dense  axillary  cymose  clusters. 

1.  A.  Cooperi,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Slender,  glabrous,  the  stems  2  or  3  inches  long  : 
leaves  rather  thick,  veinless,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  the  alternate  ones  only  half  as  long, 
attenuate  to  a  slender  base  :  stipules  interpetiolar,  ovate  or  rounded,  entire  or  lacer- 
ate :  calyx  1  to  1^  lines  long,  the  tube  at  length  equaUing  the  lobes,  apparently 
5-toothed  by  the  herbaceous  bases  of  the  conspicuous  white-scarious  lobes  :  tilaments 
very  slender,  much  shorter  than  the  lobes  :  ovary  flattened  at  the  top  :  utricle  equal- 
ling the  tube,  bursting  irregularly  at  the  apex.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  331. 

Southeastern  CaUfornia,  in  the  Colorado  Desert  {Schott)  and  near  Camp  Cady  {Cooper),  growing 
in  dry  sand  ;  also  collected  in  Southern  Arizona  or  Sonora. 

Order  XVI.    PORTULACACE^. 

More  or  less  succulent  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  leaves  (either  opposite  or 
alternate),  and  regular  but  unsymmetrical  perfect  flowers ;  the  sepals  (except  in 
Leivisia)  only  2,  while  the  petals  are  from  2  to  5  or  more ;  the  stamens  opposite  the 
petals  when  of  the  same  number  or  fewer ;  the  ovary  1-celled  with  few  or  many 
campylotropous  or  amphitropous  ovules  on  a  free  central  placenta,  in  fruit  becoming 
capsular  ;  the  seeds  with  a  slender  embryo  curved  or  coiled  on  the  outside  of  farina- 
ceous albumen,  as  in  Caryophyllacece.  —  Ovary  free  and  the  parts  of  the  flower 
hypogynous,  except  in  Portulaca.  Stamens  sometimes  indefinitely  numerous,  com- 
monly adhering  to  the  base  of  the  petals  ;  these  sometimes  united  at  base.     Style 

2  -  8-cleft ;  the  stigmas  occupying  the  inner  face  of  the  lobes.     Stipules  none,  or 

scarious,  or  reduced  to  hairs.     Flowers  open  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight,  in 

many  ephemeral,  in  some  opening  for  two  or  three  days. 

Comprises  15  genera  and  over  100  species,  the  greater  part  American  (and  many  more  western 
than  eastern),  some  in  frigid  and  others  in  torrid  regions,  a  few  widely  dispersed  over  the  world. 

*  Sepals  2,  united  below  and  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  free  upper  portion  at  length  deciduous. 

1.  Portulaca.     Stamens  7  to  20.     Flowers  solitary,  red  or  yellow.     Capsule  opening  by  a  lid. 

♦  ♦  Sepals  2,  distinct,  persistent  :  ovary  free. 
Hh  Style  3-cleft  :  capsule  3-valved :  sepals  equal. 

2.  Calandrinia.     Stamens  more  than  5.     Petals  5  or  more.     Seeds  mostly  smooth  and  shining. 

3.  Claytonia.     Stamens  5.     Petals  5,  equal.     Seeds  smooth  and  shining. 

4.  Montia.     Stamens  usually  3.     Petals  unequal.     Seeds  dull,  tuberculate. 

+-  +■  Style  2-cleft  :  capsule  2-valved  :  sepals  unequal,  hyaline. 

5.  Spraguea.     Stamens  3.     Petals  4.     Stems  simple,  scajKj-like. 

6.  Calyptridium.     Stamen  1.     Petals  2.     Stems  branching,  leafy. 

*  *  ♦  Sepals  4  to  8,  distinct,  much  imbricated. 

7.  Lewisia.     Stamens  many.     Style  3  -  8-cleft.     Petals  8  to  16.     Scapes  1 -flowered. 

1.  PORTULACA,  Toum.        Purslane. 

Sepals  2,  coherent  at  base  into  a  tube  and  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  free  limb 
deciduous.    Petals  4  to  6.    Stamens  7  to  20,  perigynous  with  the  petals.    Style  deeply 

3  -  8-cleft.  Capsule  opening  by  a  lid.  Seeds  numerous,  small. —  Fleshy  diffuse  or 
ascending  annuals ;  with  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  ephemeral  yellow  or 
rose-colored  flowers. 


74  PORTULACACE^.  Portulaca. 

Species  about  16,  belonging  to  warm  and  tropical  regions,  chiefly  American,  a  few  widely 
naturalized  as  weeds  in  temperate  countries. 

1.  P.  oleracea,  Linn.  Prostrate,  glabrous,  purplish  :  leaves  flat,  obovate  to 
spatulate,  rounded  at  the  summit :  sepals  acute,  carinate  :  petals  yellow,  1|  to  2  lines 
long  :  stigmas  5  :  capsule  3  to  5  lines  long  :  seeds  black,  dull,  finely  tuberculate. 

The  common  Purslane,  from  Europe,  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  gardens  and  cultivated  grounds. 

2.  P.  retusa,  Engelm.  Like  the  last,  but  greener  and  the  stems  more  ascending, 
sometimes  covering  a  space  several  feet  in  diameter  :  leaves  usually  smaller  :  sepals 
obtuse,  broadly  carinate- winged  :  petals  yellow  :  stigmas  3  or  4  :  capsule  2|  or  3 
lines  long,  broader  in  proportion  :  seeds  more  strongly  tuberculate.  —  PI.  Lindh. 
154  ;  Schlecht.  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xi.  739. 

Along  the  Colorado  {Newberry)  and  eastward  to  Texas. 

3.  P.  pilosa,  Linn.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  with  tufts  of  long  hairs  in  the  axils 
of  the  linear  more  or  less  terete  leaves  :  sepals  membranaceous,  not  keeled,  acute  : 
petals  bright  red,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  stamens  15  to  25  :  stigmas  5  or  6:  seeds  black, 
tuberculate. —  Engelm.  1.  c.  155  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  792 ;  Rohrb.  in  Mart.  PI.  Bras. 
xiv.2  303. 

Dry  sandy  soil  near  Soda  Springs  on  the  Upper  Sacramento  (Brewer),  which  is  the  only  reported 
Californian  locality  :  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  through  Tropical  America  to  Brazil. 

P.  GRANDIFLORA,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2885,  from  Brazil,  is  much  cultivated  for  its  large  bright 
flowers  of  vyious  colors,  and  sometimes  escapes  from  gardens.  Its  leaves  are  terete,  stamens 
numerous,  and  the  seeds  ash-colored  and  shining. 

2.  CALANDRINIA,  HBK. 

Sepals  2,  green,  persistent.  Petals  mostly  5  (3  to  10).  Stamens  5  to  15,  indef- 
inite. Ovary  free,  many-ovuled  :  style  3-cleft,  short.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid, 
membranaceous,  3-valved.  Seeds  black,  usually  shining,  smooth  or  minutely  tuber- 
culate.—  Low  succulent  herbs  ;  with  alternate  or  radical  leaves,  and  purplish  ephem- 
eral flowers  in  bracteate  racemes  or  panicles,  or  few  upon  short  scape-like  stems. 

A  genus  of  about  60  species,  all  South  American  and  Australian,  with  the  exception  of  the  fol- 
lowing. The  closely  allied  genus  Talinvnn,  differing  in  its  deciduous  sei)als  and  carunculate 
seeds,  has  half  a  dozen  or  more  species  chiefly  eastward  or  south  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  a  single 
one  {T.  spinescens,  Torr.)  occurring  in  Washington  Territoiy.  None  are  likely  to  be  found  in 
California. 

*  Caulescent  annuals,  of  the  plains  and  foot-hills  :  flowers  in  racemes :  petals  3  <o  5  : 

seeds  minutely  tuberculate. 

1.  C.  Menziesii,  Hook.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  branching  from  the 
base,  the  stems  ascending :  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  the  lower  on  slender 
petioles,  1  to  3  inches  long  :  racemes  simple  ;  peduncles  erect  or  ascending  :  sepals 
keeled,  the  calyx  4-angled  in  bud :  petals  broadly  obovate,  red  to  purple,  2  to  6  lines 
long :  capsule  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2  to  4  lines  long,  about  equalling  or  a 
little  exceeding  the  ovate  acute  or  acuminate  sepals:  seeds  shining,  minutely  tuber- 
culate, ^  to  1  line  broad.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  197.  Talinum  Menziesii,  Hook, 
Fl.  i.  223,  t.  70.     C.  spedosa,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xix.  t.  1598. 

Abundant  in  winter  and  early  spring,  in  the  valleys  and  on  sunny  hillsides,  from  Vancouver 
Island  to  Lower  California.  Very  variable  in  height,  and  in  the  size  and  color  of  the  flowera. 
Cattle  are  fond  of  it. 

2.  C.  Brevreri,  Watson.  Much  resembling  the  last  :  peduncles  divaricately 
spreading  or  deflexed  :  sepals  triangular-ovate  :  capsule  4  to  5  lines  long,  conical, 
blunt,  exceeding  the  sepals  :  seeds  half  a  line  broad,  not  shining,  more  strongly 
tuberculate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  1 24.  C.  Menziesii,  var.  macrocarpa,  Gray  in 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  102. 


Claytonia.  PORTULACACE^.  75 

Santa  Iflez  Mountains,  near  Santa  Barbara,  Brewer.  The  specimens  collected  are  a  foot  tall  or 
more,  the  racemes  elongated.  * 

3.  C.  maritima,  Xutt.  Glaucous  :  stems  spreading,  3  or  4  inches  high,  with 
small  bract-like  leaves  above  the  base  :  lower  leaves  obovate  or  obovate-spatulate,  an 
inch  long,  fleshy,  obtuse :  flowers  in  a  loose  dichotomous  terminal  panicle,  on  slender 
pedicels,  "  red,  rather  large  and  showy  "  :  sepals  ovate,  acute  :  capsule  oblong-ovate, 
2  lines  long,  exceeding  the  sepals,  acutish.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  197. 

San  Diego  (Nuttall)  ;  Coronados  Islands,  Thurber.     A  little  known  species. 

*  *  Alpine  plants  with  thick  fusiform  roots,  the  scape-like  mostly  \-flowered  stems 
shorter  than  the  leaves:  petals  6  to  8  :  seeds  black  and  shining,  not  tuberculate. 

4.  C.  pygmaea,  Gray.  Smooth  :  leaves  all  radical,  linear,  1  or  2  inches  long, 
with  broad  scariously  winged  underground  petioles  :  scapes  mostly  simple,  1  or  2 
inches  high,  with  a  pair  of  small  scarious  bracts:  sepals  suborbicular,  glandular- 
dentate,  2  or  3  lines  long:  petals  red:  ovules  15  to  20:  capsule  obtuse,  nearly 
equalling  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  623.  Talinum  pygmceum,  Gray  in 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiii.  407  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  42,  in  part. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  Yosemite  Trail,  at  8,000  feet  altitude  (Bolander)  ;  Mt.  Lyell 
(Muir)  ;  northward  to  Washington  Territory,  and  in  the  mountains  eastward  to  Colorado  and 
Southern  Utah. 

5.  C.  Nevadensis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Closely  resembling  the  last,  but  somewhat 
larger :  scapes  1  to  3  inches  high,  with  a  pair  of  larger  leafy  bracts,  1  -  3-flowered  : 
sepals  entire,  3  or  4  lines  long :  petals  white :  ovules  30  to  40.  —  I'alinum  pygmoeum, 
Watson,  1.  c,  in  part. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Cisco  {Kellogg) ;  Summit  (Bolander)  ;  Plumas  Co.  {Mrs.  Pulsifer  Ames) ; 
and  eastward  in  the  E.  Humboldt  and  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Watson. 

3.  CLAYTONIA,  Linn. 

Sepals  2,  persistent.     Petals  5,  equal.     Stamens  5.      Ovary  free,  few-ovuled  : 

style  3-cleft.     Capsule  membranaceous,  globose  or  ovoid,  3-valved.     Seeds  few, 

black  and  shining.  —  Low  glabrous  succulent  herbs ;  with  opposite  or  alternate 

leaves,  and  delicate  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  loose  terminal  or  axillary,  simple 

or  compound  naked  racemes,  or  sometimes  umbellate,  lasting  more  than  one  day. 

A  genus  of  about  20  species,  belonging  principally  to  the  cooler  portions  of  North  America  and 
northeastern  Asia.     The  species  are  most  numerous  in  western  North  America. 

*  Annuals,  with  fihrous  roots. 

-f-  Stems  simple,  bearing  a  single  pair  of  leaves  which  are  often  connate. 

1.  C.  perfoliata,  Donn.  Stems  2  to  12  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  long- 
petioled,  broadly  rhomboidal,  or  deltoid,  or  deltoid-cordate,  ^  to  3  inches  broad, 
obtuse  ;  the  cauline  pair  more  or  less  united  upon  one  or  both  sides,  usually  forming 
a  single  somewhat  orbicular  perfoliate  leaf,  ^  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  concave  above  : 
racemes  simple  or  compound,  usually  nearly  sessile  and  loosely  flowered,  the  short 
pedicels  often  secund  :  petals  a  line  or  two  long  :  capsule  about  3- seeded.  —  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  1336.      C.  Cubensis,  Bonpl.  PI.  iEquin.  t.  23. 

Var.  parviflora,  Torr.  Radical  leaves  all  linear  or  linear-spatulate  ;  the  cauline 
perfoliate. — Pacif  R.  Rep.  iv.  71.  C.  parviflora,  Dough;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  225,  t.  73. 
C.  gypsophiloides,  Fischer  &  Meyer ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2  ser.  t.  375.  Regel, 
Sert.  Petrop.  t.  34. 

Var.  spathulata,  Torr.  1.  c.  Low  and  often  very  slender  :  radical  leaves  linear; 
the  cauline  pair  distinct  or  partially  united  on  one  side,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  usually 
much  shorter  than  the  raceme.  —  C.  spathulata,  Dougl,;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  225,  t.  74. 


76  PORTULACACE^.  ^  Claytonia. 

Var.  ezigua,  Torr.  1.  c.  Low  ;  radical  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform ;  the 
cauline  distinct,  linear,  usually  exceeding  the  short  raceme.  —  C.  exigua  &  tenuij'olia, 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  200. 

Abundant  on  the  western  coast,  ranging  from  Alaska  to  S.  California,  and  in  the  interior 
through  Nevada  to  the  Wahsatch  and  Southern  Utah.  It  is  also  found  in  Cuba  and  Mexico 
and  is  naturalized  in  Europe.  The  larger  forms  from  shadier  or  damper  localities  have  usually 
white  or  pale  rose-colored  flowers  ;  in  drier  and  more  exposed  situations  they  are  often  deeper- 
colored.     The  succulent  leaves  are  in  popular  use  as  a  potherb. 

2.  C.  Sibirica,  Linn.  Stems  6  to  15  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  lanceolate  to 
rhomhic-ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  an  inch  or  two  long,  long-petioled ;  the  cauline 
pair  ovate  (varying  from  lanceolate  to  spatulate-obovate),  sessile,  distinct,  ^  to  2 
inches  long  :  raceme  very  loose,  the  flowers  on  long  pedicels  :  petals  2  to  4  lines 
long,  white  or  rose-colored.  —  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2243.  O.  alsinoides,  Sims,  Bot. 
Mag.  t.   1309.     C.  Uiialaschkensis,  Fischer.     C.  asarifolia,  Bongard. 

In  cool  woods  and  swamps,  from  Bolinas  Bay  and  Sierra  Co.  to  Alaska.  The  pedicels  are  often 
an  inch  long  or  more. 

-H  -f-  Stems  usually  branching,  leafy. 

■¥■¥  Leaves  opposite. 

3.  C.  Chamissonis,  Esch.  Stems  weak  and  slender,  erect  or  decumbent,  a  foot 
high  or  often  much  less,  stoloniferous  and  rooting  at  the  joints  :  leaves  oblanceolate 
or  spatulate,  J  to  1^  inches  long  :  racemes  few -flowered,  the  flowers  very  variable  in 
size,  on  slender  pedicels  ;  petals  1  to  4  lines  long,  white.  —  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  790. 
C.  stolonifera,  C.  A.  Meyer,  Mem.  Soc.  Mosc.  vii.  139,  t.  3.  G.  aquatica,  Nutt., 
&  C .  jlagellaris,  Bongard,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  201. 

In  wet  places  in  the  mountains,  from  Yosemite  VaUey  to  Alaska,  and  eastward  to  Colorado. 
The  stolons  are  frequently  bulbiferous. 

++  ++  Leaves  alternate. 

4.  C.  parvifolia,  Mo9ino.  Stems  filiform  or  slender,  branching  from  the  base, 
4  to  10  inches  high,  erect  or  ascending  :  lower  leaves  clustered,  broadly  oblanceolate 
or  spatulate,  an  inch  long  or  less ;  cauline  leaves  usually  much  smaller  :  racemes 
loose,  few-flowered  :  petals  2  to  4  lines  long,  rose-colored.  —  DC.  Prodr.  iii.  361  ; 
Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.     C.filicaulis,  Dougl.;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  222,  t.  72. 

In  shaded  moist  places  among  rocks,  about  Yosemite  Valley  {Bolander,  Grarj),  Conner  Lake 
{Greene),  and  northward  to.  Vancouver  Island.  The  most  slender  of  all  our  species  and  some- 
times exceedingly  succulent. 

5.  C.  linearis,  Dougl.  Stems  usually  3  to  6  inches  high,  more  branching  : 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  1  to  2  inches  long,  clasping  at  base  :  racemes  often  secund  : 
sepals  very  broad,  firm  and  conspicuous,  often  colored,  1  to  2|  lines  long  :  petals  a 
little  longer,  white:  seeds  sharply  margined.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  222,  t.  71.  C.di- 
chotoma,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  202,  a  reduced  form. 

In  cool  moist  localities,  from  Napa  (Bi(/eloiv)  and  Sierra  counties  {Lemmon)  northward  to  the 
British  boundary  ;  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone,  Hayden. 

6.  C.  diffusa,  Ifutt.  1.  c.  Stem  diifusely  and  dichotomously  branched,  6  inches 
high,  leafy  :  leaves  all  ovate  or  deltoid,  petioled,  acute,  |  to  1  inch  long  :  racemes 
numerous,  terminal  and  axillary  :  pedicels  slender  :  petals  2  lines  long  or  less,  little 
exceeding  the  sepals,  pale  rose-color. 

Pine  woods,  Oregon  {NvUall) ;  also  Kellogg  k  Harford,  but  locality  uncertain. 

*  *  Perennials,  with  deep-seated  tubers. 

7.  C.  Caroliniana,  Michx.,  var.  sessilifolia,  Torr.  Radical  leaf  narrow ;  cau- 
line 2,  opposite,  sessile,  lanceolate  to  linear,  1  or  2  inches  long  :  raceme  nearly  ses- 
sile, few-flowered  and  cymose,  with  a  single  scarious  bract  at  base  :  sepals  ovate, 


Spraguea.  PORTULACACE^.  *j*j 

acutish  :  petals  2  to  4  lines  long,  pale  rose-color.  —  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv.  70.  C.  lance- 
olata,  Piirsh,  Fl.  175,  chiefly;  Gray,  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xxxiii.  406.  C.  Caroliniana, 
var.  lanceolata,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  42. 

Subalpine  and  alpine  in  the  Sieira  Nevada  (Cisco,  Kellogg),  northward  to  the  British  boundary, 
and  east  to  Colorado.     The  typical  form  of  the  Atlantic  States  has  leaves  with  slender  petioles. 

8.  C.  triphylla,  Watson.  A  similar  species,  slender,  the  cauline  leaves  3  in  a 
whorl,  or  rarely  2,  narrowly  linear :  raceme  compound,  pedunculate ;  the  pedicels 
each  with  a  small  scarious  bract  :  sepals  rounded,  obtuse  :  petals  2  lines  long.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  345. 

In  the  Sien-a  Nevada  :  Yosemite  Valley  {Ch'ay)  ;  above  Cisco  {Watson,  Kellogg)  ;  Sierra  Co., 
Lemmon,  and  probably  frequent. 

9.  C.  umbellata,  Watson.  Very  low  and  fleshy  :  cauline  leaves  two,  opposite, 
orbicular  or  rhomboidal  to  oblong-ovate,  4  to  9  lines  long,  on  slender  petioles  : 
flowers  3  to  5  in  a  sessile  umbel  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  petals  3  to  4  lines  long,  a 
little  exceeding  the  rounded  obtuse  sepals.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  43,  t.  6. 

On  Mt.  Davidson  and  in  Truckee  Pass,  Nevada  (  Watson) ;  near  Steamboat  Springs,  W.  Nevada, 
Mann.     Probably  in  northeastern  California. 

*  %  *  Perennial,  with  a  thickened  caudex. 

10.  C.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  Apparently  propagating  by  runners,  the  leaves 
and  scapes  clustered  at  the  summit  of  a  rather  slender  rootstock  :  leaves  orbicular 
or  obovate,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  abruptly  attenuate  into  a  very  slender  peti- 
ole :  scapes  about  equalling  the  leaves,  with  a  pair  of  sessile  oblong-ovate  leaflets,  4 
to  8  lines  long  :  flowers  umbellately  fascicled  or  in  2  or  3  very  short  racemes  :  sepals 
ovate-oblong,  acute  :  petals  broadly  spatulate,  4  lines  long,  with  narrow  claws. 

Northern  Sierra  Nevada,  Lemmon.  Nearest  C.  sarmentosa,  Meyer,  of  Alaska,  a  more  slender 
species,  with  long  racemes,  rounded  sepals,  and  petals  broad  at  base.  C.  arctica,  of  Alaska,  &c., 
and  C.  megarrhiza  of  the  Kocky  Mountains  have  decidedly  fusifonu  roots. 

4.   MONTIA,  Linn. 

Sepals  2,  ovate,  persistent,  herbaceous.  Petals  5,  united  at  base,  3  somewhat 
smaller.  Stamens  3,  rarely  more,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  free,  3-ovuled : 
style  3-cleft,  very  short.  Capsule  3-valved,  3-seeded.  Seeds  black,  dull,  tuber- 
culate,  rarely  sraoothish  and  shining.  — A  small  branching  glabrous  succulent  annual ; 
with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  or  racemose  flowers,     A  single  species. 

1.  M.  fontana,  Linn.  Stems  procumbent  or  ascending,  1  to  3  inches  long  : 
leaves  spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  3  to  9  lines  long  :  flowers  a  line  long  or  less  : 
capsule  globose.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  202.  M.  fontana  &  lamprosperma,  Cham, 
in  Linnaea,  vi.  565,  t.  7. 

"Wet  places  near  San  Francisco,  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  northward  to 
Behring  Straits  ;  Greenland.  Common  in  Europe,  S.  America,  &c.  Usually  readily  distinguished 
from  Claytonia  by  the  opaque  seed. 

5.  SPBAGUEA,  Torr. 
Sepals  2,  orbicular-cordate,  scarious-hyaliue,  persistent.  Petals  4.  Stamens  3. 
Ovary  8-10-ovuled  :  style  long,  bifid  at  the  apex.  Capsule  2-valved,  membrana- 
ceous. Seeds  black  and  shining.  —  A  glabrous  biennial  herb ;  with  mostly  radical 
fleshy  leaves,  and  ephemeral  flowers  in  dense  scorpioid  spikes  umbellate-clustered 
on  a  scape-like  peduncle. 

1.  S.  umbellata,  Torr.  Stems  several  from  a  thickened  root,  simple,  erect  or 
ascending,  2  to  12  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  on  thick 


78  PORTULACACE^.  ^      Calyptridium. 

petioles,  |  to  4  inches  long ;  the  cauline  similar  hut  smaUer,  frequently  scariously 
stipulate,  often  reduced  to  a  few  bracts  ;  an  involucre  of  broader  scarious  bracts 
subtending  the  dense  capitate  umbel  of  nearly  sessile  spikes  :  flowers  light  rose- 
color  ;  sepals  very  conspicuous,  2  to  4  lines  in  diameter,  about  equalling  the  oblong- 
obovate  petals :  stamens  and  style  somewhat  exserted.  —  PI.  Frem.  in  Smith. 
Contrib.  vi.  4,  t.  1  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5143. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  3,000  to  10,000  feet  altitude,  from  the  Yosemite  Valley  northward  to 
the  British  boundary;  E.  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  ( W^atewi) ;  N.  W.  Wyoming,  Parry: 
usually  in  dry  rocky  or  sandy  localities. 

S.  PANicuLATA,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  187,  t.  56.  Stems  paniculately  branched  : 
"growing  in  a  dense  ball  or  cluster  prostrate  upon  the  ground  and  seldom  3  inches  in  height ;  at 
length  melting  into  an  excretory  mucilaginous  watery  mass.  Found  in  a  ravine  about  six  miles 
west  of  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  Dorr."  Known  only  from  Dr.  Kellogg's  description  and  figure  ; 
probably  an  unusual  form  of  the  last. 

6.  CALYPTRIDIUM,  Nutt. 

Sepals  2,  unequal,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  scarious,  at  least  on  the  margins. 
Petals  2,  somewhat  coherent  at  the  apex.  Stamen  1,*  opposite  the  lower  sepal, 
included.  Style  very  short,  bitid.  Capsule  2-valved,  6-12-seeded,  membranaceous. 
Seeds  black,  shining.  —  Smooth  prostrate  diffusely  branched  annuals ,  with  alter- 
nate succulent  leaves,  and  small  ephemeral  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal,  clustered 
or  compound  scorpioid  spikes.     Only  the  following  species. 

1.  C.  monandrum,  Nutt.  Stems  2  or  3  inches  long ;  leaves  spatulate  to 
nearly  linear,  an  inch  long  or  more  :  sepals  and  petals  a  line  long  or  less,  the  latter 
at  length  borne  calyptra-like  upon  the  summit  of  the  elongated  linear  capsule.  — 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  198. 

San  Diego  (Nuttall)  ;  Colorado  Desert  (Newberry)  ;  Fort  Tejou  (Bom)  ;  Santa  Clara  Valley, 
Peckham. 

2.  C.  roseum,  Watson.  A  similar  but  rather  larger  flowered  species :  the  larger 
sepal  1 1  to  3  lines  broad  ;  the  petals  much  smaller,  free  or  scarcely  coherent :  cap- 
sule oblong-ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  44,  t.  6. 

Lake  Co.  ( Torrey) ;  Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon) ;  and  eastward  in  the  valleys  of  Nevada  (  Watson) 
to  W.  Wyoming  on  the  Little  Sandy  River,  Parry. 

7.  LEWISIA,  Pursh. 

Sepals  4  to  8,  broadly  ovate,  unequal,  persistent,  strongly  imbricated.  Petals  8 
to  16,  large  and  showy.  Stamens  numerous.  Style  3-8-parted  nearly  to  the  base. 
Capsule  dehiscing  transversely  at  the  base,  there  somewhat  4-8-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  black,  shining.  —  Low  acaulescent  fleshy  perennials,  cespitose,  with 
thick  fusiform  roots,  and  short  1-flowered  scapes;  flowers  showy,  opening  for  sev- 
eral days.     The  following  are  the  only  species. 

1.  L.  rediviva,  Pursh.  Leaves  densely  clustered,  linear-oblong  and  subterete, 
1  or  2  inches  long,  smooth  and  glaucous  :  scapes  but  little  exceeding  the  leaves, 
jointed  at  the  middle,  and  with  5  to  7  subulate  scarious  bracts  verticillate  at  the 
joint :  sepals  6  to  8,  with  broad  scarious  margins,  6  to  9  lines  long  :  petals  usually 
12  to  15,  rose-colored  or  sometimes  white,  oblong,  8  to  16  lines  long  :  stamens  40 
or  more  :  capsule  broadly  ovate,  3  lines  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  677  ;  Hook.  & 
Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  344,  t.  86;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5395.  "^Z.  alba,  Kellogg,  Proc. 
Cahf.  Acad.  ii.  115,  fig.  36. 

Summit  of  Mt.  Diablo  (Brewer),  northward  to  British  Columbia  and  east  to  Montana,  Utah 
and  Arizona.  The  thick  farinaceous  root  is  largely  collected  by  the  Indians  for  food.  It  is 
exceedingly  tenacious  of  life,  and  several  instances  are  on  record  of  its  restored  vigor  and  growth 


Fouguiera.  TAMARISCINE^.  79 

after  one  and  two  years'  drying  in  the  kerbarium  and  even  a  preliminary  immersion  in  boiling 
water.     The  specific  name  was  given  with  reference  to  this  fact. 

2.  L.  brachycalyx,  Engelm.  Leaves  spatulate  or  nearly  linear :  scapes  not 
jointed,  2-bracted  at  the  very  base,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  sepals  4,  mostly  herba- 
ceous, 3  lines  long  :  petals  7  to  9,  oblong,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx  : 
stamens  10  to  15  :  capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  400. 

In  granite  sand,  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Fresno  Co.,  at  8,000  feet  altitude  (Miiir); 
Arizona  {Newberry,  Palmer)  ;  S.  Utah,  II.  Engelmann,  Parry.  Much  resembling  the  acaulescent 
Calandrinias  in  habit. 

Order  XVII.    TAMARISCINEiE. 

A  small  Old  World  order  of  trees  and  shrubs,  mainly  represented  by  the 
Tamarisks  {Tamarix),  and  distinguished  from  all  related  orders  with  free  ovary  and 
separate  styles  by  its  comose  or  long-hairy  anatropous  seeds.  To  it  has  lately  been 
referred,  by  Bentham  &  Hooker,  Gen.  PI.  i.  161,  the  following  anomalous  (chiefly 
Mexican)  genus. 

1.  POUQUIEEA,  HBK.        Candlewood. 

Sepals  5,  free.     Petals  united  into  a  tube ;  the  5  lobes  of  the  limb  imbricated, 

spreading.     Stamens  10  to  15,  hypogynous,  exserted;  filaments  thickened  at  base. 

Ovary  imperfectly  3-celled ;  placentae  about  6-ovuled  :   styles  3,  long,  somewhat 

united.     Seeds  3  to  6,  oblong,  flattened,  surrounded  by  a  dense  fringe  of  long  white 

hairs  or  by  a  membranous  wing.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  soft  fragile  wood, 

smooth  ;  the  branches  alternately  spinose-tubercled,  and  with  single  or  fascicled 

thick  entire  leaves  in  the  axils ;  flowers  brilliant  crimson,  in  terminal  spikes  or 

panicles. 

A  Mexican  genus  of  three  species,  only  one  of  which  passes  northward  into  the  United  States. 
Its  characters  are  anomalous,  and  it  has  been  placed  by  different  authorities  in  the  ordei-s 
Pohmoniacece,  Frankeniacece,  Portulacaceoe,  and  Orassulacece,  and  taken  for  a  distinct  order 
Fouquieracece. 

1.  F.  splendens,  Engelm,  Branching  near  the  base  and  sending  up  simple 
slender  stems  10  to  20  (or  more)  feet  high,  with  ashen-gray  bark  and  large  pith, 
leafy  only  near  the  summit,  strongly  grooved  and  ridged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of 
the  spines :  leaves  spatulate  to  obovate,  ^  to  an  inch  long,  the  primary  attenuate  into 
a  rigid  petiole  (the  blade  and  inner  portion  of  the  petiole  at  length  deciduous,  leav- 
ing tlie  dorsal  part  as  a  stout  divaricate  spine  an  inch  long  or  less,  the  spine  often 
developing  without  the  blade) ;  axillary  leaves  sessile  :  flowers  on  short  pedicels  in 
narrow  nearly  simple  racemes  (2  to  6  inches  long)  :  sepals  orbicular,  2  to  2|^  lines 
long  :  corolla  9  lines  long,  with  a  broad  tube,  and  rounded  obtuse  lobes :  capsule  ovate- 
oblong,  half  an  inch  long:  seeds  white-tomentose,  3  lines  long,  surrounded  by  a  dense 
white  villous  fringe.  —  Wisliz.  Rep.  14  ;  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  63.  F.  spinosa,  Torr. 
in  Emory  Rep.  147,  t.  8. 

In  the  desert  region  of  S.  E.  California,  along  the  Colorado  River  (Newberry,  Antisell,  Blake), 
and  eastward  to  W.  Texas  and  Northern  Mexico  :  a  very  ornamental  shrub  when  in  flower. 

F.  SPINOSA,  HBK.,  of  Lower  California  and  Northern  Mexico,  rises  with  a  trunk  3  to  4  feet 
high  before  sending  out  its  straggling  crooked  branches  :  flowers  in  large  open  panicles,  on  pedicels 
an  inch  long,  the  tube  of  the  corolla  narrower  and  its  lobes  acute  :  capsule  9  lines  long,  the  seeds 
naked  and  surrounded  by  a  broad  membranous  veined  wing.  The  Idria  coluninariaoi  Kellogg, 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  34,  also  from  Lower  California,  is  a  very  similar  species,  but  is  described  as 
without  spines,  with  a  shorter  corolla,  and  a  short  included  style  :  fniit  unknown. 

F.  FORMOSA,  HBK.,  a  Mexican  species,  and  reported  from  Lower  California,  has  the  larger 
flowers  (an  inch  long)  sessile  in  very  short  spikes,  and  the  spines  very  short. 


80  ELATINACE^.  Elatine. 


Order  XVIII.    ELATINACEJE. 

Low  annuals,  with  membranous  stipules  between  the  opposite  dotless  leaves, 
regular  and  completely  symmetrical  flowers,  with  free  sepals,  hypogynous  petals 
and  stamens,  and  distinct  styles  bearing  capitate  stigmas,  all  of  the  same  number 
(2  to  5),  or  the  stamens  rarely  twice  as  many ;  the  ovary  2  -  5-celled,  axile  placenta 
maiiy-ovuled,  capsular  fruit  mostly  septicidal  or  septifragal,  and  anatropous  seeds 
with  a  crustaceous  coat,  tilled  by  the  embryo.  Seeds  straight  or  somewhat  curved, 
and  the  embryo  taking  the  form  of  the  seed.  —  Comprises  only  the  two  following 
genera.     Flowers  axillary, 

1.  Elatine.    Small  prostrate  aquatics.     Parts  of  the  flower  each  2  to  4.     Sepals  obtuse. 

2.  Bergia.    Erect.     Parts  of  the  flower  in  fives.     Sepals  acute. 

1.  ELATINE,  Linn. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos,  threes,  or  fours.  Sepals  membranaceous,  obtuse, 
nerveless.  Ovary  globose.  Capsule  membranaceous,  the  partitions  remaining  at- 
tached to  the  axis  or  evanescent.  —  Small  prostrate  glabrous  annuals,  growing  in 
water  or  wet  places,  with  entire  leaves  and  oblong  usually  solitary  flowers. 

A  genus  of  half  a  dozen  species,  belonging  to  temperate  or  subtropical  regions,  all  round  the 
world. 

1 .  E.  Americana,  Arnott.  Stems  an  inch  or  two  long,  tufted  :  leaves  obovate 
to  linear,  1  to  4  lines  long  :  flowers  sessile,  their  parts  in  twos  or  rarely  in  threes  : 
capsule  half  a  line  or  more  in  diameter,  with  5  or  6  oblong  seeds  in  each  cell,  rising 
from  the  base.  ■—  Gray,  Gen.  111.  i.  220,  t.  95. 

Near  Washoe  Lake  {Torrey)  ;  Oregon  {Hall)  ;  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  frequent  in  the 
Atlantic  States.     Also  in  Australia  and  the  Fiji  Islands. 

2.  BERGIA,  Linn. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  fives.     Sepals  with  a  strong  midrib  or  herbaceous  in  the 

middle,  acute.     Ovary  ovoid.     Capsule  somewhat  crustaceous,  more  or  less  of  the 

partitions  in  dehiscence  remaining  with  the  axis.  —  Branching  and  often  pubescent, 

nearly  erect,  with  entire  or  serrate  leaves,  and  larger  fascicled  or  solitary  flowers. 

About  14  species  in  warm  or  tropical  regions,  the  following  the  only  species  found  in  the 
United  States. 

1.  B.  Tezana,  Seubert.  Annual,  glandular-pubescent,  branching  from  the 
base,  a  span  high,  the  lower  branches  somewhat  decumbent :  leaves  oblanceolate, 
acute,  serrulate,  |^  to  1|  inches  long,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole  :  flowers  fascicled, 
shortly  pedicelled  :  sepals  carinate,  nearly  1|  lines  long,  exceeding  the  petals  and 
stamens  :  capsule  globose  :  seeds  smooth  and  shining.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp. 
45.  Maimea  (1)  Texana,  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  278.  Elatine  Texana,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  678;  Gray,  Gen.  111.  i.  218,  t.  96.  Bergella  Texana,  Schnitz.  Icon.  t.  219, 
fig.  1,  2,  and  26. 

Sandy  river-bank  near  Sacramento  (Greene)  ;  Carson  River  bottom,  Nevada  ( Watson)  :  iden- 
tical with  the  plant  common  in  Texas. 

Order  XIX.    HYPERICACE^. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  punctate  with  translucent  or  dark- 
colored  glandular  dots  (containing  balsamic-resinous  secretion),  no  stipules,  and  per- 


Hypericum.  HYPERICACE^.  gl 

feet  flowers  with  the  4  or  5  petal*  and  numerous  stamens  hypogynous,  the  fruit  a 
septicidal  many-seeded  capsule.  —  Calyx  of  4  or  5  persistent  sepals,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Petals  as  many,  almost  always  oblique  and  convolute  in  the  bud,  decidu- 
ous or  withering,  usually  glandular-punctate.  Filaments  mostly  in  3  sets  or  bun- 
dles. Styles  2  to  5,  usually  distinct  or  becoming  so  :  stigmas  terminal,  generally 
capitate.  Ovary  and  capsule  with  2  to  5  parietal  placentae,  or  2  -  5-ceUed  by  their 
union  in  the  axis.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  somewhat  crustaceous  coat,  filled  by  the 
straight  cylindiuceous  embryo. 

A  rather  small  but  widely  dispersed  order,  of  which  the  following  is  the  largest  genus  and  the 
only  one  occurring  in  California. 

1.  HYPERICUM,  Linn.        St.  John's-wort. 

Sepals  and  petals  5.  Stamens  numerous,  usually  connate  at  base  into  3  to  8 
clusters.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  3  to  5  more  or  less  prominent  parietal  placentae, 
rarely  3  -  5-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placentae  with  the  axis.  Capsule  septicidal 
(in  our  species  tricarpellary),  many-seeded.     Seeds  mostly  straight  and  cylindrical. 

—  Our  species  (like  most  of  the  genus)  are  smooth  herbaceous  perennials,  with 

sessile  entire  punctate  leaves,  and  yellow  cymose  flowers. 

A  genus  of  about  160  species,  widely  dispersed,  but  chiefly  through  the  northern  temperate 
zone.  Of  the  30  North  American  species  all  but  the  following  are  confined  to  the  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States. 

1.  H.  Scouleri,  Hook.  Stems  erect,  from  a  running  rootstock,  |  to  2  feet  high, 
terete,  simple  (^r  sparingly  branched  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  clasping,  usually  obtuse, 
an  inch  long  or  less  :  flowers  rather  few,  in  an  open  cyme,  black-punctate  :  sepals 
ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  2  lines  long  :  petals  3  to  5  lines  long :  stamens  in  3  fascicles, 
very  numerous  (60  or  more)  :  styles  elongated  :  capsule  3-celled. — Fl.  i.  Ill ;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  160. 

By  streams  in  the  mountains,  from  S.  California  and  eastward  (San  Diego,  Cleveland ;  Sonora, 
Thurber ;  New  Mexico,  Fendler)  to  British  America.  Very  closely  resembling  the  Mexican  H. 
formosum,  HBK. ,  Nov.  Gen.  v.  196,  t.  460,  which  is  perhaps  distinguished  by  its  longer  narrow 
acuminate  sepals  and  fewer  (30  to  40)  stamens. 

2.  EL  concinnum,  Benth.  Stems  ascending  from  a  somewhat  woody  branching 
base,  3  to  G  inches  high  :  leaves  oblong  to  linear,  acute,  |  to  1  inch  long,  not  clasp- 
ing, Usually  folded :  flowers  in  small  cymes,  black-punctate :  sepals  ovate,  acuminate, 

2  to  4  lines  long  :  petals  5  to  7  lines  long  :  stamens  very  numerous,  in  3  fascicles. 

—  PI.  Hartw.  300 ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  240.  H.  bracteatum,  Kellogg,  Proc. 
Calif  Acad.  i.  65. 

Central  California,  probably  in  dry  places  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  rather  rarely 
collected  :  "  Sacramento  Valley  "  {Hartweg)  ;  Marysville  and  Placer  Co.  {Pratten,  Kellogg)  ;  Mt. 
Plumas,  Pickering;  &c. 

3.  H.  anagalloides,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Stems  numerous,  weak  and  slender, 
procumbent  or  ascending,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  1  to  10  inches  long,  simple  or 
dichotomously  branched  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  elliptical  to  oblong,  2  to  6  lines 
long,  obtuse,  clasping :  flowers  small,  in  leafy  or  naked,  simple  and  few-flowered  or 
compound  cymes,  not  glandular  or  punctate :  sepals  herbaceous  or  foliaceous,  1  to 

3  lines  long,  unequal,  rounded  to  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  exceeding  the  petals  : 
stamens  15  to  20,  distinct:  styles  short:  capsule  1 -celled.  —  Linnsea,  iii.  127; 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  167  and  674. 

From  San  Francisco  to  the  British  boundary;  Lassen's  Peak  and  Sierra  Co.,  Lemrtion.  A  small 
species  in  moist  places,  sometimes  covering  large  tracts. 


82  MALVACE^.  Lavatera. 

Order  XX.    MALVACE^. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  mucilaginous  juice,  a  tough  fibrous  inner  bark,  alternate 
leaves  with  stipules,  and  often  a  stellate  pubescence ;  distinguished  from  all  related 
orders  by  the  valvate  calyx,  convolute  petals,  their  bases  or  short  claws  united  with 
each  other  and  with  the  base  of  a  column  of  numerous  monadelphous  stamens,  these 
with  reniform  one-celled  anthers.  —  Flowers  almost  always  perfect,  regular.  Calyx 
5-cleft  or  parted,  persistent,  in  many  genera  augmeirted  by  an  apparent  accessory 
calyx,  i.  e.  a  whorl  of  bractlets,  forming  an  involucel.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  usually 
withering  or  deliquescent  without  falling  off.  Pistil  usually  either  a  ring  of  ovaries 
around  a  projection  of  the  receptacle,  from  which  they  fall  away  singly  at  maturity, 
or  a  3-  10-celled  ovary  becoming  a  capsule  in  fruit  :  styles  united  at  least  at  base 
into  one.  Ovules  single,  several,  or  numerous  in  the  carpels  or  cells,  amphitropous 
or  nearly  anatropous.  Seeds  commonly  roundish  or  reniform,  with  little  or  no  albu- 
men, and  a  curved  embryo ;  its  cotyledons  broad  and  foliaceous,  variously  crumpled 
or  doubled  up,  mostly  involving  the  radicle.  Leaves  most  commonly  palmately 
ribbed.     Peduncles  axillary.     Flowers  in  many  large  and  showy. 

A  rather  large  order,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world  excepting  the  arctic  regions,  well  repre- 
sented in  Noi-th  America  and  in  its  western  or  central  districts,  but  not  consiiicuous  in  California. 
The  demulcent  properties  are  turned  to  account  only  in  the  mucilage  of  the  root  of  Marsh  Mallow 
{Altluna  officinalis)  ;  but  many  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  one,  the  Cotton-plant,  for  the 
wool  which  invests  its  seeds. 

Tkibe  I.     MALVE^.     The  column  of  stamens  bearing   anthers  at  the  summit.     Carpels 
closely  united  into  a  ring  around  the  axis  and  separating  from  it  more  or  less  at  maturity. 

*  Styles  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side  :  carpels  indehiscent :  ovules  solitary,  ascending. 

1.  Lavatera.     Bractlets  3  to  6,  united  at  base.     Axis  of  the  fniit  dilated  above  and  exceeding 

the  few  carpels. 

2.  Malva.     Bractlets  3,  distinct.     Axis  broad,  shorter  than  the  numerous  carpels. 

3.  Sidalcea.     Bractlets  none.    Filaments  in  a  double  series,  those  of  the  outer  series  united  in  5 

clusters.     Carpels  fewer,  covering  the  axis. 

*  *  Stigmas  capitate  :  carpels  mostly  dehiscent  at  least  at  the  apex. 

4.  Malvastrum.     Bractlets  1  to  3.     Ovule  solitaiy,  ascending. 

5.  Sphaeralcea     Bractlets  1  to  3.     Ovules  2,  the  lower  ascending,  the  up])er  pendulous. 

6.  Sida.     Bractlets  1  or  2,  or  usually  none.     Ovules  solitary,  pendulous  or  horizontal. 

7.  Abutilon.     Bractlets  none.     Ovules  3  or  more  in  each  cell. 

Tribe  II.     HIBISCE^E.     Column  of  stamens  naked  at  the  summit  and  5-toothed.     Carpels 
united  into  a  few-celled  capsule,  dehiscing  loculicidally. 

8.  Hibiscus.     Involucel  of  several  distinct  bractlets.     Capsule  mostly  5-celled,  many-seeded. 

GossYPiiTM  HERBACEUM,  Linn.,  the  cultivated  Cotton-plant,  also  belongs  to  this  tribe,  —  the 
genus  characterized  by  its  three  ample  cordate  usually  incised  bracts,  a  truncate  or  shortly  5-cleft 
calyx,  a  3  -  5-celled  capsule,  and  long- woolly  seeds.  In  Lower  California  and  on  Cerros  Island 
there  has  been  found  a  native  species,  G.  Davidsonii,  Kellogg  (Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  82),  shrubby, 
with  small  and  usually  entire  cordate  leaves,  the  flowers  also  comparatively  small,  an  inch  long, 
yellow  with  purple  base. 

1.  LAVATERA,  Linn.        Tree  Mallow. 

Involucel  3  -  6-cleft.  Stamineal  column  divided  above  into  numerous  filaments. 
Styles  filiform,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side.  Fruit  depressed ;  the  several  carpels 
separating  from  the  prominent  more  or  less  dilated  axis,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded ;  seed 
ascending.  —  Leaves  angled  or  lobed ;  flowers  axillary  or  in  terminal  racemes  ;  our 
species  stout  and  shrubby. 


Sidalcea.  MALVACE^.  83 

An  01(1  World  genus  of  about  20  spedes,  some  common  in  cultivation  in  gardens,  and  the  fol- 
lowing indigenous  upon  the  coast  of  California. 

1.  L.  assurgentiflora,  Kellogg.  Shrubby,  6  to  15  feet  high,  with  slender 
flexuous  brandies,  glabrous  or  sparingly  stellate-pubescent  :  leaves  cordate,  angu- 
larly 5  -  7-lobed,  3  to  6  inches  broad,  on  long  petioles,  the  lobes  acute,  coarsely 
toothed  or  lobed  :  flowers  1  to  4  in  the  axils,  on  slender  deflexed  and  curved  pedi- 
cels :  involucel  persistent,  3  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  campauulate  densely 
pubescent  calyx  :  petals  purple,  1  to  1^  inches  long,  with  a  broad  truncate  limb  and 
long  narrow  glabrous  claws,  having  a  pair  of  dense  hairy  tufts  at  base  :  stamineal 
column  glabrous  :  styles  exserted  :  fruit  half  an  inch  broad,  the  6  to  8  carpels  not 
beaked,  somewhat  appressed-hairy,  2  lines  or  more  in  diameter,  about  equalling  the 
low-conical  summit  of  the  axis.  —  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  i.  11  &  14. 

Said  to  be  native  of  the  island  of  Anacapa  and  now  frequently  cultivated  in  the  southern  coun- 
ties of  the  State.     It  is  nearly  allied  to  L.  acerifolia  k,  pJuxnicea  of  the  Canary  Islands. 

L.  occiUEXTALis,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  124,  of  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer,  is  a  similar 
species  :  flowers  on  short  deflexed  pedicels,  with  large  and  foliaceous  bractlets  and  calyx- lobes,  the 
calyx  becoming  1^  inches  long  :  petals  2  inches  long,  spatulate,  emarginate,  purplish,  with  a  dark 
spot  in  the  centre,  the  claws  glabrous  at  base  :  fruit  half  an  inch  broad  or  more,  pubescent. 

2.  MALVA,  Linn.        Mallow. 

Involucel  3-leaved.  Petals  obcordate.  Axis  of  the  fruit  broad  but  not  project- 
ing. Otherwise  as  Lavatera.  —  Natives  of  the  Old  World,  but  several  of  the 
species  now  naturalized  almost  everywhere. 

1.  M.  borealis,  Wallman.  Annual,  erect  or  somewhat  decumbent,  hairy  or 
nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  round-cordate,  crenate,  more  or  less  strongly  5  —  7-lobed  : 
peduncles  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  1  to  3  lines  long :  calyx-lobes  acute,  be- 
coming very  broad  and  enlarged  in  fruit :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long  :  carpels  trans- 
versely reticulate-rugose. 

From  Euro]>e,  a  common  weed  on  the  western  coast  from  Puget  Sound  to  Mexico  ;  it  has  also 
been  collected  in  New  Mexico.  It  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  biennial  species  M.  rolundi- 
folia,  which  takes  its  place  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  may  appear  in  California,  by  its  short 
peduncles,  smaller  flowei's,  and  rugose  carpels. 

3.   SIDALCEA,  Gray. 

Involucel  none.      Stamineal  column  double  ;   the  filaments  of  the  outer  series 

united  usually  into  5  sets,  opposite  the  petals.     Styles  filiform,  stigmatic  on  the 

inner  surface.     Carpels  5  to  9,  1-ovuled,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  short  axis, 

beakless,  iudehiscent.    Seed  ascending.  —  Herbs,  with  rounded  and  mostly  lobed  or 

parted  leaves ;  the  usually  purple  flowers  in  a  narrow  terminal  raceme  or  spike. 

Mainly  a  Californian  genus,  only  one  species  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  {S.  catidida.  Gray)  not 
being  found  within  the  limits  of  the  State. 

*  Perennial. 

1.  S.  malveeflora,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  hispid,  simple  or  branched,  1 
to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  on  elongated  petioles,  orbicular  to  semicircular  in  outline  ;  the 
lower  more  or  less  deeply  toothed  or  cleft,  the  upper  more  narrowly  and  deeply 
5  —  9-lobed  or  parted  ;  the  segments  sparingly  toothed  or  divided,  often  linear  and 
entire  :  flowers  in  naked  often  elongated  racemes  ;  bractlets  small,  lanceolate ;  pedi- 
cels short,  naked  :  calyx  often  tomentose,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate  :  petals 
emarginate:  carpels  7  to  8,  smooth  and  glabrous. — PI,  Wright,  i.  16;  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  46.  Sida  malvceflnra,  DC.  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1036.  Ccdlirrhoe 
sjyicata,  Eegel,  Gart.  Fl.  1872,  291,  t.  737. 


84  MALVACE^.  .  Sidalcea. 

In  meadows,  more  widely  diffused  than  any  other  species,  ranging  from  Oregon  to  Northern 
Mexico,  and  eastward  to  Colorado.  It  varies  much  in  the  size  of  all  its  parts  ;  calyx  1  to  3  lines 
long  ;  the  petals  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  or  sometimes  but  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 
S.  (h'egana  is  a  stout  and  branching  northern  form. 

2.  S.  hiunilis,  Gray.  Much  resembling  the  last,  but  usually  lower  and  often 
decumbent  at  base,  with  smaller  leaves,  and  somewhat  more  hairy  :  flowers  fewer 
and  more  generally  scattered  in  the  racemes  :  calyx  larger,  3  to  6  lines  long,  with 
acuminate  lobes  :  carpels  reticulated  and  somewhat  pubescent.  —  PL  Fendl.  20. 
Sida  delphinifolia  &  Californica,  !N^utt.  in  Ton.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  233  and  235. 

Throughout  California  in  meadows  and  on  hillsides. 

*  *  Annuals, 

3.  S.  Hart^regi,  Gray.  Slender,  1  or  2  feet  high,  more  or  less  hispidly  pubes- 
cent, especially  the  pedicels  and  calyx  :  leaves  orbicular,  the  lowest  deeply  cleft,  the 
upper  digitately  5  -  9-parted ;  segments  linear,  entire,  acute,  usually  exceeding  the 
petioles :  bractlets  linear,  persistent :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  a  short  terminal  spike : 
calyx  3  to  6  lines  long,  the  lobes  acuminate  :  petals  |^  to  1  inch  long,  broad  and 
emarginate  :  carpels  strongly  reticulated,  shortly  crested,  hispid  above  on  the  inner 
side.  — PI.  Fendl.  20;  Benth,  PI.  Hartw.  300.  S.  delphinifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  19, 
&  Gen.  lU.  ii.  58,  t.  120,  fig.  10-12.  S.  hirsnta,  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  16;  the 
larger  and  more  hairy  form. 

In  the  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  basin.  The  species  was  founded  on  a  reduced  few-flowered 
sparingly  hispid  state. 

4.  S.  diploscypha,  Gray.  Pubescent  with  long  spreading  hairs,  1  or  2  feet 
high  :  leaves  deeply  5  -  9-cleft  with  lobed  segments,  the  uppermost  often  digitately 
parted;  stipules  parted:  bractlets  conspicuous,  5- 7-parted,  hispid  :  flowers  nearly 
sessile  in  close  3  -  5-flowered  clusters  :  calyx-lobes  acuminate  :  petals  ^  to  1  inch  long, 
broad  and  emarginate  :  filaments  of  the  outer  stamens  united  into  5  broad  mem- 
branaceous overlapping  lobes,  usually  enclosing  the  inner  anthers :  carpels  glabrous 
much  depressed,  transversely  rugose,  longitudinally  sulcate  above.  —  PI.  Fendl.  1 9. 

Common  in  grass-fields  and  by  roadsides  through  Central  California. 

5.  S.  malachroides,  Gray.  Stout,  hirsute,  3  to  6  feet  high,  tufted  :  leaves 
cordate,  2  to  5  inches  broad,  3  -  7-angled  with  acutely  toothed  lobes  :  bractlets  sub- 
ulate, caducous  :  flowers  small,  white  or  purplish,  nearly  sessile  in  close  terminal 
heads  on  the  short  leafy  branches  :  calyx-lobes  acute  :  petals  narrowly  obcordate  : 
sets  of  stamens  indistinct :  carpels  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  a  narrow  more  or 
less  distinct  ridge  down  the  back.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  332.  Malva  malachro- 
ides, Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  326.  aS'.  vitifolia.  Gray,  1.  c,  is  a  less  hispid 
form. 

From  Mendocino  County  to  Santa  Cruz. 

4.  MALVASTRUM,  Gray. 

Bractlets  1  to  3,  or  none.  Stamineal  tube  simple,  antheriferous  at  the  summit. 
Styles  filiform  :  stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  5  or  more,  1-ovuled,  separating  from  the 
axis,  often  dehiscent,  sometimes  2-valved.  Seed  ascending.  —  Herbaceous  tufted 
perennials,  or  shrubby ;  the  flowers  in  narrow  naked  or  leafy  subpaniculate  racemes. 
Distinguished  from  Sphceralcea  only  by  the  solitary  ovules. 

Species  about  60,  North  and  South  American  and  S.  African. 

*  Perennials. 

1.  M.  Munroanum,  Gray.  Branching  from  the  base,  1  or  2  feet  high,  grayish 
or  hoary-pubescent :  leaves  broadly  ovate,  usually  cordate  at  base,  3  -  5-lobed  or 
deeply  cleft,  crenately  or  acutely  toothed,  1  or  2  inches  long,  equalling  or  exceeding 


Malvastrum.  MALVACE^.  .  g5 

the  slender  petiole :  raceme  often  dense :  calyx-lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  2  to  4  lines 
long  :  petals  scarlet,  6  to  9  lines  long  :  carpels  oblong,  2  lines  long,  rounded  or 
shortly  beaked  above,  reticulated  on  the  sides  near  the  base,  pubescent  on  the  back. 
—  PL  Fendl.  21 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  47.  Malva  Munroana,  Dougl.;  Lindl. 
Bot.  Reg.  xvi,  t.  1306;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3537. 

From  Waslungton  Territory  to  Nevada  and  Utah  ;  found  eastward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

2.  M.  Thurberi,  Gray.  Shrubby  at  base,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  wand-like 
branches,  densely  tomentose  :  leaves  tliick  and  subrugose,  shortly  petioled,  the  upper 
nearly  sessile,  rounded,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  somewhat  3  —  5-lobed,  crenate,  1 
to  1  ^  inches  long  :  flowers  small,  nearly  sessile  in  an  interrupted  naked  spike,  or 
the  inflorescence  more  expanded  and  racemose :  calyx-lobes  short,  acute :  fruit 
broadly  obovate,  the  carpels  1|^  lines  long,  rounded  or  subtruncate  above,  becoming 
glabrous,  not  reticulated. — PI.  Thurb.  307.     Malva  faseiculata,  Xutt.  1.  c.  225. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  of  Southern  California  ;  at  Pacheco's  Pass  {Bolander),  Santa  Barbaiu 
{NuUall),  San  Diego  {Parry),  and  in  Sonora  (Thurbcr).  No.  554  Brewer,  from  the  Santa  Lucia 
Mountains  above  the  Nacimiento,  is  probably  the  same,  but  with  the  flowers  fewer  and  less 
crowded,  and  the  leaves  rounded-rhomboidal  and  very  tomentose  ;  described  as  very  fragrant. 

3.  M.  splendidum,  Kellogg.  A  shrub  10  to  12  feet  high  or  more,  the  branches 
and  leaves  gray-tomentose  :  leaves  shortly  petioled,  cordate-ovate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
acute  and  crenate :  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  terminal  branching  panicled  racemes,  the 
spreading  peduncles  1  to  2  inches  long :  calyx-lobes  short,  acute  :  carpels  oblong, 
1 J  lines  long,  rounded  at  each  end,  with  a  short  mucronate  beak  above,  becoming 
glabrous,  reticulated  on  the  sides  below.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  65. 

Imperfectly  described  by  Dr.  Kellogg  from  a  small  specimen  collected  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Los  Angeles  and  said  to  have  been  taken  from  a  tree  15  to  20  feet  high  and  a  foot  in  circumference. 
The  above  description  is  based  upon  specimens  found  by  Prof.  Brewer  in  the  Sieira  Santa  Monica, 
which  accord  sufficiently  well  with  the  original  account.  Dift'eiing  from  the  last  mainly  in  the 
form  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  open  inflorescence. 

4.  M.  marrubioides,  Durand  &  Hilgard.     Densely  pubescent,  two  feet  high  : 

leaves  thick  and  shortly  petioled,  ovate,  subcordate,  obscurely  3-lobed,  acutely  ser- 
rate :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  paniculate  clusters  of  3  to  5  in  a  somewhat  naked 
raceme :  calyx-lobes  long-acuminate,  little  shorter  than  the  rose-colored  petals :  carpels 
rounded  or  oblong,  glabrous,  not  reticulated.  —  Pacif.  R  Pep.  v.  6,  t.  2. 
Collected  only  near  Millerton  on  the  San  Joaquin,  Heermann. 

5.  M.  Coulteri,  Watson.  Branches  slender,  somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  an 
inch  or  less  in  length,  ovate-subcordate,  3  -  5-lobed,  acutely  toothed,  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  slender  petioles  :  flowers  small,  in  a  rather  loose  raceme  :  calyx-lobes 
acuminate  :  petals  4  or  5  lines  long,  rose-color  :  carpels  rounded,  less  than  a  line  in 
diameter,  with  a  thin  horizontal  oblong  projection  uiward  at  base,  very  strongly 
reticulated,  pubescent  on  the  under  surface.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  125. 

Collected  by  Coulter  (n.  96)  probably  in  Southeastern  California,  and  by  Schott  in  the  Gila 
bottom  on  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey.     Well  distinguished  by  its  peculiar  carpels. 

*   *  Annuals. 

6.  M.  rotundifolium,  Gray.  Rather  stout  and  sparsely  hispid  with  spreading 
hairs,  two  feet  high  or  less  :  leaves  reniform,  obscurely  lobed,  coarsely  toothed,  the 
lower  long-petioled  :  flowers  loosely  clustered,  the  lower  pedicels  elongated  :  calyx 
4  or  5  lines  long,  with  acuminate  lobes  enlarging  in  fruit :  petals  broad,  ^  inch  long, 
light  purple  with  a  red  spot  at  base  :  carpels  40  or  more,  thin,  circular,  IJ  lines 
broad,  glabrous,  reticulated ;  the  axis  dilated.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  333. 

On  sand-hills  near  Fort  Mohave  (Cooper),  and  eastward  in  Arizona. 

7.  M.  exile,  Gray.  Decumbent,  the  stems  becoming  a  foot  long  or  more,  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  6  to  9  lines  broad,  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  deeply 
5-lobed,  sparingly  toothed,  equalling  the  petioles :  flowers  mostly  solitary  and  axillary, 


86  MALVACE^.  >        Sphceralcea. 

on  slender  elongated  pedicels  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  linear  bractlets 
persistent :  petals  obovate,  purple,  2  to  5  lines  long  :  fruit  2|  lines  broad ;  carpels 
12  to  15,  orbicular,  glabrous,  indehiscent,  transversely  rugose-reticulated,  the  sides 
smooth  and  contiguous  except  near  the  margin.  —  Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  8. 

Dry  plains,  Merced  County,  and  southward,  ranging  east  to  Utah  ;  near  Pyramid  Lake, 
Nevada  (Lemtnon),  and  probably  along  the  entire  eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

5.  SPH^RALCEA,  St.  HUaire. 

Differing  from  Malvastrum  only  in  the  2-ovuled  cells  of  the  ovary,  the  lower 
ovule  ascending,  the  upper  pendulous  and  often  abortive  in  fruit.  —  Perennials. 
About  20  species  are  referred  to  the  genus,  all  American  and  S.  African. 

1.  S.  Ijinoryi,  Torr.  Eesembling  Malvastrum  Mtcnroanum.  Stems  1  to  2  feet 
high :  leaves  ovate-cordate,  usually  obtusely  3  -  5-lobed,  crenate  :  inflorescence  and 
fruit  as  in  that  species,  excepting  the  2-ovuled  cells  of  the  ovary.  —  aS".  Emoryi  & 
incana,  Torrey  in  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  23.     aS'.  Wrightii,  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  21. 

Frequent  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Northern  Nevada  to  Utah  and  Mexico ; 
San  Felipe  in  S.  California  {Thurber)  and  San  Diego,  Cleveland. 

S.  SULPHTTREA,  Watsou,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  125,  of  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer,  is  more 
tomentose  and  has  the  inflorescence  usually  much  more  paniculate  and  diff'use  :  petals  sulphur- 
yellow,  tinged  with  pink,  villous  at  the  base  of  the  claw,  5  to  6  lines  long :  fruit  globose. 

2.  S.  Lindheimeri,  Gray.  Stout,  densely  tomentose,  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect  or 
decumbent  at  base  :  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  at  base,  obscurely  5-lobed  Avith 
the  lobes  rounded  and  slightly  crenate,  2  inches  long,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
petioles  :  flowers  small,  in  a  narrow  raceme,  often  nearly  sessile  :  calyx  with  acumi- 
nate lobes,  usually  very  densely  tomentose  :  fruit  prominent ;  carpels  1|  lines  long, 
rounded  above,  projecting  more  over  the  axis  than  in  the  last,  the  sides  transversely 
rugose  below.  — PI.  Lindh.  162,     Malvastrum  Fremontii,  Torrey,  1.  c.  21. 

Central  California  {Fremont)  ;  Corral  Hollow,  Brewer :  the  specimens  are  apparently  identical 
with  the  species  of  the  Vdo  Grande  Valley  to  which  they  are  here  referred. 

3.  S.  angUStifolia,  Spach.  Slender,  erect,  2  to  4  feet  high,  hoary-pubescent : 
leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  2  inches  long,  usually  subcordate  or  rounded 
at  base,  often  somewhat  lobed  below,  crenate  or  rather  coarsely  toothed,  on  short 
petioles  :  flowers  small,  in  a  naked  or  often  leafy  narrow  raceme  :  calyx  2  to  3  lines 
long,  with  acute  or  acuminate  lobes  :  fruit  subglobose  with  a  central  depression, 
pubescent ;  carpels  1 J  to  2  lines  long,  oblong,  blunt  or  sometimes  sharply  beaked  at 
the  apex,  reticulate  on  the  sides  below.  —  Malva  ariffustifolia,  Cav.  Diss.  i.  64,  t.  20; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  2839. 

At  Fort  Mohave  (Cooper),  and  frequent  eastward  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  in  Mexico. 

6.   SIDA,  Linn. 

Calyx  usually  without  bractlets.     Stamineal  tube  simple,  antheriferous  at  the 

summit.     Petals  oblique.     Styles  5   or  more,  with  capitate  stigmas.     Carpels  as 

many,  1-ovuled,  indehiscent  or  2-valved,  at  length  separating  from  the  axis.     Seed 

pendulous  or  horizontal.  —  Mostly  softly  tomentose  ;  flowers  yellow  or  whitish. 

About  80  species,  of  which  50  are  American,  most  abundant  in  subtropical  regions.  A  few 
species  are  very  widely  distributed,  among  which  S.  rhombifnlia  and  S.  carpini/olia  approach  the 
southern  borders  of  the  State,  and  other  species  are  frc([Uent  in  Northern  Mexico  and  the  adjacent 
territory.  The  one  Californian  species,  having  a  bracteolate  calyx,  would  belong  to  Malvastrum 
but  for  the  pendulous  ovule. 

1 .  S.  hederacea,  Torr.  Stems  decumbent,  from  a  perennial  root,  leafy,  a  foot 
long  or  less  :  leaves  reniform,  about  an  inch  broad,  very  oblique,  serrate  or  crenate, 
shortly  petioled  :  flowers  in  short  axillary  panicles  or  solitary,  the  pedicels  at  length 


Hibiscus.  MALVACE^.  87 

t 
deflexed  :  calyx  "with  one  or  two  setaceous  bractlets  at  base,  the  lobes  acuminate  : 
petals  yellowish,  pubescent  externally,  4  to  6  lines  long :  fruit  short-conical,  smooth, 
glabrous;  carpels  6  to  10,  triangular,  \\  lines  long,  blunt  above,  attached  by  the 
straight  ventral  edge  to  the  slender  axis.  —  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  23.  Malva  hederacea, 
Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  i.  107.  M.  plicata,  :Nutt.;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  227.  Sida  (1) 
obliqua,  Xutt.  1.  c.  233. 

From  Oregon  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  ;  dry  valleys  and  hillsides. 

7.  ABUTILON,  Tourn. 

Bractlets  none.    Seeds  or  ovules  3  to  9  in  each  cell.    Otherwise  as  Sida. — Herbs 

or  shrubs,  usually  soft-tomentose ;  flowers  mostly  axillary,  often  yellow. 

Species  about  70,  in  the  wanner  region  of  both  hemispheres  ;  a  dozen  or  more  on  the  southern 
bordei-s  of  the  United  States,  the  following  scarcely  entering  within  the  limits  of  California. 

1.  A.  crispum,  Don.  Very  finely  tomentose:  branches  very  slender,  elongated: 
leaves  cordate,  acutish  or  acuminate,  crenate,  1  to  3  inches  long ;  the  upper  small 
and  nearly  sessile  :  flowers  solitary,  small,  yellow,  on  slender  axillary  pedicels  as 
long  as  the  leaves  and  jointed  near  the  top  :  carpels  about  1 2,  membranaceous,  in- 
flated, rounded  above,  2-valved  to  the  base,  4  -  5-seeded,  at  length  half  an  inch 
long.  —  Gray,  Gen.  111.  ii.  67,  t.  126.  Sida  crispa,  Linn.;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 
i.  235. 

Widely  distributed  through  the  tropics,  and  found  from  Florida  westward  across  the  continent ; 
Canon  Tantillas,  below  San  Diego,  Palmer. 

2.  A.  Ne"wberryi,  Watson.  Somewhat  woody  at  base,  4  to  5  feet  high,  densely 
tomentose  :  branches  short  and  stout  :  leaves  thick,  oblong-lanceolate,  cordate  at 
base,  acutish,  1  to  2  inches  long,  on  short  petioles  :  pedicels  fascicled  in  the  axils, 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  flowers  deep  yellow,  3  lines  long  :  carpels  about  8, 
nearly  membranaceous,  rounded  but  narrower  above,  2-valved  to  the  base,  3-seeded, 
three  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  125.  Sphoiralcea  incana,  Gray,  Bot.  Ives 
Colorado  Exp.  8. 

In  the  same  locality  (Palmer)  ;  also  on  the  Lower  Gila  {Emory),  and  at  Canebrake  Canon  on 
the  Lower  Colorado,  Newberry. 

A.  Palmeri,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  289,  a  taller  larger-flowered  and  larger-leaved  species, 
of  Arizona  and  Sonora,  may  reach  California.  The  calyx  is  densely  villous,  nearly  half  an  inch 
long ;  the  deep-yellow  corolla  somewhat  longer ;  carjiels  also  hairy,  acuminate  above  and  equal- 
ling the  calyx,  3  -  4-seeded  ;  leaves  cordate  with  a  deep  closed  sinus. 

8.  HIBISCUS,  Linn. 

Involucel  of  numerous  bractlets.     Stamineal  column  antheriferous  much  of  its 

length,  but  naked  at  the  summit  and  truncate  or  5-toothed.     Styles  united :  stigmas 

5,  capitate.     Fruit  a  5-celled  loculicidal  pod,  the  cells  several  seeded.  —  Stout  herbs 

or  often  shrubby,  with  large  and  showy  axillary  and  solitary  flowers. 

A  large  genus  of  about  150  species,  distributed  around  the  workl,  mainly  in  tropical  or  sub- 
tropical regions.  Many  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  Some  of  the  species  of  Northern  Mexico 
probably  extend  into  Southeastern  California,  though  only  a  single  one  has  yet  been  collected. 

1.  H.  Californicus,  Kellogg.  Perennial,  erect  and  branching,  5  to  7  feet  high, 
the  younger  leaves  and  brandies  velvety  pubescent :  leaves  cordate,  acuminate, 
rarely  somewhat  3-lobed,  crenate  or  acutely  toothed,  3  to  5  inches  long,  exceeding 
the  petioles  :  peduncles  1-flowered,  2  or  3  inches  long,  jointed  above  the  middle, 
united  with  the  petiole  at  base  :  calyx  9  to  12  lines  long,  cleft  to  the  middle,  the 
lobes  acute  ;  flowers  white,  with  a  purple  centre,  2  to  4  inches  long  :  capsule  equal- 
ling the  calyx,  acute,  velvety-pubescent :  seeds  nearly  globose,  over  a  line  broad, 
striate  and  roughened  with  small  scattered  tubercles.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iv.  292. 


88  STERCULIACE^.  »  Hibiscus. 

On  an  island  in  San  Joaquin  River  at  Webb's  Landing.  This  is  probably  also  the  H.  Moscheuios, 
var.  occidentalis,  of  Ton-ey  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  256. 

2.  EL  denudatus,  Benth.  Erect,  woody  at  base,  very  tomentose,  two  feet  high, 
tlie  stems  slender  and  flexuous  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  an  inch 
broad  or  less,  rounded  or  obtuse  and  dentate  above,  on  short  petioles :  peduncles  ^ 
to  1  inch  long  :  bractlets  narrowly  linear,  very  short  or  sometimes  nearly  obsolete  : 
calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  lobes  lanceolate  :  petals  light  purple,  an  inch 
long :  capsule  acute,  dehiscent  to  the  base,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  seeds  reniform, 
densely  silky.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  7,  t.  3. 

In  the  desert  region  of  Southeastern  California,  thence  to  New  Mexico  and  Northern  Mexico. 
This  species  belongs  to  the  section  Bombicella,  which  is  distinguished  by  the  small  involucre  and 
silky  seeds. 

Order  XXI.    STERCULIACE^. 

A  polymorphous  order  chiefly  of  shrubs  and  trees,  nearly  all  tropical  or  of  the 
southern  hemisphere,  related  to  Malvaceae  and  Tiliacece,  distinguished  from  the 
former  by  the  2-celled  anthers  (the  petals  not  rarely  wanting),  and  in  our  solitary 
representative  by  the  imbricated  calyx. 

1.  FREMONTIA,  Torr. 

Bractlets  3  to  5,  small.  Calyx  5-cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  lobes  imbricate  in 
the  bud,  large  and  petaloid,  bright  yellow,  pitted  at  the  base,  persistent.  Petals 
none.  Stamineal  column  5-cleft  to  the  middle,  each  of  the  divisions  bearing  above 
a  linear  adnate  curved  anther  :  staminodia  none.  Ovary  5-celled,  raany-ovuled  : 
style  elongated,  the  acute  apex  stigmatic.  Capsule  4  -  5-valved,  loculicidally  dehis- 
cent ;  cells  2  -  3 -seeded.  Seeds  ovate :  embryo  in  thick  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons 
ovate,  nearly  flat,  much  longer  than  the  radicle.  —  A  stellately  pubescent  shrub ; 
with  alternate  lobed  leaves,  and  showy  axillary  solitary  shortly  pedicelled  flowers. 

1.  F.  Californica,  Torr.  Branching,  10  to  20  feet  high,  sometimes  a  foot 
through  at  base :  wood  hard :  bark  dark-colored :  leaves  thick,  usually  rusty  beneath, 
broadly  cordate  or  ovate,  3-lobed  or  rarely  entire  or  5  -  7-lobed,  |^  to  2^  inches  long, 
the  lobes  obtuse,  mucronulate ;  petioles  shorter  than  the  blade  :  flowers  numerous, 
1  to  3  inches  in  diameter :  sepals  obovate,  often  mucronate,  pubescent  externally 
and  with  a  rounded  hairy  pit  at  base,  the  3  inner  a  little  larger  :  capsule  ovate,  an 
inch  long,  densely  hairy,  persistent ;  the  cells  villous  within  :  seeds  ovate,  2  lines 
long  or  more,  pubescent.  —  PL  Frem.  in  Smith.  Coutrib.  vi.  6,  t.  2  ;  Hook.  f.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  5591.      Cheiranthodendron  Calif ornicum,  Baill.  Hist.  PI.  iv.  70. 

On  diy  hills  from  Pit  Eiver  to  San  Diego,  most  abundant  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Southern 
Sierra  Nevada.  Very  closely  allied  to  Cheirostemon  (or  Cheiranthodendron)  of  Mexico  and  Guata- 
mala,  which  differs  in  the  more  deeply  pitted  purple  calyx,  the  oblique  stamineal  tube,  and  con- 
nective produced  beyond  the  anthers.     The  stipules  in  Fremontia  are  small  and  caducous. 

Order  XXII.    LINAGES. 

A  small  family,  recently  enlarged  by  the  incorporation  of  three  wholly  tropical 
tribes  of  shrubs  and  trees,  all  with  simple  and  entire  mostly  alternate  leaves ;  as  to 
the  proper  Flax  tribe  well  marked  by  the  perfectly  isomerous  regular  flowers ;  the 
sepals,  petals,  stamens  and  parts  of  the  pistil  being  each  5,  or  in  one  instance  4, 
or  sometimes  the  parts  of  the  pistil  fewer ;  the  fugacious  petals  convolute  and  the 


Linum.  LINAGES.  g9 

persistent  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  these  and  the  stamens  hypogynous ;  and 
only  a  pair  of  suspended  anatropous  ovules  and  seeds  in  each  carpel.  —  Eepresented 
solely  by  the  genus 

L  LINUM,  Linn.        Flax. 

Parts  of  the  flower  5,  except  sometimes  in  the  pistil.  Filaments  monadelphous 
at  the  very  base,  and  commonly  with  a  little  tooth  in  each  smus.  Styles  5,  often 
united  into  one  below,  or  in  some  of  ours  only  3  or  even  2,  and  distinct :  stigmas 
capitate  or  oblong :  ovary  globose,  of  as  many  true  cells  or  carpels  as  styles,  but 
each  cell  more  or  less  divided  into  two  by  a  false  partition  proceeding  from  the  dorsal 
suture.  Capsule  splitting  in  dehiscence  through  these  false  partitions,  and  some- 
times through  the  true  ones  also.  Seeds  solitary  in  each  half-cell,  flattened,  ovate, 
the  coat  mucilaginous  when  wetted  :  embryo  large  and  straight,  surrounded  by  a 
thin  coating  of  albumen ;  the  cotyledons  flat  and  broad.  —  Herbs  ;  with  tough  fibres 
in  the  bark  (flax),  sessile  entire  leaves,  no  stipules  or  mere  glands  in  their  place,  and 
cymose  or  panicled  flowers. 

A  genus  of  80  or  more  species,  mostly  of  temperate  or  warm  climates,  nearly  20  indigenous  to 
the  United  States,  chiefly  to  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  Califomian  species  (with  two 
exceptions)  are  slender  annuals,  remarkable  for  having  only  two  or  three  pistils,  and  forming  a 
peculiar  section. 

L.  usiTATissiMUM,  Linn.,  the  common  Flax  of  cultivation,  may  sometimes  be  found  near  fields. 
It  is  an  annual,  with  linear-lanceolate  very  acute  leaves,  blue  flowei"s,  1-nerved  sepals,  and  a 
globose  acuminate  capsule. 

§  1.  Styles  of  the  same  number  as  the  other  parts  of  the  flower :  perennials :  leaves 

alternate. 

1.  L.  perenne,  Linn.  Smooth  and  glaucous,  I  to  2|  feet  high,  branching 
above,  leafy:  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  3  to  18  lines  long,  acute;  stipular 
glands  none  :  flowers  large,  blue,  in  few-flowered  corymbs  or  scattered  on  the  leafy 
branches,  on  slender  pedicels  :  sepals  3-5-nerved,  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  1^  to  2| 
lines  long  :  capsule  globose,  acute,  exceeding  the  sepals,  at  length  dehiscent  by  ten 
valves,  the  prominent  false  partition  long-ciliate  :  fruiting  pedicels  erect  or  deflexed. 
—  L.  decurrens,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  44,  fig.  11. 

Common  on  dry  soils  nearly  throughout  the  State,  the  species  ranging  from  the  Arctic  Circle, 
along  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward,  to  Northern  Mexico.  It  is  also  common  in  Europe 
and  Northern  Asia. 

2.  L.  aristatum,  Engelm.  Smooth,  |  to  3  feet  high  ;  branches  numerous, 
slender,  angular:  leaves  few,  linear  to  subulate,  awned,  2  to  4  hues  long;  the  upper 
and  the  bracts,  as  well  as  the  sepals,  ciliate-denticulate  on  the  scarious  margins  ; 
stipular  glands  conspicuous  :  flowers  mostly  solitary  on  the  branchlets,  sulphur- 
yellow,  an  inch  broad  :  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  4  lines  long  : 
capsule  ovate,  acute,  half  as  long,  5-valved  and  10-celled,  the  false  partitions  mem- 
branaceous :  seeds  small.  —  Wisliz.  Rep.  1 7. 

Sandy  hills  along  the  Colorado  {Newberry)  ;  eastward  to  New  Mexico  and  S.  Utah.  The  only 
other  North  American  yellow-flowered  perennial  is  L.  Kmgii,  Watson,  of  the  mountains  of 
Utah. 

§  2.  Styles  and  carpels  fewer  than  the  other  parts  of  the  floicer,  2  or  3 :  capsules 
4-celled  or  6-celled  :  sepals  l-nerved  :  annuals.  —  Hesperolinox,  Gray. 

*  Leaves  opposite,  oblong  :  styles  2  :  petals  not  appendaged  at  base,  yellow. 

3.  L.  digjrnum,  Gray.  Glabrous,  six  inches  high,  simple,  subcymosely  branched 
at  the  summit :  leaves  oblong,  acutish,  3  to  6  lines  long ;  stipular  glands  none  : 


90  LtNACE^.  Linum. 

pedicels  very  short :  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate-denticulate,  a  line  long : 
petals  twice  longer :  capsule  globose,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  334. 

Near  Yosemite  Valley  on  the  Mariposa  Trail,  Bolander.     A  rare  and  veiy  peculiar  species. 

*  *  Leaves  alternate,  narrowly  linear  (a  half  to  an  inch  long) :  styles  3  :  petals 
appendaged  at  base  vnth  a  tooth  on  each  side  and  usually  a  third  adnate  to  the 
inner  face  of  the  claw. 

-(-  Flowers  yellow :  pedicels  short. 

4.  L.  Bre'Weri,  Gray.  Smooth,  glaucous,  slender,  3  to  8  inches  high  or  more, 
few-flowered  at  the  summit  :  leaves  linear-setaceous,  6  to  8  lines  long  ;  stipular 
glands  conspicuous:  sepals  ovate,  acute,  somewhat  glandular  on  the  margin,  1|-  lines 
long  :  petals  more  than  twice  as  long,  3-appendaged  at  base  :  fruit  unknown.  — 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  202,  and  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  521. 

Dry  hillsides,  Contra  Costa  Co.,  at  Marsh's  Ranch,  east  of  Monte  Diablo,  Brewer.  Flowering 
in  May  and  June. 

-«-  -t-  Flowers  white,    rose-colored,    or  purple :   pedicels   short   and    mostly   cymose- 

clustered. 

5.  L.  congestum,  Gray.  Xearly  smooth,  excepting  the  calyx,  a  foot  high, 
shortly  branched  above :  stipular  glands  very  small :  flowers  in  close  terminal  clusters  : 
sepals  pubescent,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  1  ^  lines  long,  not  glandular  :  petals  twice  as 
long,  apparently  rose  or  purple,  3-appendaged  at  base  :  capsule  globose,  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  521. 

Marin  Co .,  Bolander.  A  well-marked  species  on  account  of  its  clustered  flowers  and  pubescent 
calyx. 

6.  L.  Califomicum,  Benth.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  paniculately  branched 
above,  6  to  18  inches  high  :  stipular  glands  conspicuous  :  flowers  in  small  cymes  or 
the  lower  solitary:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  1^  lines  long,  acute,  slightly  glandular- 
toothed  :  petals  4  lines  long,  rose-colored  becoming  white,  3-appendaged  at  base  : 
capsule  acute,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  PI.  Hartw.  299  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

Dry  soils  in  the  valleys  and  on  low  foot-hills,  in  early  spring,  from  about  San  Francisco  Bay  to 
Marysville  {Biqelow)  and  southward  to  San  Carlos  ;  especially  common  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Monte  Diablo  Range. 

-t-  4-  -J-  Flowers  white,  rose-colored,  or  purple  :  pedicels  more  elongated  and  mostly 
solitary :  stems  diffusely  paniculate  above. 

7.  L.  spergnlinum,  Gray.  Glabrous,  6  to  15  inches  high  :  leaves  without 
stipular  glands  :  pedicels  3  to  6  lines  long  :  sepals  ovate-obloiig,  acute,  slightly 
glandular,  a  line  long :  petals  2  to  3  lines  long,  rose-colored  or  white,  3-appendaged : 
capsule  obtuse,  rather  exceeding  the  calyx.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  333. 

Coast  Ranges,  &c.,  Marin  and  Sonoma  counties,  Bolander,  Kellogg,  Miss  Monks. 

8.  L.  micranthum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Somewhat  puberulent,  6  to  15  inches  high  : 
stipular  glands  minute  or  none  :  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acute, 
a  line  long,  slightly  glandular  :  petals  white,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals,  2-toothed 
at  base  :  capsule  obtuse,  exceeding  the  calyx. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  3,000  to  5,000  feet  altitude :  Mount  Bullion  {Bolander)  ;  Sierra  and 
Plumas  counties,  Lemmon,  Mrs.  Pulsifer  Ames. 

9.  L.  adenophyllum,  Gray.  Somewhat  pubescent,  a  foot  high  :  leaves  more 
broadly  linear,  margined  with  stipitate  glands  ;  stipular  glands  minute  or  none  : 
pedicels  1  to  6  lines  long  :  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  a  line  long  or  more,  glandular- 
serrulate,  half  as  long  as  the  white  (yellowish  ])  petals  :  capsule  rather  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  624. 

Near  Clear  Lake,  Bolander,  Kellogg  &  Harford. 


Tribuluf;.  ZYGOPHYLLACE^  91 


Order  XXIII.    ZYGOPHYLLACEiE. 

Distinguished  from  the  allied  orders  by  the  opposite  compound  leaves,  with  in- 
terposed stipules  and  entire  dotless  leaflets.  —  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  nearly  so, 
completely  symmetrical,  the  parts  in  fives  or  rarely  in  fours.  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly 
so.  Petals  hypogynons,  in  ours  imbiicated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  or  more 
commonly  (in  all  ours)  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  and  inserted  Avith  them,  in  two 
sets  :  filaments  distinct,  often  appendaged  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  side.  Ovary  of 
4  or  5  carpels  (rarely  2  or  3),  but  sometimes  twice  as  many  cells,  and  terminal  style 
only  one  :  stigma  5- 10-1  obed.  Ovules  anatropous,  pendulous.  Fruit  dry.  Seeds 
with  a  large  embryo,  straight  or  nearly  so,  with  flat  or  broad  cotyledons,  with  or 
without  some  albumen.  —  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  (in  Guaiacum)  small  trees,  with  very 
hard  and  acrid-bitter  resinous  wood;  a  few  with  simple  leaves  :  stipules  often 
spinescent:  flowers  solitary,  on  lateral  or  terminal  naked  peduncles. 

An  order  of  17  genera  and  barely  a  hundred  species,  of  tropical  and  warm -temperate  countries, 
on  this  continent  chiefly  Mexican  and  South  American,  four  representatives,  belonging  to  three 
genera,  barely  reaching  California. 

1.  Tribulus.     Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  6-10-foliolate.     Fruit  tuberculate.     Herbs. 

2.  Fagonia.     Leaves  3-foliolate.     Fruit  nearly  smooth.     Herbaceous. 

3.  Larrea.     Leaves  2-foliolate.     Fruit  densely  hairy.     A  heavy-scented  shrub. 

1.  TRIBULUS,  Linn. 

Sepals   5,   mostly   persistent.      Petals   5,   fugacious.      Disk   annular,    10-lobed. 

Stamens  10 ;  the  alternate  filaments  a  little  shorter  and  with  a  gland  at  base  on  the 

outer  side.     Ovary  5-12-celled;  cells  1-5-ovuied.     Fruit  lobed,  separating  from 

the  persistent  axis  into  5  to   12   indehiscent   1-seeded  tuberculate  or  winged  or 

spinose  carpels.    Seeds  without  albumen.  —  Loosely  branched  hairy  prostrate  herbs ; 

with  abruptly  pinnate  opposite  leaves  (the  alternate  ones  smaller  or  wanting),  and 

solitary  apparently  axillary  white  or  yellow  flowers. 

Species  15  or  more,  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Our  species  are 
annuals,  belonging  to  the  section  Kallstroemia,  having  the  outer  stamens  adnate  at  base  to  the 
petals,  the  ovary  10-12-celled  and  10- 12-ovuled.  A  true  Tribulus,  with  5  carpels  {T.  Califor- 
nicus,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xL  125),  from  the  western  side  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  has 
very  small  flowers  and  deeply  5-lobed  fruit,  the  carpels  with  4  or  5  stout  tubercles  on  the  back. 

1.  T.  maxim  US,  Linn.  Stems  at  length  elongated  :  leaflets  3  or  4  pairs,  ovate- 
oblong,  3  to  6  lines  long,  more  or  less  oblique :  peduncles  thickened  upward,  a  half 
to  an  inch  long :  sepals  very  hairy,  linear,  acuminate,  two  lines  long  :  petals  a  half 
longer :  fruit  two  lines  high,  beaked  by  a  stout  style  about  as  long ;  the  carpels 
roughly  tuberculate.  —  Kallstroemia  maxima.,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  213;  Gray,  Gen. 
111.  ii.  117,  t.  14G. 

"Southern  California,"  Parry.  Common  in  the  dry  region  eastward  to  Texas,  and  through 
Mexico  iind  the  W.  Indies.     The  specific  name  is  in  no  respect  appropriate. 

2.  T.  grandiflorus,  P.enth.  &  Hook.  Hispid  with  usually  longer  and  more 
spreading  hairs  :  leafiets  4  to  6  pairs  :  peduncles  more  elongated  :  sepals  3  to  6 
lines  long,  the  petals  usually  twice  longer :  fruit  rather  more  sharjily  tuberculate, 
the  beak  3  to  5  lines  long.  —  Gen.  PI.  i.  264.  Kallstroemia  grandijiora,  Torr.  in 
Gray,  PI.  Wriglit.  i.  28. 

In  the  Gila  Valley,  Arizona,  and  jtrobably  in  Southeastern  California  ;  ranging  to  New  Mexico, 
Sonora  and  Lower  California. 


92  ZYGOPHYLLACE.E.  ^  Fagonia. 

2.  FAGONIA,  Linn. 

Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Stamens  10,  on  an  obscure  disk  j 
the  filaments  naked.  Ovary  5-celled;  cells  2-ovuled  near  the  base.  Fruit  deeply 
5-angled,  5-seeded  ;  the  smooth  carpels  at  length  separating  from  the  axis  and  dehis- 
cing on  the  inner  edge.  Seeds  with  a  horny  albumen.  —  Branching  diffuse  or  pros- 
trate herbs;  with  opposite  1  - 3-foliolate  leaves,  mucronate  leaflets,  spinescent  stip- 
ules, and  apparently  axillary  solitary  rose-colored  flowgrs. 

A  genus  of  hot  and  desert  regions  in  both  hemispheres,  but  chiefly  of  the  Old  World.  The  26 
published  species  are  considered  by  Bentham  and  Hooker  as  reducible  to  perhaps  2  or  3,  in  some 
respects  very  variable. 

1.  F.  Califomica,  Benth.  Perennial,  herbaceous,  glabrous  :  the  stems  a  span 
long  or  more,  dilfusely  branched,  angled  :  leaflets  lanceolate,  1  to  3  lines  long ; 
stipules  linear,  recurved-spreading,  short :  peduncles  nearly  equalling  the  leaves  : 
petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  tlie  lanceolate  sepals  :  fruit  ovate  in  out- 
line, attenuate  above  into  the  slender  style,  2  lines  long. — Bot.  Sulph.  10;  Torr. 
in  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  v.  359,  t.  1  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  418. 

Desert  of  S.  E.  California  ( Tho-mas,  Schott,  Newberry),  to  Arizona  and  Lower  California.  The 
species  much  resembles  F.  Chileiisis. 

3.  IiARBEA,  Cav.        Creosote-bush. 

Sepals  5,  deciduous.     Petals  5,  unguiculate.     Stamens  10,  on  a  small  10-lobed 

disk ;  the  filaments  winged  below  with  a  bifid  scale  on  the  inner  side.     Ovary  5- 

celled  ;  the  cells  about  6-ovuled.    Fruit  globose,  shoi-tly  stipitate,  densely  hairy,  the 

5  indehiscent  1-seeded  carpels  at  length  separating  from  the  axis.    Seeds  with  homy 

albumen.  —  Evergreen  heavy-scented  shrubs  ;  with  nodose  branches,  opposite  2-folio- 

late  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  solitary  yellow  flowers. 

A  genus  of  3  or  4  species,  of  Mexico  and  extra-tropical  South  America,  the  following  species 
the  only  one  in  the  United  States. 

1.  L.  Mezicana,  Moricand.  Diffusely  branched,  4  to  10  feet  high,  densely 
leafy,  of  a  yellowish  hue  :  leaves  nearly  sessile ;  the  thick  resinous  leaflets  inequi- 
lateral, oblong,  3  to  6  lines  long,  with  a  broad  attachment  to  the  rhachis,  some- 
what curved,  acute  :  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  silky  :  petals  bright  yellow,  3  to  4  lines 
long  :  scales  a  little  shorter  than  the  filaments,  somewhat  lacerate  :  fruit  2|  lines 
in  diameter,  beaked  by  the  slender  style;  carpels  obtuse.  —  PI.  Nouv.  Am.  71, 
t.  48 ;  Torrey  in  Emory  Rep.  137,  t.  3 ;'  Gray,  Gen.  111.  2.  120,  t.  147. 

Abundant  in  the  dry  valleys  of  Kern  Co.  and  eastward,  from  Walker's  Pass  and  Tahichipi  to 
W.  Texas,  and  southward  into  Mexico,  blooming  in  early  summer.  It  is  called  by  the  Mexi- 
cans Gobemadora  and  Hideondo.  The  leaves  are  sticky  with  a  strongly  scented  gum  or  resin,  and 
bum  with  a  black  smoke  and  rank  odor.  No  animal  of  the  country  will  eat  it.  It  has  A'arious 
reputed  medicinal  properties,  and  miners  say  that  a  strong  decoction  "will  clean  amalgam."  It 
is  reported  that  the  Indians  make  a  glue  from  it,  with  which  they  fasten  the  heads  of  arrows  to 
the  shaft. 

Order  XXIV.    GERANIACE-ZE5. 

An  order  difficult  to  define  by  any  certain  marks,  becoming  composed  of  several 
suborders  or  tribes,  diverse  in  habit  and  details  of  structure,  wliich  have  to  be 
separately  characterized.  —  Leaves  often  with  stipules,  either  toothed,  lobed,  or 
compound.  Flowers  perfect,  on  axillary  peduncles,  either  regular  or  irregular, 
but  commonly  symmetrical,  and  the  paats  in  fives,  rarely  in  threes.  Stamens 
mostly  in  two  sets,  those  alternate  with  the  petals  sometimes  sterile  :  filaments  often 


Geranium.  -  GERANIACE^.  93 

either  dilated  or  monadelphous  at  the  base.  Ovary  3  -  5-lobed  and  3  -  5-celled, 
with  a  central  axis.  Ovules  anatropous.  Seeds  wholly  or  nearly  filled  by  the 
embryo. 

A  rather  large  order,  owing  to  the  size  of  a  few  leading  genera,  widely  distributed  over  the 
world,  mostly  in  warm-temperate  and  ssbtropieal  climates  ;  many  with  handsome  flowers  and 
cultivated  for  ornament.  The  representation  in  North  America  is  small,  in  California  meagi-e. 
The  following  irregular-flowered  genera  may  claim  admission. 

Impatiens,  Linn.,  represented  in  gardens  by  the  Balsam,  I.  Balsamixa,  and  in  the  Eastern 
United  States  by  the  Jewel-weeds,  I.  fulva  and  1.  pallida,  which  range  northwestward  to 
Washington  Territory.  The  only  indication  of  them  near  California  is  the  mention  of  an  unde- 
termined species  in  Dr.  C.  L.  Anderson's  list  of  Nevada  plants  (in  the  Nevada  State  Geologist's 
Report  for  1870  ?),  no  station  assigned.  The  genus  is  familiarly  known  by  its  extremely  irregular 
handsome  flowers,  the  larger  piece  of  which  is  a  spurred  sac,  and  by  the  capsule  bursting  elasti- 
cally,  breaking  up  at  the  touch  into  live  twisting  valves  and  a  central  axis  ;  the  stems  succulent 
and  translucent. 

Trop^olum,  Linn.,  the  familiar  Nasturtium  of  the  gardens,  of  South  American  origin  ;  one 
sepal  conspicuously  spurred,  and  the  leaves  peltate.  T.  majus,  the  common  species,  is  likely  to 
become  spontaneous  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Pelargonium,  L'Her.,  to  which  belong  the  so-called  Geraniums  of  garden  and  house  cultiva- 
tion, natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Here,  again,  one  sepal  has  a  spur  ;  but  it  adheres  to 
the  pedicel  so  as  to  escape  cursory  notice.  P.  graveolexs,  the  Rose  Geranium,  P.  inquisans, 
Scarlet  Geranium,  and  P.  zonale.  Horse-shoe  Geranium,  with  their  mixtures,  are  the  species  most 
disposed  to  escape  into  waste  grounds  near  dwellings,  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State. 

Tribe  I.  GERANIEJl.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  petals  generally  so.  Carpels  5, 
2-ovuled  but  one-seeded,  separating  elastically  at  maturity  from  the  long-beaked  and  indu- 
rated central  axis  from  below  upward  ;  the  styles  forming  long  tails  which  become  revo- 
lute  upwards  or  spirally  twisted.  Cotyledons  convolute-plaited  and  incumbent  on  the 
radicle.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  aromatic  or  strong-scented  leaves,  furnished  with 
stipules. 

1.  Geranium.     Fertile  stamens  10.     Tails  of  the  carpels  not  bearded.     Flower  regular. 

2.  Erodium.     Fertile  stamens  5.     Tails  of  the  carpels  bearded  inside.     Flower  regular. 

Pelargonium  has  stamens  about  7,  some  of  these  without  anthei-s,  and  flower  irregular. 

Tribe  II.  LIMNANTHE.E.  Sepals  valvate  and  petals  convolute  in  the  bud.  Fleshy  and 
indehiscent  carpels  distinct  (except  their  common  style)  or  soon  becoming  so,  one-ovuled. 
Embryo  straight :  cotyledons  fleshy  and  hemispherical,  filling  the  seed,  cordate  at  base, 
covering  the  short  radicle.  —  Tender  annuals  ;  with  alternate  dissected  leaves  and  no  stip- 
ules.    Juice  with  more  or  less  Cruciferous  pungency. 

3.  Limnanthes.     Sepals,  petals,  and  carpels  5.      Stamens  10.     (In  Fl(erkea  all  are  in  threes.) 

Tribe  111.  OXALIDEiE.  Sepals  imbricated  and  petals  mostly  convolute  in  the  bud.  Car- 
pis  combined  into  a  5-celled  and  few  -  many-ovuled  ovary  ;  the  fruit  when  a  capsule 
loculicidal  :  styles  mostly  distinct.  Embryo  straight  in  a  thin  albumen  :  cotyledons 
plane.  —  Flowers  regular.  Leaves  mostly  compound,  with  leaflets  entire  or  notched  at 
the  end  :  stipules  rare.     Juice  acid. 

4.  Ozalis.     Sepals,  petals,  and  styles  5.     Stamens  10.     Leaves  in  ours  3-foliolate. 

1.    GERANIUM,  Linn.         Cranesbill. 

Stamens  10  with  anthers  ;  a  gland  behind  the  base  of  each  of  the  5  shorter  ones  : 
filaments  slender,  in  our  species  bearded  at  base.  Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled  ;  style  5- 
lobed  at  the  summit;  the  lobes  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face.  Carpels  at  maturity 
separating  from  the  long  beaked  axis,  borne  on  the  recurving  tails  (being  the  several 
styles  splitting  away  from  the  persistent  beak),  these  beardless  :  the  fruiting  carpels 
roundish-oblong,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute  at  base,  opening  down  the  face.  —  An- 
nual or  perennial  herbs  ;  with  enlarged  joints,  palmately  lobed  and  mostly  opposite 
leaves,  scarious  stipules,  and  1  —  3-flowered  peduncles.  Flowers  violet  or  rose- 
colored  or  white. 


94  GERANIACE^.  ^  Geranium. 

About  100  species  are  found  distributed  through  the  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  of 
which  only  7  or  8  are  found  in  North  America. 

*  Annual  or  biennial :  flowers  small. 

1.  Gr.  CarolinianuiU,  Linn.  Decumbent  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched,  pu- 
bescent :  leaves  1  to  2|  inches  in  diameter,  palmately  5  -  7-parted,  the  divisions 
cleft  into  oblong-linear  lobes  :  pedicels  short  or  frequently  slender  and  more  or  less 
elongated  :  petals  rose-colored,  equalling  the  awned  sepals,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  carpels 
hairy,  1 J  to  2  J-  lines  long,  the  tails  a  half  to  an  inch  long. 

From  Los  Angeles  to  British  America  and  eastward  across  the  continent  ;  rather  common  in 
spring  and  early  summer. 

*  *  Perennial :  flowers  large  :  stems  naked  below,  dichotomously  branched  above. 

2.  Gr.  Richardsonii,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Stems  1  or  2  feet  high  :  pubescence 
usually  line  and  appressed,  or  somewhat  glandular  and  spreading  upon  the  pedicels  : 
leaves  2  to  5  inches  broad,  5  -  7-cleft  nearly  to  the  base ;  the  rather  broad  lobes 
more  or  less  incisely  toothed  :  sepals  3  or  4  lines  long,  including  the  awn  :  petals 
purple  or  sometimes  white  :  carpels  and  beak  12  to  15  lines  long.  —  G.  albifloruvi, 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  116,  t.  40,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3124 ;  not  of  Ledebour. 

Bloody  Canon  by  Mono  Lake,  Brewer.  Abundant  eastward  in  the  watered  canons  of  Nevada 
and  Utah,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  British  America  to  New  Mexico. 

3.  Gr.  incisum,  Nutt.  Closely  resembling  the  last,  but  more  villous  and  gland- 
ular-pubescent ;  leaves  rather  more  narrowly  and  laciniately  cut :  sepals  5  or  G  lines 
long  :  petals  usually  deep-purple  :  carpels  with  the  beak  1 1  inches  long.  —  G.  albi- 
florum,  var.  (1)  incisum,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  206.  G.  eriaiithum,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg. 
xxviii,  t.  52,  excl.  syn. 

Yosemite  Valley  (Brcv;er)  ;  Sierra  Co.  (Lemmmi)  ;  northward  to  the  British  boundaiy,  Mon- 
tana and  the  Saskatchewan.  Intermediate  forms  between  this  species  and  the  last  appear  to 
occur. 

G.  O^SPITOSUM,  James,  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  New  Mexico,  has  been  collected  in  Cen- 
tral Arizona  and  may  perhaps  reach  the  bordei-s  of  California.  It  is  more  slender  and  more 
diffusely  branched,  with  smaller  broadly  lobed  leaves,  finely  pubescent. 

2.  ERODIUM,  LHer. 

Characters  as  in  the  last ;  but  with  the  filaments  dilated,  the  5  opposite  to  the 

petals  sterile  and  scale-like ;  carpels  closed,  obconical,  attenuate  to  an  acute  horny 

bearded  base ;   the   tails  long-bearded  on  the  inner  side  and  becoming   spirally 

twisted.  —  Leaves  commonly  pinnate  and  bipinnately  parted  or  lobed  :  peduncles 

terminal  or  lateral,  umbellately  2  -  several-flowered,  with  a  4-bracted  involucre  at 

the  base  of  the  pedicels  ;  petals  small. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  50  species,  mostly  of  the  Old  World,  very  widely  dispersed.  Ours  are 
essentially  annuals. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifld,  tlie  divisions  lobed  or  toothed.     All  introduced? 

1.  E.  Cicutarium,  L'Her.  Hairy,  much  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  pin- 
nate, the  leaflets  laciniately  pinnatifid  with  narrow  acute  lobes  ;  stipules  mostly 
small :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  bearing  a  4  -  8-flowered  umbel  :  sepals  1 
to  3  lines  long,  acute  :  petals  bright  rose-color,  a  little  longer  :  tails  of  the  carpels 
1  or  2  inches  long  :  pedicels  slender,  at  length  reflexed,  the  fruit  still  erect. 

Very  common  throughout  the  State,  extending  to  British  Columbia,  New  Mexico,  and  Mexico; 
also  widely  distributed  in  South  America  and  the  Eastern  Continent.  It  lias  been  generally  con- 
sidered an  introduced  species,  but  it  is  more  decidedly  and  widely  at  liome  throughout  the  in- 
terior than  any  other  introduced  plant,  and  according  to  mucli  testimony  it  was  as  common 
throughout  California  early  in  the  present  century  as  now.     It  is  popularly  known  as  Alfilaria, 


Limnanthes.  GERANIACE^.  95 

or  less  commonly  as  Pin-clover  and  Pi'^-grass,  and  is  a  valuable  and  nutritious  forage-plant,  re- 
puted to  impart  an  excellent  flavor  to  milk  and  butter. 

2.  E.  xnoschatum,  L'Her.  Leaves  pinnate  ;  the  oblong-ovate  leaflets  unequally 
and  doubly  serrate  ;  stipules  conspicuous  :  pedicels  mostly  shorter  and  stouter : 
sepals  larger,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  odor  musky. 

Los  Angeles  (Antisell)  ;  Santa  Inez  Valley  {Brewer),  and  northward,  as  well  as  southward  in 
Mexico.     Doubtless  introduced  from  Euroj^e. 

3.  E.  Botrys,  Bertoloni.  Leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid  ;  the  lobes  dentate,  obtuse  ; 
stipules  small :  sepals  4  lines  long  :  beaks  of  the  carpels  2  or  3  inches  long. 

Saci-amento  Valley,  £.  L.  Greene.     Introduced  from  Southern  Europe. 

*  *  Leaves  cordate  and  lohed.     All  native  species. 

4.  E.  macrophyllum,  Hook.  &  Am.  Pubescence  with  more  or  less  of  spread- 
ing glandular  hairs  especially  above  :  leaves  reniform-cordate,  1  to  3  inches  broad  : 
stipules  small  :  peduncles  elongated  :  sepals  broad,  5  to  6  lines  long  :  carpels 
oblong,  with  the  stout  beak  1^  inches  long.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  327  ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  679. 

Common  in  valleys  and  on  the  lower  hills  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  San  Diego  north- 
ward to  the  Sacramento  Valley.     Next  to  E.  cicwtarium  this  is  the  most  abundant  species. 

5.  E.  Texanum,  Gray.  Pubescence  appressed,  not  glandular :  leaves  ovate- 
cordate,  smaller  and  more  deeply  lobed,  usually  about  an  inch  long  :  peduncles 
shorter :  sepals  narrower,  3  to  5  lines  long :  carpels  narrow,  with  the  slender  beak 
11  to  3  inches  long.  —  PI.  Lindh.  157;  Gen.  111.  ii.  130,  t.  151. 

Colorado  bottom  {Newberry) ;  sandy  plains  near  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper),  and  eastward  to  Texas. 

3.  LIMNANTHES,  B.  Brown. 

Flowers  regular,  the  parts  in  lives  :  sepals  valvate  in  the  bud.  Glands  5,  alter- 
nating with  the  petals.  Stamens  10.  Style  5-cleft  at  the  apex.  Ovary  with  soli- 
tary ascending  ovules.  Carpels  distinct,  subglobose,  at  first  fleshy,  at  length  hard 
and  rugose,  indehiscent,  separating  from  the  short  axis.  —  Annual  low  diffuse 
herbs,  growing  near  water  ;  leaves  pinnate,  without  stipules  ;  flowers  showy,  white, 
yellowish,  or  rose-colored,  solitary  on  axillary  peduncles.  The  following  are  the 
only  species  ;  possibly  not  distinct. 

1.  L.  Douglasii,  E.  Brown.  Glabrous  throughout,  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base,  the  weak  and  succulent  stems  6  to  18  inches  long :  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets 
incisely  lobed  or  parted,  with  linear  acute  lobes  :  peduncles  at  length  2  to  4  inches 
long :  sepals  lanceolate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  or  obovate, 
emarginate  or  truncate  petals  :  style  very  slender,  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Lindl.  Bot, 
Pteg.  XX,  t.  1673  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3554.  L.  rosea,  Hartw. ;  Benth.  PL  Hartw. 
302.     Floerhea  Douglasii,  Baill.  Hist.  PI.  v.  20,  fig.  50  -  54. 

Mendocino  County  to  Los  .\ngeles  and  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  stems  and 
foliage  are  yellowish-green  and  succulent,  the  plant  sometimes  forming  dense  patches,  much  fre- 
quented by  bees.  Flowers  pale-yellow  to  nearly  white,  or  tinged  with  rose-color.  Carpels  about 
2  lines  in  diameter. 

2.  L.  alba,  Hartweg.  Sepals  villous  :  petals  usually  white,  half  longer  than  the 
calyx  :  otherwi.se  like  the  last.  —  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  301. 

Sacramento  Valley  and  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  usually  somewhat  smaller  than  the 
last,  but  perhaps  only  a  fonn  of  it. 

Fi.tEKKKA  vitnsERPiXACoiDES,  Willd.,  has  been  found  in  Washington  Territory  and  N.  Utah, 
and  may  be  looked  for  in  Northern  California.  It  is  a  slender  annual  of  moist  localities,  with 
pinnate  leaves  and  small  flowers,  the  genus  distinguislied  by  having  the  parts  of  the  flo.ver  iu 
threes.     This  ii  the  only  sijecies,  and  is  common  in  the  Northern  Atlantic  States. 


96  RUTACE^.  Oxalis. 

4.   OXALIS,  Linn.        Wood-Soerel. 

Flowers  regular,  the  parts  in  fives  :  sepals  imbricated.  Stamens  10  ;  the  filaments 
somewhat  dilated  and  united  below.  Glands  none.  Capsule  columnar  or  ovoid, 
beaked  with  the  short  style,  5-celled,  loculicidal ;  the  valves  remaining  attached  by 
the  partitions  to  the  axis.  Seeds  two  to  several  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  the  outer 
fleshy  aril-like  coat  at  length  splitting  and  elastically  recurved  upon  the  rhaphe.  — 
Low,  often  acaulescent,  with  a  sour  watery  juice  ;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  digitate- 
trifoliolate  (leaflets  obcordate),  rarely  stipulate  ;  peduncles  umbellately  or  cymosely 
few  -  many-flowered. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  200  species,  chiefly  natives  of  sub-tropical  America  and  S.  Africa,  with  a 
few  in  temperate  regions.  Of  the  10  species  of  the  United  States  only  one  is  peculiar  to  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

1.  O.  Oregana,  Nutt.  Acaulescent,  more  or  less  rusty -villous  ;  rootstock  creep- 
ing :  leaflets  broadly  obcordate,  1  to  1|  inches  broad;  petioles  2  to  8  inches  long: 
scapes  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  2-bracted  near  the  top,  mostly  l-flowered: 
petals  oblong-obovate,  9  to  12  lines  long,  white  or  rose-colored,  often  veined  with 
purple :  capsule  linear,  9  lines  long ;  cells  about  6-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
211.     0.  Acetosella,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  118,  in  part. 

Shady  woods  near  the  coast,  from  Santa  Cruz  to  Washington  Territory.     With  the  habit  of 

0.  Acetosella,  of  the  Eastern  States  and  the  Old  World,  which  however  is  a  smaller  plant,  with 
smaller  flowers,  and  an  ovoid  few-seeded  capsule. 

2.  O.  comiculata,  Linn.  Annual,  or  perennial  by  running  rootstocks,  usually 
more  or  less  villous  :  stems  slender,  branching,  erect  or  ascending,  3  inches  to  3  feet 
high  :  leaflets  usually  deeply  obcordate,  very  variable  in  size ;  petioles  slender,  with 
small  villous  stipules :  peduncles  with  two  or  more  flowers,  elongated :  petals  yellow, 
4  to  6  lines  long :  capsule  erect  in  fruit,  linear,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  many- 
seeded. 

Dry  places,  Oregon  to  Mexico,  most  common  south  of  Santa  Barbara.  The  species  is  widely 
distributed  round  the  world,  everywhere  very  variable,  and  has  received  numerous  names.  The 
common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States,  without  stipules  (0.  stricia,  Linn.),  is  now  generally 
considered  a  mere  variety. 

Order  XXV.    RUTACE^. 

Pellucid  or  glandular-dotted  aromatic  leaves,  along  with  deflnite  hypogynous 

stamens  and  definite  usually  few  seeds,  distinguish  tliis  order  ;  although  some  of  the 

Orange-tribe  have  numerous  stamens.  —  Flowers  generally  regular  and  symmetrical. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 

many  as  the  petals,  distinct,  inserted  outside  of  a  hypogynous  disk.     Seeds  ana- 

tropous  or  amphitropous,  with  a  little  or  no  albumen.      Leaves  either  simple  or 

compound ;  stipules  none. 

A  large  order  of  trees,  shnibs,  or  herbs  ;  the  latter  not  very  numerous  and  mainly  of  the  warm- 
temperate  jMirts  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  in  the  Old  World  ;  the  great  bulk  of  the  rest  of 
the  order  South  African  and  Australian,  a  moderate  number  American,  the  Orange  tribe  mainly 
Asiatic.  The  glands  or  dots  in  the  foliage,  &c.,  contain  aromatic  volatile  oil,  which  in  Rue, 
Prickly  Ash,  and  the  like,  is  veiy  pungent  or  acrid.  Oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  limes,  &c. ,  are 
the  most  important  products.  One  of  our  genera,  Cneoridium,  peculiar  to  the  State,  is  referred 
to  the  Simanibacece,  a  related  order  not  otherwise  represented  in  California.  But,  having  dotted 
leaves,  it  may  as  well  be  kept  here.  The  two  other  plants  represent  different  tribes  of  the 
order. 

1.  Ptelea.     Leaves  3-foliolate.     Fruit  orbicular,  indehiscent,  broadly  winged.     Stamens  4  or  5. 

2.  Thamnosma.     Leaves  simple,  alternate.     Fruit  a  2-lobed  coriaceous  capsule.     Stamens  8. 

3.  Cneoridium.     Leaves  simple,  opposite.     Fmit  a  fleshy  globular  dmpe.     Stamens  4  or  8. 


Cneoridium.  RUTACILE.  97 

1.  PTELEA,  Linn.        Hop-tree. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  4  or  5.  Ovary  with  a  short 
thick  stipe,  2-celled ;  cells  2-ovuled,  the  lower  ovule  abortive  :  style  short.  Fruit  a 
broadly  winged  orbicular  samara,  2-celled  and  2-seeded ;  the  wing  embracing  a  slen- 
der stipe.  Seeds  oblong.  Embryo  straight,  with  ovate-oblong  cotyledons.  — 
Shrubs  or  smaU  trees ;  leaves  mostly  trifoliolate,  with  sessile  leaflets ;  flowers  small, 
greenish-white,  in  terminal  cymes  or  compound  corymbs. 

A  genus  of  half  a  dozen  species,  confined  to  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

1.  P.  angustifolia,  Benth.  A  shrub  5  to  25  feet  high,  with  chestnut-colored 
punctate  bark  :  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  rhomboidal,  1  to  2|  inches 
long,  usually  acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  sparingly  pubescent,  becoming  smooth  and 
shining  with  age :  flowers  numerous,  in  compound  corymbs,  pubescent :  sepals 
small :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  spreading  :  fruit  6  to  8  lines  broad,  emarginate  at 
base  and  often  above ;  stipe  narrow,  1  to  2  lines  long.  —  PI.  Hartw.  9  ;  Gray,  PI. 
Fendl.  28. 

Frequent  about  Clear  Lake  and  on  Mt.  Diablo,  extending  to  Texas  and  Mexico.  It  differs 
from  P.  trifoUata  of  the  Atlantic  States  in  its  narrower  and  smaller  leaves,  larger  fiowera,  more 
narrowly  winged  fruit  emarginate  at  base,  and  shorter  narrower  stipe.  Its  odor  is  sometimes 
agreeable  (like  that  of  Linckra  Benzoin),  sometimes  unpleasantly  rank,  most  fragi-ant  when  the 
wood  is  broken  or  crushed. 

2.  THAMNOSMA,  Torr. 

Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  erect.  Stamens  8,  at  the  base  of  a  cup-shaped  crenate  or 
lobed  disk.  Ovary  stipitate,  2-lobed  and  2-celled,  with  5  or  6  ovules  in  each  cell : 
style  elongated.  Capsule  didymous,  coriaceous,  dehiscent  down  the  inner  edge  of 
each  lobe.  Seeds  4  to  6  in  each  cell,  reniform.  Embryo  curved,  terete.  —  Low 
glandular  desert  shrubs,  strongly  scented ;  leaves  simple  and  linear,  alternate ; 
flowers  pui'ple  or  yellow,  solitary.     The  following  are  the  only  species. 

1.  T.  montanum,  Torr.  A  smooth  diff'usely  and  stiffly  branched  shrub,  some- 
what spinose,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  yellowish -green  bark  :  leaves  scattered,  4  to 
12  lines  long,  soon  deciduous  :  peduncles  axillary,  1  to  4  lines  long,  with  several 
small  bracts :  calyx  short :  petals  4  or  5  lines  long,  nearly  closed,  apparently 
purple  :  capsule  yellow,  of  two  subglobose  nearly  distinct  cells,  three  lines  long  ; 
stipe  about  a  line  long.  —  Frem.  Rep.  313  ;  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  iv.  73,  t.  3, 

On  the  southern  borders  of  the  State,  from  San  Felipe  to  Fort  Mohave,  and  eastward  to  S. 
Utah  ;  mther  rare. 

T.  TEXANUNf,  Torr.  {Rutosma  Texanum,  Gray,  Gen.  111.  ii.  144,  t.  155.)  "Woody  only  at 
base,  the  slender  stems  3  to  15  inches  high  :  flowers  much  smaller,  on  short  naked  pedicels,  yel- 
low tinged  with  purple  :  capsule  very  shortly  stipitate,  lobed  nearly  to  the  middle,  rather  smaller. 
Frequent  from  Texas  to  Arizona  and  Souora  ;  perhape  reaching  S.  E.  California. 

3.  CNEORIDIUM,   Hook.  f. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  4,  or  stamens  sometimes  8,  the  alternate  ones  much 
shorter.  Disk  annular,  obtusely  8-angled.  Ovary  globose,  sessile,  of  a  single  car- 
pel, 1-celled,  2-ovuled  :  style  lateral,  curved,  short.  Fruit  "  drupaceous,"  1-2- 
seeded.  Seed  globose,  with  fleshy  albumen  :  embryo  curved.  —  A  low  smooth 
shrub ;  leaves  opposite,  linear-spatulate,  entire  ;  flowers  small,  axillary  and  solitary 
or  somewhat  corymbose,  on  short  bracted  peduncles.     A  single  species. 

.    1.  C.  dumosum,  Hook.  f.     Heavy-scented,  much-branched,  2  to  4  feet  high, 
leafy  :  leaves  often  fascicled,  |  to  1^  inches  long,  narrow  :  flowers  white,  2  to  3 


98  CELASTRACE^.  Euonymus. 

lines  in  diameter,  solitary  or  2  to  4  together,  exceeding  the  pedicels  :  petals  twice 
longer  than  the  ovate  sepals  :  fruit  3  lines  in  diameter  ;  the  outer  integument  thin 
and  crustaceous  when  dry  :  seed-coat  dark  brown,  hard  and  thickened.  —  Benth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  PI.  i.  312.  Pitavia  dumosa,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  215  ;  Torr. 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  43. 

About  San  Diego  and  San  Pascual  ;  flowering  in  February.     Leaves  pungent  to  the  taste. 

Order  XXVI.     CELASTRACE^. 

Shrubs,  with  simple  and  undivided  leaves,  no  stipules  or  hardly  any,  and  small 
dull-colored  or  white  chiefly  perfect  regular  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  inserted  on  the  surface  or  margin  of  a  broad  perigynous  disk,  —  distin- 
guished from  the  following  order  (with  which  only  comparison  need  be  made)  by 
the  imbricated  calyx  and  corolla,  stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  the  arillate 
seeds,  these  oftener  two  or  more  in  each  cell  and  sometimes  pendulous. 

A  rather  large  order  wdely  spread  over  the  world,  feebly  represented  in  North  America,  espe- 
cially on  the  western  side  of  the  continent. 

1.  Xiuonymus.     Flowers  rather  conspicuous.     Ovary  3  -  5-celled.     Fruit  colored.     Seeds  in  a 

bright  red  aril.     Deciduous  shrubs. 

2.  Fachystiina.     Flowers  very  small.     Ovary  2 -celled.     Fruit  small,  not  colored.     Evergreen 

undershrubs. 

Celastkus  obtusatus,  Presl,  Bot.  Bemerk.  34,  from  Monterey,  is  doubtless  Simmondsia  Cali- 
fornica,  Nutt. 

1.  EUONYMUS,  Toum.        Spindle-tree.     Bukning-bush. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  widely  spreading.     Stamens  as  many,  very  short,  on  a 

broad  angled  disk.     Ovary  immersed  in  the  disk,  3  -5-celled  :  style  short  or  none. 

Capsule  3-5-lobed  and  3-5-valved,  loculicidal,  coriaceous,  colored,  often  warty. 

Seeds  1  to  4  in  each  cell,  covered  with  a  fleshy  red  aril.  —  Shrubs,  with  4-angled 

branches,  opposite  petioled  serrate  glabrous  leaves,  and  flowers  in  loose  cymes  on 

axillary  peduncles. 

A  genus  of  about  40  species,  chiefly  of  Asia  and  Europe  ;  two  or  three  in  the  Atlantic  States, 
and  one  in  California. 

1.  E.  occidentalis,  Nutt.  A  shrub  7  to  15  feet  high,  with  slender  upright 
greenish  branches  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  on  short  petioles  :  peduncles  slender,  1  -  4-flowered  :  flowers  dark 
brown,  4  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  the  parts  in  fives  :  fruit  smooth,  deeply  lobed.  — 
Torr,  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  74.     E.  atropurpureus  (]),  Hook.  Fl.  i.  119. 

From  Tomales  Bay  (Bigelmv)  northward  to  the  Columbia  Eiver.  Resembling  U.  atropurpureits, 
Jacq.,  of  the  Atlantic  States,  which  has  more  numerous  and  smaller  4-merous  flowers. 

2.  PACHYSTIMA,  Raf. 

Calyx  with  a  short  obconical  tube,  and  4  rounded  lobes.     Petals  4.     Stamens  4, 

short,  inserted  at  the  edge  of  the  broad  disk  which  lines  the  calyx-tube.     Ovary 

free,  2-celled  :  style  very  short.     Capsule  small,  oblong,  coriaceous,  2-valved,  1-2- 

seeded,  at  length  loculicidally  dehiscent.     Seeds  enclosed  in  a  white  many-cleft 

membranaceous  aril.  —  Low  evergreen  shrubs  ;  leaves  smooth,  opposite,  very  shortly 

petioled,  serrulate  ;  flowers  small,  green,  in  one  -  few-flowered  axillary  cymes. 

A  genus  of  two  species,  the  second  (P.  Canbyi,  Gray)  known  from  a  single  locality  in  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  in  Viiginia. 


Zizyphus.  RHAMNACE^.  99 

1.  P.  Myrsinites,  Raf.  Much  branched,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  :  leaves 
ovate  to  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  |  to  1^  inches  long,  cuneate  at  base,  serrate  or  ser- 
rulate, obtuse  or  acutish  :  flowers  a  line  in  diameter,  on  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  : 
fruit  2  lines  long,  smooth.  —  Ilex  (])  Myrsinites,  Pui'sh.  Myginda  myrtifolia,  Nutt. ; 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  120,  t.  41.     Oreophila  myrtifolia,  Xutt. ;  Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  259. 

Hillsides  on  the  South  Yuba  {Bigdow) ;  Mt.  Shasta,  at  4,000  to  5,000  feet  {Brewer)  ;  north- 
ward in  the  mountains  to  British  Columbia,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  ranging  south  to  New 
Mexico. 

Order  XXVII.    RHAMNACEiE. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  undivided  leaves,  small  and  often  caducous 

stipules,  and  small  regular  flowers ;  well  distinguished  from  the  related  orders  by 

the  valvate  aestivation  of  the  calyx,  and  the  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes 

and  alternate  with  them ;  the  ovules  solitary  (rarely  in  pairs)  and  erect  in  the  2  to 

4  cells  of  the  ovary.  —  Flowers  sometimes  polygamo-dioecious,  often  apetalous.     A 

conspicuous  disk  adnate  to  or  lining  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx.     Petals  often 

unguiculate,  mostly  involute  each  around  a  stamen  in  the  bud.     Ovary  either  free 

or  adnate  by  the  disk  to  the  tube  or  base  of  the  calyx  :  style  or  stigma  2  -  4-lobed. 

Seeds  solitary  in  the  cells,  anatropous,  with  a  large  straight  embryo  in  sparing 

fleshy  albumen  :  cotyledons  flat  or  plano-convex  :  radicle  short. 

A  widely  distiibuted  order,  of  between  30  and  40  genera  and  four  or  five  hundred  species,  of 
which  Ceanothus  is  the  only  extensive  North  American  genus.  The  herbage  has  some  bitterness 
and  astringency,  and  the  fmit  when  fleshy  or  juicy  is  commonly  mawkish  or  nauseous,  but  edible 
in  Zizyphics,  one  species  of  which  furnishes  the  basis  of  Jujube  paste. 

♦  Fruit  with  a  single  1  -  3-celled  hard  stone. 

1.  Zizyphus.     Cells  1-ovuled.     Leaves  alternate,  not  punctate.     Spiny  shrubs. 

2.  KarAvinksia.     Cells  2-ovuled.     Leaves  opposite,  pellucid-punctate.     Unarmed. 

*  *  Fruit  berry-like  or  dry,  containing  2  to  4  separating  seed-like  nutlets. 

3.  Rhamnus.     Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary;  calyx-lobes  erect  or  spreading.      Petals 

small,  short-clawed,  or  none.    Filaments  very  short.    Fruit  berry-like,  with  2  to  4  mostly 
indehiscent  nutlets.     Leaves  alternate. 

4.  Adolphia.     Disk  covering  the  calyx-tube,    free   from  the  ovary  ;    calyx-lobes  spreading. 

Petals  short-spatulate,  hooded.      Fruit  dry,  with  3  dehiscent  nutlets.      Spinose  :  leaves 
opposite  and  very  small,  or  none. 

5.  Ceanothus.     Calyx  and  disk  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  calyx-lobes  connivent.    Petals 

long-clawed,  hooded.     Filaments  exserted.     Fruit  dry,  with  3  dehiscent  nutlets. 

1.  ZIZYPHUS,  Juss. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  acute  spreading  lobes  ;  the  disk  filling  the  broadly  turbinate 

tube.    Petals  5,  hooded,  deflexed.    Ovary  connate  with  the  disk  at  base,  2-celled  or 

rarely  3-4-celled;  cells  1-ovuled:  styles  2  to  4,  free  or  united.     Drupe  fleshy, 

with  a  woody  2  -  3-celled  nut.  —  Spiny  shrubs  or  trees  ;  with  thick  alternate  leaves, 

mostly  3  -  5-nerved ;  stipules  small  and  deciduous  or  spinulescent ;  flowers  small, 

greenish,  in  axillary  cymes ;  fruit  often  edible. 

About  50  species,  chiefly  of  Egypt  and  Southern  Asia.  Three  species  are  found  in  the  region 
between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Pacific,  with  the  habit  rather  of  the  American  genus  Con- 
dalia,  and  with  characters  which  tend  to  the  union  of  the  two  genera.  Another  scarcely  distinct 
genus  is  Microrhamnus,  Gray  (referred  to  Condalia  by  Baillon),  of  a  single  species,  inhabiting 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

1.  Z.  Panyi,  Torrey.     Much  branched,  4  to  15  feet  high,  glabrous;  the  smooth 

flexuous  branches  armed  with  straight  leafy  spines :  leaves  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse, 


100  RHAMNACE^.  ^  KarwinsJcia. 

entire,  6  to  10  lines  long,  attenuate  into  a  short  slender  petiole,  coriaceous,  penni- 
nerved ;  stipules  minute,  deciduous  :  peduncles  1  -  3-liowered,  recurved  in  fruit : 
fruit  nearly  dry,  ovate,  apiculate,  free  from  the  disk,  6  to  8  lines  long,  lemon-yellow ; 
peduncle  half  an  inch  long  :  nut  very  thick  and  hard,  1  -  3-celled,  1-3  seeded  : 
seed  narrowly  oblong,  without  albumen  :  embryo  green.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  46. 

Frequent  in  gravelly  ravines  near  San  Felipe,  San  Diego  Co.  (Parry,  Thurher)  ;  Rock  House 
Summit,  in  same  region  {Dunn,  Palmer)  ;  east  of  San  Bernardino,  Parry. 

2.  KARWINSKIA,  Zuecarini. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  acute  lobes  carinate  or  spurred  within  near  the  apex.  Petals 
5,  hooded,  with  short  claws.  Disk  covering  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary  subglobose,  not 
adnate  to  the  disk,  2  -  3-celled  :  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  collateral :  style  2  -  3-lobed 
at  the  apex.  Drupe  surrounded  at  base  by  the  calyx,  apiculate  :  nut  thin,  1-2- 
celled ;  the  cells  1-seeded.  Seed  obovate,  with  thin  albumen.  —  Unarmed  shrubs ; 
with  somewhat  opposite  entire  petioled  leaves,  penninerved  and  pellucid-punctate ; 
stipules  membranaceous,  deciduous ;  flowers  small,  in  axillary  cymes. 
A  genus  of  only  2  or  3  species,  Mexican  and  in  the  adjacent  region  on  the  north. 

1.  K.  Humboldtiana,  Zucc.  More  or  less  pubescent,  2  to  6  feet  high  or 
more,  with  straight  brownish  glandular  branches  :  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  ^  to  2 
inches  long,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute,  shortly  petioled,  rather  thick, 
more  or  less  ferruginous  :  peduncles  short,  several-flowered,  mostly  1 -fruited  :  ma- 
ture fruit  ovoid,  fleshy,  3  to  4  lines  long,  1  -  3- seeded. 

Throughout  northern  Mexico,  in  W.  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  Lower  California,  and  probably 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State. 

3.  BHAMNUS,  Linn.        Buckthorn. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious.     Calyx  4  -  5-cleft,  with  erect  or  spreading 

lobes,  the  campanulate  tube  lined  with  the  disk  and  persistent.     Petals  4  or  5,  or 

none,  on  the  margin  of  the  disk  ;  claws  short.     Stamens  4  or  5  :  filaments  very 

short.      Ovary  ovoid,  free,   2  -4-celled  :    style  short,  3  -  4-cleft.      Drupe  baccate, 

containing  2  to  4  bony  or  cartilaginous  1-seeded  nutlets,  mostly  indehiscent.     Seed 

obovate.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees  ;  with  alternate  petioled  pinnately  veined  leaves, 

small  deciduous  stipules,  and  axillary  cymose  or  racemose  small  greenish  flowers. 

About  60  species,  most  frequent  in  the  temperate  regions  of  Europe  and  Asia.  The  N.  Ameri- 
can species  are  six,  divided  equally  between  the  eastern  and  western  coasts. 

§  1.  Seeds  and  nutlets  deeply  sulcate  or  concave  on  the  bach,  the  rhaphe  in  the  hollow : 
cotyledons  foliaceous,  with  recurved  margins  :  flowe)^s  mostly  dioecious,  solitary 
or  fascicled  in  the  axils.  —  Rhamnus  proper. 

1 .  R.  alnifolia,  L'Her.  A  shrub,  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  deciduous,  ovate- 
oblong,  acute  at  each  end  or  acuminate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  crenately  serrate,  the 
slender  petioles  slightly  puberulent :  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  stamens  5  :  petals  want- 
ing :  fruit  black,  obovate,  3-lobed,  three  lines  long,  equalling  the  pedicels.  —  Hook, 
n.  i.  122,  t.  42. 

Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon,     Washington  Territory,  and  eastward  to  Canada  and  New  England. 

2.  R.  crocea,  Xutt.  Much  branched,  3  to  15  feet  high,  the  young  branches 
pubescent :  leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  oblong  or  obovate  to  orbicular,  obtuse  or 
retuse  or  acute,  equally  variable  at  base,  3  to  18  lines  long,  aciitely  and  often  glan- 
dularly  denticulate,  glabrous,  usually  more  or  less  yellowish  brown  or  copper-colored 
beneath ;  petioles  a  line  long  or  less :  flowers  tetramerous,  apetalous  :  fruit  about 


Adolphia.  RHAMNACE^.  101 

three  lines  long,  obovoid,  2  -  4-lobed  and  2  -  4-seeded,  bright  red.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  261.     E.  ilicifolius,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  36. 

Hillsides  and  mountains,  from  San  Diego  northward  to  Clear  Lake,  Yosemite  Valley,  and  the 
Upper  Sacramento  and  eastward  into  Arizona.  Wood  yellow  or  dark-colored,  very  fine-grained 
and  heavy  ;  the  foliage  very  variable.  The  ripe  berries  are  much  used  by  the  Indians  for 
food,  and  their  veins  are  said  to  become  tinged  by  a  deposition  of  the  red  coloring  matter. 

§  2.  Seeds  and  nutlets  convex  on  the  back,  the  rhaphe  lateral :  cotyledons  fleshy,  flat  : 
floivers  mostly  perfect,  in  pedunculate  cymes.  —  Frangula,  {Frangula,  Brongn.) 

3.  R.  Califomica,  Eschscholtz.  A  spreading  shrub,  4  to  18  feet  high  ;  young 
branches  somewhat  tomentose  :  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  elliptical,  1  to  4  inches  long, 
^  to  1^  wide,  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  denticulate  or  nearly  entire, 
evergreen  :  peduncles  with  numerous  mostly  abortive  flowers  in  subumbellate  fas- 
cicles :  calyx  usually  5-cleft :  petals  very  small,  broadly  ovate,  emarginate :  fruit  black- 
ish purple,  with  thin  pulp,  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter,  2  -  3-lobed  and  2  -  3-seeded.  — 
R.  oleif alius.  Hook.  Fl.  i.  123,  t.  44.     Frangula  Calif ornica,  Gray,  Gen.  111.  ii.  178. 

Var.  toxnentella.  Densely  white-tomentose,  especially  on  the  lower  side  of  the 
leaves.  —  R.  tomentellus,  Benth.  PI,  Hartw.  303.  Frangula  Califomica,  var.  tomen- 
tella.  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  28. 

Throughout  California  from  the  Upper  Sacramento  and  Klamath  Lake  to  Santa  Barbara  and 
Fort  Tejon.  The  variety  extends  to  the  southern  boundary  and  eastward  through  Arizona  to  New 
Mexico. 

4.  R.  Furshiana,  DC.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  20  feet  high ;  young 
branches  tomentose  :  leaves  elliptic,  2  to  7  inches  long,  1  to  3  wide,  mostly  acute, 
obtuse  at  base,  denticulate,  deciduous,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath  :  flowers  rather 
large,  in  a  somewhat  umbellate  cyme :  sepals  5  :  petals  minute,  cucullate,  bitid  at  the 
apex  :  fruit  black,  broadly  obovoid,  4  lines  long,  3-lobed  and  3-seeded.  —  Hook. 
Fl.  i.  123,  t.  43 ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  I  262. 

Mendocino  County,  and  northward  to  the  British  Boundary. 

4.  ADOLPHIA,  Meisner. 

Calyx  hemispherical,  with  spreading  lobes ;  the  tube  lined  -with  the  thin  disk. 
Petals  5,  spatulate,  hooded,  covering  the  anthers,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the 
throat  of  the  calyx,  equalling  the  sepals.  Ovary  subglobose,  free,  smooth,  3-celled  : 
style  slender,  jointed  near  the  base  and  at  length  deciduous  :  stigma  3-lobed.  Fruit 
coriaceous,  surrounded  nearly  to  the  middle  by  the  free  calyx ;  the  3  cells  dehiscent 
on  the  inner  angle.  Seed  convex  on  the  back  :  cotyledons  rounded.  —  Shrubs  with 
numerous  opposite  spinose  branches ;  leaves  small  (or  none),  opposite,  entire  ;  stip- 
ules small,  brown,  rigid  and  subpersistent ;  flowers  small,  in  axillary  fascicles. 
Only  the  following  species  are  known. 

1.  A.  Califomica,  Watson.  In  large  dense  clumps  two  feet  high  :  branches 
terete,  with  spreading  spiny  branchlets,  puberulent :  leaves  orbicular  to  oblong- 
ovate,  often  retuse,  a  line  or  two  long,  abruptly  attenuate  to  a  slender  petiole : 
flowers  greenish,  two  lines  broad,  on  pedicels  as  long  as  the  leaves  :  petals  rather 
broadly  hooded  :  fruit  two  lines  in  diameter ;  the  short  styles  jointed  at  the  very 
base. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  126.    A.  infesta,  Torr.  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  45,  in  part. 

At  Solcdad  and  in  ChoUas  Valley,  near  San  Diego  {Parry,  Cleveland,  Palmer)  ;  also  at  Mon- 
terey, Ptirry. 

A.  INFESTA,  Meisner.  Resembling  the  last  :  three  to  four  feet  high  :  leaves  linear  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  nuicronate,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole,  2  to  6  lines  long  :  petals  narrowly  hooded  : 
style  a  line  long,  jointed  above  the  base  and  leaving  the  capsule  apiculate.  —  Mexico,  ranging 
into  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 


102  RHAMNACE^.  Ceanothus. 

5.   CEANOTHUS,  Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  acute,  connivent ;  disk  thick,  adnate  to  the  turbinate  or 
hemispherical  tube  and  to  the  ovary.  Petals  on  long  claws,  hooded.  Stamens  5  ; 
filaments  filiform,  long-exserted.  Ovary  3-lobed  :  style  short,  3-cleft.  Drupe  sub- 
globose,  3-lobed,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  adnate  calyx-tube,  soon  dry;  the  3 
crustaceous  nutlets  at  length  separating  and  dehiscing  on  the  inner  edge.  Seed 
obovate,  convex  on  the  back  :  cotyledons  oval  or  obovate.' —  Shrubs  or  small  trees, 
sometimes  spinescent ;  with  petioled  leaves,  and  showy  thyrsoid  or  cymose  flowers. 
—  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  333. 

Species  28,  of  which  three  are  Mexican  and  four  in  the  Atlantic  States,  the  others  belonging 
to  the  region  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pacific. 

§  1.  Leaves  all  alternate,  ^-nerved  or  pinnately  veined,  glandular-toothed  or  entire: 
fruit  not  crested.  —  Ceanothus  proper. 

*  Leaves  three-nerved  from  the  base. 

-(-  Erect,  the  branches  7iot  rigidly  divaricate  nor  spiny :  inflorescence  thyrsoid :  leaves 
usually  large,  glandular-serrulate  {except  in  No.  3). 

1.  C.  th3rrsifloniS,  Eschscholtz.  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  6  to  15  feet  high, 
nearly  glabrous ;  branches  strongly  angled  :  leaves  rather  thick,  oblong  to  oblong- 
ovate,  1  to  1|  inches  long,  usually  smooth  and  shining  above,  canescent  beneath  : 
flowers  bright  blue,  in  dense  compound  racemes,  terminating  the  usually  elon- 
gated and  somewhat  leafy  peduncles.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  xxx,  t.  38 ;  ^Kutt.  Sylva, 
ii.  44,  t.  57. 

In  the  Coast  Eanges  from  Monterey  to  Humboldt  Coimty.  Kuotsti  as  "  California  Lilac  "  and 
often  cultivated. 

2.  C.  velutinus,  Dougl.  A  stout  diffusely  branching  shrub,  2  or  3  feet  high, 
usually  glabrous  :  leaves  thick,  broadly  ovate  or  elliptical,  1^  to  3  inches  long,  resi- 
nous and  shining  above,  sometimes  velvety  beneath  ;  petioles  stout,  half  an  inch 
long:  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  thyrse:  peduncles  usually  short.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  125, 
t.  45,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5165. 

From  Northern  California  to  the  Columbia,  and  very  frequent  eastw^ard  to  Colorado. 

3.  C.  integerrimus,  Hook,  &  Arn.  A  more  slenderly  branched  shrub,  2  to  6 
feet  high,  glabrous  or  soon  becoming  so,  rarely  pubescent ;  branches  terete,  usually 
warty  :  leaves  thin,  bright  green,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long,  entire 
or  very  rarely  slightly  glandular-serrulate,  on  slender  petioles  2  to  6  lines  long  : 
thyrse  often  large  and  open,  terminating  the  slender  branches  or  axillary  and  rather 
shortly  peduncled,  mostly  white-floAvered.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  329.  C.  Californicus, 
Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  ii.  55.      O.  Nevadensis,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  ii.  152,  fig.  45. 

Var.  (?)  parvifolius,  Watson.  Of  very  slender  habit,  wholly  glabrous  :  leaves 
much  smaller,  about  half  an  inch  long,  shortly  petioled  :  flowers  light  blue,  in 
rather  short  simple  racemes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  334. 

Frequent  in  the  mountains  from  Central  California  to  the  Columbia.  The  variety,  seeming 
to  run  into  the  typical  form,  is  confined  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Yoseraite  Valley  northward. 

-t-  -t-  Low,  the  branches  not  rigidly  divaricate  nor  spiny :  flowers  blue,  in  short  simple 
racem.es  or  pedunculate  clusters  :  leaves  small,  glandular-serrate. 

4.  C.  dentatUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Erect,  hirsutely  pubescent  or  rarely  nearly  gla- 
brous :  leaves  ;|  to  1  inch  long,  usually  small  and  fascicled,  obovate  to  oblong-elliptic 
or  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends  or  obtuse  at  the  ajiex,  the  margin  becoming  strongly 
undulate  or  revolute  ;  the  smaller  leaves  apparently  pinnate-veined  and  often  more 
or  less  resinous  :  flowers  in  small  roundish  clusters,  on  naked  terminal  peduncles 


Ceanothus.  RHAMNACE^.  103 

about  an  inch  long. — Fl.  i.  268;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex,  Bound.  46,  t.  10.     C.  Lobbi- 
anus,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4810.     G.  diversifolius,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  i.  58  &  65  ? 

On  dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Kanges,  from  Santa  Barbara  {Miss  S.  A.  Plummer)  to  Mendocino  Co. 

5.  C.  decumbens,  Watson,  1.  c.  Slender,  trailing,  hirsutely  pubescent  with 
spreading  hairs  :  leaves  rather  thin,  not  undulate,  |^  to  1^  inches  long,  elliptic- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  the  greenish  glands  upon  the 
teeth  usually  stipitate  :  flowers  in  short  dense  shortly  peduncled  racemes,  which  are 
about  half  an  inch  long  or  less.  —  C.  sorediatus,  var.,  Torr,  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  74. 

Frequent  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  the  Mariposa  Grove  northward. 

-{-   +-  ^-  Erect,  with  usually  rigid  divaricate  or  spinose  branches :  flowers  in  simple 

racemes  or  cluste7's :  leaves  ratlier  small. 

++  Rarely  or  never  spinose  :  leaves  glandular-serrate  :  flowers  blue,  racemose. 

6.  C.  hirsutus,  Nutt.  Silky-pubescent  with  soft  subappressed  or  spreading 
hairs,  or  sometimes  hirsute ;  the  branches  rather  rigid  and  said  to  be  sometimes 
spinose  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  usually  subcordate  or  rounded  at  base  and 
acute  at  the  apex,  ^  to  1|  inches  long,  not  smooth  above  :  flowers  in  simple  axillary 
and  terminal  racemes,  1  to  3  inches  long,  or  rarely  thyrsoid.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  L 
266.     C.  oliganthus,  Nutt.  in  same. 

About  Santa  Barbara,  and  in  the  Santa  Susanna  Mountains,  Nuttall,  Wallace,  Brewer. 

7.  C.  sorediatus,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Branches  nearly  glabrous,  the  inflorescence 
pubescent :  leaves  smooth  above,  more  or  less  tomentose  beneath  or  rarely  nearly 
glabrous,  silky  on  the  nerves,  oblong-ovate,  \  to  \\  inches  long,  subcordate  or 
rounded  or  often  acutish  at  base,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex  :  flowers  in  shortly 
peduncled  simple  racemes,  ^  io  2  inches  long.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  328.  C.  nitidus, 
Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  75.     C.  azureus,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  i.  55. 

From  San  Diego  to  the  Sacramento. 

++  ++  Branches  mostly  spinose,  grayish :  leaver  usually  entire,  somewhat  coriaceous : 
flotvers  mostly  white,  racemose. 

8.  C.  divaricatUS,  N^utt.  Nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-ovate  or 
ovate,  I  to  \\  inches  long,  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  obtuse  above,  not  tomentose 
beneath  :  flowers  light  blue  or  white,  in  nearly  simple  often  elongated  racemes,  1  to 
4  inches  long  :  fruit  resinous,  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  266. 

From  San  Diego  northward  to  Oregon.     The  spines  often  wholly  wanting,  and  branches  green. 

9.  C.  incanus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  hoary  beneath  with  a  very  minute 
tomentum,  broadly  ovate  to  elliptic,  f  to  2  inches  long,  cuneate  to  cordate  at  base, 
acutish  or  obtuse  at  apex  :  flowers  in  short  racemes  :  fruit  resinously  warty,  over 
two  lines  in  diameter.  —  Fl.  i.  265  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  328. 

From  Santa  Cruz  to  Lake  County  ;  a  large  straggling  shrub  on  the  banks  of  creeks. 

10.  C.  cordulatus,  Kellogg.  Hirsutely  pubescent  with  short  erect  or  spread- 
ing hairs:  leaves  oval-elliptic,  |  to  1;|  inches  long,  cuneate  to  subcordate  at  base, 
usually  rounded  and  sometimes  serrate  at  the  apex,  the  serratures  scarcely  glandular  : 
flowers  white,  in  short  simple  racemes,  an  inch  long  or  less  :  fruit  smaller,  not  resin- 
ously dotted.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  124,  fig.  39.  C.  divaricatus,  var.  eglandulosus, 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  51. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Yosemite  northward.  Low,  flat-topped,  and  much  spreading  ; 
known  as  "Snowbush." 

*  *  Leaves  pinnately  veined :  flowers  blue.     (Small-leaved  forms  of  C.  dentatus  may 

be  referred  here.) 

11.  C.  spinosus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Becoming  a  small  tree,  20  to  30  feet  high,  with  rigid 
and  somewhat  spiny  branchlets,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  somewhat  coriaceous, 


104  RHAMNACEJE.  *     Ceanothus. 

entire,  oblong,  9  to  15  lines  long,  obtuse  or  retuse,  somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  on 
slender  petioles  2  to  4  lines  long :  flowers  deep  blue,  in  a  thyrse  or  in  simple  ra- 
cemes, very  fragrant :  fruit  resinously  coated,  2|  to  3  lines  in  diameter. 

From  Santa  Barbara  to  Los  Angeles,  Nuttall,  Parry,  Brewer.  Commonly  known  in  that 
region  as  "  Kedwood,"  from  the  color  of  the  timber,  which  is  of  sufficient  size  to  be  of  value. 

12.  C.  papillosus,  Torr.  &  Gray.      More  or  less  hispidly  villous  or  tomentose, 

4  to  6  feet  liigii :  leaves  glandular-serrulate,  and  the  upper  surface  glandular-papillose, 
narrowly  oblong,  1  to  2  inches  long,  obtuse  at  each  end,  on  slender  petioles  :  flowers 
in  close  clusters  or  short  racemes,  terminating  slender  naked  peduncles  :  fruit  li 
lines  broad,  not  resinous.  —  Fl.  i.  268;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  272  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4815. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Monterey  to  San  Francisco,  Douglas,  Bolander,  Gray. 

1 3.  C.  floribundus,  Hook.  Pilose-scabrous  :  leaves  small,  3  to  4  lines  long, 
oblong,  acute,  glandularly  denticulate  and  undulate,  shortly  petioled  :  flowers  in 
globose  clusters  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  short  branchlets.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4806. 

This  species  is  as  yet  known  only  from  the  figure  and  original  description  drawn  from  culti- 
vated specimens.     But  for  the  peculiar  inflorescence  it  might  be  a  form  of  C.  deniatiis. 

14.  C.  Veitchianus,  Hook.  Glabrous  nearly  throughout :  leaves  thick,  obo- 
vate-cuneate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  glandular-serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above, 
minutely  tomentose  beneath  between  the  veinlets,  6  to  9  lines  long,  on  short  stout 
petioles  :  flowers  bright  blue,  in  dense  crowded  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  leafy 
branches.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5127. 

Also  unknown  from  wild  specimens.     Raised  from  seeds  sent  by  T.  Bridges. 

§  2.  Leaves  small,  often  opposite,  very  thick,  with  numerous  straight  lateral  veins, 
spinosely  toothed  or  entire :  stipules  mostly  large  and  warty:  flowers  in  sessile  or 
shortly  peduncled  axillary  clusters :  fruit  larger,  with  three  horn-like  or  warty 
prominences  below  the  summit :  rigidly  branched  or  rarely  spiny  shrubs.  — 
Cerastes,  Watson. 

15.  C.  crassifolius,  Torr.  Erect,  4  to  12  feet  high,  the  young  branchlets 
white  with  a  villous  tomentum  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  obtuse  or 
retuse,  more  or  less  tomentose  beneath,  rarely  entire  and  revolutely  margined  ;  peti- 
oles stout :  flowers  light  blue  or  white,  in  dense  very  shortly  peduncled  clusters.  — 
Pacif.  R  Rep.  iv.  75  &  Mex.  Bound.  46,  t.  11. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Mendocino  County  to  San  Diego  ;  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer. 

16.  C.  CuneatUS,  Nutt.  Erect,  3  to  12  feet  high,  less  tomentose  or  nearly 
smooth  :  leaves  cuneate-obovate  or  -oblong,  rounded  or  retuse  above,  on  rather  slen- 
der petioles,  entire  or  very  rarely  few-toothed  :  flowers  white  or  occasionally  light 
blue,  in  rather  loose  clusters. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  267.  C.  verrucosus,  Nutt.  1.  c. ; 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4660.  C.  macrocarpus,  Nutt.  1.  c,  and  C.  megacarpus,  Nutt. 
Sylva,  ii.  46. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Santa  Barbara  ;  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer. 

1 7.  C.  rigidus,  Nutt.     Erect,  5  feet  high,  the  branchlets  tomentose  :  leaves  2  to 

5  lines  long,  cuneate-oblong  or  usually  very  broadly  obovate,  often  emarginate,  few- 
toothed  above,  very  shortly  petioled  :  flowers  bright  blue,  in  sessile  clusters.  —  Torr. 

6  Gray,  Fl.  i.  268  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4664 ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  45,  t.  9. 
About  Monterey,  and  reported  also  from  Oakland. 

18.  C.  prostratxis,  Benth.  Prostrate,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  3  to  12  lines 
long,  obovate  or  usually  oblong-ciineate,  mostly  spinose  only  near  the  apex,  on  short 
slender  petioles  :  flowers  bright  blue,  the  clusters  loose,  on  stout  peduncles.  —  PI. 
Hartw.  302.     C.  cuneatm,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  55 1 

Frequent  in  the  mountains,  on  shaded  slopes,  from  Humboldt  County  and  the  Upper  Sacra- 
mento to  Mariposa  Coimty,  and  also  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 


Vitis.  SAPINDACE^.  105 

Order  XXVIII.    VITACEiE. 

Woody  plants,  mostly  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  a  watery  more  or  less  acid  juice, 
branchlets  articulated  and  often  thickened  at  the  nodes,  usually  palmately  veined  or 
lobed  or  compound  alternate  leaves,  panicled  cymose  or  thyrsoid  inflorescence,  small 
greenish  or  whitish  flowers,  and  a  baccate  fruit;  distinguished  from  the  related 
orders  by  a  minute  truncate  or  4  -  5-toothed  calyx,  caducous  or  early  deciduous 
petals  valvate  in  the  bud,  and  the  stamens  (as  in  Rhamnaceoe)  of  the  same  number 
as  these  (4  or  5)  and  opposite  them.  —  Flowers  very  commonly  polygamous  or  dioe- 
cious. Style  short  or  conical :  stigma  depressed,  hardly  lobed.  Ovules  in  pairs  or 
solitary  in  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  erect,  anatropous.  Seeds  with  a  thick  and  bony 
coat.     Embryo  minute  in  cartilaginous  albumen.     Stipules  sometimes  manifest. 

About  250  species,  in  3  or  4  genera,  the  principal  one  being  the  typical  genus. 

1.  VITIS,  Toum.        Grape. 

Calyx  very  short  or  small ;  the  border  often  obsolete,  and  the  tube  filled  with  the 
fleshy  disk,  which  bears  the  4  or  5  thick  caducous  petals  and  the  distinct  stamens, 
and  in  which  the  base  of  the  ovary  is  commonly  immersed.  Ovary  2-celled  :  ovules 
and  usually  the  seeds  a  pair  in  each  cell.  —  Tendrils  and  flower-clusters  opposite  the 
leaves ;  the  former  almost  always  at  least  once  forked. 

In  true  Grapes  the  Eastern  United  States  are  richer  in  species  than  any  other  part  of  the  world, 
having  7  or  8  species,  four  of  which  have  given  rise  to  valuable  or  promising  cultivated  varieties. 
The  Californian  species  is  unpromising. 

V.  viNiFERA,  Linn.,  the  Vine  of  the  Old  World,  however,  flourishes  in  California  much  better 
than  in  any  other  of  the  United  States,  and  some  varieties  have  long  been  in  cultivation. 

1.  V.  Californica,  Benth.  Leaves  tomentose  or  canescent,  especially  beneath, 
about  3  inches  in  diameter,  round-cordate  with  a  deep  and  narrow  sinus,  obtuse, 
rather  coarsely  serrate  and  often  somewhat  3-lobed  :  fruit  4  lines  in  diameter,  in 
rather  large  clusters,  purple,  covered  with  bloom:  seed  broad.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  10; 
Engelm.  in  Am.  Naturalist,  i.  321  &  ix.  269. 

Along  streams,  from  San  Diego  northward  to  Russian  River  and  the  Sacramento  Valley.  The 
flavor  of  the  fruit  is  rather  pleasant ;  its  value  for  cultivation  has  not  been  tested.  The  Indians 
of  the  Sacramento  Valley  call  it  Vaumee. 

V.  Arizoxica,  Engelm.,  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  269,  is  an  allied  species  of  Arizona  and  S.  Utah, 
and  may  be  looked  for  in  San  Bernardino  Co.  The  leaves  are  smaller,  floccose-tomentose  at  first, 
at  length  glabrous  and  shining,  the  sinus  broader,  the  lobes  and  teeth  much  more  acute  ;  fruit 
small,  in  small  clusters,  said  to  be  quite  luscious.     It  should  be  tested  under  cultivation. 

Order  XXIX.     SAPINDACE^. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  sometimes  herbs,  mostly  with  compound  or  lobed  leaves,  usu- 
ally with  unsymmetrical  or  irregular  flowers  and  ovules  few  but  seldom  solitary ; 
the  order  (mainly  tropical)  nearly  impossible  to  define  as  a  whole,  and  of  which  our 
few  representatives  belong  to  almost  as  many  suborders  as  genera  :  these  more  use- 
fully characterized  under  the  suborders. 

Suborder  I.     SAPINDACEtE  proper. 

Flowers  polygamous,  irregular  or  unsymmetrical ;  the  stamens  more  numerous 
than  the  petals,  seldom  twice  as  many.    Seeds  without  albumen.     Stipules  none. 


106  SAPINDACE^.  %     yEsculus. 

Cardiospermum  is  represented  in  Lower  California  by  a  single  species  (C.  tortuosum,  Benth. 
Bot.  Sulph.  9,  t.  6),  and  in  cultivation  by  the  Balloon  Vine  (C.  Halicucabum,  Linn.),  which  is 
native  from  Texas  through  Tropical  America.  The  species  are  climbers,  with  biternate  leaves, 
and  bladdery  inflated  3-lobed  and  3-celled  capsules. 

1.  .ZBsculus.     Leaves  opposite,  palmately  5  -  9-foliolate.     Calyx  tubular.     Petals  4  or  5,  with 

claws.     Ovules  6,  a  pair  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary,  only  one  or  two  maturing  into  the  large 
chestnut-like  seed. 

Suborder  IL     ACERINE^. 

FloM'-ers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  regular,  often  without"  petals.  Ovary  2-lobed 
and  2-celled ;  the  cells  2-ovuled  but  only  1-seeded,  each  producing  a  wing  and  be- 
coming a  samara.  Seed  without  albumen ;  the  embryo  coiled  or  folded.  Leaves 
opposite,  without  stipules. 

2.  Acer.     Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  rarely  divided.     Flowers  polygamoui. 

3.  Negundo.     Leaves  pinnate.     Flowers  dioecious,  apetalous. 

Suborder  III.     STAPHYLEACE^. 

Flowers  perfect,  regular,  and  symmetrical  except  the  pistil.  Fruit  capsular, 
mostly  several-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  bony  coat,  and  a  straight  embryo  with  broad 
flat  cotyledons,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

4.  Staphylea.     Erect  and  unguiculate  petals  and  stamens  5.     Styles  and  lobes  of  the  bladdery 

several-seeded  capsule  3.     Leaves  opposite  and  compound,  stipulate  and  stipellate. 

Anomalous  Genus. 

5.  GlOBSopetalon.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  slender  spreading  petals  5.    Stamens  10.    Pistil 

a  single  2-ovuled  carpel,  in  fruit  a  cartilaginous  follicle  :  style  hardly  any.     Leaves  alter- 
nate, simple  and  entire,  with  small  adnate  stipules. 

1.  .SJSCULUS,  Linn.        Hokse-chestnut.     Buckeye. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  tubular,  unequally  5-toothed.  Petals  4  or  5,  un- 
equal, with  claws.  Stamens  5  to  8,  exserted  and  often  unequal.  Ovary  3-celled  : 
ovules  2  in  each  cell,  one  or  both  abortive  ;  style  elongated.  Fruit  a  large  leathery 
locidicidally  3-valved  pod.  Seed  without  albumen ;  its  coat  thick  and  shining, 
showing  a  large  round  scar.  Cotyledons  large  and  fleshy,  somewhat  coherent.  — 
Trees  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  opposite,  digitate,  without  stipules ;  leaflets  serrate,  pin- 
nately  veined ;  flowers  showy,  on  jointed  pedicels,  in  a  large  terminal  thyrse  or 
panicle,  mostly  sterile. 

A  genus  of  about  15  species,  nearly  half  North  American,  two  in  the  mountains  of  Central 
America,  the  rest  in  Asia.  The  Horse-chestnut,  ^.  Hippocastanum,  Linn.,  originally  from  Asia, 
is  often  seen  in  cultivation,  and  grows  to  be  a  large  tree.  The  seeds  are  farinaceous  but  un- 
palatable and  unwholesome  ;  those  of  the  Californian  species  are  said  to  be  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

1.  iE.  Califomica,  Nutt.  Leaflets  4  to  7,  usually  5,  smooth,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute,  obtuse  at  base,  slenderly  petiolulate,  serrulate,  3  to  5  inches  long : 
flowers  in  a  close  finely  pubescent  thyrse  which  is  6  to  12  inches  long  :  calyx  2- 
lobed,  the  lobes  scarcely  toothed  :  petals  slightly  unequal,  white  or  pale  rose,  half 
an  inch  long  or  more  :  stamens  5  to  7  ;  anthers  orange-colored  :  ovary  densely 
pubescent:  fruit  unarmed,  usually  1-seeded  :  seed  an  inch  in  diameter. — Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  251  ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  69,  t.  64;  Newberry,  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  vi.  20,  fig. 
1 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5077. 

From  San  Luis  Obispo  to  Mendocino  Co.  and  Mt.  Shasta,  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada.     It  is  usually  a  shrub  10  to  15  feet  high,  but  sometimes  in  the  valleys,  particularly 


Acer.  SAPINDACEvE.  107 

between  Monterey  and  Clear  Lake,  it  is  a  widely  branched  tree,  the  base  much  expanded  and  oc- 
casionally 6  feet  in  diameter,  the  trunk  half  as  large  and  branching  low,  the  main  branches  1  to 
2  feet  thick,  the  whole  forming  a  dense  head  25  to  40  feet  high  and  of  still  greater  breadth.  lu 
May,  when  in  full  flower,  it  is  a  beautiful  tree,  but  the  leaves  often  fall  before  midsummer,  so 
that  for  much  of  the  year  it  is  bare.  Usually  only  two  or  three  flowers  in  each  thyrse  perfect 
their  fruit,  often  but  one.     The  wood  is  soft  and  brittle. 

2.  ACER,  Tourn.  Maple. 
Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  colored,  usually  5-lobed.  Petals  as  many  or 
none.  Stamens  3  to  12,  usually  8,  inserted  with  the  petals  upon  a  lobed  disk. 
Ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled  :  ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell :  styles  2,  elongated.  Fruit  a 
double  samara  or  key,  divaricately  2-winged  above,  separable  at  maturity,  each 
1 -seeded.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  large  and  thin,  variously  coiled  or  folded. 
—  Trees  or  shrubs ;  leaves  opposite,  palmately  lobed  (in  American  species),  without 
stipules ;  flowers  small,  in  terminal  racemes,  umbel-like  corymbs,  or  fascicles,  the 
pedicels  not  jointed. 

About  50  species,  mostly  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Of  the  9  species  of  the  United  States 
5  are  confined  to  the  Atlantic  States,  some  of  them  valuable  forest  trees  and  extensively  planted 
for  shade  and  ornament.  The  other  species  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward  are  of  far  less 
importance.  The  wood  in  general  is  hard  and  close-grained,  and  sugar  is  made  from  the  sap  of 
several  species. 

*  Flowers  in  racemes :  body  of  the  fruit  hispid. 

1.  A.  macrophyllum,  Pursh.  A  tree,  50  to  90  feet  high,  2  or  3  feet  in  diam- 
eter :  leaves  G  to  10  inches  broad  or  more,  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brate,  cordate  with  a  deep  narrow  sinus,  deeply  3-5-cleft;  the  segments  sinuate  with 
2  or  3  acute  lobes  :  flowers  large,  numerous,  fragrant,  yellow,  in  crowded  pendulous 
racemes  3  to  6  inches  long,  appearing  after  the  leaves  :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long  : 
petals  oblong  :  stamens  9  or  10,  with  hairy  fllaments  :  fruit  densely  hairy,  the 
glabrous  wings  15  to  20  lines  long  and  more  or  less  divergent. — Hook.  Fl.  i.  112, 
t.  38  ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  77,  t.  67  ;  Newberry,  Pacif.  R.  liep.  vi.  21. 

In  mountain  ravines  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Fraser  River  ;  in  California  mostly  confined  to  the 
ranges  along  the  coast  and  not  so  large  as  in  Oregon,  where  it  is  sometimes  found  five  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  valuable  for  its  timber.  The  wood  is  white,  hard,  and  takes  a  fine  polish.  The  bark  of 
the  trunk  is  light  gray,  on  the  younger  branches  green  Avith  stripes  of  lighter  color. 

*  *  Flowers  in  loose  umbel-like  corymbs  :  fruit  smooth. 

2.  A.  circinatum,  Pursh.  (Vine-Maple.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree  :  leaves  3  to 
5  inches  broad,  shortly  petioled,  somewhat  villous,  at  length  glabrous,  with  usually 
a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base,  rounded-cordate  with  a  broad  and  often  shallow  sinus,. 
7  -  9-lobed  nearly  to  the  middle ;  the  lobes  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  :  corymbs 
loosely  10-20-flowered,  terminal  on  slender  2-leaved  branchlets  :  sepals  red  or  pur- 
ple, villous,  2  or  3  lines  long,  much  exceeding  the  greenish-white  petals  :  stamens 
8 ;  fllaments  villous  at  base  :  fruit  10  to  14  lines  long,  the  wings  spreading  at  right 
angles  to  the  peduncle.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  112,  t.  39 ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  80,  t.  68 ;  New- 
berry, Pacif.  Ii.  Pep.  vi.  21. 

Northern  California,  in  pine  forests,  and  northward  to  British  Columbia  ;  in  this  State  a  mere 
shrub,  in  Oregon  sometimes  a  tree  30  or  40  feet  high.  In  moist  places  and  on  rich  alluvial  soils 
it  often  takes  complete  possession,  the  vine-like  stems  growing  in  clusters  from  the  same  root,  and 
themselves  striking  root  wherever  they  touch  the  ground  and  sending  out  numerous  offshoots. 
Thus  interlaced  and  fastened  together  they  fonn  dense  dark  thickets  almost  impenetrable.  The 
wood  is  heavier  and  closer-grained  than  in  the  last  species. 

3.  A.  glabrum,  Torr.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  :  leaves  glabrous,  2  to  4  inches 
broad,  rounded-cordate  in  outline  with  a  shallow  sinus,  laciniately  3 -5-lobed,  more 
or  less  deeply  or  sometimes  completely  3-parted ;  the  lobes  doubly-serrate  with  very 


108  SAPINDACE^.  P-     Negundo. 

acute  teeth  :  flowers  corymbose  on  short  2-leaved  branchlets  :  sepals  and  petals 
greenish-yellow,  linear,  2  to  3  lines  long :  filaments  naked  :  fruit  with  broad  erect 
or  spreading  wings,  an  inch  long  or  less.  — Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y,  ii.  172  ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  247  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  52.  A.  Douglasii,  Hook,  in  Lond.  Jour.  Bot. 
vi.  77,  t.  6.     A.  tripartitum,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  1,  c,  and  Sylva,  ii.  85,  t.  71. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Yosemite  Valley  northward,  ranging  to  Yancouver  Island,  and 
eastward  to  Coloi-ado  and  New  Mexico.  Usually  a  shrub,  but  sometimes  a  small  tree  30  or  40 
feet  high  ;  not  abundant  nor  large  enough  in  this  State  to  be  of  much  importance.  Oregon 
specimens  rarely  show  the  leaves  as  deeply  lobed  or  parted  as  is  usual  in  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

3.  NEGUNDO,  Mcench.        Box-Elder. 

Flowers  dioecious.     Calyx  minute,  4  -  5-cleft  or  parted.     Petals  and  disk  none. 

Stamens  4  or  5,  hypogynous.    Ovary  and  fruit  as  in  Acer.  — Trees ;  leaves  pinnate  j 

sterile  flowers  on  clustered  capillary  pedicels,  the  fertile  in  drooping  racemes. 

A  genus  of  only  four  species,  of  the  Atlantic  States,  California,  Mexico,  and  Japan,  each  region 
having  its  peculiar  form. 

1.  N.  Californicum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Usually  a  small  tree,  sometimes  reaching 
a  height  of  70  feet :  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  more  or  less  villous-pubescent, 
densely  so  when  young  ;  leaflets  ovate,  or  the  lateral  ones  oblong,  acute,  3  or  4 
inches  long,  the  terminal  largest  and  3  -  5-lobed  or  very  coarsely  serrate ;  the  lat- 
eral ones  coarsely  serrate  or  somewhat  lobed  on  one  side  and  much  more  shortly 
petiolulate  :  fertile  racemes  slender,  at  length  4  to  6  inches  long  :  fruit  pubescent, 
15  to  18  lines  long,  including  the  slightly  spreading  wings.  —  Fl.  i.  250  &  684; 
Plook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  327,  t.  77  ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  90,  t.  72.  N.  aceroides, 
Torr.  in  Pacif.  R  Eep.  iv.  74  &  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.'^259. 

Common  along  streams  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  San  Luis  Obispo  northward.  It  closely 
resembles  N.  aceroides,  Mcench,  which  ranges  from  British  America  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Utah,  and  is  distinguished  by  its  3  to  5  smaller  and  narrower  leaflets,  which  are  coarsely  tootlied, 
but  less  distinctly  lobed. 

4.  STAPHYLEA,  Linn.        Bladder-Nut. 

Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Sepals  and  petals  5,  equal,  erect,  whitish.  Stamens  5, 
alternate  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  a  thick  disk  lining  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Ovary  2  -  3-parted  to  the  base  or  to  the  axis ;  the  lobes  or  carpels  several-ovuled  : 
styles  elongated,  lightly  coherent.  Fruit  large  and  bladdery,  dehiscent  at  the  sum- 
mit. Seeds  1  to  4  in  each  cell,  globose,  bony  :  albumen  thin.  Embryo  straight, 
with  broad  thin  cotyledons.  —  Erect  shrubs ;  leaves  opposite,  stipulate,  pinnately 
3  -  5-foliolate  and  the  leaflets  stipellate ;  flowers  in  drooping  terminal  racemose  or 
cymose  panicles. 

The  five  species  are  natives  of  as  many  regions  in  the  northern  temperate  zone,  viz.  Europe,  the 
Himalayas,  Japan,  California,  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

1.  S.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Leaflets  3,  glabrous,  broadly  oval  or  orbicular,  1  to 
2  inches  long,  abruptly  acute,  serrulate  :  sepals  3  lines  long  :  petals  a  little  longer  : 
style  and  stamens  much  exserted.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  69. 

On  McCloud's  Fork,  Shasta  Co.,  Bolander.  Fruit  unknown,  and  size  of  the  shrub  not  indi- 
cated. 

5.   GLOSSOPETALON,  Gray. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  deeply  4  -  5-cleft,  persistent ;  the  lobes  ovate  or  trian- 
gular; its  flat  base  within  filled  by  an  8-10-lobed  depressed  perigynous  disk. 
Petals  4  or  5,  spatulate,  becoming  linear-ligulate,  inserted  on  the  margin  or  under 


Rhus.  ANACARDIACE^.  109 

the  edge  of  the  disk,  somewhat  withering- persistent.  Stamens  8  or  10,  inserted  at 
the  sinuses  of  the  disk,  shorter  than  the  calyx :  filaments  subulate,  persistent  : 
anthers  didymous.  Ovary  one-celled,  of  a  single  ovoid  carpel,  with  style  extremely 
short  or  none,  and  a  depressed  entire  or  obscurely  2-lobed  stigma.  Ovules  2,  col- 
lateral or  nearly  so,  inserted  on  the  ventral  suture  barely  above  the  base  of  the  cell, 
ascending,  obovate,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  firm-coriaceous  follicle,  ovoid,  oblique, 
acute,  many-striate,  opening  down  the  ventral  suture,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seed  obovate, 
compressed,  with  a  smooth  crustaceous  testa,  in  which  on  both  sides  is  a  small 
bulging  empty  cavity ;  a  small  arillus  or  caruncle  at  the  hilum.  Embryo  or  even 
well-filled  nucleus  not  seen.  —  Low  and  rigid  shrubs  (of  the  interior  arid  region) ; 
with  slender  spinescent  branches,  and  small  alternate  simple  and  entire  leaves,  which 
separate  in  age  by  an  iudistuict  articulation  from  a  dilated  scale-like  minutely 
2-stipulate  base  ;  the  stipules  adnate  to  the  scale  and  setaceous-subulate ;  flowers 
small,  solitary,  terminating  short  axillary  branches  or  spur-like  fascicles  :  petals 
white.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  29,  t.  12,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  73. 

1.  G.  Nevadense,  Gray,  1.  c.  Two  or  three  feet  high,  much  branched,  pale  or 
slightly  hoary  with  almost  imperceptible  pubescence  :  leaves  oval,  half  an  inch  or 
less  in  length,  with  short  petiole  abruptly  terminating  in  the  retuse  broad  stipulifer- 
ous  scale  :  calyx-lobes  and  petals  4  :  stamens  8. 

Dry  hills,  Washoe  Co.,  Nevada,  Lemmon  and  Case,  1875.     An  interesting  acquisition. 

G.  s  PI  X  ESC  ENS,  Gray,  the  only  other  species,  of  New  Mexico  and  Southern  Utah,  is  smooth, 
has  smaller  and  nan-ower  leaves  and  mostly  5-merous  flowers. 

Order  XXX.    AJf ACARDIACE^. 

Shrubs  or  trees  (largely  tropical  or  subtropical),  with  a  resinous  and  usually  acrid 
juice,  alternate  leaves  (either  simple  or  compound)  without  stipules  and  almost 
always  not  pellucid-punctate,  and  small  regular  flowers  commonly  polygamous  or 
dioecious  ;  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  ;  the  free  ovary  in 
the  genuine  representatives  of  the  order  1-celled  and  1-ovuled,  but  the  styles  often 
3  ;  the  fruit  drupaceous ;  and  the  seed  without  albumen. 

A  large  order  of  nearly  50  genera,  and  450  species,  represented  in  California,  as  in  the  Atlantic 
United  States,  only  by  the  large  and  polymorphous  genus  Rhus. 

PiSTACiA  Mexicana,  HBK.,  of  Central  Mexico,  ranging  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  is 
reported  by  Dr.  Cooper  as  from  S&,n  Diego.  It  is  a  small  tree,  with  pinnate  leaves  ;  leaflets  5  to 
10  pairs,  on  a  somewhat  winged  rhachis,  oblong-obovate  or  cuneate,  glabrate,  half  an  inch  long ; 
flowers  dioecious,  without  petals,  in  axillary  or  paniculate  spikes  ;  stamens  5  ;  fruit  smooth,  2 
lines  in  diameter,  somewhat  compressed. 

ScHiNUS  MoLLE,  Linn.,  a  native  of  Mexico  and  South  America,  is  common  as  a  cultivated 
ornamental  shrub  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  under  the  name  of  Pepper-tree  or  Chili 
Pepper.  It  is  an  evergreen  tree  of  moderate  size,  and  very  graceful  habit ;  leaves  with  20  or  more 
pairs  of  lanceolate  leaflets  ;  flowers  small  and  dioecious,  in  large  panicles,  having  5  greenish  petals 
and  10  stamens  ;  drupes  numerous,  as  large  as  a  small  pea,  strongly  pungent ;  seed  suspended 
above  the  middle  of  the  cell,  instead  of  from  a  basal  stalk  as  in  most  genera.  The  apparently 
spontaneous  movements  of  the  leaves  when  placed  in  water  are  due  to  the  bursting  of  the  resinif- 
erous  glands  with  which  they  abound. 

1.   RHUS,  Linn. 

Sepals  and  petals  (4  to  9)  usually  5.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many,  with 
subulate  filaments,  inserted  under  the  edge  of  a  disk  lining  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Fruit  a  small  dry  drupe.     Seed  pendulous  upon  a  slender  seed-stalk  arising  from 


110  ANACARDIACEiE.  .^         Rhus. 

the  base  of  the  cell  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees ;  leaves  simple  or  pinnate ;  flowers 
small,  polygamous  or  polygamo-dioecious,  in  axillary  and  terminal  bracteate  pan- 
icles, or  sometimes  in  racemes  or  spikes. 

A  widely  distributed  genus  of  at  least  120  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  extra-tropical  regions 
of  both  hemispheres,  most  numerous  in  S.  Africa.  There  are  14  species  in  the  United  States, 
differing  considei-ably  in  their  characters  and  so  distributed  into  five  sections.  The  astringent 
leaves  of  some  species  of  the  section  Sumac  (not  represented  in  California)  are  extensively  used  in 
tanning,  and  the  resinous  juice  of  others  in  Japan  yields  the  peculiar  well-known  lacquer  of  that 
country,  and  the  fruit  a  useful  vegetable  wax  or  tallow. 

§  1.  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in  loose  axillari/  panicles :  fruit  glabrous  and 
whitish;  nut  striate:  leaves  S-foliolaie :  Juice  and  effluvium  poisonous. — Toxi- 
codendron. 

1.  R.  diversiloba,  Torr,  &  Gray.  (Poison  Oak.  Yeara.)  Usually  somewhat 
puberulent,  the  slender  shrubby  stem  erect,  or  stouter  and  climbing  by  rootlets,  3 
to  8  feet  high :  leaflets  ovate,  obovate,  or  elliptical,  1  to  3  inches  long,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  3-lobed  or  coarsely-toothed  or  sometimes  entire,  the  lobes  and  teeth  obtuse  : 
panicles  peduncled  :  flowers  whitish,  1|  lines  long  :  fruit  2  to  3  lines  in  diameter, 
somewhat  compressed. — Fl.  i.  218;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  xxxi,  t.  38.  R.  lohata, 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  127,  t.  46. 

From  Southern  California  to  British  Columbia,  in  this  State  most  abundant  in  the  Coast 
Ranges.  It  resembles  R.  Toxicodendron,  Linn.,  of  the  Atlantic  States,  which  differs,  however, 
in  its  acuminate  leaflets,  sharply  toothed  or  entire,  and  nearly  sessile  panicles,  usually  more  dense 
in  fruit.  The  species  are  alike  very  poisonous,  causing  a  severe  cutaneous  eruption  accompanied 
by  intense  smarting  and  itching.  The  reputed  remedies  are  more  numerous  than  efficacious  ; 
prominent  among  those  in  popular  use  is  said  to  be  the  bi-uised  leaves  or  a  decoction  of  the  leaves 
of  Grindelia  or  "Gum-plant." 

§  2.  Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  in  short  sessile  scaly-bracted  spikes,  preceding  the 
leaves :  frtiit  globose,  villous,  light  red ;  nut  smooth :  leaves  3-/oliolate.  — 
LOBADIUM,  Eaf. 

2.  R.  aromatica,  Ait.,  var.  trilobata,  Gray.  A  shrub,  2  to  5  feet  high,  dif- 
fusely branched,  strongly  scented,  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  length  nearly  glabrous : 
leaflets  sessile,  cuneate-obovate  or  rhomboidal,  1  or  2  inches  long,  exceeding  the 
petiole,  coarsely  toothed  above  and  often  3-lobed,  the  segments  obtuse  :  spikes  half 
an  inch  long  or  less,  approximate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  :  flowers  yellowisli,  a 
line  long :  fruit  somewhat  viscid,  2  or  3  Hues  in  diameter.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  53.     B.  trilobata,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  219. 

Throughout  the  State,  ranging  to  Washington  Territory  and  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  Texas.  The  typical  fonn  of  the  Atlantic  States  has  the  leaves  ordinarily  larger  and  less 
lobed,  and  the  odor  of  the  plant  is  perhaps  more  aromatic.  The  fruit  is  said  to  be  pleasantly  acid, 
and  is  eaten  by  the  Indians  ;  the  slender  twigs  are  used  in  their  choicest  basket-work. 

§  3.  Flowers  polygamous,  on  bracfed  pedicels  in  numerous  short  dense  racemes  closely 
paniculate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches:  sepals  orbicular,  concave,  colored:  fruit 
densely  pubescent  and  very  viscid,  dark  red :  leaves  simple,  coriaceous.  — 
Styphonia,  Benth.  &  Hook.     [Styphonia,  Nutt.) 

3.  R.  integrifolia,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  diffusely  branched  stout  evergreen 
shrub,  5  to  10  feet  high  :  leaves  puberulent  when  young,  soon  glabrous,  broadly 
ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  usually  entire  but  sometimes  spinosely  toothed,  1^  to  3 
inches  long,  on  short  stout  petioles  :  flowers  rose  colored,  in  close  panicles  1  to  3 
inches  long  :  petals  rounded,  ciliate,  exceeding  the  sepals,  1|  lines  long:  fruit  ovate, 
3  lines  long.  —  Gen.  PI.  i.  419.  Styphonia  integrifolia,  I^utt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  220  &  Sylva,  iii.  4,  t.  82  ;  Torrey,  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  vii.  9,  t.  2.  S.  serrata, 
Nutt. ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  220. 

From  Santa  Baibara  to  San  Diego,  mostly  on  the  coast  ;  western  Arizona,  Palmer,  JVliee'er. 
Along  the  cliffs  near  the  sea  it  forms  close  thickets,  sometimes  on  the  seaward  side  presenting  a 


Rhus.  LEGUMINOS^.  HI 

surface  of  dense  foliage  as  smooth'  and  uniform  as  that  of  the  best  trained  hedge.  According  to 
Nuttall  the  smooth  gray  bark  exudes  in  small  ([uantities  a  veiy  astringent  gum-resin.  The  fresh 
red  berries  are  described  by  Palmer  as  coated  with  an  icy-looking  white  substance,  which  is  pleas- 
antly acid  and  used  by  the  Indians  to  make  a  cooling  drink. 

§  4.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  aviple  terminal  or  axillary  compound  panicles  : 
fruit  small,  glabrous :  leaves  simple,  coriaceous.  —  LiTHRiEA,  Bentb.  &  Hook. 
(Lithrcea,  Miers.      Hhus  §  Jfalosma,  Nutt.) 

4.  R.  laurina,  Nutt.     A  large  evergreen  much-branched  and  very  leafy  shrub, 

exhaling  an  aromatic  odor,  glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  mucronate,  rounded 
at  base,  glaucous,  entire,  2  or  3  inches  long,  on  slender  petioles  :  panicles  dense,  2 
to  4  inches  long  :  flowers  yellowish,  a  line  long,  or  less  :  fruit  whitish  (?),  ovate,  1|- 
lines  long,  beaked  by  the  stout  styles.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  219.  Lithrcea  laurina, 
Walp. ;  ToxTcy,  Pac'if  R.  Rep.  iv.  73,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  44,  t.  7. 

From  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  in  the  valleys  ;  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer.  According  to 
Dr.  Torrey  "the  thin  pulp  of  the  dry  fruit  consists  chiefly  of  a  white  waxy  material,  soluble  in 
strong  alcohol,  which  seems  to  be  almost  entirely  cerine."  The  seeds  are  said  to  yield  a  pungent 
oil. 

Order  XXXI.    LEGUMINOS^. 

The  single  and  simple  free  pistil,  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit,  and  the  alternate 
leaves  with  stipules  (to  which  in  the  proper  Pulse  family  are  added  the  papiliona- 
ceous corolla  and  10  diadelphous  or  monadelphous  or  rarely  distinct  stamens)  mark 
this  order,  one  of  the  largest  and  next  to  Graminece  the  most  important  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom.     It  comprises  the  following  suborders. 

Suborder  I.     PAPILIONACEiE. 

Flower  irregular.  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  the  tube  or  cup  extending 
beyond  the  perigyuous  disk  which  lines  its  bottom  and  bears  the  petals  and  sta- 
mens. Corolla  of  5  petals  (rarely  fewer),  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  one  (the  standard) 
superior  (next  the  axis  of  inflorescence),  larger  and  always  external,  covering  in  the 
bud  the  two  lateral  ones  (wings),  and  these  covering  the  inferior  pair,  which  to- 
getlier  form  the  keel,  being  commonly  united  or  at  least  coherent  by  their  lower 
edges ;  the  claws  of  all  five  usually  distinct.  Stamens  and  pistil  enclosed  in  the 
keel.  Filaments  10,  seldom  5,  rarely  separate  around  the  pistil,  commonly  united 
from  the  base  upward  into  a  sheath  enclosing  the  ovary,  which  is  either  entire 
(monadelphous)  or  open  on  the  upper  side,  the  10th  or  upper  stamen  being  free 
from  the  others  or  becoming  so  (diadelphous)  :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  with  sev- 
eral, few,  or  rarely  solitary  amphitropous  or  sometimes  anatropous  ovules  on  the 
single  parietal  placenta  :  style  generally  inflexed  or  incurved  :  stigma  simple,  ter- 
minal or  nearly  so.  Legume  normally  one-celled  and  two-valved,  sometimes  falsely 
2-celled  or  divided  lengthwise  b}''  an  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture,  or  else  several- 
celled  transversely  by  constrictions  or  articulations,  not  rarely  indehiscent.  Seed 
destitute  of  albumen,  or  occasionally  with  a  layer  of  it.  Embryo  otherwise  filling 
the  seed  :  cotyledons  broad,  thick  or  thickish  :  radicle  almost  always  accumbently 
inflexed.  Leaves  simple  or  simply  compound  ;  the  earliest  pair  or  pairs  often  oppo- 
site ;  the  others  almost  always  alternate.     Leaflets  mostly  entire,  sometimes  den- 


4 
-4 


112  LEGUMINOS^.  -% 

ticulate.    Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  or  several  in  a  raceme,  spike,  head,  or  sometimes 
panicle. 

Our  1 6  genera  represent  almost  half  as  many  tribes,  corresponding  to  the  principal  divisions  of 
the  following  key. 

I.    Stamens  distinct. 

*  Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate. 

1.  Therm opsis.     Herbs,  with  conspicuous  stipules,  and  yellow  flowers  in  racemes. 

2.  Pickeringia.     Shrub,  with  minute  stipules  or  none,  and  purplg  solitary  flowera. 

*  *  Leaves  unequally  pinnate  :  shrubby. 

3.  Sophora.     Pod  thick,  large,  several-seeded,  often  transversely  constricted  :  leaves  coriaceous. 
10.  Amorpha.     Pod  small,  1  -  2-seeded.     Petal  one  !     Stamens  monadelphous  at  the  very  base. 

vML    Stamens  monadelphous,  or  diadelphous  (9  and  1). 

*  Anthers  of  two  forms  :  filaments  strictly  monadelphous  :  leaves  digitate,  of  more  than  3  quite 

entire  leaflets. 

4.  Lupinus.     Calyx  deeply  bilabiate.     Standard  with  recurved  sides  :  keel  falcate.     Pod  large, 

straight. 

*  *  Anthers  uniform. 

■1-  Leaflets  3,  or  rarely  digitately  5  to  7,  denticulate  or  serrulate  :  stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly 
so  :  pods  small  and  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  or  curved  or  coiled. 

5.  Trifolium.     Flowers  capitate.     Corolla  persistent,  united  with  the  filaments.     Pod  small, 

mostly  in  the  calyx. 

6.  Melilotus.     Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  spikes,  small.     Petals  free,  deciduous.     Style 

filiform.     Pod  small,  wrinkled,  globular. 

7.  Medicago.     Flowers  nearly  of  Melilotus.     Pod  spirally  coiled  or  curved.     Style  subulate. 

\y+-  +-  Leaves  unequally  pinnate  (very  rarely  digitate  or  simple)  ;  leaflets  entire  :  no  tendriL 
++  Flowers  umbellate  or  solitary,  on  an  axillary  peduncle. 

8.  Hosackia.     Herbaceous  or  shrubby.     Corolla  yellow  or  partly  white,  or  turning  reddish  : 

claw  of  the  standard  usually  remote  from  the  others.     Pod  linear,  several-seeded. 

\x**  ++  Flowers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  heads,  never  umbellate. 
=  Herbage  glandular-dotted  :  stamens  mostly  monadelphous. 

9.  Psoralea.     Herbs,  with  3-foliolate  leaves  and  axillary  spikes.     Stamens  mostly  monadel- 

phous.    Pod  indehiscent,  one-seeded.     Ovule  solitary. 

10.  Amorpha.     Shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  terminal  or  panicled  racemes.     Wings  and  keel 

of  the  corolla  wanting.     Stamens  monadelphous  only  at  base,  otherwise  distinct.     Pod 
nearly  indehiscent,  1  -  2-ovuled,  1  -  2-seeded. 

11.  Dalea.     Shrubby  or  herbaceous,  with  pinnate  or  simple  leaves  and  terminal  spikes  or  heads. 

Wings  and  keel  inserted  on  and  articulated  with  the  monadelphous  stamen-tube.     Pod 
indehiscent,  2  -  6-ovuled,  mostly  one-seeded. 

^  =  Herbage  glandular  or  gluiiaaua.and  more  or  less  punctate  :  leaves  unequally  pinnate  :  sta- 
mens diadelphous  ;  anthei-s  confluently  1-celled. 

12.  Glycyrrhiza.    Flowers,  &c.,  oi  Astragalus.     Pod  prickly  or  muricate,  short,  1-celled. 

=  =  =  Herbage  neither  glandular  nor  dotted  :  stamens  diadelphous  ;  anthers  2-celled  :  leaves 

pinnate. 

13.  Astragalus.     Herbs,  unarmed.    Pods  mostly  bladdery  or  turgid,  or  more  or  less  2-celled  by 

intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture. 

14.  Olneya.     Tree,  spinescent,  nearly  destitute  of  stipules.    Pod  2-valved,  several-ovuled,  1-2- 

seeded  ;  valves  very  thick  and  firm. 

-1 — H  -^  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  terminated  by  a  tendril  or  bristle  (occasionally  by  an  imperfect 
leaflet)  :  stamens  diadelphous  :  peduncles  axillary  :  pod  2-valved  :  seed-stalks  broad  or 
expanded  at  the  hiluni  :  herbs. 

15.  Vicia.     Stamen -tube  oblique  at  the  summit.     Style  filiform,  hairy  around  and  below  the 
apex. 

16.  Lathyrus.     Stamen-tube  nearly  truncate.     Style  dorsally  flattened  toward  the  apex,  hairy 
on  the  inner  side,  usually  twisted  half  round. 


Thermopsis.  LEGUMINOS^.  113 

Suborder  II.     C^SALPINE^ 

Flower  more  or  less  irregular.  Perigynous  disk  lining  the  tube  or  base  of  the 
calyx.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  superior  one  (answering  to  the  standard) 
within  the  lateral  ones.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  distinct.  Seeds  sometimes  with 
albumen.     Eadicle  not  incurved. 

*  Corolla  seemingly  papilionaceous. 

17.  Cercis.     Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  rounded  leaves,  and  lateral  fascicles  of  rose-purple 

flowers.     Calyx  barely  5-toothed. 

♦  *  Corolla  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  yellow.     Calyx  5-pai'ted.     Seeds  with  albumen. 

18.  Cassia.     Herbs  or  sometimes  shrubs,  witli  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate  leaves.     Anthers 

fixed  by  the  base,  mostly  opening  by  terminal  pores,  eitlier  10  and  unequal  or  some  of 
the  upper  ones  imperfect,  alx)rtive,  or  wanting.     Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

19.  Farkinsonia.     Somewhat  spinescent  shrubs  or  trees,  with  twice  pinnate  (or  apparently  only 

pinnate)  leaves  :  leaflets  small.     Anthers  10,  fixed  by  the  middle,  opening  lengthwise. 
Calyx  valvate. 

Suborder  III.     MIMOSE^E. 

Flowers  regular,  small,  and  numerous  in  spikes  or  heads.  No  perigynous  disk. 
Calyx  and  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud,  4  -  5-merous.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals,  or  numerous,  hypogynous.  Seeds  mostly  without  ialbumen. 
Eadicle  not  incurved.     Leaves  usually  twice  pinnate. 

20.  Prosopis.    Stamens  10.    Petals  distinct  or  becoming  so.    More  or  less  spiny  shrubs  or  trees. 

Flowers  greenish. 

21.  Acacia.     Stamens  indefinitely  numerous.     Petals  united  below.     Flowers  yellow. 

1.   THERMOPSIS,  R.  Brown. 

Calyx  campanulate,  cleft  to  the  middle ;  teeth  equal  or  the  two  upper  ones  united. 
Standard  roundish,  shorter  than  the  oblong  wings,  the  sides  reflexed  :  keel  nearly: 
straight,  obtuse,  its  petals  somewhat  united,  equalling  the  wings.  Stamens  distinct. 
Style  slightly  incurved  :  stigma  minute.  Pod  linear  to  oblong-linear,  much  com- 
pressed, few  -  many-seeded,  shortly  stipitate  or  nearly  sessile,  straight  or  incurved. 
—  Stout  perennial  herbs,  with  erect  clustered  stems ;  leaves  digitately  3-foliolate, 
with  free  foliaceous  stipules,  shortly  petioled  ;  leaflets  entire ;  flowers  large,  yellow, 
in  terminal  racemes,  with  persistent  herbaceous  bracts ;  pedicels  short,  mostly  soli- 
tary, naked. 

About  a  dozen  species,  half  belonging  to  Asia,  and  the  rest  to  North  America.  Three  of  these 
are  confined  to  the  Atlantic  States  and  one  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

1.  T.  macrophylla,  Hook,  k  Arn.  Villous  with  long  spreading  hairs  :  stipules 
large,  ovate  ;  leaflets  oblong-elliptical,  acute  at  each  end,  three  inches  long,  glabrous 
above,  tomentose  and  villous  beneath  :  calyx-teeth  acuminate  :  stamens  somewhat 
persistent :  pod  villous,  shortly  stipitate,  oblong-linear,  nearly  2  inches  long  and  4 
lines  broad,  straight,  erect,  4  -  5-seeded.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  329  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 
i.  388. 

Collected  by  Douglas  in  California,  but  the  locality  unknown.  All  the  specimens  from  other 
collections  that  have  been  refeiTed  to  the  species,  seem  to  belong  to  the  next. 

2.  T.  Califomica,  Watson.  Woolly-tomentose  throughout :  stipules  lanceo- 
late ;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  equally 
tomentose  on  both  sides  :  bracts  broad  at  base,  mostly  ovate  :  pod  very  pubescent, 


114  LEGUMINOS^.  -^    Thermopsis. 

on  a  short  glabrous  stipe,  6-8-ovuled  ;  mature  fruit  not  known. —  Proc.  Am.  Aead. 
xi.  126.  T.  maa^ophylla,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  81.  T.  fabacea,  Torr.  in  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  58. 

From  Maiiii  and  Napa  counties  southward. 

3.  T.  montana,  Nutt.  More  glabrous,  somewhat  silky-villous  especially  above : 
stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate  ;  leaflets  oblong-obovate  to  oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  sparingly  villous  beneath,  smooth  above  :  bracts  mostly  lanceo- 
late :  pod  pubescent,  on  a  rather  slender  stipe  about  equalling  the  calyx-tube,  linear, 
2  or  3  inches  long,  straight,  erect,  10- 12-seeded.  —  Torr.  <fe  Gray,  Fl.  i.  388.  2\ 
fabacea,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  128;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3611  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xv.  t.  1272  ;  not 
DC.  T.  macrophylla,  var.  yS.,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  T.  fabacea,  var.  montana,  Gray; 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  53. 

From  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon,  in  the  mountains,  through  the  interior  to  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico  ;  probably  in  Northern  California.  The  typical  form,  more  common  eastward, 
has  narrowly  oblong  leaves.  The  T.  fabacea  of  Eastern  Asia,  to  which  this  species  has  been  usu- 
ally referred,  ha.s  more  spreading  pods,  with  larger  and  broader  more  compressed  seeds.  The  only 
other  western  species  is  T.  khombifolia,  Richardson,  confined  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  dis- 
tinguished by  its  recurved  many-seeded  pods. 

2.  PICKERINGIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  campanulate,  turbinate  at  base,  repandly  4-toothed.  Petals  equal :  standard 
orbicular,  the  sides  reflexed  :  wings  oblong  :  keel-petals  oblong,  distinct,  straight, 
obtuse.  Stamens  distinct.  Style  slightly  incurved  :  stigma  minute.  Pod  membra- 
naceous, linear,  compressed,  stipitate,  several-seeded,  straight.  —  A  low  stout  much- 
branched  spinose  shrub;  leaves  evergreen,  small,  nearly  sessile,  digitately  1  — 3-folio- 
late,  without  stipules ;  flowers  large,  purple,  axillary,  solitary,  nearly  sessile. 

1.  P.  montana,  Nutt.  Widely  spreading,  densely  branched,  4  to  7  feet  high, 
more  or  less  silky-tomentose  or  glabrate,  leafy,  the  branchlets  becoming  spinose  : 
leaflets  oblanceolate  or  ciineate-oblong,  3  to  9  lines  long,  acute  or  obtuse  :  flowers 
near  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  on  Very  short  minutely  2-brdcteolate  peduncles, 
from  light  cinnamon-red  to  purple,  7  to  9  lines  long :  stamens  persistent :  pod  about 
two  inches  long,  6  — 10-seeded  (or  fewer  by  abortion),  somewhat  constricted  between 
the  seeds,  pubescent ;  stipe  exserted :  seeds  oblong,  slightly  compressed,  dark -colored. 
—  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  389  ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  51,  t.  14,  k  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp. 
282. 

Frequent  on  dry  hills  from  T.ake  County  to  San  Diego.  The  charactei-s  of  the  pod  distinguish 
the  genus  clearly  from  Anagj/ris. 

3.   SOPHORA,  Linn. 

Calyx-tube  campanulate  ;    teeth  short.      Petals  nearly  equal :    standard  broad. 

Stamens  distinct ;  anthers  uniform,  versatile.    Style  incurved  :  stigma  minute.    Pod 

stipitate,  terete  or  somewhat  compressed,  thick  or  coriaceous,  mostly  indehiscent, 

several-seeded,  constricted  between  the  obovoid  or  subglobose  seeds  and  usually 

necklace-like. — Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs  ;  leaves  unevenly  pinnate,  with  few  or  many 

entire  often  coriaceous  leaflets  ;  stipules  small  or  obsolete  ;  racemes  terminal. 

A  genus  of  about  25  species,  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe.  Two  low  herbaceous  species 
are  found  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  2  or  3  evergreen  shrubs  in  Texas  and  Northeastern 
Mexico,  besides  a  similar  West  Indian  species  in  Florida.  The  following  is  the  only  species  occur- 
ring near  the  limits  of  California. 

1 .  S.  Arizonica,  Watson.  An  evergreen  shrub,  somewhat  canescent  with  short 
appressed  silky  hairs  :  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  narrowly  oblong,  acutish,  an  inch  long.; 


Lupinus.  LEGUMINOS^.  115 

stipules  small,  subulate  :  racemes  short  (|  inch  long)  and  few-flowered ;  bracts  de- 
ciduous ;  pedicels  3  lines  long,  bracteolate  :  calyx  narrowed  at  base  :  pods  smooth, 
coriaceous,  compressed,  reticulated  and  with  nervelike  margins,  3  or  4  inches  long, 
more  or  less  contracted  between  the  thick  oblong  seeds  {^  inch  long)  ;  stipe  exceed- 
ing the  calyx.  —  Proc,  Am.  Acad.  xi.  135.  S.  speciosa,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  K.  Eep.  iv. 
82  ;  not  Benth. 

Collected  by  Dr.  Bigelow  at  Cactus  Pass  and  on  White  Cliff  Creek,  near  Bill  Williams  River  in 
Western  Arizona  ;  in  fruit,  January.  The  pod  is  thinner  and  more  compressed  than  is  usual  in 
the  genus,  and  the  seed  more  oblong. 

4.  LUPINUS,  Linn.         Lupine. 

Calyx  deeply  bilabiate,  bibracteolate.  Standard  broad,  the  sides  reflexed :  wings 
united  above,  enclosing  the  incurved  beaked  keel.  Stamineal  tube  not  cleft ;  an- 
thers alternately  oblong  and  rounded.  Stigma  bearded.  Pod  2-valved,  compressed, 
coriaceous,  2-1 2-seeded.  —  Annuals  or  perennials,  herbaceous,  or  a  few  species 
somewhat  woody.  Leaves  palmately  1  —  1 6-foliolate ;  stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles; 
leaflets  entire.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  verticillate  or  scattered  (solitary  and 
axillary  in  a  single  species),  bracteate.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  517. 

Much  the  larger  number  of  the  species  of  this  veiy  difficult  genus  belong  to  Western  America, 
only  a  few  annuals  occurring  in  the  Mediterranean  region,  and  less  than  half  a  dozen  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  two  of  which  are  peculiar  in  having  unifoliolate  leaves.  Two  species  are  found 
in  Alaska  and  British  Columbia,  60  or  more  are  natives  of  our  western  coast  and  the  interior 
region  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  a  dozen  are  Mexican,  and  15  or  20  belong  to  the  Andes. 
Ours  are  of  little  value  economically,  but  rather  the  contrary,  some  growing  so  abundantly  in  our 
grain-fields  as  to  be  injurious.  Many  .species  are  showy,  and  sevei"al  have  long  been  cultivated  for 
ornament. 

♦  Annuals. 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary  :  ovules  2  :  dwarf. 
Flowers  racemose  :  ovules  2  :  bracts  2)ersistent. 

Rather  stout :  flowers  in  whorls  :  peduncles  elongated. 
Leaves  approximate  ;  petioles  long. 
Long- villous  :  flowers  mostly  purple. 
Smoother  :  flowers  yellow  to  wflite. 
Leaves  scattered  ;  petioles  short  :  pubescence  short,  appressed. 
Low  or  dwarf  :  flowers  scattered. 

Hirsute  :  leaflets  5  :  racemes  nearly  sessile. 
Villous  or  subglabrous  :  leaflets  7  :  peduncles  long. 
Flowers  racemose  :  ovules  several. 
Flowers  in  whorls  :  bracts  deciduous. 

Puberulent :  leaflets  broad,  smoother  above  :  bracts  short. 
Villous  :  leaflets  narrow,  pubescent  both  sides. 

Bracts  elongated  :  flowers  rather  large  :  banner  broad. 
Bracts  short  :  flowers  small,  narrow. 
Flowers  scattered  :  bracts  mostly  somewhat  persistent. 
Rather  tall,  slender  :  leaflets  linear. 
Leaflets  8  to  10,  smooth  above  :  bracts  long,  deciduous. 
Villous  :    leaflets   5    to   9,    the    upper    much   smaller  :    bracts 

short. 
Puberulent :  leaflets  5  to  7,  tnmcate  :  bracts  short. 
Stouter,  branched  :  leaflets  broader  :  flowers  large  :  bracts  short. 
Puberulent  :   standard  yellow  ;   wings  ])ink  :    bracts  deciduous  : 

jwd  smooth. 
Very  hispid  :  flowers  purple . 

Low,  villous :  leaflets  broader :  flowers  small :  bracts  short,  per- 
sistent. 
Hairs  long :  petals  3  or  4  lines  long :  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  nar- 
row and  trifid. 
Hairs  short :  flowers  smaller,  narrow :  racemes  subsessile :  lower 
lip  broad,  subentire. 


44. 

L. 

UNCIALIS. 

39. 

L. 

MIOKOCABPira. 

40. 

L. 

DENSIFLORUS. 

41. 

L. 

LUTE0LU8. 

42. 

L. 

PU8ILLUS. 

43. 

L. 

BREVICAULI3. 

29. 

L. 

AFFINIS. 

30. 

L. 

NANUS. 

31. 

L. 

MICRANTHUS. 

32. 

L. 

LEPTOPHYLLUS. 

33. 

L. 

SPAHSIFLORUS. 

34. 

L. 

TRUNCATUS. 

35. 

L. 

Stiveki. 

36. 

L. 

HIP^UTISSIMUS. 

37. 

L. 

CONCINNUS. 

38. 

L. 

GRACILIS. 

116 


LEGUMINOS^. 


Lupimis. 


*  *  Perennials,  dwarf  and  cespitose.  —  In  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Stems  completely  herbaceous,  with  rather  long  intemodes. 

Loosely  villous  with  long  hairs.  25.  L.  ariduh. 

Appressed-silky,  the  hairs  shorter.  26.  L.  minimus. 
Stems  leafy,  from  a  spreading  woody  caudex  :  appressed-silky. 

Leaflets  7  to  10,  obtuse  :  peduncles  short  :  standard  orbicular.  27.  L.  Biieweri. 

Leaflets  5  to  6,  acutish  :  peduncles  elongated  :  standard  elliptical.  28.  L.  Lyallii. 

♦  *  ♦  Perennials,  more  or  less  shrubby  at  base,  tall  and  leafy,  silky-pubescent  :  petioles  mostly 
short :  flowers  large  :  ovules  6  to, 12. 

Pubescence  not  dense  :   leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate  :    flowers  yellow  : 

ovules  10  to  12.  1. 

Pubescence  dense  :    leaflets  broader,   obtuse  :    flowers   blue  to  white  : 

ovules  6  to  8.  2. 

Pubescence  short,  mostly  tomentose  :  leaflets  oblanceolate :  bracts  long : 

flowers  blue  :  ovules  8  or  9.  3. 


L.  ARBOREUS. 

L.  Cha.missonis. 

L.  DOUGLASII. 


L.   rOLYPHYLLU.S. 

L.   RIVULAUIS. 

L.  BURKEI. 

L.  LITTORALIS. 
L.  SlTGREAVESII. 


♦  *  *  *  Perennials,  herbaceous,  mostly  tall  :  flowers  large  :  ovules  6  or  more,  excepting  L.  Sit- 

greavii  and  L.  Grayi. 

Leaflets  smooth  above,  oblanceolate  :  flowers  not  yellow. 

Petioles  elongated  :  stem  somewhat  succulent :  bracts  short  and  decid- 
uous. Sparingly  villous  :  leaflets  10  to  16,  large  :  stipules 
broad  :  ovules  9.  4. 

Petioles  scarcely  exceeding  the  (5  to  10)  leaflets  :  bracts  mostly  long. 
Nearly  glabrous,  erect  :  stipules  narrow  :  ovules  8  to  10.  5. 

Calyx  subvillous  :  stipules  broader  :  bracts  more  hairy,  subpersist- 

ent ;  lower  petioles  elongated  :  pedicels  short.  6. 

More  pubescent  or  villous,  subdecumbent,  leafy  :  leaflets  5  to  8, 

smaller  :  keel  ciliate  :  ovules  10  to  12.  7. 

Puberulent  and  subvillous  :  bracts  short :  ovules  5.  10. 

Leaflets  pubescent  both  sides,  as  long  as  the  petioles  :  ovules  6  to  8. 

Flowers  yellow  :  keel  ciliate  :  bracts  long.  8.   L.  Sabinii. 

Flowers  not  yellow  :  bracts  short  :  leaflets  5  to  9. 

Erect,  tall  :  pubescence  often  scanty  :  keel  narrow,  strongly  falcate, 

naked  ;  standard  naked.  9.  L.  albicaulis. 

Subdecumbent,  appressed-silky  :  standard  silky  ;  keel  ciliate.  11.  L.  ornatus. 

Hoary- tomentose,  a  span  high  :  standard  naked  ;  keel  ciliate.  14.   L.  Grayi. 

*  «  «  *  *  Perennials,  herbaceous,  mostly  rather  low  :  flowers  smaller  :  ovules  6  or  less. 

Leaflets  glabrous  above. 

Mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles  :  standard  naked. 
Tall,   scantily  puberulent  :    keel  usually  naked 

4-seeded. 
A  span  high  or  less,  sparingly  villous 
broad,  6-ovuled. 
Equalling  the  petioles  :  appressed-silky  : 
pod  short,  3-5-ovuled. 
Leaflets  pubescent  on  both  sides. 

Leaves  distant ;  lower  petioles  elongated. 

Pubescence  villous,  spreading :  bracts  deciduous,  often  long :  stand- 
ard hairy  :  keel  ciliate. 
Densely  silky-tomentose,  stout :  pedicels  very  short :  bracts  subper- 

sistent :  standard  very  hairy  :  keel  subciliate. 
Densely  appressed  silky-villous,  often  low  :  bracts  deciduous  :  stand- 
ard naked. 
Silky-villous  :  raceme  dense  :  bracts  persistent :  standard  oblong, 
naked. 
Stems  leafy  :  petioles  short. 

Standard  and  keel  naked  :  calyx  not  spurred. 
Puberulent,  much  branched,  slender. 
Densely  silky-tomentose  :  flowers  very  small. 
Standard  and  keel  more  or  less  hairy  :  calyx  spurred. 

Finely  appressed-silky  :  calyx  strongly  spurred  :  standard  longest. 
Appressed-puberulent  :  leaflets  narrower  :  petals  equal. 
Close  silvery-silky  :  calyx  slightly  spurred. 


pod  small,   2  - 
keel  strongly  ciliate  :  pod 
petals  naked  or  nearly  so  : 


19. 

L. 

PARVIFLORUS. 

17. 

L. 

ONUSTUS. 

22. 

L. 

ARGENTEUS. 

12. 

L. 

SERICEUS. 

13. 

L. 

LEUCOPHYLLUS. 

15. 

L. 

LEPIDUS. 

16. 

L. 

CONFEBTUS. 

18. 

L. 

Andersonii. 

24. 

L. 

MEIONANTHUS. 

20. 

L. 

CALCARATUS. 

21. 

L. 

LAXIFLORUS. 

23. 

L. 

HOLOSERICEUS. 

Lupinus.  LEGUMINOSJi:.  117 

§  1.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes:    sides  of  the  standard  rejlexed :   ovules  several: 
cotyledons  petioled  in  germination,  —  Lupinus  proper. 

*  Perennials,  not  dwarf:  stems  somewhat  woody  in  Nos.  1  to  3,  the  rest  wholly  her- 
baceous, and  Nos.  4:  to  7  mostly  succulent  and  fistulous :  pods  oblong.    Spec.  1  to  24. 

4-  Flowers  large:  ovules  6  ^o  12. 

++  More  or  less  tvoody  at  base,  tall,  leafy,  with  short  petioles :  pubescence  silky,  mostly 
appressed :  bracts  deciduous  :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels :  calyx-lips  nearly  equal : 
ovules  mostly  8  to  12. 

1.  L.  arboreus,  Sims.  Shrubby,  often  4  to  10  feet  high  :  pubescence  not 
dense,  short  :  leaflets  7  to  11,  mostly  9,  glabrate  above,  narrowly  lanceolate,  |  to 
If  inches  long,  acute:  raceme  loose;  bracts  linear,  equalling  the  calyx:  flowers 
mostly  verticillate,  sulphur-yellow,  fragrant :  calyx-lips  broad,  entire  or  nearly  so  : 
keel  slightly  ciliate  :  pod  pubescent,  usually  1 0  -  1 2-seeded,  1|  to  3  inches  long, 
4  to  6  lines  wide  :  seeds  oblong-oval,  terete,  three  lines  long,  dark-colored.  —  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  682 ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxiv,  t.  32  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  523.  L.  rividaris,  Agardh, 
Synopsis,  24.     L.  macrocarpus,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  138. 

From  Sacramento  Valley  to  San  Diego,  common  ;  from  April  to  August.  Specimens  rarely 
occur  with  the  pubescence  more  dense,  villous,  and  somewhat  spreading.  The  flowers  also  appear 
to  be  sometimes  blue  or  purplish.     Used  successfully  as  a  protection  against  drifting  sands. 

2.  L.  Chamissonis,  Esch.  Less  shrubby,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  pubescence  dense, 
appressed  :  leaflets  7  to  9,  cuneate-obovate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  obtuse  and  mu- 
cronulate  or  acutish,  very  silky  on  both  sides  :  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the 
calyx  :  flowers  subverticillate,  blue,  violet,  pink,  or  white  :  upper  calyx-lip  deeply 
cleft ;  bractlets  small,  setaceous  :  keel  usually  slightly  ciliate  :  ovules  6  to  8  :  pod 
silky,  1;^  inches  long,  4-8-seeded:  seeds  broader,  somewhat  flattened,  2^  lines  long, 
light-colored  and  mottled.  —  Mem.  Acad.  Petr.  x.  288.  L.  albifrons,  Benth.  in 
Hort.  Soc.  Trans,  n.  ser.  i.  410;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1642;  Watson,  1.  c.  523. 
L.  sericeus,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  138. 

Var.  longifolius,  Watson.  Scarcely  woody  at  base  :  stems  less  leafy  and  peti- 
oles more  elongated  :  keel  pubescent  near  the  margin. 

Var.  (?)  longebracteatus,  Watson.  Stem  and  branches  more  or  less  villous  : 
bracts  much  exceeding  the  calyx.  — L.  macrocarpus,  Torr.  in  Pacif  R.  Rep.  iv.  81. 

From  Oregon  to  Southern  California,  common.  The  variety  longifolius  from  San  Diego  {Cleve- 
land) to  Ojai  (Feckham),  San  Pascual  (Thurber)  and  San  Antonio  River,  Brewer.  The  var. 
longebracteatus  about  San  Francisco  {Bigelow,  Greene),  and  Punta  de  los  Reyes,  Bigelow. 

3.  L.  Douglasii,  Agardh.  Slightly  woody  at  base  :  pubescence  short,  tomen- 
tose  or  silky,  appressed  :  leaflets  7  to  9,  oblanceolate  or  sometimes  cuneate-oblong, 
1  to  1|  inches  long,  pubescent  on  both  sides  :  racemes  often  long-peduncled ;  bracts 
linear-setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx  :  flowers  scattered  or  subverticillate,  blue  or 
purple  :  calyx  with  long  setaceous  bractlets,  the  upper  lip  nearly  2-parted :  keel 
ciliate  :  ovules  8  to  9  :  pod  unknown.  —  Synopsis,  34 ;  Watson,  1.  c.  524. 

From  above  San  Francisco  to  Monterey  and  Los  Angeles. 

++  ++  Stems  mostly  succulent  and  fistulous  :  leaflets  glabrous  above,  oblong  to  oblance- 
olate :  flowers  subverticillate :  bracts  deciduous :  calyx  usually  slightly  toothed : 
ovules  8  or  more. 

4.  L.  polyphyllus,  Lindl.  Stout,  erect,  2  to  5  feet  high,  sparingly  villous,  the 
calyx,  pedicels  and  youngest  leaves  silky-pubescent :  stipules  large,  triangular  to 
subulate  :  leaves  distant,  long-petioled ;  leaflets  10  to  16,  or  often  8  to  10  in  the 
upper  leaves,  2  to  6  inches  long  :  racemes  frequently  a  foot  or  two  long ;  bracts  ob- 
long-lanceolate, equalling  or  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  flowers  mostly  scattered,  on 
long  pedicels,  blue,  purple,  or  white  :  calyx-lips  nearly  equal,  entire ;  bractlets  often 


118  LEGUMINOS^.  *  Lupinus. 

wanting :  keel  naked  :  pod  1  to  1|  inches  long,  3  to  4  lines  broad,  7-9-seeded.  — 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1096  &  t.  1377;  Watson,  1.  c.  524.  L.  macrophyllus,  Benth. ;  Sweet, 
Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2  ser.  t.  356.     L.  grandijiorus,  Lindl. 

From  Washington  TeiTitory  to  Klamath  Valley  and  Sau  Francisco. 

5.  L.  rivularis,  Dougl.  Stout,  erect,  2  to  6  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous,  the 
short  and  silky  pubescence  closely  appressed,  or  very  rarely  spreading  on  the  calyx 
and  pedicels  :  stipules  subulate  or  setaceous ;  leaflets  7  to  10,  about  equalling  the 
petioles,  |  to  5  inches  long,  oblanceolate,  acute  or  the -lower  ones  obtuse:  raceme 
long-peduncled,  often  1  to  2  feet  long;  bracts  setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx:  flowers 
scattered  or  subverticillate,  purple  or  sometimes  white  :  bractlets  caducous ;  upper 
calyx-lip  sometimes  entire  :  keel  slightly  ciliate  :  pod  large,  8-  10-seeded.  —  Lindl. 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1595  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  525.     L.  cytisoides,  Agardh,  Synopsis,  18. 

Var.  latifolius,  Watson.  Leaflets  5  to  7,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  and 
inucronulate  or  the  upper  acute  :  the  pubescence  upon  the  calyx  more  frequently 
spreading.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  525.  L.  latifolius,  Agardh,  Syn.  18;  Lindl. 
Bot,  Reg.  t.  1891. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Southern  California,  common  ;  the  typical  form  frequent  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  ;  the  variety  more  common  nearer  the  sea. 

6.  L.  Burkei,  Watson.  Resembling  L.  rivularis,  but  distinguished  by  broader 
stipules,  and  the  lower  leaves  long-petioled  :  raceme  usually  short  and  dense,  the 
pedicels  mostly  only  1  or  2  lines  long ;  bracts  villous  and  often  persistent  :  the 
pubescence  of  the  calyx  somewhat  villous  and  more  or  less  spreading :  pod  8-seeded. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  525.     L.  polyphyllm,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  55. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Northern  Nevada  to  Montana,  and  probably  to  be 
found  in  Northeastern  California. 

7.  L.  littoralis,  Dougl.  Stems  slender,  decumbent  or  ascending,  1  or  2  feet 
long,  often  not  succulent,  leafy  :  pubescence  silky,  rather  thin,  short  and  appressed, 
or  villous  and  spreading  especially  about  the  axils  :  leaflets  5  to  8,  oblanceolate  or 
cuneate-oblong,  acute,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  petioles  : 
racemes  short ;  bracts  setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx  :  flowers  blue  or  violet,  with  some 
yellow,  verticillate  or  scattered,  on  rather  short  pedicels  :  calyx  large,  with  small 
bractlets:  keel  ciliate:  ovules  and  seeds  10  to  12.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1198; 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2952  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  526.  L.  versicolor,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
t.   1979.     L.  Nutkatensis,  var.  fruticosus,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2136. 

Near  the  coast,  from  Vancouver  Island  to  San  Francisco.  The  taper  root  is  said  to  be  known 
in  Washington  Territory  as  "  Chinook  Liquorice." 

++  ++  ++  Leafy  and  branching  ;  the  petioles  not  longer  than  the  leaflets :  flowers  sub- 
verticillate, yellow  in  L.  Sabinii :  bracts  deciduous,  shorter  than  the  calyx :  ovules 
6  or  7,  rarely  8,  only  5  m  L.  Sitgreavii :  mostly  erect  or  ascending,  I  or  2  feet  high. 

8.  L.  Sabinii,  Dougl.  Stout,  erect :  pubescence  short,  appressed,  silky  :  stipules 
long,  setaceous;  leaflets  8  to  11,  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  silky 
on  both  sides  :  raceme  6  to  10  inches  long,  rather  dense  and  long-peduncled  ;  bracts 
exceeding  the  calyx,  linear-setaceous  :  flowers  bright  yellow  :  upper  calyx-lip  short, 
nearly  entire,  the  lower  narrow  :  standard  emarginate,  naked  ;  keel  ciliate  :  pod  un- 
known.—Hook.  Fl.  i.  166  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  14.35  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  527. 

This  has  been  collected  only  by  Dowjlns  and  Neviiis,  in  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon,  but  may 
occur  in  Northern  California  ;  distinguished  by  its  long  racemes  of  yellow  flowei-s. 

9.  L.  albicaulis,  Dougl.  Pubescence  short  and  appressed,  or  more  or  less  vil- 
lous and  spreading,  often  scanty  :  leaflets  5  to  9,  oblanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long, 
acute,  pubescent  on  both  sides  or  glabrous  above  :  raceme  mostly  short-peduncled  ; 
bracts  subulate  :  calyx  long,  with  nearly  equal  lips,  the  upper  narrowed  and  shortly 
toothed  :  petals  blue,  verging  to  white  ;  the  standard  naked,  acute,  with  the  margins 


Lupinus.  LEGUMINOS^.  119 

coherent  near  the  apex ;  the  narrow  keel  very  strongly  falcate,  naked :  pod  1  to  2 
inches  long.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  165;  Watson,  1.  c.  527. 

Var.  Bridgesii,  Watson,  1.  c.  The  more  villous  form,  wdth  very  large  flowers 
and  dense  racemes  :  seeds  nearly  4  lines  long. 

Frequent,  from  the  Columbia  River  to  San  Diego,  throughout  the  State  ;  variable  but  well 
marked  by  the  characters  of  the  flower.     The  mature  fruit  of  the  ordinary  forms  is  not  known. 

10.  L.  Sitgreavesii,  Watson,  1.  c.  Puberulent  and  somewhat  silky-villous  with 
spreading  hairs:  stipules  setaceous;  leaflets  7  to  9,  oblanceolate,  acute,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  usually  glabrous  above  :  raceme  open,  shortly  ped  uncled ;  pedicels  slender : 
calyx  appressed-silky,  short ;  the  upper  lip  rather  broad,  shortly  toothed  or  nearly 
entire  :  standard  rounded,  naked ;  keel  ciliate  or  naked  :  ovules  5. 

Found  on  the  San  Francisco  Mountains  in  Arizona  and  eastward,  and  also  what  appears  to  be 
a  more  glabrous  fonu  (2012  Brewer)  at  Ebbett's  Pass  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

11.  L.  omatus,  Dougl.  Decumbent  or  ascending:  pubescence  usually  short, 
silky,  appressed  :  stipules  setaceous ;  leaflets  5  to  7,  oblanceolate,  1  to  2  inches  long, 
acute  or  acutish  :  raceme  loose,  usually  shortly  peduncled  ;  bracts  subulate  :  calyx- 
lips  nearly  equal,  the  upper  rather  shortly  toothed  or  bitid  :  petals  blue ;  the  stand- 
ard acutish,  somewhat  silky  on  the  back,  often  paler  especially  in  the  centre ;  the 
keel  ciliate:  pod  \\  inches  long:  seed  white,  nearly  orbicular,  compressed,  2| 
lines  long.— Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1216;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2  ser.  t.  212; 
Watson,  1.  c.  528. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Lassen's  Peak  and  Mt.  Shasta,  at  8,000  to  10,000  feet  altitude 
{Brewer)  ;  Montana  and  W.  Wyoming,  Parry. 

+-  -t-  Flowers  smaller,  except  in  L.  Grayi,  never  yellow :  ovules  3  to  6. 

++  Leaves  distant ;  lower  petioles  elongated  ;  leaflets  not  smooth  above :  racemes  mostly 

dense :  ovules  4  to  6. 

12.  L.  seiiceus,  Pursh.  Rather  stout,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  piibescence  of  coarse 
or  somewhat  silky  spreading  hairs  :  leaflets  5  to  8,  rarely  10,  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
1  to  2|  inches  long,  acute  :  peduncles  short :  bracts  deciduous,  often  much  exceed- 
ing the  calyx  :  pedicels  slender,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  calyx  strongly  gibbous,  densely 
silky-villous  ;  lips  nearly  equal,  the  upper  slightly  toothed  :  petals  blue  or  whitish ; 
the  standard  hairy  and  keel  ciliate  :  pod  densely  hairy,  an  inch  long.  —  Flora, 
i.  468 ;  Watson,  1.  c.  529. 

From  Oregon  to  Northern  Nevada,  Utah,  and  Montana,  and  doubtless  to  be  found  in  North- 
eastem  California. 

1 3.  L.  leucophyllus,  Dougl.  Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  leafy,  densely  silky- 
tomentose  throughout  and  somewhat  villous  :  leaflets  7  to  10,  oblanceolate  or  cune- 
ate-oblong,  1  to  2^  inches  long,  acute;  the  upper  petioles  about  equalling  the  leaves: 
racemes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  densely  flowered  and  usually  elongated  :  bracts  subulate 
or  linear,  subpersistent  or  deciduous  :  pedicels  stout,  a  line  long  or  less  :  upper 
calyx-lip  rather  deeply  cleft :  petals  blue  or  pink ;  the  standard  densely  villous,  the 
keel  naked  or  ciliate.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1124  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  529.  L.  plumosus, 
Dougl.  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1217. 

From  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico  ;  above  Carson  City  {Ander- 
son) and  probably  northward  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

14.  L.  Grayi,  Watson.  A  span  high,  rather  ^tout,  densely  hoary-tomentose, 
usually  with  some  silky  hairs  :  leaflets  5  to  9,  cuneate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse 
or  acutish,  |  to  1^  inches  long,  shorter  than  the  petioles  :  racemes  peduncled,  short 
and  loosely  flowered  ;  bracts  subulate,  equalling  the  calyx ;  pedicels  more  slender,  1 
or  2  lines  long :  flowers  subverticillate,  light  blue,  6  to  7  lines  long,  with  broad 
wings  and  broad  naked  standard  :  keel  ciliate  :  pod  an  inch  long  or  more,  5  —  6- 
seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  126. 


120  LEGUMINOS^.  5,        Lupinus. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mariposa  Co.,  near  Clark's  {A.  Gray),  to  Indian  Valley,  Plumas  Co., 
Mrs.  M.  E.  P.  Ames. 

L.  Palmeui,  Watson,  1.  c.  viii.  530,  from  the  San  Francisco  Mts.,  Arizona,  is  densely  pubes- 
cent with  rather  rigid  straight  more  or  less  spreading  hairs  ;  leaflets  small,  acute  ;  flowei-s  small, 
in  a  narrow  peduncled  raceme,  with  short  deciduous  bracts  ;  corolla  deej)  blue  ;  standard  some- 
what hairy  ;  keel  naked. 

L.  NiVEUS,  Watson,  1.  c.  xi.  126,  is  another  allied  species,  from  Guadalupe  Island  (Palmer), 
densely  white-tomentose,  not  villous  ;  the  deep  blue  rather  small  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  ; 
petals  all  naked. 

15.  L.  lepidus,  Dougl.  Slender,  often  low,  a  span' io  two  feet  high,  leafy  at 
base,  densely  appressed  silky-villous  :  leaflets  7  to  9,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  |  to  1|^ 
inches  long,  acute,  on  elongated  petioles  :  bracts  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  deciduous  : 
flowers  verticillate  or  scattered,  on  short  pedicels,  in  an  elongated  long-peduncled 
i-aceme  :  upper  calyx-lip  toothed  or  deeply  cleft  :  petals  violet,  the  standard  ilaked 
and  keel  ciliate  :  pod  an  inch  long.  —  Liudl.  Bot.  lieg.  t.  1149  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  viii. 
530. 

From  Puget  Sound  to  Klamath  Lakes,  and  collected  by  Bolander  in  Bear  Valley  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  ;  near  Carson  City,  Nevada,  on  foot-hills.  Bloomer,   Watson. 

16.  L.  confertus,  Kellogg.  Erect  or  ascending,  a  foot  high  or  more:  pubes- 
cence silky-villous,  appressed  or  spreading  :  leaflets  5  to  8,  cuneate-oblong  to  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  |  to  If  inches  long,  acute  :  raceme  usually  dense,  rather  long- 
peduncled  ;  bracts  persistent,  setaceous,  about  equalling  the  calyx  :  flowers  verticillate, 
nearly  sessile,  blue  or  rose-colored  :  upper  calyx-lip  2-cleft  :  standard  naked,  ratlier 
narrow  ;  the  keel  ciliate  :  pod  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  2  -  4-seeded  :  seeds  nearly 
round,  white. — Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  192,  fig.  59;  Watson,  1.  c.  L.  Torreyi,  Gray; 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  58.     L.  selhdus,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  36. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Yosemite  Valley  to  Washoe  Lake  and  Donner  Pass.  Well  marked 
by  its  conspicuous  persistent  bracts. 

1 7.  L.  onustus,  Watson.  Low,  a  span  high  or  less,  with  a  decumbent  some- 
what woody  base,  rather  sparingly  silky-villous  :  leaflets  5  to  8,  oblanceolate,  acute 
or  acutish,  glabrous  above,  about  an  inch  long ;  the  petioles  two  or  three  times 
longer:  flowers  deep  blue,  small,  scattered  in  a  loose  short  and  sliortly  peduncled 
raceme  :  bracts  short,  deciduous :  pedicels  slender :  standard  naked  ;  keel  strongly 
ciliate  :  pod  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  half  an  inch  broad,  6-ovuled  :  seeds  large,  over 
three  lines  broad.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  127. 

Indian  Valley,  Plumas  Co.  {Mrs.  M.  E.  Pulsifer  Ames)  ;  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon.  Somewhat 
resembling  L.  parviflorus  on  a  reduced  scale,  but  the  fruit  very  distinct. 

++  ++  Stems  leafy :  petioles  and  peduncles  mostly  short :  bracts  deciduous,  usually 

short :  ovules  3  <o  5, 

18.  L.  Andersoni,  Watson.  Slender,  about  a  foot  high,  much  branched  and 
leafy,  finely  appressed  pubescent :  leaflets  7  to  9,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  pubescent  both  sides,  about  an  inch  long,  equalling  the  petioles  :  racemes 
short  and  shortly  peduncled  ;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long  :  calyx  not  saccate,  the  lii)s 
nearly  equal :  petals  blue  or  pinkish  ;  standard  and  keel  naked  :  pod  1  \  inches  long  : 
seed  light-colored,  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  58,  and  1.  c.  viii.  531. 

Var.  (?)  Grajri,  Watson,  1.  c.  Leaflets  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  6  to 
9  lines  long ;  the  whole  plant  densely  appressed-hairy. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Cai-son  City  (Anderson)  ;  the  variety,  a  very  doubtful  form,  near 
Clark's  Ranch  in  Mariposa  Co.,  A.  Gray.  Scanty  specimens  of  another  allied  form,  densely  hairy- 
tomentose,  with  narrowly  oblanceolate  leaflets,  have  been  collected  by  Rothrock  on  the  North 
Fork  of  Kem  River,  at  8,500  feet  altitude. 

19.  L.  parviflorus,  Nutt.  Stems  mostly  solitary,  strict,  erect,  slender,  2  or 
3  feet  higli,  at  length  somewhat  branched  :  pubescence  scanty,  short,  appressed,  the 
calyx  and  pedicels  silky  :  leaves  rather  distant;  leaflets  5  to  11,  oblanceolate  to 


Lupinus.  LEGUMINOS^.  121 

obovate,  1  or  2  inches  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  glabrous  above,  the  lower  leaves  shorter 
than  the  petioles :  raceme  |  to  1  foot  long,  slender ;  bracts  linear-subulate,  equalling 
the  calyx  ;  pedicels  slender,  1  to  2  lines  long  :  calyx-lips  nearly  equal  :  petals  light- 
blue  ;  the  standard  naked  ;  the  keel  naked  or  ciliate  :  pod  f  inch  long,  2  -  4-seeded, 
pubescent :  seeds  light-colored,  two  lines  in  diameter.  —  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey, 
336;  Watson,  1.  c.  531. 

In  the  mountains  from  the  CoUimhia  River  to  Yosemite  Valley,  and  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch. 

20.  L.  calcaratus,  Kellogg.  Stems  clustered,  as  in  most  perennial  species, 
rather  stout,  1  to  2  feet  high,  finely  appressed-silky  :  leaflets  6  to  12,  usually  9, 
oblanceolate,  1  or  2  inches  long,  acute,  more  or  less  silky  on  both  sides,  at  least 
half  as  long  as  the  petioles:  racemes  3  to  G  inches  long ;  bracts  subulate ;  pedicels 
slender,  1  to  3  lines  long  :  calyx  silky,  conspicuously  spurred,  the  lips  unequal : 
petals  white  or  blue ;  the  pubescent  standard  six  lines  long,  exceeding  the  wings  and 
ciliate  keel :  pod  an  inch  long  :  seeds  light-colored,  nearly  three  lines  long.  —  Proc. 
Calif.  Acad.  ii.  195,  fig.  60;  Watson,  1.  c.  531. 

On  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  eastward  in  Northern  Nevada. 

21.  L.  lasiflorus,  Dougl.  Slender,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  pubescence  short,  silky, 
appressed  :  leaflets  6  to  8,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute,  silky  on  both  sides,  at  least 
half  as  long  as  the  petioles :  racemes  loose  and  slender ;  pedicels  2  to  3  lines  long  : 
calyx  narrowed  and  saccate  at  base,  the  upper  lip  shortly  toothed  :  petals  blue,  3  to 

5  lines  long,  equal;  the  standard  somewhat  pubescent  and  keel  ciliate :  pod  less  than 
an  inch  long  :  seeds  two  lines  in  diameter.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1140  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 
531.  L.  arbustns,  Dougl. ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1230.  L.  caudatus,  Kellogg,  Proc. 
Calif.  Acad.  ii.  198,  fig.  61. 

From  Vancouver  Island  to  Klamath  Valley  and  Donner  Pass,  and  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch 
Mountains  ;  also  Arizona,  Palmer. 

22.  L.  argenteus,  Pursh.  Slender,  1  or  2  feet  high,  hoary  with  short  silky 
appressed  pubescence  :  leaflets  5  to  8,  linear-lanceolate,  f  to  1 J  inches  long,  acute, 
smooth  above  or  nearly  so,  about  equalling  the  petioles  :  racemes  nearly  sessile,  2  to 

6  inches  long  ;  pedicels  very  slender,  usually  short  :  calyx  campanulate,  gibbous 
but  not  spurred  at  base,  the  upper  lip  broad  and  toothed  :  petals  blue  or  cream- 
colored,  3  or  4  lines  long ;  standard  very  broad,  naked  or  slightly  hairy  ;  the  keel 
naked  or  subciliate  :  pod  short :  ovules  3  to  5.  —  Flora,  i.  468  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  532. 

Plains  of  the  Columbia  and  Snake  Rivers,  and  eastward  ;  probably  in  Northeastern  California. 

23.  L.  holosericeus,  Nutt.  Slender,  1  to  1|  feet  high:  pubescence  silvery- 
silky,  closely  appressed  :  leaflets  6  to  8,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  f  to  1;^  inches  long, 
at  least  half  as  long  as  the  petioles,  acute,  very  silky  on  both  sides  :  racemes  nearly 
sessile,  3  to  6  inches  long ;  flowers  verticillate  ;  pedicels  short,  rather  stout :  calyx 
slightly  spurred  ;  the  lips  nearly  equal,  the  upper  broad  and  shortly  toothed  :  petals 
flesh-color,  2  to  5  lines  long ;  the  standard  very  broad,  pubescent  on  the  back ;  the 
keel  ciliate :  pod  an  inch  long  :  seeds  rather  large.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Flora  i.  380  ; 
Watson,  1.  c.  532. 

East  of  the  Siena  Nevada  from  the  Columbia  River  to  Southern  Nevada. 

24.  L.  meionanthus,  Gray.  Low,  branched  and  leafy,  a  foot  high  :  pubescence 
dense,  silky-tomentose  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  f  to  1  incli 
long,  acutish,  silky  both  sides,  about  equalling  the  petiole  :  racemes  short  and 
small,  nearly  sessile ;  bracts  ovate  ;  flowers  suliverticillate  or  scattered,  blue,  on 
pedicels  |^  to  1  line  long  :  calyx  campanulate,  not  spurred,  densely  tomentose  : 
petals  two  lines  long,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  standard  very  broad,  naked  ; 
the  keel  slightly  ciliate  :  pod  half  an  inch  long  :  seeds  white,  two  lines  in  diameter. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  522  ;  Watson,  1,  c.  533. 

Collected  only  by  Dr.  Anderson  near  Carson  City,  probably  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 


122  LEGUMINOS^.  '     Lupinus. 

*  *  Dwarf  'perennials,  mostly  cespiiose :  racemes  usually  short  and  dense  ;  bracts 
sometvhat  persistent ;  flowers  subverticillate,  on  short  pedicels :  tipjjer  calyx-lip  2-cleft 
(2-toothed  in  L.  aridus),  tlie  lower  ^-toothed:  keel  ciliate:  ovules  3  to  Q  :  pod  hairy, 
oblong,  3  —  Ai-seeded. 

25.  L.  aridus,  Dougl.  Stems  cespitose,  2  or  3  inches  long  :  pubescence  villous, 
both  loose  and  appressed  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  oblanceolate,  an  inch  long  or  less,  acute, 
the  petioles  3  or  4  times  longer  :  raceme  dense,  2  or  3  inches  long  ;  peduncle 
shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  bracts  nearly  equalling  the  calyx  :  petals  purple,  5  lines 
long ;  the  elliptical  standard  usually  shorter :  pod  5  lines  long.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  1242  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  533. 

Var.  Lobbii,  "Watson,  1.  c.  Leaflets  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  half  an  inch  long, 
the  petioles  2  or  3  times  longer  :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves  :  calyx-lips  more 
strongly  toothed  :  standard  broader. 

Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  :  the  variety  in  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada  (Lobb)  ;  above 
Ebbettand  Sonora  Passes,  at  8,500  and  12,000  feet  altitude,  Brewer. 

26.  L.  minimus,  Dougl.  Ap])ressed  silky-villous  :  stems  3  to  6  inches  high : 
leaflets  5  to  7,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  3  to  8  lines  long,  mostly  acutish,  the  peti- 
oles 3  or  4  times  longer  :  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  :  bracts  linear : 
upper  calyx-lip  deeply  bitid:  petals  purple,  4  or  5  lines  long;  the  standard  orbicular. 
—  Hook.  Fl.  i.  163;  Watson,  1.  c.  534. 

Oregon  and  Washington  Ten-itory,  to  Northwestern  Wyoming  (Parry),  and  in  the  high  Sierra 
Nevada  ;  above  Cisco  {Kellogg)  ;  Summit  Station,  in  shade,  Greene. 

27.  L.  Bre"weri,  Gray.  Stems  6  inches  long  or  less,  from  a  spreading  branched 
woody  caudex,  very  leafy  :  pubescence  dense,  silky,  appressed  :  leaflets  7  to  10, 
obovate,  obtuse,  4  to  6  lines  long,  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  petiole  :  racemes  very 
short,  the  peduncle  equalling  the  leaves  ;  bracts  short :  calyx-lips  nearly  equal ;  the 
upper  deeply  bifid,  the  lower  shortly  and  equally  toothed  :  petals  blue,  equal,  3  to 
4  lines  long  ;  the  standard  orbicular.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  334  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mt.  Pinos  and  the  North  Fork  of  the  Kern  Eivcr,  from  8,000  to 
12,000  feet  altitude  (Rothrock)  and  Yosemite  Valley,  at  6,000  to  8,000  feet  altitude  {Brewer, 
Gray),  to  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon      Stems  sometimes  very  short  and  densely  matted. 

28.  L.  Lyallii,  Gray.  Stems  leafy,  from  a  spreading  woody  caudex  :  pubes- 
cence dense,  villous,  appressed  :  leaflets  5  or  6,  obovate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  acutish, 
the  petioles  much  longer :  racemes  very  short,  the  peduncles  much  exceeding  the 
leaves  ;  bracts  short :  calyx-lips  nearly  equal :  petals  purple,  five  lines  long,  nearly 
equal ;  the  standard  elliptical.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  334  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

Var.  Danaus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Stems  less  leafy  :  pubescence  less  abundant :  flowers 
nearly  white ;  the  keel  tipped  with  dark-purple.  —  L.  Danaus,  Gray,  1.  c. 

Alpine  ;  summits  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Washington  Territory  (LyalJ) ;  the  variety  on  Mt. 
Dana,  at  12,500  feet  altitude  {Bolander),  and  on  the  North  Fork  of  Kem  River,  at  8,000  feet, 
Rothrock. 

*  *  *  Annuals:  leaflets  mostly  5  to  7  (in  L.  leptophyllus,  8  ^o  10)  :  iipper  calyx-lip 
2-parted  or  bifld :  pod  linear,  4  —  8-seeded. 

+-  Flowers  verticillate :  bracts  deciduous. 

29.  L.  affinis,  Agardh.  Stem  a  foot  high,  rather  stout :  pubescence  very  short, 
more  or  less  spreading  :  leaflets  broadly  wedge-obovate,  an  inch  long  or  more, 
emarginate  or  obtuse,  smoother  above  ;  the  petioles  twice  longer  :  peduncles  long ; 
bracts  short :  petals  5  lines  long ;  the  keel  usually  naked  :  ovules  5  to  7.  —  Sy- 
nopsis, 20,  in  part;  Watson,  1.  c.  535.  L.  cervinus?  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  ii. 
229,  fig.  73. 

From  San  Francisco  and  Bear  Valley  {Kellogg)  to  San  Diego  ;  in  early  spring.  Distinguished 
from  the  larger-flowered  forms  of  the  next  species  by  its  short  pubescence,  broader  and  obtuser 


Lupinus.  LEGUMINOS^.  123 

leaflets,  usually  smooth  above,  and  its  short  bracts.     Dr.  Kellogg's  L.  cervinus  appears  to  be  a 
stout  form,  with  large  leaves  and  short  pedicels. 

30.  L.  nanus,  Dougl.  Slender.  |^  to  1  foot  high,  often  branching  from  the  base, 
villous  or  tinely  pubescent  :  leaflets  linear  to  oblauceolate,  half  to  an  inch  long, 
usually  acute,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  the  petioles  1  to  3  times  longer  :  racemes 
loose  ;  bracts  exceeding  the  calyx ;  pedicels  slender  :  upper  calyx-lip  2-cleft  :  petals 
usually  5  or  6  lines  long,  very  broad,  bluish-purple  or  at  first  nearly  white ;  the 
standard  shorter  and  usually  marked  Avith  dark-purple  lines  :  ovules  6  to  8  :  pod  ^ 
to  l\  inches  long.  —  Benth.  in  Hort.  Trans,  n.  ser.  i.  409,  t.  14 ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

From  Sacramento  Valley  to  Southern  California,  frequent.  Flowering  in  early  spring  and 
rather  variable. 

31.  L.  micranthus,  Dougl.  Slender,  3  to  12  inches  high,  villous  :  leaflets 
linear,  -^  to  1  inch  long  :  racemes  short,  often  rather  dense  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
calyx  ;  pedicels  a  line  long  or  less  :  calyx-lips  broad,  the  upper  with  short  triangu- 
lar lobes  :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long ;  the  wings  and  standard  very  narrow.  —  Lindl. 
Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1251  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

Var.  microphyllus,  Watson,  1.  c.  The  lower  and  more  hirsute  form,  with  the 
leaflets  but  3  to  6  lines  long. 

Var.  bicolor,  Watson,  1.  c.  Flowers  a  little  larger,  with  the  petals  somewhat 
broader,  and  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long.  —  L.  bicolor,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1109. 

Var.  trifidus,  Watson,  1.  c.     Very  hairy  ;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  3-parted. 

From  Paget  Sound  to  Southern  California,  very  frequent ;  the  var.  trifidus  near  San  Francisco, 
remarkable  for  the  division  of  the  calyx.  The  var.  bicolor  approaches  forms  of  L.  nanus,  and 
tends  to  unite  the  two  species. 

-5-  -t-  Flowers  scattered :  bi-acts  more  or  less  persistent,  except  in  L.  leptophyllus  and 
L.  Stioeri :  ovules  4  to  6,  or  8  in  L.  truncatus. 

32.  L.  leptophyllus,  Benth.  Slender,  rarely  branched,  1  or  2  feet  high,  vil- 
lous :  stipules  linear-setaceous  :  leaflets  8  to  10,  narrowly  linear,  1  to  1^  inches 
long,  glabrous  above ;  the  very  slender  petioles  2  or  3  times  longer :  racemes  3  to  10 
inches  long ;  bracts  setaceous,  much  exceeding  the  calyx  :  upper  calyx-lip  narrow, 
deeply  cleft :  petals  5  or  6  lines  long,  bluish-lilac,  with  a  deep-crimson  spot  upon 
the  standard.  —  Hort.  Trans,  n.  ser.  i.  409  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  536. 

Sacramento  Valley  and  southward,  on  hills  and  in  rocky  places.  A  form  occurs  with  rather 
broader  leaves. 

33.  L.  sparsiflorus,  Benth.  Very  slender,  sparingly  branched,  1  to  1|  feet 
high,  villous  Avith  spreading  hairs  :  upper  leaves  much  reduced  :  leaflets  5  to  9, 
linear,  |  to  1  inch  long ;  the  narrow  petioles  2  to  4  times  longer  :  bracts  linear- 
setaceous,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  subpersistent ;  pedicels  short  :  upper  calyx-lip 
2-parted  :  petals  violet,  5  lines  long ;  the  standard  shorter :  pod  a  half  to  an  inch 
long.  —  PI.  Hartweg.  303  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

From  the  Sacramento  Valley  to  Southern  California. 

34.  L.  truncatus,  Nutt.  Eather  stout,  sparingly  branched,  1  to  2  feet  high, 
finely  pubescent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous :  stipules  short,  subulate ;  leaflets  5  to  7, 
linear,  narrowed  from  the  truncate  or  somewhat  3-toothed  apex  to  the  base,  smooth 
above,  |  to  H  inches  long,  nearly  equalling  the  petiole:  bracts  short,  subpersistent: 
pedicels  ^  to  2  lines  long  :  upper  calyx-lip  2-cleft :  petals  deep-purple,  4  or  5  lines 
long;  the  standard  shorter  :  pod  1^  inches  long.  —  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  336; 
Watson,  1.  c. 

From  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego. 

35.  L.  Stiveri,  Kellogg,  Diffusely  branched,  about  a  foot  high,  finely  and 
rather  sparingly  pubescent :  leaflets  5  to  7,  broadly  cuneate-obovate,  |  to  1^  inches 
long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  mucronulate,  scarcely  more  glabrous  above,  nearly  equalling 


124  LEGUMINOS^.  ^     Lupinus. 

the  petioles  :  racemes  2  or  3  inches  long,  5  -  10-flowered,  rather  long-peduncled  ; 
bracts  short ;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long  :  upper  calyx-lip  2-parted  with  broad  acute 
lobes  :  petals  6  or  7  lines  long ;  the  yellow  standard  shorter  than  the  rose-colored 
wings:  pod  an  inch  long,  nearly  glabrous.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad,  ii,  192,  fig.  58; 
Watson,  1.  c.  537. 

In  the  Siena  Nevada  from  Nevada  Co.  to  Mariposa  Co.  A  peculiarly  handsome  and  well 
marked  species. 

36.  L.  hirsutissimus,  Benth.  Stout,  a  foot  high  or  -more,  very  hispid  with 
spreading  straight  and  viscid  stinging  hairs  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  broadly  cuneate-obo- 
vate,  obtuse  or  retuse  or  sometimes  acute,  mucronulate,  |  to  1|  inches  long,  half  as 
long  as  the  petioles  :  racemes  loose,  3  to  8  inches  long  ;  bracts  short,  subulate,  usu- 
ally deciduous ;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long  :  calyx  large,  the  broad  upper  lip  deeply 
cleft :  petals  six  lines  long,  nearly  equal,  reddish-purple  :  pod  hirsute,  an  inch  long. 
—  Hort.  Trans,  n.  ser.  i.  409  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

In  dry  places,  from  the  Sacramento  to  Southern  Califoraia. 

37.  L.  concinnus,  Agardh.  Low,  4  to  6  inches  high,  densely  villous  or  hir- 
sute :  leaflets  5  to  8,  oblanceolate,  4  to  10  lines  long,  obtuse ;  the  slender  petioles  2 
to  4  times  longer  :  raceme  short,  often  nearly  sessile ;  bracts  short,  linear-setaceous, 
persistent ;  pedicels  very  short :  upper  calyx-lip  2-parted,  the  lower  rather  deeply 
trifid  :  petals  4  lines  long,  violet ;  the  standard  shorter,  with  a  yellow  spot  in  the 
centre :  pod  4-seeded.  —  Synopsis,  6,  t.  1  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

Var.  ArizoniCUS,  Watson,  1.  c.  Eather  stout,  a  span  high,  more  sparingly  hir- 
sute :  leaflets  oblanceolate  to  linear,  obtuse  or  acute :  raceme  more  elongated :  petals 
3  or  4  lines  long,  equal,  ochroleucous  or  tipped  with  violet :  pod  half  an  inch  long, 
3-5-seeded. 

From  Monterey  to  Sonera,  rarely  collected  ;  the  variety  in  Southeastern  California  and  Arizona. 

38.  L.  gracilis,  Agardh.  Slender,  3  to  6  inches  high,  very  hairy  :  leaflets  5  to 
7,  cuneate-obovate,  3  to  6  lines  long,  the  slender  petioles  2  or  3  times  longer : 
raceme  short,  loose,  flexuous  ;  bracts  short ;  pedicels  less  than  a  line  long :  petals 
blue  and  white,  2  or  3  lines  long,  narrow ;  the  standard  slightly  shorter ;  the 
flowers  nearly  as  in  L.  micranthus :  pod  half  an  inch  long :  seeds  a  line  in  diam- 
eter. —  Synopsis,  15,  t.  1  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

From  Monterey  to  Southern  California  ;  rarely  collected. 

§  2.  Flotvers  as  in  §  1 :  ovules  2  :  cotyledons  broad  and  clasping  after  germination, 
usually  long-persistent.  Erect  annuals  :  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  -obovaie  : 
bracts  persistent :  pod  ovate.  —  Platycarpos,  Watson. 

*   Flowers  verticillate :  stems  tall,  with  elongated  peduncles. 

39.  L.  microcarpus,  Sims.  Villous  with  long  hairs,  |  to  1^  feet  high  :  stip- 
ules long,  setaceous  ;  leaves  mostly  approximate,  on  elongated  petioles  ;  leaflets 
usually  9,  cuneate-oblong,  1  to  2  inches  long,  obtuse  or  eraarginate,  sometimes  acut- 
ish,  smooth  above:  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long:  bracts  subulate-setaceous,  equalling  the 
calyx  or  shorter :  calyx  densely  villous,  large  ;  lips  toothed,  the  upper  very  short 
and  subscarious  ;  bractlets  often  wanting  :  petals  purple  to  white,  6  or  7  lines  long, 
equal;  the  keel  slightly  ciliate  :  pods  villous,  8  lines  long. — Bot.  Mag.  t.  2413; 
Watson,  1.  c.  538.  L.  palustris  &  lacteus,  Kellogg,  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  16 
&  37. 

Frequent  from  the  Columbia  River  to  Southern  California  ;  also  a  native  of  Chili. 

40.  L.  densifloras,  Benth.  Much  resembling  the  last :  more  sparingly  villous 
with  shorter  hairs  :  bracts  usually  much  shorter  than  the  calyx,  which  is  smooth  or 
finely  pubescent ;  the  upper  lip  often  entire  :  petals  yellow  or  ochroleucous,  rarely 
white  or  pink. —Hort.  Tmns.  n.  scr.  i.  409;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1689;  Watson, 


Trifolium.  LEGUMINOS^.  125 


» , 


1.  c. — L.  Menziesii,  Agardh,  Synopsis,  2;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5019.     L.  Menziesii, 
var.  aurea,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  v.  16. 

From  the  Sacramento  Valley  southward  ;  frequent. 

41.  L.  luteolus,  Kellogg.  Rather  slender,  1  or  2  feet  high  :  pubescence  short, 
appressed,  rather  silky,  the  bracts  and  pod  villous  :  stipules  short ;  leaves  scattered, 
on  short  petioles ;  leaflets  usually  7,  cuneate-oblong,  an  inch  long,  obtuse  or 
acute,  sometimes  smooth  above  :  bracts  linear-setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx :  flowers 
as  in  the  last ;  the  petals  pale-yellow,  six  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  38. 
L.  Bridgesii,  Gray ;  Watson,  1.  c.  538. 

Sacramento  Valley  {Bridges) ;  Napa  Valley  {Greene)  ;  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander,  Kellogg. 

%  *  Low :  fowers  scattered  in  the  racemes  :  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

42.  L.  pusillus,  Pursh.  Rather  stout,  3  to  10  inches  high,  hirsute  with  long 
spreading  hairs:  leaflets  mostly  5,  cuneate-oblong  or -oblanceolate,  |  to  1|  inches 
long,  acute  or  obtuse,  nearly  smooth  above,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petioles  :  ra- 
cemes 2  or  3  inches  long,  nearly  sessile ;  pedicels  2  or  3  lines  long :  upper  calyx-lip 
2-cleft :  petals  purple  or  rose-color,  four  lines  long  :  pod  half  an  inch  long  or  more  : 
seed  nearly  two  lines  broad.  — Flora,  i.  468  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  538. 

From  the  Missouri  to  the  Columbia  and  southward,  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  to  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico  ;  doubtless  occurring  in  Northeastern  California. 

43.  L.  brevicaulis,  Watson.  Less  hairy,  or  villous  with  soft  spreading  hairs, 
1  to  6  inches  high  :  stems  often  short  or  nearly  wanting :  leaflets  usually  7,  cuneate- 
obovate  or  oblanceolate,  5  to  8  lines  long,  obtuse  :  racemes  dense,  1  or  2  inches 
long,,  the  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves ;  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  : 
upper  calyx-lip  scarious,  very  short  or  truncate  :  petals  light  or  dark  blue,  3  to  5 
lines  long :  pod  3  to  5  lines  long  :  seed  about  a  line  broad.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  53, 
t.  7,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  539. 

From  Northwestern  Nevada  to  Arizona  ;  probably  in  California  eastward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
The  ovules  and  seeds  are  rarely  three  or  four.  Very  variable  in  habit,  amount  of  pubescence, 
size  of  the  flowers,  &c.  A  slender  and  caulescent  villous  form  much  resembles  L.  Kingii,  Wat- 
son, of  S.  Utah  and  S.  Colorado,  which  is  distinguished  by  the  nearly  equal  herbaceous  lips  of  the 
calyx. 

§  3.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary :  sides  of  the  standard  scarcely  reflexed :  keel  nearly 
straight :  pod  ovate  :  ovules  2. — Lupinellus,  Watson. 

44.  L.  uncialis,  Watson.  Annual,  less  than  an  inch  high,  diffusely  branched, 
very  leafy,  villous :  leaflets  5,  cuneate-oblong,  2  lines  long,  obtuse :  peduncles  equal- 
ling the  leaves  or  shorter :  calyx  not  bracteolate,  the  upper  lip  deeply  cleft :  petals 
ochroleucous,  1 1  lines  long  ;  the  standard  shorter,  obovate,  acute  ;  the  keel  not 
beaked,  obtuse  :   pod  two  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  54,  t.  7,  &  1.  c. 

On  rocky  hillsides  near  the  Big  Bend  of  the  Truckee  in  Northwestern  Nevada. 

5.   TRIFOLIUM,  Linn.        Clover. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  nearly  equal  teeth,  persistent.  Corolla  withering  and  persist- 
ent ;  claws  all  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  stamineal  tube,  or  the  oblong  or  ovate 
standard  sometimes  free  :  wings  narrow ;  keel  short,  obtuse.  Stamens  usually  dia- 
delphous ;  anthers  uniform.  Style  filiform.  Pod  small  and  usually  enclosed  in  the 
calyx,  membranaceous,  indehiscent,  or  dehiscent  at  the  ventral  suture,  1  -  6-seeded. 
—  Herbs ;  leaves  palmately  compound,  with  3  or  rarely  5  to  7  usually  toothed 
leaflets ;  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole ;  flowers  in  capitate  racemes,  spikes  or  tim- 
bels,  rarely  few  or  solitary  ;  peduncles  axillary  or  only  apparently  terminal.  — 
Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.   127. 


126 


LEGUMINOS^. 


--,   Trifolium. 


4.    T.    EKIOCEPHALUM. 


A  genus  of  perhaps  200  or  more  species,  in  temperate  and  subtropical  regions,  chiefly  of  the 
northern  hemispheie.  In  North  America  it  is  most  largely  represented  on  the  western  side,  only 
five  species  being  native  in  the  Atlantic  States,  while  40  or  more  are  found  in  the  region  west  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  including  a  section  with  involucrate  heads  peculiar  to  the  western  parts  of 
North  and  South  America.  Most  of  the  species  of  the  Coast  Ranges  and  interior  valleys  are 
normally  "winter  annuals,"  the  perennials  belonging  chiefly  to  the  Sien-a  Nevada  and  cooler  por- 
tions of  the  State.  Few  of  them  are  suihciently  abundant  to  yield  any  important  amount  of 
forage,  and  none  are  equal  in  this  respect  to  the  commonly  cultivated  European  species. 

♦  Heads  not  involucrate  :  leaflets  5  to  7  :  flowers  sessile  :  calyx-teeth  filiform,  plumose  :  perennial. 

Stout,  somewhat  villous  :  flowers  spicate,  very  large.  '         1.  T.  megacephalum. 

Dwarf,  densely  villous  :  flowers  umbellate,  half  an  inch  long  :  leaflets 

nearly  entire.  2.  T.  Andersonii. 

Dwarf,  alpine,  somewhat  pubescent  :  flowers  spicate,  very  small  :  leaflets 

coarsely  toothed.  3.  T.  Lemmoni. 

*  *  Heads  not  involucrate  :  leaves  3-foliolate. 

Perennial  or  biennial  :  heads  terminal  :  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
More  or  less  pubescent  :  calyx-teeth  veiy  naiTow,  much  longer  than 
the  tube,  plumose  or  hairy. 
Teeth  filiform,  curved,   very  plumose  :   usually  pubescent  :  heads 

ovate. 
Teeth  straight,  plumose  :  pubescent :  heads  ovate  to  oblong  :  leaf- 
lets long  and  narrow. 
Teeth  straight,  hairy  :  stem  usually  smooth  :  heads  ovate. 
Glabrous,  stout  :  teeth  subulate,  twisted,  twice  longer  than  the  tube  : 

heads  ovate  to  oblong. 
Glabrous  :  teeth  scarcely  exceeding  the  tube. 

Slender  :  heads  rather  small :  leaflets  usually  narrow  and  acuminate, 

coarsely  veined  and  toothed. 
Stouter  :  heads  large  :  leaflets  usually  broader  and  obtuse. 
Low  and  cespitose  :  heads  very  small  :  leaflets  small,  broad  and  ob- 
tuse, finely  reticulated  and  scarcely  toothed. 
Annual,  pubescent  :  heads  mostly  terminal  :  flowers  sessile  :  calyx-teeth 

long-filiform,  very  plumose. 
Annuals,  mostly  glabrous  :  heads  axillaiy  :  flowers  shortly  pedicellate  : 
calyx-teeth  subulate,  not  plumose. 
Glabrous  :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,   rigid,  the  scarious  margin  rough- 

ciliate. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  calyx  campanulate,  the  teeth  equalling  the 
petals  :  heads  rather  dense. 
Leaflets  not  notched. 
Leaflets  deeply  notched  or  2-cleft. 
Subpubescent  throughout  :  calyx  narrow  ;  teeth  shorter  than  the  pet- 
als :  heads  very  loose. 
Glabrous  :  flowers  sessile  :  calyx  short  :  corolla  inflated, 

*  *  *  Heads  subtended  by  an  involucre  :  annual. 

Corolla  not  becoming  inflated  :  involucre  not  membranaceous,  deeply 
lobed,  the  lobes  laciniately  toothed. 
Glabrous  :  heads  many-flowered  :  calyx -teeth  thin,  long  and  narrow, 

gradually  attenuate,  entire  or  setosely  cleft  :  ovules  several. 
Glabrous  or  glandular-puberulent  :  heads  many-flowered  :  calyx-teeth 
rigid,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  from  a  broad  base  into  the 
spinulose  apex,  entire  or  shortly  toothed  :  ovules  2. 
Glabrous,   very  slender  :   heads  small  :   flowers  little  exceeding  the 

calyx  :  teeth  rigid,  setosely  acuminate,  entire. 
Often  villous,  small,  very  slender  :  flowers  1  to  4,  very  much  longer 
than  the  calyx  :  teeth  thin,  shortly  acuminate. 
Corolla  not  inflated  :  involucre  membranaceous,  at  least  at  base,  less 
deeply  lobed  ;  lobes  entire  or  serrate. 
Villous :  lobes  of  involucre  entire :  calyx -teeth  subulate,  with  broad 

scarious  margin. 
Villous  :  lobes  3-toothed  :  calyx-teeth  triangular,  acute  ;  margin  nar- 
row, serrulate. 
Smooth  :   involucre  very  broad  ;  lobes  serrate  :  caljTt-teeth  setosely 
many-branched. 


5. 

T. 

PLUMOSUM. 

6. 

T. 

LONGIPES. 

7. 

T. 

ALTISSIMUM. 

9. 

T. 

KiNGII. 

8. 

T. 

Beckwithii. 

10. 

T. 

BOLANDERI. 

11. 

T. 

Macf.^1. 

12. 

T. 

CILIATUM. 

13. 

T. 

GRACILENTUM. 

14. 

T. 

BIFIDUM. 

15. 

T. 

Brevferi. 

25. 

T. 

DEPAUPERATUM. 

16.   T.  INVOLUCRATUM. 


17. 


18. 


19. 


20. 


21. 


22. 


T.  TRIDENTATUM. 
T.  PAUCIFLORUM. 
T.   MONANTHUM. 

T,  MICROCEPHALUM, 

T.  MICRODON. 

T.  CYATHIFERUM. 


Trifolium.  LEGUMINOS^.  127 

Corolla  becoming  conspicuously  inflated. 

More  or  less  villous  :   involucre   broad,   setaceously  many-toothed  : 

calyx-teeth  filiform,  plumose.  23.   T.  BARBIGERUM. 

Smooth,  stout  ;  flowers  large  :  involucre  broad,  deeply  lobed  or  parted  ; 

lobes  entire  :  teeth  narrowly  subulate.  24.  T.  FUCATUM. 

Smooth,  low  and  slender  :  flowers  few,  small  :  calyx-teeth  narrowly 
subulate. 
Involucre  with  oblong  entire  obtuse  lobes,  equalling  the  calyx,  26.  T.  amplectens. 

Involucre  nearly  wanting,  merely  a  toothed  or  entire  disk.  25.  T.  depaupekatum, 

§  1.  Heads  not  involucrate,  dense:  leaflets  5  to  7,  rarely  3,  thick :  flowers  sessile: 
calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  filiform,  plumose:  perennial. 

1.  T.  megacephalum,  Xutt.  Stout,  a  span  high  or  less,  somewhat  villous : 
stipules  large,  ovate-obloug,  serrate ;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse, 
mucronate,  an  inch  long  or  less,  tootlied  :  heads  mostly  terminal,  pedunculate,  large  : 
flowers  spicate,  an  inch  long,  purplish  :  calyx  half  as  long,  the  teeth  very  much 
longer  than  the  tube:  pod  stipitate,  6-ovuled,  smooth. — Gen.  ii.  105;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  315.    Lupinaster  macrocephalus,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  479,  t.  23. 

Sieira  Valley,  Sierra  Co.  {Lemmon)  ;  Diamond  Mts. ,  N.  Nevada  ( IFheeler)  ;  northward  in  the 
mountains  to  the  British  boundary  (Lyall)  :  rather  rare. 

2.  T.  Andersonii,  (iray.  Dwarf,  cespitose,  densely  silky-villous,  leafy:  stip- 
ules lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire ;  leaflets  (juneate-oblong,  half  an  inch  long,  acute, 
nearly  entire  :  peduncles  mostly  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  flowers  half  an 
inch  long,  purplish,  umbellate  ;  the  outer  bracts  forming  a  rudimentary  involucre  : 
calyx-teeth  a  little  shorter  than  the  petals :  pod  tomentose,  about  5-ovuled,  1-2- 
seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  522. 

Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon)  ;  Carson  Valley,  Nevada,  Anderson.  Growing  in  dense  tufts  or  mats, 
3  or  4  inches  high,  the  stout  bases  of  the  stems  almost  woody.  "  The  roots  grow  very  deep,  and 
so  strong  are  the  fibres  that  an  ordinary  breaking  plough  with  two  yokes  of  oxen  can  scarcely  tear 
them  up." 

3.  T.  Lemmoni,  Watson.  Dwarf,  cespitose,  alpine,  sparingly  appressed-pubes- 
cent :  stems  rather  slender,  from  a  thick  root :  stipules  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely 
toothed  ;  leaflets  obovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  toothed,  half  an  inch  long  or  less  :  pedun- 
cles mostly  terminal,  equalling  the  leaves  :  heads  small,  the  rhachis  only  two  lines 
long :  flowers  numerous,  spicate,  very  small  (so  far  as  known)  :  calyx  villous,  two 
lines  long,  exceeding  the  purplish  petals  :  standard  strongly  hooded  :  ovary  smooth, 
2-ovuled.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  127. 

Lassen's  Peak,  Lemmon.  The  few  specimens  are  imperfect,  only  a  few  perhaps  undeveloped 
flowers  remaining  upon  the  receptacle. 

§  2.  Heads  not  involucrate,  terminal  or  apparently  so,  pedunculate :  leaflets  3  :  flowers 
sessile  or  nearly  so  :  biennial  or  perennial. 

*  More  or  less  pubescent :  calyx-teeth  very  narrow,  longer  than  the  tube,  plumose  or 
hairy:  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

4.  T.  eriocephalum,  Xutt.  Erect,  a  span  high  or  more,  villous  with  spread- 
ing hairs,  or  the  stem  and  leaves  rarely  glabrous  :  stipules  long,  nearly  entire  ;  leaf- 
lets narrowly  oblong  or  sometimes  broader,  1  to  1 1  inches  long,  serrulate  :  flowers 
in  dense  ovate  spikes,  at  length  reflexed,  4  to  6  lines  long,  ochroleucous  :  calyx- 
teeth  very  villous,  filiform,  lax,  nearly  equalling  the  petals:  ovary  hairy,  2-4- 
ovuled.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl,  i.  313. 

Mendocino  Co.  {Bolandcr),  and  frequent  in  Oregon  and  Idaho,  on  moist  soils. 

5.  T.  plumosum,  Dougl.  Erect  or  ascending,  a  foot  high  or  more,  stout,  some- 
what appressed-villous  :  stipules  long,  entire  or  toothed  ;  leaflets  narrowly  oblong  to 
linear,  2  to  4  inches  long,  serrulate  :  flowers  in  dense  oblong  or  ovate  spikes,  not 


128  LEGUMINOS^.  -       Trifolium. 

reflexed,  half  an  inch  long,  "  white "  :  calyx  very  villous ;  its  teeth  straight  and 
equalling  the  corolla:  ovary  smooth,  4-ovuled. — Hook.  Fl.  i.   130,  t.  49. 

In  Oregon  and  Central  Idaho  {Douglas,  Nuttall,  Spalding),  but  not  yet  detected  in  California. 

6.  T.  longipes,  Nutt.  Erect  or  ascending,  slender,  about  a  span  high  :  stem 
usually  glabrous,  the  leaflets  and  calyx  sparingly  villous  :  stipules  mostly  narrow, 
entire  or  toothed ;  leaflets  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  usually  very  acute,  about  an 
inch  long,  serrulate  :  flowers  spicate  or  very  shortly  pedicellate  in  smaller  and  less 
dense  ovate  heads,  at  length  usually  reflexed,  5  or  G  lines  long,  ochroleucous  or 
tinged  with  purple  :  calyx-teeth  straiglit,  more  or  less  hairy,  shorter  than  the  corolla  : 
ovules  2  to  4.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  314. 

Var.  latifolium,  Hook.  Leaflets  broader :  flowers  obviously  pedicellate,  in 
loose  heads  :  stems  often  low.  —  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  vi.  209.  Var.  pygmceum,  Gray, 
Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  9. 

Moist  meadows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Yosemite  Valley  and  above  Mono  Lake  to  the  Brit- 
ish boundary,  and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  variety  sometimes  takes  on  the  aspect  of 
T.  repeals,  but  the  calyx  is  always  hairy  and  the  teeth  slender. 

T.  PRATENSE,  Linn.  (Red  Clover.)  Stems  ascending,  somewhat  hairy  :  stipules  bristle- 
pointed  ;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate  :  heads  large,  ovate,  sessile  :  calyx-teeth 
lax,  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  ovules  2.  —  Native  of  the  Old  World,  extensively  cultivated,  and 
perhaps  the  most  valuable  species  of  the  geims.  It  belongs  to  a  cooler  and  moister  climate  than 
oui-s,  but  is  cultivated  in  some  parts  of  the  State.  There  are  several  varieties,  differing  chiefly  in 
size  and  time  of  flowering. 

«  *   Glabrous  throughout :  calyx-teeth  subulate,  rigid,  contorted,  twice  longer  than  the 
tube  :  flowers  sessile :  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

7.  T.  altissimum,  Dougl.  Erect,  stout,  a  foot  high  or  more  :  stipules  very 
long,  tootlied ;  leaflets  narrowly  oblanceolate,  very  acute,  two  inches  long,  strongly 
veined,  the  veins  excurrent :  flowers  in  dense  oblong  or  ovate  spikes,  at  length 
somewhat  reflexed,  6  to  8  lines  long,  red  :  lower  calyx-tooth  straight,  the  rest  curved 
or  twisted  downward  :  ovary  smooth,  2-ovuIed.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  1 30,  t.  48. 

Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Central  Idaho  ;  to  be  looked  for  in  Northern  California. 

*  *  *  Glabrous  throughout :  calyx-teeth  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube :  stipules  mostly 
ovate,  acute,  entire :  flowers  on  very  short  pedicels,  at  length  reflexed. 

8.  T.  Beck'Withii,  Brewer.  Stems  stout,  ascending,  a  foot  high  or  more  :  stip- 
ules lanceolate  to  ovate ;  leaflets  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  serrate,  1 
or  2  inches  long :  flowers  on  very  short  pedicels,  7  to  9  lines  long,  in  large  dense 
globose  heads,  red  :  calyx-teeth  linear-subulate,  straight,  equalling  the  tube  :  ovary 
smooth,  2  -  6-ovuled.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  1 28.  T.  altissimum,  Torr.  & 
Gray  in  Pacif  R.  Rep.  ii.  120. 

In  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada  (Beckwith)  ;  Sierra  Co.  (Levimon)  ;  Humboldt  Valley,  Nevada 
{Gray)  ;  Snake  Countiy,  Burke.     Perhaps  a  large  and  stout  fonn  of  the  next. 

9.  T.  Kingii,  Watson.  Resembling  the  last,  but  smaller  and  more  slender,  with 
smaller  heads,  and  usually  acuter  leaflets :  rhachis  often  produced  above  the  head, 
with  a  few  spinescent  bracts  :  flowers  4  to  7  lines  long,  rose-colored  or  purplish  :  lower 
leaves  (as  in  other  species)  often  rounded  or  obovate.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  59.  T.  Hay- 
deni.  Porter  in  Hayden  Rep,  1871,  480. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Summit  (Bolatider)  and  Sierra  Co.  {Lemmon),  and  in  the  mountains 
eastward  to  Montana  and  Utah. 

10.  T.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Cespitose,  small,  the  short  stems  decumbent :  leaflets 
obcordate  to  cuneate-oblong,  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  very  finely  reticulated,  slightly 
serrulate :  peduncles  slender,  elongated,  occasionally  axillary  :  heads  small ;  the 
purplish  flowers  few,  3  or  4  lines  long :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  scarcely  equalling 
the  tube  :  ovary  smooth,  2-ovuled. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  335. 


Trifolium.  LEGUMINOS.E.  129 


* 


Moist  or  wet  ground,  above  Yosemite  Valley,  at  Westfall's  Meadows,  and  Peregoy's,  at  8,000 
feet  altitude,  Bolander,  Gray. 

T.  itEPEXS,  Linn.  (White  or  DrrcH  Clover.)  May  be  mentioned  here  though  separated 
from  the  group  by  its  wholly  axillary  peduncles.  Stem  slender  and  creeping  :  leaflets  rounded  or 
obcordate  :  flowers  small,  white,  in  loose  globose  heads.  —  Native  of  Europe,  probably  not  in- 
digenous in  America,  though  very  widely  naturalized  and  often  cultivated  as  a  valuable  forago 
plant.     Introduced  into  the  cooler  parts  of  the  State  ;  more  common  northward. 

§  3.  Heads  not  involucrate,  pedunculate :  leaflets  3:  ovules  2:  annuals. 
*  Heads  mostly  terminal :  flowers  sessile,  not  reflexed :  calyx-teeth  filiform,  plumose. 

11.  T.  Macraei,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Somewhat  villous  with  appressed  or  spreading 
hairs,  erect,  slender,  a  half  to  a  foot  high  :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate ;  leaflets 
obovate  to  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  serrulate,  about  half  an  inch  long  : 
flowers  dark  purple,  3  lines  long,  in  dense  ovate  long-peduncled  heads  :  calyx  very 
villous ;  the  straight  teeth  as  long  as  the  petals,  often  tinged  with  purple  :  pod 
1-seeded.  —  Bot.  Misc.  iii.  179;  Bot.  Beechey,  330.  T.  alhopurpureum,  Tovr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  313. 

Var.  dichotomum,  Brewer.  A  taller  and  stouter  form,  with  larger  flowers  in 
heads  nearly  an  inch  long  :  corolla  more  conspicuous,  tipped  with  white.  —  T. 
dichotomum,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  330  ;  Ton.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  690. 

On  dry  hillsides  in  early  spring,  chiefly  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  the  Co- 
lumbia River  ;  also  in  ChilL  The  Chilian  form  appeara  to  have  nearly  sessile  heads  and  stouter 
calyx-teeth. 

*  *  Heads  axillary,  small :  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  at  length  reflexed :  calyx-teeth 

subulate :  mostly  glabrous. 

12.  T.  Ciliatum,  Xutt.  Glabrous,  erect,  often  1  to  2  feet  high  :  stipules  usually 
narrow,  acuminate ;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  ob- 
tuse or  retuse,  serrulate  :  corolla  white  or  purplish,  little  exserted,  3  lines  long  : 
calyx-tube  campanulate  ;  teeth  lanceolate,  very  acute,  rigid,  the  scarious  margin 
rigidly  ciliolate.  —  PI.  Gambel.  152.      T.  ciliolatum,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  304. 

On  dry  hillsides  from  Los  Angeles  to  the  Columbia  ;  readily  distinguished  by  the  calyx. 

13.  T.  gracilentum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Erect,  slender,  glabrous  (the  peduncles 
and  calyx  rarely  somewhat  villous),  a  foot  high  or  less  :  stipules  lanceolate ;  leaflets 
cuneate-oblong  to  obovate  or  obcordate,  retuse,  about  half  an  inch  long,  serrulate  : 
flowers  pale  rose-color  or  purplish,  2^  to  3  lines  long,  in  rather  close  heads,  on  pedi- 
cels a  line  long  or  less  :  calyx-tube  campanulate,  the  subulate  teeth  nearly  equalling 
the  corolla.  —  Fl.  i.  316.     T.  denudatum,  Nutt.  PI.  Gambel.  152,  t.  24. 

On  low  hills  and  in  the  valleys  from  Los  Angeles  to  the  Columbia  River. 

14.  T.  bifidum,  Gray,  Exactly  like  the  last,  but  the  leaflets  narrow,  the  sides 
sparingly  toothed  or  entire,  and  all  deeply  notched  or  cleft  at  the  apex  :  very  slen- 
der. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  522. 

Marsh's  Ranch,  near  Mt.  Diablo  (Breioer)  ;  New  Almaden  {Torrcy)  ;  near  Ukiah  {Bolander)  ; 
Osegon,  ffdll. 

15.  T.  Bre^veri,  Watson.  Somewhat  pubescent  throughout,  very  slender  and 
diff"use,  a  span  high  or  more  :  stipules  lanceolate ;  leaflets  obcordate  to  oblong, 
mostly  retuse,  toothed  or  serrulate,  3  to  9  lines  long  :  flowers  few,  in  very  loose 
heads,  nearly  white,  2  to  4  lines  long,  on  slender  pedicels  often  half  as  long  :  calyx 
very  narrow,  the  slender  teeth  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xi.  131. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Sierra  Co. 

T.  Palmeri,  Watson,  of  Guadalupe  Island  (Palmer),  is  a  smooth  diffiise  species,  with  lanceo- 
late long-acuminate  stipules  and  narrowly  oblong  leaflets,  acute  at  each  end,  half  an  inch  long  : 
flowers  purplish,  3  lines  long,  in  rather  close  heads  ;  teeth  subulate,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla. 


130  LEGUMINOS^.  -tf  Trifolium. 

§  4.  Heads  short,  subtended  by  an  involucre,  which  is  usually  many-cleft :  leajlets  3  : 
peduncles  manifestly  axillary:  flowers  mostly  small,  in  whorls,  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  not  rejiexed :  annuals. 

*  Involucre  not  membranaceous,  deeply  lobed,  and  the  lobes  laciniately  and  sharply 
toothed:  corolla  not  becoming  inflated. 

16.  T.  involucratum,  Willd,  Glabrous  :  stems  ascending,  often  a  span  high 
or  more  :  stipules  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  usually  lacerately  toothed ;  leaflets 
mostly  oblanceolate  and  acute  at  each  end,  a  half  to  ail  inch  long  :  involucre  many- 
cleft  into  narrow  laciniate  teeth :  flowers  half  an  inch  long,  in  close  heads,  purple 
or  rose-colored  :  calyx-teeth  narrow,  thin,  gradually  attenuate  from  the  base,  ex- 
ceeding the  tube,  all  entire  :  ovules  mostly  5  or  6.  —  T.  Wormskioldii,  Lehm.  Ind. 
Sem.  Hort.  Hamb.  1825,  17.  T.  fimbnatum,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1070.  T.  spinu- 
losum,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  i.  133. 

Var.  heterodon,  Watson.  Heads  mostly  somewhat  larger  and  leaflets  usually 
broader  :  some  of  the  calyx-teeth  setaceously  cleft.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  130.  T. 
heterodon,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  318. 

Of  wide  range,  from  the  British  boundaiy  to  Mexico,  and  from  the  coast  to  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico ;  and  quite  variable.  The  variety,  from  Washington  Territory  to  California.  Though 
the  original  species  of  Willdenow  is  of  uncertain  habitat  and  has  been  known  only  from  culti- 
vated specimens,  yet  there  appears  to  be  no  sufficient  reason  for  distinguishing  from  it  the  better 
known  T.  fmbriattim  of  Lindley.  The  Californian  form  is  not  distinct  from  the  Mexican  and  New 
Mexican  plant  ordinarily  referred  to  7\  involucratum,  and  Kunth's  figure  of  Humboldt's  Mex- 
ican specimen,  which  was  compared  by  him  with  a  garden  specimen  of  Willdenow's  species  and 
believed  to  differ  only  in  its  smaller  size,  represents  fairly  a  low  decumbent  form  of  the  present 
species. 

17.  T.  tridentatum,  Lindl.  Glabrous  or  sometimes  gland ular-puberulent, 
slender  and  usually  erect,  a  half  to  two  feet  high  :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate- 
acuminate,  laciniately  toothed ;  leaflets  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate : 
heads  rather  large ;  involucre  many-cleft :  flowers  6  to  8  lines  long,  in  close  heads, 
purple,  often  tipped  with  white  :  calyx  strongly  nerved  ;  the  rigid  teeth  usually 
shorter  than  the  tube,  broad  at  base  and  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  spinulose 
apex,  often  with  a  stout  tooth  on  each  side  :  ovules  usually  two.  —  Bot.  Reg.  xiii, 
under  t.  1070.  T.  invohicratnm,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  318,  not  Willd.  T.  aciculare 
&  polyphyllum,  Nutt.  in  ToiT.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Var.  obtusiflorum,  Watson,  1.  c.  Stouter  and  often  glandular-puberulent,  with 
usually  broader  (oblong-oblanceolate)  leaflets  and  large  heads  of  flowers  :  calyx-teeth 
entire.  —  T.  obtusiflorum,  Hook.  Ic.  PL  t.  281. 

Var.  melananthum,  Watson,  1.  c.  Smooth,  slender,  often  low  :  heads  smaller; 
the  dark  purple  flowers  4  or  5  lines  long :  calyx-teeth  entire  or  toothed  :  leaflets 
narrowly  oblanceolate  or  the  lower  obcordate.  —  T.  melananthum,  Hook.  &  Arn. 
Bot.  Beechey,  331.     T.  variegatum,  var.  (i.,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  317  &  691. 

A  common  and  very  vaiiable  species,  from  the  British  boundary  to  Southern  California,  mostly 
confined  to  the  Coast  Ranges  ;  the  varieties  from  Middle  California,  the  latter  ranging  southward 
and  into  Arizona,  Palmer.  Forms  of  this  species  and  of  the  last  sometimes  approach  each  other 
so  closely  as  not  to  be  readily  distinguished. 

18.  T.  pauciflonim,  Nutt.  Glabrous,  very  slender:  stems  usually  ascending 
or  decumbent :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  laciniate  ;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblanceo- 
late or  sometimes  linear,  usually  obtuse  or  retuse,  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  serrulate : 
heads  rather  few-flowered ;  involucre  small :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long,  not  greatly 
exceeding  the  calyx,  deep  purple  or  light  rose-colored  :  calyx-teeth  rigid,  subulate 
and  setosely  acuminate,  exceeding  the  tube,  entire  :  pod  2-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  319.     T.  variegatum,  Nutt.  1.  c.      T.  oliganthum,  Steudel. 

Common,  usually  in  moist  ground,  from  Washington  Territory  and  Montana  to  Southern  Cali- 
fornia and  Utah,  both  in  the  valleys  and  mountains  ;  Yosemite  Valley  {Bolander,  Torrey,  &c.)  ; 
Sonora  Pass,  Brewer. 


TrifoUum.  LEGUMINOS^.  131 

19.  T.  monanthum,  Gray.  Still  more  slender,  one  to  four  inches  high,  usually 
sparingly  villous  witli  long  scattered  hairs,  decumbent :  stipules  lanceolate,  entire  or 
nearly  so ;  leaflets  obcordate  to  oblanceolate,  one  to  four  lines  long,  mostly  retuse, 
sparingly  toothed  :  heads  1  —  4-flowered;  involucre  very  small,  2-3-parted  and  usu- 
ally unilateral :  flowers  4  to  6  lines  long,  white  or  purplish,  much  exceeding  the 
short  calyx  :  calyx-teeth  subulate,  shortly  acuminate,  thin.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 
523.      T.  paucijlorum,  var.  (1)  parvum,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  54. 

On  moist  sunny  slopes  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  on  the  Upper  Tuolumne,  at  8,900  feet  altitude, 
and  at  the  head  of  the  South  Fork  of  King's  Eiver  {Brewer) ;  Yosemite  Valley  (Gray) ;  at  Cisco 
{Kellogg) ;  Lassen's  Peak,  Lemmon.     Also  in  the  mountains  of  Nevada,   Wheeler. 

*  *  Involucre  membranaceous,  at  least  at   base,  less  deeply  lobed ;  the  lobes  entire 

or  toothed:  corolla  not  becoming  injlated. 

20.  T.  microcephalum,  Pursh.  Villous  with  soft  hairs,  slender,  erect  or 
decumbent  :  stems  often  a  foot  or  two  long  :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
mostly  entire ;  leaflets  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  usually  retuse,  serrulate  :  heads 
small,  dense  ;  involucre  about  9-lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate,  3-nerved,  entire  :  calyx 
hairy ;  its  teeth  subulate,  with  a  broad  scariously  margined  sometimes  toothed  base, 
attenuate  to  a  long  spinulose  apex,  nearly  equalling  the  white  or  light  rose-colored 
coi'oUa  :  ovules  two  :  pod  globose,  1 -seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  317. 

Common  on  hillsides  and  the  sandy  beds  of  dry  creeks,  chiefly  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Puget 
Sound  to  Southern  California  ;  Guadalu[>e  Island  {Palmer) ;  Northern  Nevada,  Watson. 

21.  T.  microdon,  Hook.  &  Am.  Eesembling  the  last :  involucre  broader, 
nearly  enclosing  the  head ;  its  lobes  about  3-toothed  :  calyx  smooth,  angled ;  the 
teeth  rigid,  broadly  triangular,  acute,  with  a  narrow  scarious  serrulate  margin. — 
Bot.  Beechey,  330,  t.  79  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  691. 

From  about  San  Francisco  northward  ;  Washington  Territory,  Lyall,  Hall.     Also  Chilian. 

22.  T.  cyathiferum,  Lindl.  Smooth  :  stems  erect  or  ascending,  a  foot  high 
or  less  :  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  laciniately  toothed ;  leaflets  oblanceolate  to 
obovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  :  heads  larger ;  involucre  conspic- 
uous, very  broad  and  membranaceous,  with  short  many-nerved  and  toothed  lobes  : 
calyx  strongly  5-nerved,  membranaceous  and  somewhat  inflated ;  the  nerves  excur- 
rent  above  and  setaceously  branched,  equalling  the  short  rose-colored  corolla  :  pod 
2-seeded.  —Bot.  Reg.  xiii,  under  t.  1070;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  133,  t.  50. 

Sierra  Valley,  Sierra  Co.  {Lermnon)  ;  Northern  Nevada  (Anderson,  Watson)  ;  and  northward  to 
the  Columbia  River.     A  remarkable  species. 

*  *  *  Standard  becoming  conspicuotisly  inflated  and  enclosing  the  rest  of  the  flower : 

involucre  nearly  obsolete  in  T.  depauperatum. 

+■  Heads  mostly  large  :  involucre  conspicuous. 

23.  T.  barbigerum,  Torr.  Somewhat  pubescent :  stems  rather  stout,  decum- 
bent or  ascending,  a  span  high  or  less  :  stipules  scarious,  broadly  ovate,  laciniate ; 
leaflets  obovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  half  an  inch  long  or  less  :  invo- 
lucre as  broad  as  the  heads  (4  to  8  lines  wide),  shortly  lobed  and  setaceously  many- 
toothed  :  calyx-tube  short,  membranaceous ;  its  teeth  setaceously  awned,  plumose, 
the  lower  usually  exceeding  the  purple  corolla,  sometimes  2-3-parted:  pod  2-seeded. 
—  Pacif  P.  Rep.  iv.  79. 

Var.  Andre'wsii,  Gray.     A  stout  villous  form  ;  the  heads  larger,  sometimes  an 
inch  broad  :  calyx-teeth  very  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  335. 
Near  the  coast  from  Monterey  to  Mendocino  County  ;  very  variable. 

24.  T.  fucatum,  Lindl.  Smooth  :  stems  stout  and  succulent,  a  foot  or  two 
high  or  more  :  stipules  large  and  scarious,  usually  very  broad  and  entire ;  leaflets 
obovate,  often  large  (^  to  \\  inches  long),  obtuse:  heads  large;  involucre  broad, 


132  LEGUMINOS^.  *  TrifoKum. 

deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  entire  acuminate  lobes  :  flowers  often  an  inch  long,  pale 
rose-color  or  purplish  :  calyx-tube  very  sliort,  membranaceous ;  the  teeth  thin,  nar- 
rowly subulate,  entire  or  occasionally  2  -  3-cleft :  pod  2  -  6-seeded.  —  Bot.  Eeg.  t. 
1883.  T.  physopetalum,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  iii.  47.  T.  Gambelii 
Nutt.  PI.  Gambel.  151. 

A  common  species  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  through  the 
length  of  the  State  ;  in  some  places  very  abundant  and  affording  good  pasturage. 

■*-  -t-  Heads  small,  few-flowered :  involucre  small  or  ivanting. 

25.  T.  depauperatum,  Desvaux.  Smooth,  low  and  slender,  decumbent  or 
ascending :  stipules  small,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire ;  leaflets  obcordate  to  linear 
and  acute,  half  an  inch  long  or  usually  less:  heads  3  -  10-flowered  ;  involucre 
reduced  to  a  very  small  toothed  or  truncate  often  minute  and  scarious  ring :  flowers 
white  or  purple,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  calyx  short ;  the  teeth  narrowly  subulate  : 
ovules  2  to  6  :  pod  usually  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Jour.  Bot.  iv.  69,  t.  32 ;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  523.     T.  stenophyllum,  Nutt.  PI.  Gambel.  151. 

Hillsides  and  valleys  from  Southern  California  to  Sonoma  and  Placer  counties.  It  is  also 
Chilian. 

26.  T.  amplectens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Like  the  last :  involucre  shorter  than  the 
flowers,  4  -  5-parted  or  cleft ;  the  segments  oblong,  usually  obtuse,  entire  or  ob- 
scurely toothed.  —  Fl.  i.  319  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  330,  t.  78  ;  Gray,  I.  c. 
T.  diversifolium,  Nutt.  1.  c.  152. 

In  similar  or  the  same  localities  ;  also  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer.  Probably  only  a  variety  of 
T,  depauperatum. 

6.   MELILOTUS,  Tourn.        Sweet  Clover. 

Flowers  as  in  Trifolimn,  except  that  the  petals  are  free  from  the  stamens  and 
deciduous.  Pod  small  but  longer  than  the  calyx,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  scarcely 
dehiscent,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs ;  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate, 
the  leaflets  usually  serrulate,  and  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole  ;  flowers  small,  yel- 
low or  white,  in  slender  axillary  pedunculate  racemes. 

An  Old  World  genus  of  about  10  species,  several  of  which  are  often  cultivated  for  forage  pur- 
poses, and  readily  run  wild  in  waste  places.     The  herbage  is  fragrant  in  drying. 

1.  M.  parviflora,  Desf.  Annual,  smooth,  erect,  often  2  or  3  feet  high,  branch- 
ing :  leaflets  mostly  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate,  an  inch  long  or  less :  flowers 
yellow,  a  line  long,  nearly  sessile.  —  M.  occidentalis,  I^utt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 
i.  321. 

Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  now  widely  naturalized  in  warm  countries,  and  common 
in  California.     Cattle  are  fond  of  it. 

M.  OFFICINALIS,  Willd.,  with  yellow  flowers  twice  as  large  and  on  slender  pedicels,  and 

M.  ALBA,  Lam.,  with  white  flowers,  the  standard  longer  than  the  other  petals,  are  the  other 
species  most  likely  to  occur  in  the  State. 

7.   MEDICAGO,  Linn. 

Characters  nearly  as  in  the  last  :  style  subulate  :  pod  compressed,  falcate,  in- 
curved or  spirally  coiled  :  seeds  one  or  several.  —  Mostly  herbs,  annual  to  peren- 
nial ;  stipules  often  laciniate  ;  flowers  yellow  or  violet. 

Like  the  last  wholly  from  the  Old  World,  where  there  are  about  40  species. 

1.  M.  sativa,  Linn.  (Lucerne.  Alfalfa.)  Stems  erect,  2  to  4  feet  high, 
from  a  deep  perennial  tap-root,  glabrous  :  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
toothed  above  :  flowers  comparatively  large,  purple,  racemed  :  pods  numerous,  spi- 
rally twisted,  finely  veined,  not  armed. 


HosacUa.  LEGUMINOS^.  133 

Sparingly  naturalized.  In  cultivation  it  is  probably  the  most  valuable  of  forage  plants  for 
warm  and  dry  regions.  The  root  often  reaches  a  depth  of  8  or  10  feet,  and  may  endure  for  many 
years.  The  herbage  is  very  nutritious,  and  on  deep  soils  with  proper  moisture  it  yields  several 
crops,  in  some  parts  of  the  State  growing  and  blooming  nearly  through  the  year.  There  is  no 
specific  difference  between  the  English  and  German  Lucerne  and  the  Spanish  and  Chilian  Alfalfa, 
but  it  is  popularly  believed  that  the  Chilian  variety  is  better  adapted  to  this  State  than  the 
European. 

2.  M.  denticulata,  Willd.  (Bur-Clover.)  Annual,  nearly  glabrous,  pros- 
trate or  ascending  :  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  obcordate,  toothed  above  :  flowers 
small,  yellow,  usually  3  to  8  in  a  small  cluster :  pods  spiral,  strongly  reticulated ; 
the  margin  thin,  keeled,  armed  with  a  double  row  of  curved  or  hooked  prickles. 

Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  and  naturalized  in  most  warm  countries.  It  is  valuable  as 
a  forage  plant,  but  the  burs  are  a  source  of  great  damage  to  wool.  It  fruits  abundantly  and  the 
pods  are  eaten  with  great  avidity  by  cattle  and  sheep,  remaining  good  until  the  winter-rains. 

3.  M.  lupulina,  Linn.  Annual,  pubescent,  procumbent :  leaflets  cuneate-obo- 
vate, toothed  above  :  flowers  very  small,  yellow,  in  short  spikes  :  pods  small,  reni- 
form,  1 -seeded,  not  armed,  black  when  ripe. 

Sparingly  introduced. 

8.   HOSACKIA,  Douglas. 

Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  usually  shorter  than  the  tube.     Petals  free  from  the 

stamens,  nearly  equal :  standard  ovate  or  roundish,  the  claw  often  remote  from  the 

others ;  wings  obovate  or  oblong ;  keel  somewhat  incurved,   obtuse  or  somewhat 

acutely  beaked.     Stamens  diadelphous ;  anthers  uniform.      Style  incurved.     Pod 

linear,  compressed  or  somewhat  terete,  sessile,  several-seeded,  partitioned  between 

the  seeds.  —  Herbaceous  or  rarely  sufFrntescent ;  leaves  pinnate,  2  -  many-foliolate ; 

stipules  minute  and  gland-like,  rarely  scarious  or  foliaceous  ;    flowers  yellow  or 

reddish,  in  axillary  sessile  or  pedunculate  umbels.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.   Philad. 

1863,  346  ;   Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  432. 

A  North  American  genus  of  about  30  species,  almost  wholly  confined  to  the  western  side  of  the 
continent  and  ranging  from  Mexico  to  British  Columbia.  It  is  very  closely  related  to  LotiLS  of 
the  Old  World,  to  which  genus  the  section  Microlotus  is  referred  by  Bentham  &  Hooker,  (Jen.  PI. 
i.  490,  with  apparently  good  reason.  The  yellow  or  orange  color  of  the  fresh  flowers  in  most  of  the 
species  turns  to  reddish  or  reddish-brown  in  drying.  The  section  Syrmatium  is  the  most  strongly 
characterized  and  might  well  be  considered  generically  distinct. 

*  Pod  shortly  acute,  linear  and  many-seeded,  straight,  glabrous  (except  in  H.  rigida)  :  seeds  sub- 
orbicular  :  flowers  and  fruit  not  reflexed  :  peduncles  long  :  keel  broad  above,  mostly  obtuse. 

Stipules  large  and  foliaceous  :  perennials. 

Densely  villous  :  leaflets  9  to  15  :  bract  leaf-like,  near  the  umbel.  1.  H.  INCANA. 

Less  villous,  Wscid  :  leaflets  15  to  21 :  bract  leaf- like,  distant.  2.  H.  stipularis. 

Stipules  scarious,  mostly  small  :  perennials. 

Stout,  nearly  glabrous  :  leaflets  9  to  15,  thickish  :  bract  below  the  um- 
bel :  calyx-teeth  short :  pod  thick.  3.  H.  CRASSIFOLIA. 
Glabrous  :  leaflets  5  to  9  :  bract  usually  none  or  small  :  teeth  half  as 

long  as  the  tube  :  pod  slender  :  wings  usually  white.  4.   H.  BICOLOR. 

Glabrous,  low  :  bract  1  -  3-foliolate,  at  the  umbel  :  teeth  longer  :  pod 

shorter  :  keel  and  wings  purplish.  5.  H.  gracilis. 

Appressed-puberulent  :  bract  at  the  umbel,  usually  1-foliolate  :  flowers 

yellow  and  purplish.  6.  H.  OBLONGIFOLIA. 

Silky-pubescarit  :  bract  at  the  umbel,   usually  1-foliolate  :  keel  and 

wings  white.  7.  H.  ToRREYl. 

Stipules  reduced  to  blackish  glands. 

Perennials,  appressed-pubescent  :  flowers  1  to  8,  rather  large. 

Mostly  tall  and  stout  :  leaflets  5  to  7  ;  rhachis  elongated  :  pod  long, 

glabrous.  8.   H.  grandifIjOKA. 

More  slender  :  leaflets  3  to  5  ;  rhachis  short  or  none  :  pod  shorter, 

pubescent.  9.  H.  rigida. 


134 


LEGUMINOS^. 


Hosackia. 


Annuals,  low  :  flowers  smaller. 

Umbels  2-5-flowere(l  :  standard  remote  from  the  wings  :  leaflets  5.     10.  H.  maritima. 

Flowers  mostly  solitary  :  petals  approximate ;  keel  obtuse  ;  standard 

attenuate  below  :  leaflets  5  to  9.  11.   H.  STRIGOSA. 

Flowers  very  small,  solitary  :  keel  acute  :  blade  of  the  standard  cor- 
date :  leaflets  3  to  5  :  pod  5-7-seeded  :  nearly  glabrous.  12.   H.  PARVIFLORA. 

♦  ♦  Pod  shortly  acute,  3  -  7-seeded,  straight :  flowers  small,  mostly  solitary  :  keel  narrowed  into 
an  acute  beak  :  stipules  gland-like  :  annuals,  more  or  less  villous. 

Flowers  peduncled  :  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  :  leases  nearly 

sessile,  1  -  3-foliolate.  13.   H.  Purshiana. 

Flowers  nearly  sessile,   not  bracteate  :  corolla  longer  :    leaves  petioled, 
3  -  5-foliolate  :  low. 
Calyx-teeth  about  equalling  the  tube  :  pod  6  to  9  lines  long,  5-seeded.      14. 
Teeth  much  longer  than  the  tube  :  pod  3  to  4  lines  long,  2  -  4-seeded.    15. 


H.   SUBPINNATA. 
H.  BRACHYCARPA. 


16. 

H. 

GLABRA. 

17. 

H. 

CYTISOIDES. 

18. 

H. 

JUNCEA. 

19. 

H. 

PROSTRATA. 

20. 

H. 

MICRANTHA. 

*  *  *  Pod  long-attenuate  upward,  subterete,  incurved,  pubescent  :  stipules  gland-like  :  leaflets  3 

to  7  :  seeds  1  or  2,  terete  :  peduncles  short  or  none  :  flowers  and  fruit  reflexed. 

Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent :  pod  slightly  pubescent,  elongated  and 
much  exserted  beyond  the  calyx  :  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than 
the  tube. 
Somewhat  woody  :  nearly  glabrous  :  stems  angled  :  leaflets  mostly  3. 
Leaflets  oblong  to  linear  :  umbels  sessile  :  teeth  narrow,  erect. 
Leaflets  oblong  to  linear  :  peduncles  short  or  nearly  wanting  :  teeth 

attenuate,  usually  recurved. 
Leaflets  obovate  to  oblong  :  peduncles  very  short  :  teeth  short  and 
blunt. 
Herbaceous,  sparingly  pubescent  :  stems  very  slender,  terete  :  leaflets 
usually  5  to  7  :  calyx-teeth  short. 
Peduncles  slender  :  flowers  2  or  3  lines  long  :  style  glabrous. 
Peduncles  very  short  :  flowers  veiy  small  :  style  pubescent. 
Very  silky-pubescent  or  tomentose  :  stems  herbaceous,  terete  :  pod  pubes- 
cent, shorter. 
Pubescence  appressed. 

Densely  white-silky  :  leaflets  mostly  3,  narrow  :  umbels  loosely  few- 
flowered,  often  sessile  :  flowers  3  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  short. 
Leaflets  5  to  7  :  umbels  peduncled  :  flowers  usually  larger  :  calyx- 
teeth  nearly  equalling  the  tube. 
More  or  less  silky  :  umbels  close,  capitate  :  calyx  very  silky. 
Villous  and  subtomentose  :  umbels  less  dense  :  calyx  less  hairy. 
Pubescence  more  or  less  spreading  :  pod  very  short  :  umbels  mostly 
on  short  peduncles  :  leaflets  5  to  7  :  calyx-teeth  filifoi-m,  equal- 
ling the  tube. 
Very  pubescent  throughout :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long. 
Less  pubescent  ;  stem  glabrous  :  flowers  smaller. 

§  1.  Pod  acute  above,  linear,  straight  or  nearly  so,  terete  or  somewhat  compressed, 
many-  (5  -  20-)seeded,  glabrous  except  in  H.  rigida  :  seeds  mostly  compressed, 
suborbicnlar :  keel  broad  above,,  mostly  very  obtuse :  flowers  a^id  fruit  ascend- 
ing or  erect.  —  Euhosackia,  Benth. 

*  Stipules  scarious  or  foliaceous :  leaflets  5  to  21,  upon  a  more  or  less  elongated  rha- 
chis :  umbels  pedunctdate,  few  —  many-flowered :  flowers  rather  large  :  perennials. 

■{-  Stipules  broad  and  foliaceous :  bract  of  several  leaflets,  below  the  top  of  the  peduncle. 

1.  H.  incana,  Torr.  Low,  stout,  erect,  densely  silky-villoiis  throughout :  leaflets 
9-15,  obovate-oblong,  acute,  nearly  half  an  inch  long;  stipules  ovate  :  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaf  (half  an  inch  long),  6  -9-flowered  :  bract  near  the  top,  5-folio- 
late :  calyx  3  lines  long  ;  the  subulate  teeth  half  the  length  of  the  tube.  —  Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  iv.  79,  t.  4. 

On  dry  hills  near  South  Yuba,  Bigelow. 

2.  H.  stipularis,  Benth.  Rather  tall,  stout,  two  feet  high  or  more,  less  densely 
villous  with  spreading  hairs,  glandular,  the  leaves  smoother:  leaflets  usually  15  to  21, 


21. 

H. 

SERICEA. 

22. 

H. 

ARGOPHTLLA. 

23. 

H. 

DECUMBENS. 

24. 

H. 

TOMENTOSA. 

25. 

H. 

Heermanni. 

Hosackia.  LEGUMINOS^.  135 

obovate-oblong,  acute  and  mucronate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long ;  stipules  large,  ovate : 
peduncles  an  inch  or  two  long,  4-8-flowered:  bract  near  the  middle,  leaf-like, 
3  -  9-folioIate  :  calyx  two  lines  long;  teeth  subulate,  short:  pod  straight,  1  to  1| 
inches  long.  —  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  365.  H.  viacrophylla,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  ii.  123.     H.  halsamifera,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  125,  fig.  40. 

From  the  Contra  Costa  Hills  to  Monterey.  Plant  often  more  or  less  viscid  with  a  fragrant 
glandular  secretion. 

-(-  -f-  Stijmles  scarious,  mostly  small. 

++  Glabrous  throughout  or  becoming  nearly  so  :  bract  petioled  or  wanting. 

3.  H.  crassifolia,  Benth.  1.  c.  Stout,  erect,  often  -2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaflets  9 
to  15,  minutely  pubescent  or  somewhat  villous  but  soon  glabrate,  thickish,  obovate 
or  oblong,  usually  obtuse  and  mucronulate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long :  peduncles  nearly 
equalling  the  leaves,  usually  many-flowered  :  bract  below  the  umbel,  1  -  3-foliolate  : 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  greenish  yellow  or  purplish  :  calyx-teeth  short,  trian- 
gular:  pods  thick,  about  2  inches  long.  —  H.  stolonifera,  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1977. 
H.  platycarpa,  Nutt.  in  Terr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  323. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  the  Sacramento  and  common  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
as  far  south  as  the  Merced  River. 

4.  H.  bicolor,  Dougl.  Glabrous  throughout,  erect,  rather  tall  and  usually  stout : 
leaflets  5  to  9,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  a  half  to  an  inch  long ;  stipules 
rather  large  :  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  3  -  7-flowered,  naked  or 
sometimes  with  a  small  scarious  or  1  -  3-foliolate  bract  at  the  summit  :  flowei"s 
nearly  sessile,  yellow,  the  wings  often  white  :  calyx-teeth  triangular,  only  half  as 
long  as  the  tube:  pod  slender,  nearly  2  inches  long. — Benth.  in  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  1257.     Lotus  pinnatus,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2913. 

A  showy  species,  in  low  grounds,  from  Washington  Territory  to  San  Francisco  Bay. 

5.  H.  gracilis,  Benth.  Much  like  the  last :  usually  low  and  slender,  the  weak 
stems  a  span  high  or  more  :  umbel  with  a  petioled  1  -  3-foliolate  bract  :  flowers 
yellow,  the  keel  and  wings  purplish  :  calyx-teeth  nearly  equalling  the  tube  :  pod 
shorter.  — Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  365  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  54,  t.  15. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Monterey, 

++  ++  Pubescent  or  puberulent :  bract  nearly  sessile  at  tJie  top  of  the  peduncle. 

6.  H.  oblongifolia,  Benth.  Rather  slender,  erect,  minutely  appressed-pubes- 
cent  or  base  of  the  stem  glabrous  :  leaflets  7  to  11,  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
about  an  inch  long,  acute  :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  5  -  7-flowered ;  bract 
nearly  sessile,  1  -  3foliolate,  subtending  the  umbel,  usually  of  a  single  leaflet : 
flowers  yellow  and  purplish,  the  standard  orange,  turning  brown  :  calyx-teeth  subu- 
late, about  equalling  the  tube  :  pod  slender,  about  2  inches  long  :  seeds  turgid.  — 
PL  Hartw.  305.     ' 

Var.  angustifolia,  Watson.  Slender,  a  span  high  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  linear-lance- 
olate :  umbels  1  -  5-flowered.  —  H.  lathyroides,  Durand  &  Hilgard,  Pacif.  R.  Rep. 
V.  6,  t.  3. 

Mainly  in  Southern  California  :  Monterey  {Coulter)  ;  Fort  Tejon  (Eom)  ;  mountains  east  of 
San  Diego  {Parry,  Palmer) ;  the  variety  at  Fort  Miller  on  the  San  Joaquin  (Heermann)  and 
Los  Angeles,   Wallace.     Coulter's  locality  is  very  uncertain. 

7-  H.  Torre3ri,  Gray.  Resembling  the  last :  more  or  less  silky-pubescent,  often 
glabrous  below,  slender,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaflets  obovate  to  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  obtuse  or  acute  :  standard  yellow ;  wings  and 
keel  white.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  625. 

In  the  Sien-a  Nevada,  along  shaded  stream-banks,  from  the  head  of  Kern  River  to  Donner 
Lake  ;  near  Fort  Tejon,  Rothrock. 


136  LEGUMINOS^.  *  Hosackia. 

*  *  Stipules  gland-like,  dark-colm'ed :  leaflets  3  ^o  9  ;  rhachis  mostly  elongated :  pe- 
duncles 1  —  several-flowered,  hracteate  at  the  simimit  or  sometimes  naked :  claws  of 
the  petals  not  exserted  from  the  calyx. 

-{-  Perennials :  flowers  rather  large :  umbels  3  -  ^-flowered. 

8.  H.  grandiflora,  Benth.  Mostly  tall  and  stout,  1  to  5  feet  high,  more  or 
less  appressed  silky-pubesceut :  leaflets  5  to  7,  on  an  elongated  rhachis,  obovate  to 
oblanceolate,  6  to  9  lines  long,  acutish  :  peduncles  elongated  :  umbel  3  -  8-flowered, 
usually  subtended  by  a  single  leaflet :  flowers  nearly  -sessile,  6  to  11  lines  long, 
yellowish  or  greenish  white,  often  tinged  with  purple  :  calyx  half  as  long,  the  subu- 
late teeth  nearly  equalling  the  tube  :  pod  slender,  elongated,  glabrous.  —  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  366.     H.  ochroleuca,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  323. 

From  Mendocino  Co.  and  the  mouth  of  the  Yuba  to  Santa  Barbara ;  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer. 

9.  H.  rigida,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  or  more,  more  or  less  appressed 
silky-pubescent :  leaflets  3  to  5  on  a  very  short  petiole,  or  pahnately  crowded  and 
sessile,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  acutish,  3  to  8  lines  long  :  peduncles  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves,  1  -  5-flowered,  with  a  sessile  1  -  3-foliolate  bract  or  naked  : 
flowers  half  an  inch  long,  yellow  turning  to  brown  :  calyx-teeth  half  as  long  as  the 
tube  or  nearly  equalling  it :  pod  an  inch  long,  rather  broad,  pubescent :  seeds  sub- 
globose. —PI.  Hartw.  305. 

Arizona,  Sonora,  and  eastward,  and  probably  to  be  found  within  the  southeastern  limits  of  the 
State  ;  Tantillas  Mts.,  below  San  Diego,  Palmer.  Coulter's  original  specimens  were  referred  to 
Montei'ey,  doubtless  through  mistake.  H.  puberula,  Benth.,  with  linear  or  oblanceolate  leaflets 
upon  a  more  developed  rhachis,  and  H.  Wrightii,  Gray,  with  flowers  on  shorter  peduncles  or 
sessile,  are  apparently  but  forms  of  //.  rigida,  and  may  likewise  occur  in  California. 

Dr.  Palmer  collected  at  the  Big  Canon  of  the  Tantillas  Mts.  a  very  similar  plant,  but  with  the 
pod  broader  and  (juite  glabrous.  The  same  was  found  by  Newl^erry  at  Sitgreaves  Pass  in  Arizona, 
and  perhaps  also  by  Bigelow  on  Bill  Williams  River.     It  may  be  distinct. 

-t-  -H  Annuals :  rhachis  of  the  leaf  somewhat  dilated :  flowers  smaller. 

++  Peduncles  mostly  2  —  5-flowered :  standard  remote  from  the  wings. 

10.  H.  maritima,  Nutt.  A  span  high,  minutely  strigose-puberulent  or  nearly 
glabrous  :  leaflets  mostly  5,  succulent,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  4  to  6  lines  long  : 
peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves  :  umbel  usually  subtended  by  a  1  -  3-folioIate 
bract :  flowers  yellow,  4  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  linear-subulate,  about  equalling  the 
tube  :  pod  an  inch  long,  narrow,  10-  12-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  326. 

Near  the  sea,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Los  Angeles. 

++  ++  Peduncles  1  -  2-flowered,  about  equalling  the  leaves :  petals  all  approximate. 

11.  H.  Strigosa,  Nutt.  Strigosely  pubescent,  small,  diff'usely  spreading,  pros- 
trate or  ascending :  leaflets  5  to  9,  obovate  or  usually  linear-oblong,  1  to  5  lines  long : 
bract  1  -  5-foliolate  or  wanting  :  flowers  light  yellow,  3  to  5  lines  long  or  less  :  keel 
very  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  wings  ;  standard  attenuate  into  the  claw  :  calyx-teeth 
subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube  :  pod  narrow,  an  inch  long,  10  -  12-seeded.  —  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  326.     JI.  microphyUa,  nudiflora  &  rtibella,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Frequent  through  the  lower  part  of  the  State,  from  Monterey  and  Calaveras  Co.  to  the  Colo- 
rado River.     Very  variable. 

1 2.  H.  parviflora,  Benth.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  very  slender,  ascend- 
ing, a  span  high  or  less  :  leaflets  3  to  5,  obovate  and  very  small  to  narrowly  oblong 
and  6  to  8  lines  in  length  :  bract  1- 3-foliolate  :  flowers  very  small  (about  two  lines 
long),  yellow  :  keel  with  a  sharp  incurved  apex,  nearly  equalling  the  wings  ;  blade 
of  the  standard  cordate  :  pod  6  to  12  lines  long,  5-7-seeded,  compressed  and  often 
contracted  between  the  seeds.  —  Bot.  Reg.  xv,  under  t.  1257.  Lotus  micranthus, 
Benth.  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  367. 

From  Monterey  and  Sacramento  northward  to  the  British  boundary.     Very  variable. 


Hosackia.  LEGUMINOS^.  137 

§  2.  Pod  as  in  Euhosackia,  tisually  somewhat  compressed,  3  —  7-seeded,  glabrous: 
seeds  broadly  oblong  to  orbicular :  keel  narrowed  above  into  a  rather  short 
mostly  acute  incurved  beak,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  wings:  claws  equally 
approximate  to  each  othe)\  included  in  the  calyx :  flowers  small,  mostly  soli- 
tary, ascending :  leaflets  1  to  5,  on  a  more  or  less  dilated  rhachis ;  stipules 
gland-like :  annuals.  —  MiCROLOTUS,  Benth. 

«  Flowers  solitary,  peduncled,  usually  bracteate  with  a  single  leaflet :  corolla  scarcely 
exceeding  the  calyx :  leaves  nearly  sessile,  1  —  S-foliolate. 

13.  H.  Furshiana,  Benth.  More  or  less  silky-villous  or  sometimes  glabrous, 
erect  or  ascending,  often  a  foot  high  or  more  :  leaflets  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late, 3  to  9,  lines  long  :  peduncles  usually  exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  2  or  3  lines 
long  :  calyx-teeth  linear,  much  longer  than  the  tube,  about  equalling  the  corolla  : 
pod  narrow,  linear,  glabrous,  about  an  inch  long,  5  -  7-seeded  :  seeds  oblong.  — 
Bot  Eeg.  XV,  under  t.  1257.  //.  elata,  floribtcnda,  pilosa,  &  mollis,  Nutt.  in  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  327. 

A  very  variiible  species  and  of  wide  range,  extending  from  Washington  Territory  to  Northern 
Mexico,  and  eastward  to  the  Upper  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  even  North  Carolina. 

*  «  Flowers  nearly  sessile  and  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  not  bracteate :  corolla  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx :  leaflets  3  to  5,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  scattered  on  a  somewhat 
dilated  rhachis :  loiv  and  much  branched. 

14.  H.  subpinnata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Villous  or  glabrate,  decumbent  or  ascend- 
ing, a  span  higii  or  less :  leaflets  half  an  inch  long  or  less :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long ; 
calyx  scarcely  half  as  long,  the  subulate  teeth  about  equaUing  the  tube  :  pod  linear- 
oblong,  compressed,  6  to  9  lines  long,  about  5-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  326.  Lotus  subpin- 
natus.  Lag. ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  17,  t.  8. 

Frequent  near  the  coast  from  Washington  Territory  to  Santa  Barbara,  and  more  rare  eastward 
in  the  interior  to  S.  Utah,  Parry.     Also  in  Chili. 

15.  H.  brachycarpa,  Benth.  Resembling  the  last :  softly  villous  :  calyx  longer, 
the  teeth  linear  and  very  much  longer  than  the  tube  :  pod  3  or  4  lines  long,  oblong 
or  linear-oblong,  villous,  2  -  4-seeded.  —  PI.  Hartw.  306. 

From  the  upper  Sacramento  River  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  also  near  the 
coast,  to  Southern  California. 

§  3.  Pod  long-attenuate  upivard,  incurved,  somewhat  terete,  1  —  2-seeded :  seeds  terete, 
linear  or  oblong :  keel  broad  above  and  mostly  obtuse ;  claw  of  the  standard 
remote  from  the  rest :  stigma  minute,  glabrous :  timbels  few-floivered,  sessile  or 
pedunculate  ;  flowers  and  fruit  reflexed :  stipules  minute  dark-colored  glands  : 
leaflets  3  to  7  :  mostly  perennial.  —  Syrmatium,  Gray.      {Syrmatium,  Vogel.) 

*  Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent :  stems  slender  and  virgately  branched :  body  of  the 
pod  elongated  and  much  exserted  beyond  the  calyx,  only  slightly  pubescent :  seeds  2, 
straight,  1^  lines  long :  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube. 

+-  Somewhat  woody  at  the  base  and  nearly  glabrous :  stems  angled :  leaflets  thick  and 

approximate,  usually  3. 

16.  H.  glabra,  Torrey.  Very  nearly  glabrous,  the  calyx  and  young  leaves  often 
somewhat  appressed-silky  :  stems  woody  at  base,  2  to  8  feet  high,  erect  with  weak 
straggling  branches  or  sometimes  decumbent ;  leaflets  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  3  to 
6  lines  long,  obtuse  or  acute  :  umbels  numerous,  sessile  :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long  : 
calyx  1|  to  2|  lines  long;  the  teeth  narrowly  subulate,  erect,  a  half  to  one  fourth 
as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  274.  Syrmatium  glabrum,  Vogel  in 
Liunaea,  x.  591.  H.  scoparia,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  325  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  346. 
H.  crassifolia,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Common  in  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Lake  Co.  {Torrey)  to  San  Diego. 


138  LEGUMINOS^.  jf        Hosackia. 

1 7.  H.  cytisoides,  Beuth,  Eesembling  the  last :  calyx-teeth  attenuate,  mostly- 
recurved  :  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  or  sometimes  very  short, 
usually  with  a  1  -  3-foliolate  bract  at  the  top. — Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii.  366. 

From  near  San  Francisco  to  Monterey  and  southward  ;  Salinas  Valley,  Antisell. 

18.  H. juncea,  Benth.  1.  c.  Very  nearly  glabrous,  somewhat  shrubby,  erect: 
leaflets  obovate  to  oblong,  2  to  4  lines  long  :  umbels  on  very  short  peduncles  or 
sessile  :  flowers  about  3  lines  long  :  calyx  2  lines  long  or  less  ;  teeth  short  and  blunt. 

Monterey  to  San  Diego  {Doiiglas,  Nattull,  Brewer,  Goodale) ),  Colorado  Desert  (Schoti) ;  and 
reported  also  from  near  San  Francisco. 

+-  "f-  Herbaceous  and  sparingly  pubescent :  stems  terete :  leaflets  usually  5  to  7,  a7id 

less  approximate. 

19.  H.  prostrata,  Nutt.  Slightly  appressed-silky  :  stems  very  slender,  diffuse, 
2  or  3  feet  long  :  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  2  or  3  lines  long,  acutish  :  um- 
bels on  slender  peduncles,  often  a  half  to  an  incli  long,  naked  or  with  a  1 -3-foliolate 
bract :  flowers  two  or  three  lines  long :  style  glabrous :  calyx  a  line  long  ;  its  teeth 
short,  triangular,  acute.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  325.  //.  decum,bens,  var.  c/labriuscula, 
Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  137. 

Santa  Barbara  and  San  Diego,  near  the  sea,  Nuttall,  Palmer,  &c. 

20.  H.  micrantha,  Nutt.  "  Diffusely  procumbent  from  an  apparently  annual 
root,"  very  slender :  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  1  ^  to  3  lines  long  :  umbels  on  very 
short  naked  peduncles  :  flowers  very  small  (not  two  lines  long) :  style  covered  with 
short  straight  ascending  hairs  :  calyx-teeth  short,  acute.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  324. 

Monterey  {Nuttall)  ;  Catalina  Island,  Gambol  probably.  No  good  specimens  of  this  apparently 
good  species  liave  been  collected. 

*  *  Very  silky-pubescent  or  tomentose,  herbaceous  :  stems  terete ;  body  of  the  pod  less 
elongated,  often  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  pubescent,  usually  much  curved :  seed 
often  solitary,  somewhat  curved :  leaflets  3  to  7,  not  approximate, 

+-  Pubescence  appressed. 

21.  H.  sericea,  Benth.  1.  c.  Densely  white-silky,  much  branched,  ascending,  a 
foot  or  two  high  :  leaflets  usually  3,  cuneate-oblong  to  linear,  3  to  6  lines  long  : 
umbels  loosely  few-flowered,  sessile  or  often  on  short  peduncles  :  flowers  three  lines 
long  :  calyx  half  as  long,  with  short  slender  teeth. 

Rare  :  collected  by  Douglas,  probably  at  Monterey,  and  in  Salinas  Valley  by  Brewer. 

22.  H.  argophylla,  Gray.  More  or  less  densely  silky,  often  silvery  :  stems 
decumbent  or  ascending  :  leaflets  usually  5  or  7,  from  obovate  and  rounded  to 
oblong  and  acute  at  both  ends,  2  to  7  lines  long  :  umbels  mostly  dense  and  capitate, 
on  short  simply  bracted  peduncles,  sometimes  nearly  equalling  the  leaves :  flowers  4 
or  5  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long ;  its  teeth  conspicuous,  filiform  and  silky,  usually 
nearly  equalling  the  tube.  —  PI.  Thurb.  316.  H.  argentea,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  iii.  38,  fig.  8. 

In  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Merced  River  (Gray)  southwai-d,  and  through 
the  southern  part  of  the  State  ;  Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer.  Variable  in  pubescence,  length  of 
calyx-teeth,  &c. 

23.  H.  decumbens,  Benth.  1.  c.  Yillous-pubescent  and  somewhat  tomentose, 
perennial :  stems  ascending  or  diffusely  procumbent,  a  foot  long  or  more  :  leaflets  5 
to  7,  cuneate-obovate  to  -oblong,  mostly  acute,  3  to  6  lines  long  :  umbels  less  dense, 
on  short  peduncles,  with  a  1  -  3-foliolate  bract :  flowers  2  to  5  lines  long :  calyx  less 
silky  ;  its  teeth  slender,  often  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube. 

Var.  (1)  Nevadensis,  Watson.  Low  and  apparently  annual  :  flowers  somewhat 
smaller  :  calyx-teeth  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  H.  Heermanni,  Anderson,  Cat.  PI. 
Jsevada,  119  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  63,  in  part. 


Psoralea.  LEGTJMINDS^.  139 

The  typical  form  is  frequent  in  "Washington  Territory,  Oregon,  and  Idaho,  but  seems  not  to  have 
been  found  in  California.  The  variety  is  common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Yosemite  to 
Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon. 

+■  +-  Pubescence  somewhat  tomentose  and  more  or  less  spreading :  pod  very  short,  the 
body  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. 

24.  H.  tomentosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Very  pubescent :  the  stem  covered  with 
spreading  hairs,  weak  and  fiexuous,  prostrate  or  ascending,  a  foot  long  or  more  :  leaf- 
lets 5  to  7,  cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  acute,  3  to  6  lines  long  :  umbels  on  short 
bracteolate  peduncles,  or  the  uppermost  sessile  :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  long  :  calyx 
half  as  long  or  more,  very  villous ;  the  teeth  lax,  filiform,  as  long  as  the  tube.  — 
Bot.  Beechey,  137;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  324.  Syrmaiium  tomentosum,  Yogel  in 
Linnsea,  x.  591. 

In  dry  places  near  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  to  Monterey. 

25.  H.  Heermanni,  Durand  «fe  Hilgard.  Less  densely  pubescent :  the  stem 
nearly  glabrous,  much  branched  and  spreading :  leaflets  smaller,  2  to  4  lines  long  : 
umbels  on  short  peduncles  or  often  sessile  :  flowers  smaller,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  calyx 
less  villous,  half  as  long ;  the  flliform  teeth  about  equalling  the  tube.  —  Pacif.  R. 
Eep.  V.  6,  t.  4. 

Sand-hills  near  San  Francisco  (Fitch)  and  southward  to  San  Diego. 

9.  PSORALEA,  Linn. 

Calyx  lobes  nearly  equal,  or  the  lower  one  larger ;  the  two  upper  often  connate. 

Keel  broad  and   obtuse  above,  united  with  the  wings.     Stamens  diadelphous  or 

sometimes   monadelphous :    anthers  uniform.      Pod   ovate,    indehiscent,    1 -seeded, 

thick  and  often  wrinkled,  sessile.  —  Perennial  herbs  (our  species),  punctate  with 

dark  glandular  dots ;  leaves  digitate  or  pinnate,  mostly  3  -  5-foliolate,  the  leaflets 

entire  ;  stipules  not  adnate  to  the  petiole  ;  flowers  white  or  purplish,  in  axillary 

pedunculate  spikes  or  racemes,  with  mostly  membranaceous  and  deciduous  bracts. 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  found  in  all  temperate  and  tropical  regions,  but  most  numerously 
in  North  America  and  Southern  Africa.  Of  the  30  North  American  species,  most  are  confined  to 
the  eastern  and  southern  portions  of  the  United  States. 

*  Leaves  pinnately  3-foltolafe. 
+-  Stems  prostrate,  creeping :  leaves  large,  orbicular. 

1.  P.  orbicularis,  Lindl.     Finely  pubescent,  the  inflorescence  villous  ;  hairs  on 

the  calyx  mixed  with  short  pedicellate  glands  :  petioles  one  half  to  a  foot  long  ;  the 

leaflets  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter,  somewhat  cuneate  at  base  :  peduncles  equalling  or 

exceeding  the  leaves  (1  to  3  feet  high),  bearing  a  close  villous  spike  of  large  flowers  ; 

bracts  large,  deciduous  :  calyx  5  to  9  lines  long,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base ;  the  lower 

tooth  much  the  longest  and  about  e(|ualling  the  purplish  corolla  :  standard  oblong, 

exceeding  the  narrow  wings  and  keel  :  stamens  diadelphous  :   pods  ovate,   acute, 

compressed,  3  hues  long.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1971;  Torr.  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  269. 

Usually  in  moist  places,  from  Plumas  Co.  (Mrs.  Ames)  and  Bolinas  Bay  {Kellogg)  to  San  Diego 
Co.,  Palmer. 

+■  -H  Stems  erect. 

2.  P.  strobilina,  Hook.  &  Am.  Two  or  three  feet  high,  more  or  less  villous 
and  pubescent  throughout ;  the  stem,  peduncles,  and  petioles  glandular  :  petioles  3 
or  4  inches  long  ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  softly  pubescent  beneath,  more  glabrous 
above,  about  2  inches  long ;  stipules  large,  membranaceous,  acuminate  :  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves  :  flowers  in  short  oblong  spikes ;  bracts  very  large,  decidu- 
ous :  calyx  half  an  inch  long  or  more ;  lower  tooth  much  the  longest  and  at  least 


140  LEGUMINOS^.  >         Psoralea. 

equalling   the   purple   corolla :   stamens   monadelphous :   ovary   pubescent.  —  Bot. 
Beechey,  332,  t.  80 ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  689,  excl.  var. 

In  the  hills  from  Contra  Costa  County  to  Santa  Cruz.  Differing  from  the  next  in  its  greater 
pubescence,  rather  larger  leaves,  larger  stipules,  short  peduncles,  and  larger  bracts  and  flowers. 

3.  P.  macrostachya,  DC.  Three  to  six  (or  sometimes  10  or  12)  feet  higli, 
puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  rarely  somewhat  tomentose  :  petioles  shorter  ;  stipules 
small,  lanceolate  ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  often  acutish  at  base,  an  inch  or  two  long 
or  more  :  peduncles  much  exceeding  the  leaves:  spikes  eylindrical,  silky-villous,  the 
hairs  often  blackish  ;  bracts  broad,  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  flowers  :  calyx  3  or  5 
lines  long ;  the  lower  tooth  a  little  longest,  scarcely  equalling  the  purple  petals :  tenth 
stamen  nearly  free  :  pod  villous,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  compress^,  3  or  4  lines  long. 
—  Prodr.  ii.  220  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1769;  Torr.  &  Gray,  n.  i.  689.  P.  strobi- 
lina,  /3.,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Through  nearly  the  length  of  the  State  :  Eag  Cafion,  near  Shasta  {Brewer),  and  frequent  in  the 
foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Arroyo  Seco,  Santa  Lucia  Mts.  {Brewer)  ;  San  Felipe  Canon,  San 
Diego  Co.,  Palmer. 

4.  P.  physodes,  Dougl.  A  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  glabrous,  slender  :  petioles 
short  and  slender ;  stipules  small,  lanceolate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  mostly  acute,  about  an 
inch  long  :  peduncles  about  equalling  or  sometimes  excteding  the  leaves  :  flowers  in 
short  close  racemes ;  bracts  small  :  calyx  somewhat  villous  with  usually  dark  hairs, 
half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  at  length  much  enlarged  and  inflated,  becoming  4  or  5 
lines  long ;  its  teeth  short,  nearly  equal :  petals  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  white  or 
purplish  :  stamens  monadelphous  :  pod  rounded,  compressed,  3  lines  long.  —  Hook, 
n.  i.  136  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  304. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Monterey  northward,  extending  to  Puget  Sound. 
*  *  Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate. 

5.  P.  lanceolata,  Pursh.  Erect,  a  span  or  two  high,  glabrous  or  with  a  few 
scattered  hairs  :  petioles  short  ;  stipules  linear-lanceolate  ;  leaflets  linear  to  oblong- 
obovate,  acute,  about  an  inch  long  :  peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves  :  flowers 
small  (2  or  3  lines  long),  bluish-white,  in  short  spikes  ;  bracts  small :  calyx  very 
small ;  its  teeth  short,  obtuse,  nearly  equal :  stamens  diadelphous  :  ovary  very  silky  : 
pod  compressed,  very  glandular,  2  lines  in  diameter.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  135,  t.  51. 

Frequent  in  the  interior  from  Washington  Territory  to  Northern  Arizona  and  eastward  to  the 
Saskatchewan  and  Nebraska.     Probably  to  be  found  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State. 

P.  FLdRiBUNDA,  Nutt.,  a  similar  species,  ranges  from  Texas  to  Western  Arizona  and  may  enter 
S.  E.  California.  It  is  more  or  less  canescent  with  short  white  hairs,  the  peduncles  exceeding  the 
leaves,  and  the  flowers  on  short  slender  pedicels  ;  petioles  mostly  very  short. 

10.  AMORPHA,  Linn. 

Calyx  obconical,  nearly  equally  5-toothed.  Wings  and  keel  wanting :  standard 
erect,  folded  together.  Stamens  slightly  united  at  base,  exserted  :  anthers  uniform. 
Pod  oblong,  exceeding  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  sessile,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  glan- 
dular-punctate ;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  the  leaflets  usually  stipellate ;  stipules 
small ;  flowers  purple  or  violet,  small,  in  dense  clustered  terminal  spikes. 

Half  a  dozen  species,  peculiar  to  the  United  States,  chiefly  southern. 

1.  A.  Californica,  Nutt.  Three  to  eight  feet  high,  puberulent,  the  young 
leaves  silky-pubescent :  branches  often  beset  with  stout  projecting  glands  :  leaflets  5 
to  7  pairs,  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  mucronulate,  shortly  petiolulate,  an  inch  long  : 
stipules  and  bracts  small,  lanceolate,  deciduous  :  spikes  1  to  3,  and  2  to  6  inches 
long  :  flowers  purple,  2  J  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long ;  the  teeth  silky,  triangular, 
acute  :  pod  pubescent,  half-obcordate,  3  lines  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  306.  A. 
fruticosa,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  53. 


Dalea.  LEGUMINOS^.  141 

In  the  Coast  Ranges,  near  the  sea,  from  Marin  Co.  (Bolander)  to  San  Diego  Co.  It  closely 
resembles  A .  fruticosa  of  the  Atlantic  States,  but  differs  in  the  shape  and  pubescence  of  the  pod, 
the  more  acute  calyx-teeth,  and  the  almost  spinescent  glands.  These  last,  however,  are  some- 
times entirely  wanting.  Some  of  the  specimens  from  Marin  Co.  are  remarkable  for  conspicuous 
stipules  and  larger  bmcts. 

11.  DALEA,  Linn. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-cleft  or  toothed.  Standard  cordate,  its  claw  free :  wings 
and  keel  usually  longer ;  their  claws  adnate  to  and  jointed  upon  the  cleft  stamineal 
tube.  Stamens  10  (sometimes  9),  monadelphous ;  anthers  uniform.  Ovary  2- 
(rarely  4-6-)  ovuled.  Pod  ovate,  compressed,  usually  indehiscent,  included  in  the 
calyx,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  glandular-punctate  ;  leaves  unequally  pin- 
nate, very  rarely  digitately  3-foliolate  or  simple ;  leaflets  small,  entire,  sometimes 
stipellate ;  stipules  small,  subulate ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  terminal  pedunculate 
spikes  or  rarely  solitary. 

An  American  genus  of  nearly  100  species,  a  dozen  natives  of  South  America,  50  Mexican,  and 
the  rest  belonging  to  the  warmer  portions  of  the  United  States.  The  Californiau  species  are  con- 
fined to  the  southeastern  desert  region. 

Petalostemox,  Michx.,  is  a  similar  genus,  differing  in  having  only  five  stamens,  the  flowers 
always  in  dense  bracteate  cylindrical  spikes.  There  are  over  20  species,  confined  to  the  United 
States,  several  as  far  westwai-d  as  Central  Arizona,  Utah,  and  the  basins  of  the  Snake  River  and 
Columbia,  but  none  have  been  found  near  the  borders  of  California. 

§  1.   Clatvs  of  the  wings  and  keel  adnate  to  the  stamen-tube  nearly  to  their  middle  : 
ovides  a  single  pair.  —  Dalea  proper. 

*  Herbaceous:  flowers  erect  or  ascending,  in  dense  spikes,  tvith  conspicuous  bracts: 

calyx  very  villous,  with  long  slender  teeth :  leaflets  several  or  many. 

No  species  of  this  group  of  the  genus  have  been  collected  in  California,  but  the  following 
approach  it  and  some  of  them  may  yet  be  lound. 

D.  BKACHYSTACHYS,  Gray.  A  low  glabrous  annual  :  flowers  yellow,  in  globose  or  oblong 
spikes  :  bracts  villous-ciliate,  somewhat  persistent ;  leaflets  about  5  pairs.  —  S.  Arizona  to  New 
Mexico. 

D.  ALOPECUROIDES,  Willd.  A  ratlier  tall  glabrous  annual  :  flowers  light  rose-color,  in  cylin- 
drical spikes  :  bracts  pubescent,  scariously  margined,  deciduous  :  leaflets  10  to  20  pairs.  —  From 
Southern  Arizona  eastward  to  the  Mississippi. 

D.  L^viGATA,  Gray.  A  tall  glabrous  perennial :  flowers  yellow  or  white,  in  cylindrical  spikes  : 
bracts  very  silky,  somewhat  persistent  :  leaflets  many  pairs,  very  small.  —  From  Southern  and 
Central  Arizona  to  New  Mexico. 

D.  ALBiFLORA,  Gray.  A  tall  pubescent  perennial  :  flowers  white,  in  cylindrical  spikes  ;  bracts 
narrow,  veiy  silky,  deciduous  :  leaflets  8  to  16  pairs,  small.  —  From  Central  and  Southern  Arizona 
to  New  Mexico. 

D.  NANA,  Torr.  A  low  silky  biennial  or  perennial  :  flowers  yellow,  in  short  thick  spikes ; 
bracts  very  silky,  deciduous  :  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse.  —  From  Central  and  Southern 
Arizona  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

*  *  He7-baceous  or  somewhat  tvoody  at  base :  floimrs  spreading  or  deflexed,  in  rather 
loose  spikes:  bracts  narrow,  deciduous:  calyx  villous  or  pubescent,  with  mostly  slender 
teeth. 

1.  D.  mollis,  Benth,  Herbaceous,  branching  from  a  biennial  or  perennial  root, 
low  (3  to  (i  inches  high),  silky-villous  with  more  or  less  spreading  hairs  :  leaflets 
3  to  7  pairs,  obovate  to  cuneate-oblong,  1  to  4  lines  long  :  flowers  crowded  in  oblong 
shortly  pedunculate  heads,  white  or  rose-colored  :  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  vil- 
lous :  calyx  very  villous,  2  or  3  lines  long ;  the  filiform  plumose  teeth  much  longer 
than  the  tube  and  exceeding  the  corolla.  —  PI.  Hartw.  306  ;  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  47. 

At  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper)  ;  on  the  Colorado  (Newberry)  ;  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico.  First 
collected  by  Coulter,  probably  in  S.  Arizona. 


142  LEGUMINOS^.  *  DaUa. 

2.  D.  calycosa,  Gray.  Herbaceous  from  a  biennial  or  perhaps  sometimes  per- 
ennial root,  canescent  with  a  silky  puberulence,  diffuse  and  decumbent,  slender, 
about  6  inches  high  :  leaflets  5  to  1 3  pairs,  oblong-obovate,  a  line  or  two  long,  ob- 
tuse, glabrous  above  :  flowers  3  lines  long,  in  short  loose  spikes  :  peduncles  slender  : 
bracts  linear  :  calyx  silky  ;  its  teeth  narrowly  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  tube,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  purple  and  white  petals.  • —  PI.  Wright,  i.  40. 

On  the  San  Pedro,  S.  Arizona  (  r/t?(r6er)  ;  entrance  of  the  Great  Canon  of  the  Tantillas  Mts.,  be- 
low San  Diego,  Palmer. 

3.  D.  Panr3ri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Herbaceous,  very  slender,  puberulent  or  glabrate  : 
leaflets  6  to  10  pairs,  obovate  to  oblong,  a  line  or  two  long,  obtuse  :  flowers  4  lines 
long,  bright  purple,  in  loose  elongated  long-peduncled  spikes  :  calyx  not  half  the 
length  of  the  corolla,  canescent  with  short  silky  hairs  ;  its  teeth  broadly  ovate, 
acute,  about  equalling  the  tube:  pod  smooth.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  397. 
D.  divaricata,  var.  cinerea,  Gray,  1.  c.  335. 

Gravelly  hills  near  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper)  ;  also  on  the  Colorado  in  W.  Arizona,  near  the  mouth 
of  Bill  Williams  River. 

D.  WisLiZENi,  Gray.  Somewhat  woody  at  base,  erect,  slender,  a  foot  high,  silky-villous  : 
leaflets  7  to  9  pairs,  oblong,  obtusish,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  spikes  short,  rather  dense  :  flowers  rose- 
colored,  4  lines  long,  showy,  twice  longer  than  the  slender  very  villous  calyx-teeth.  —  Santa  Cruz, 
S.  Arizona  ( Th  urber)  ;  Chihuahua  (  Wislizenus)  ;  New  Mexico,  Wright. 

§  2.  More  or  less  woody  and  shrubby :  claivs  of  the  petals  aduate  to  the  stamen-tube 
only  at  the  very  base :  ovules  2,  rarely  4  or  6  :  flowers  spreading  or  reflexed, 
mostly  in  loose  spikes  or  racemes.  —  Xylodalea,  Watson. 

*   Calyx  very  pubescent ;  its  teeth  slender. 

4.  D.  Emoryi,  Gray.  Shrubby,  much  branched,  2  to  5  feet  high,  hoary-tomen- 
tose  throughout  with  a  very  flne  pubescence  :  leaflets  1  to  3  pairs,  narrowly  oblong 
to  obovate,  2  to  4  lines  long,  the  terminal  leaflet  much  longer  :  spikes  very  short, 
pedunculate  :  flowers  2  or  3  lines  long,  purple  :  calyx-teeth  as  long  as  the  tube,  a 
little  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  ovary  pubescent.  — PI.  Thurb.  315  ;  Torr.  Pacif  R. 
Eep.  V.  360,  t.  11. 

In  sandy  soils  on  the  Colorado  and  Gila  ;  desert  east  of  San  Bernardino,  Parry. 

5.  D.  arborescens,  Torr.  "  A  small  tree,"  much  branched,  somewhat  spinose, 
the  younger  branches,  leaves,  and  calyx  densely  hoary-tomentose  :  leaflets  1  to  3 
pairs,  obovate,  approximate,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  flowers  in  short  nearly  sessile  rather 
close  spikes,  purple,  4  or  5  lines  long  :  calyx  large,  but  shorter  than  the  corolla,  the 
broader  oblong  or  narrowly  lanceolate  teeth  nearly  equalling  the  tube.  —  Gray,  PI. 
Thurb.  316. 

Collected  only  by  Fremont  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  San  Fernando  Mountains. 

6.  D.  polyadenia,  Torr.  A  stout  divaricately  branched  shrub,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
somewhat  spinose,  canescent  with  a  fine  retrorse  pubescence,  and  sprinkled  with 
numerous  reddish  glands  ;  the  leaflets  more  hairy  and  the  calyx  densely  villous  : 
leaflets  3  to  6  pairs,  obovate,  a  line  or  two  long  :  flowers  in  short  nearly  sessile 
spikes,  violet,  3  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  narrow,  about  equalling  the  tube,  shorter 
than  the  corolla  :  pod  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx,  pubescent.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  64,  t.  9. 

In  Truckee  and  Carson  Deserts,  Northwestern  Nevada. 

*  *   Calyx  slightly  pubescent ;  its  teeth  broad. 
-i-  Leaves  pinnate  :  flotvers  in  loose  S2nkes. 

7.  D.  Californica,  Watson.  Shrubby,  canescent  with  a  fine  appressed  pubes- 
cence, sparingly  glandular ;  the  glands  upon  the  peduncles  sometimes  prominent 
and  prickle  like  :  leaflets  1  or  2  pairs,  decurrent  upon  the  rhachis,  1  to  1|  lines 


Glycyrrhiza.  LEGUMINOS^.  143 

long,  linear-oblong  :  flowers  purple,  4  lines  long,  on  short  pedicels  :  calyx  half  as 
long,  the  ovate  acute  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  132. 

Known  only  from  a  scanty  specimen  collected  by  Parry  in  dry  washes  in  the  San  Bernardino 
Mountains,  near  Cajon  Pass. 

8.  D.  Fremontii,  Torr.  Shrubby,  much  branched,  silky-puberulent  or  pubes- 
cent :  leaflets  1  to  3  pairs,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  flowers  purple,  4 
lines  long,  very  nearly  sessile  :  calyx  half  as  long,  somewhat  pubescent ;  the  teeth 
triangular,  acute,  nearly  equalling  the  tube  :  pod  4  to  6  lines  long.  —  Gray,  PI. 
Thurb.  316;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  65. 

On  rocks  near  Muddy  Kiver,  S.  Nevada  {Fremont)  ;  also  by  Lieut.  Wheeler  in  the  same  region. 

9.  D.  Kingii,  Watson.  Low,  somewhat  shrubby,  diff'usely  branched,  sparingly 
appressed  silky,  the  lax  spinulose  branches  and  foliage  yeUowish-green  :  leaflets  1  to 
4  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  2  or  3  lines  long ;  the  terminal  longer,  linear-oblong :  flowers 
scattered  upon  the  branchlets,  nearly  sessile,  purple,  3  or  4  lines  long :  calyx  finely 
pubescent ;  the  shortly  acuminate  teeth  equalling  the  tube,  shorter  than  the  corolla : 
pod  small,  pubescent.  — Bot.  King  Exp.  64,  t.  10, 

On  drifting  sand  in  the  Hot  Spring  Mountains,  Northwestern  Nevada,  Wcdson. 

-t-  -{-  Leaves  simple. 

10.  D.  Schottii,  Torr.  Shrubby,  slender,  nearly  glabrous,  somewhat  spinose, 
the  branches  nearly  glandless :  leaves  scattered,  narrowly  linear,  an  inch  long : 
flowers  few,  on  short  slender  pedicels  in  an  open  raceme,  sometimes  solitary,  purple, 
4  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long,  obscurely  glandular ;  the  teeth  very  short,  acutish  : 
ovary  pubescent,  2-ovuled  :  pod  4  lines  long,  with  a  single  large  seed.  —  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  53. 

Banks  of  the  Colorado,  near  Fort  Yuma  (Schott)  ;  Colorado  Desert,  Palmer. 

11.  D.  spinosa,  Gray.  A  shrub,  much  branched  and  very  spinose,  4  to  15  feet 
high,  lioary  with  a  minute  appressed  pubescence  :  leaves  scattered,  cuneate- oblong 
or  nearly  linear,  obtuse,  nearly  sessile,  4  to  8  lines  long,  very  deciduous  :  flowers 
nearly  sessile,  in  a  loose  spike,  purple,  5  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long,  marked  by 
a  row  of  conspicuous  glands,  the  broadly  ovate  obtusish  teeth  much  shorter  than  the 
tube:  ovules  6:  pod  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  1-seeded. — PI.  Thurb.  315; 
Torrey,  Pacif  R.  Rep.  vii.  9,  t.  3.     Asagroea  spinosa,  Baillon,  Adansonia,  ix.  232. 

On  Carico  Creek  {Antisell),  in  the  Colorado  Desert  (Thurber),  and  eastward  on  the  Gila.  Made 
a  distinct  genus  by  Baillon,  mainly  on  the  larger  number  of  ovules  and  the  simple  leaves. 

12.   GLYCYRRHIZA,  Linn.        Liquorice. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Astragalus.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  :  anther- 
cells  confluent  at  the  top,  the  alternate  anthers  smaller.  Ovary  sessile,  2-many- 
ovuled  :  style  short  and  rigid,  curved  at  the  tip.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong-linear,  com- 
pressed and  often  curved,  scarcely  dehiscent,  few-seeded,  glandular  or  somewhat 
prickly.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs,  glandular-viscid  ;  leaves  unequally  pinnate  ;  stip- 
ules deciduous  ;  flowers  in  dense  axillary  pedunculate  spikes,  with  caducous  bracts  ; 
root  large  and  sweet. 

About  a  dozen  species,  found  in  all  quarters  of  the  globe  but  Africa  ;  only  one  North  American. 

1.  G-.  lepidota,  Xutt.  Tall  and  stout  (2  or  3  feet  high),  somewhat  glandular- 
puberulent,  or  the  younger  leaves  slightly  silky  :  leaflets  punctate,  6  to  8  pairs,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  mucronate  and  often  acuminate,  usually  an  inch  or  two  long :  spikes 
short :  flowers  ochroleucous,  nearly  6  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long ;  the  slender 
teeth  much  longer  than  the  tube  :  pod  thickly  beset  with  hooked  prickles,  oblong, 
6  lines  long,  2  -  6-seeded.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.'  t.  2150  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  298. 


144  LEGUMINOS^.  ■*      Astragalus. 

Var.  glutinosa,  Watson.  More  or  less  covered  with  stout  spreading  glandular 
hairs,  especially  the  peduncles,  which  are  shorter  than  the  spikes  :  calyx  very 
glandular. —(r.  glutinosa,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  298. 

The  typical  form  of  the  species  ranges  from  Washington  Territory  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  south- 
ward to  Arkansas,  New  Mexico,  and  Nevada,  and  may  be  found  on  stream-banks  in  Northeastern 
California.  The  rarer  variety  has  been  collected  in  Washington  Territory  (NtUtall,  Lyall),  and 
in  Corral  Hollow,  Alameda  Co.,  Brewer.  It  is  described  as  having  the  wings  and  keel  tinged 
with  purple  ;  the  fruit  is  not  known.  The  leaves  in  both  forms  are  often  sprinkled  beneath  with 
minute  resinous  globules. 

13.  ASTRAGALUS,  Toum.        Rattle-weed.        (By  A.  Gray.) 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  and  its  slender-clawed  petals  usually  narrow  :  keel  not 
pointed.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Stigma  terminal  and  minute.  Legume  (pod) 
very  various,  commonly  turgid  or  inflated,  one  or  both  sutures  usually  projecting 
inward  more  or  less,  the  dorsal  one  frequently  so  much  as  to  divide  the  cell  into 
two.  Seeds  few  or  many,  on  slender  stalks,  generally  small  for  the  s»ze  of  the  pod. 
—  Herbs,  or  a  few  woody  at  base ;  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  rather  small 
flowers,  chiefly  in  simple  spikes  or  racemes  from  the  axils  ;  the  peduncle  commonly 
elongated.  —  Gray,  Eev.  in  Proc,  Am.  Acad.  vi.  188  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  435. 

A  vast  genus,  of  five  or  six  hundred  species,  mainly  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  the  tem- 
perate or  frigid  zones,  most -numerous  in  Asia,  and  next  in  North  America  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  Pacific.  In  California  they  have  the  rejnitation  of  being  poisonous  to  sheep,  which 
would  be  most  unexpected  were  it  not  that  several  Papilionacem  of  Australia  are  known  to  be  so. 
The  fruit  is  needed  ibr  the  determination  of  the  species.  To  aid  in  this  rather  difficult  matter 
an  artificial  key  is  here  given.  Besides  the  following,  several  other  of  the  almost  150  North 
American  species  now  known  may  reach  California  or  its  borders  ;  but  it  is  impossible  to  indicate 
them  beforehand. 

OxYTROPis,  DC,  a  genus  which  is  distinguished  from  Astragalus  by  a  subulate  beak  at  the 
tip  of  the  keel,  might  be  expected  at  alpine  elevations  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  least  in  the 
northern  portion.     But  no  representative  has  been  met  with  within  or  near  the  State. 

*  Leaflets  pot  prickly-pointed. 
-1-  Root  annual. 
Pod  wrinkled,  didymous,  2-seeded.  1-  A.  didymocarpus. 

Pod  not  wrinkled,  several  -  many-seeded. 

Narrowly  oblong,  5  -  10-seeded  :  flowers  5  to  9  in  a  head.  2.  A.  tener. 

Ovate-oblong,  4  -  6-seeded  :  flowers  as  the  last.  3.  A.  Breweri. 

Linear,  falcate  :  flowers  few  and  crowded,  very  small.  4.  A.  NuttallIantts. 

Ovate,  inflated,  acute  or  pointed. 

Thin-bladdery,  incurved,  1 -celled.  5.  A.  CxEYERI. 

Chartaceous  and  bladdery,  2-celled.  6.  A.  Coulteri. 

Firm-chartaceous,  canescent,  1-celled.  7.  A.  aridus. 

+-  Root  perennial. 

++  Pod  bladdery-inflated,  thin-membranaceous,  ample. 

Pod  2-celled,  ovate,  often  purplish-mottled. 

Plant  slightly  or  very  ])ubescent  :  stems  6  to  18  inches  long. 
Plant  silvery-silky,  nearly  stemless. 
Pod  1-celled,  the  dorsal  suture  not  intruded, 
Stipitate  in  or  raised  out  of  the  calyx. 
Stems  a  span  high  :  pod  very  obtuse, 
Obovate,  1  or  2  inches  long. 
Oval,  an  inch  or  less  long. 
Stems  a  foot  or  more  high. 

Stipe  little  if  at  all  exceeding  the  calyx. 
Pod  ovate,  acute,  not  oblique. 
Pod  clavate-obovate,  ol)lique,  pointed  at  both  ends,  pendulous.  13.  A.  oxyphysus. 
Pod  semi-ovate,  acutish,  on  a  recurved  rigid  stipe.  14.  A.  curtipes. 

Stipe  filiform,  an  inch  long,  almost  equalling  the  oval  pod.  15.  A.  leucophyllus. 


8. 

A. 

lentiginosus. 

9. 

A. 

platytropis. 

10. 

A. 

HOOKERIANUS. 

11. 

A. 

Whitneyi. 

12. 

A. 

OOPHORUS. 

Astragalus. 


LEaUMINOS^. 


145 


16. 

17. 

A. 

A. 

LETTCOPSIS. 
TRICHOPHYLLXTS. 

18. 

A. 

OOCARPtra. 

19. 
20. 

A. 
A. 

Crotalari^. 
Menziesii. 

21. 
22. 

A. 
A. 

MACRO  DOX, 
DOUGLASII, 

23. 

2i. 

A. 
A. 

HORNII. 
PULSIFER^ 

Stipe  half  shorter  :  pod  acute  at  base. 
Stipe  a  (quarter  of  an  inch  long,  half  the  length  of  the  pod. 
Sessile  in  the  calyx,  bladdery,  an  inch  or  two  long,  many-seeded. 
Corolla  pale  yellow,  short  and  broad  :  stipules  herbaceous. 
Corolla  white  or  whitish,  narrow,  an  inch  long  :  stipules  scarious. 
Stipules  distinct  :  pod  rather  firm-walled. 
Stipules  united  opposite  the  petiole  :  pod  thin-bladdery. 
Corolla  yellowish-white  or  cream-color,  4  lines  long,  hardly  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Herbage  villous  when  young  :  calyx-teeth  as  long  as  the  tube. 
Herbage  puberulent  when  young  :  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  tube. 
Sessile  in  the  calyx,  half  an  inch  long  :  flower  a  quarter-inch  long. 
Nearly  glabrous  :  pods  capitate,  ovate,  acuminate,  10-15-seeded. 
Villous  :  pods  few,  ovate-incurved,  3  -  8-seeded. 

++  ++  Pod  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  or  chartaceous,  not  bladdery-inflated, 

=  Long-woolly  or  long-hairy,  sessile  in  the  calyx,  many-seeded. 

Plant  white  with  soft  wool,  very  low  :  pod  densely  woolly.  25.  A.  Purshii. 

Plant  and  pods  long-hairy,  taller.  26.  A.  malacus. 

Plant  and  pods  downy  with  short  hairs,  slender.  27.  A.  Andersonil 

=  =  Pod  glabrous  or  pubescent  with  short  hairs. 

Pod  conspicuously  stipitate,  the  stipe  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx. 
One-celled,  both  sutures  prominent  externally. 
Calyx  very  obliquely  attached  to  the  pedicel  and  recurved  on  it : 
pod  curved  or  coiled,  rigid. 
Herbage  soft-downy  :  pod  pubescent. 
Herbage  minutely  pubescent :  pod  glabrous. 
Calyx  not  oblique  :  pod  straight,  thinner-walled,  linear-oblong. 
Almost  glabrous  :  pod  obtuse  at  base  ;  stipe  half  an  inch  long. 
Hoary-pubescent  :  pod  tapering  into  a  stipe  a  quarter-inch  long, 
Glabrous  :  stipe  2  lines  long. 
Two-celled  by  intrasion  of  the  dorsal  suture,  turgid, 
Narrowly  oblong,  straight,  erect. 
Ovate,  incurved,  reflexed  on  the  stipe. 
Pod  very  short-stipitate  in  the  calyx,  pendulous,  oblong-linear,  straight.  40. 
Pod  sessile  in  the  calyx  or  nearly  so,  and  exceeding  it. 
Stems  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high. 

Flowers  an  inch  long,  few  :  pod  oval,  1 -celled. 
Flowers  one  third  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long, 
Few  or  scattered  in  the  spike. 

Pod  flattened  fore  and  aft,  wing-margined. 
Pod  more  or  less  flattened  or  narrower  fore  and  aft,  marginless, 
curved  at  maturity. 
Leaflets  5  to  15,  linear,  scattered,  hoary-pubescent. 
Leaflets  11  to  21,  crowded, 

Obovate    or    roundish,    loosely    pubescent    or  glabrous : 

flowers  jnirple. 
Oblong  or  obovate,  minutely  silvery-silky  :  flowers  white. 
Pod  terete  with  a  groove  on  the  back,  narrow,  straight, 
Short-stipitate  in  the  calyx,  not  erect. 
Not  at  all  stipitate,  erect. 
Many  flowers  and  pods  crowded  in  a  dense  spike. 
Pods  oblong,  obtuse,  2-celled,  many-seeded. 
Pods  ovate,  acute,  lenticular,  1 -celled,  2-5-seeded. 
Flowers  and  few-seeded  2-celled  pods  only  2  or  3  lines  long. 

Herbage  and  turgid  pods  minutely  pubescent  ;  the  latter  grooved 

on  the  back. 
Herbage  and  laterally  flatfish  pods  very  pubescent. 
Stems  or  rootstocks  not  rising  from  the  ground  :  leaflets  few  :  scape 

few-flowered  :  pod  small.  46. 

Pod  sessile  in  and  shorter  than  the  calyx,  few-seeded.  47. 


28. 
29. 

30. 
31. 
32. 

33. 
34. 


A.  CTRTOIDES. 
A.  SPEIROCARPPS. 

A.  FILIPES. 

A.  Antiselli. 

A.   PORRECTUS. 

A.  ARRECTUS. 
A.   BOLANDERI. 
A.  ATRATUS. 


35.    A.  NUDUS. 


36.  A.  PTEROCAKPUS. 


37.  A.  Casei. 


38. 
39. 

40. 
41. 

42. 
43. 


44. 
45. 


A.  TODANTHUS. 

A.  Webbebi. 

A.  ATBATtrS. 
A.  OBSCCRUS. 

A.  MORTONI. 

A.  PYCNOSTACHYUS. 


A.  Lemmoni. 

A.  LENTIFORMIS. 

A.  CALYCOSUS. 
A.  AuSTINiS. 


*  *  Leaflets  prickly  pointed  and  rigid,  persistent. 
Peduncles  very  short,  1  -  3-flowered  :  pod  very  small,  1  -  4-seeded.  48.  A.  Kentrophyta. 


146  LEGUMINOSiE.  Astragalus. 

I.     Species  toith  an  an7iual  root,  all  low,  mostly  small. 
§  1.  Pod  strongly  transversely  wrinkled,  didymous,  2-seeded. 

1.  A.  didyxnocarpus,  Hook.  &  Am.  Slender,  from  3  inches  to  a  foot  high, 
pubescent  with  some  tine  and  rather  scattered  hairs,  those  of  the  peduncle  and 
calyx  blackish  :  leaflets  9  to  15,  narrowly  oblong  to  linear  and  more  or  less  cune- 
ate,  deeply  notched  at  the  apex  :   spike  an  inch  or  much  less  in  length,  close  : 

.flowers  1|-  to  2^  lines  long  :  corolla  wliite  and  violet,,  its  keel  inflexed  at  tip  :  pod 
not  over  two  lines  long,  short-oval  and  deeply  2-lobed  lengthwise  so  as  to  be 
divided  into  two  cells,  each  nearly  filled  by  the  single  proportionally  large  seed.  — 
Bot.  Eeechey,  334,  t.  81.     A.  Gatalinensis  &  A.  nigrescens,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  152. 

Low  grounds  and  slopes,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  from  Marin  Co.  south- 
ward, flowering  in  spring.     Like  most  annuals  varying  greatly  in  size  and  robustness. 

§  2.  Pod  not  wrinkled,  few  -  many-seeded. 

*  Calyx  blackish-hairy,  much  shorter  tlian  the  violet  or  white  and  violet-tipped  corolla  : 
pod  not  inflated,  between  oblong  and  linear  :  flowers  few  and  nearly  sessile,  crowded 
in  a  small  head  which  does  not  lengthen  in  fruit, 

2.  A.  tener,  Gray.  Slender,  a  span  or  so  in  height,  sparsely  and  minutely 
pubescent :  leaflets  9  to  15,  linear  or  cuneate-linear,  with  or  without  a  retuse  or 
notched  apex :  head  5  —  9-flowered  :  pod  between  coriaceous  and  cartilaginous, 
about  half  an  inch  long,  2-celIed,  5-10-seeded. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  206. 
Phaca  astragalina,  var..  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  334.  Astragalus  Ilypoglottis, 
var.  strigosa,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  115,  fig.  37. 

Moist  grounds,  common  around  San  Francisco  Bay,  &c.  Corolla  4  or  5  lines  long,  often  bright 
violet,  sometimes  pale  and  violet-tipped. 

3.  A.  Breiveri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Much  like  the  preceding :  leaflets  broader,  oblong- 
obcordate  :  forming  pod  more  ovate,  6-ovuled,  and  1 -celled  or  nearly  so. 

Sonoma  Valley,  common  in  fields,  Brewer.  Not  since  met  with  ;  the  fruit  unknown.  Per- 
haps not  distinct  from  the  preceding. 

«  *   Calyx  whitish-haired  or  nearly  so  :  pod  linear :  flowers  few  and  c7-owded  at  the 

apex  of  the  peduncle. 

4.  A.  Nuttallianus,  DC.  More  or  less  pubescent  or  hoary  with  white  ap- 
pressed  hairs,  soon  difl'usely  branched  from  the  base:  leaflets  11  or  13,  oblong  or 
broadly  linear  and  mostly  notched  at  the  end  :  calyx-teeth  slender  and  as  1  ng  as 
the  tube:  corolla  whitish  and  purple,  about  3  lines  long;  the  keel  with  the  inflexed 
tip  narrowed  :  pod  over  half  an  inch  long,  laterally  flattish,  slightly  scythe-shaped, 
the  incurvation  mostly  near  the  base,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back,  acutish  on  the 
other  edge,  2-celled,  several-seeded;  the  surface  minutely  reticulated,  either  glabrous 
or  with  minute  appressed  hairs. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State  (on  the  Rio  Colorado,  Newber^-y),  and  east  to  Texas  and 
Arkansas. 

*  *  *   Calyx  white-pubescent  or  canescent :  pod  ovate  and  inflated :  flowers  racemose. 

5.  A  Greyeri,  Gray.  Strigosely  somewhat  hoary,  branching  from  the  base,  a 
span  high  :  leaflets  7  to  11,  linear,  less  than  half  an  inch  long:  raceme  3-7-flowered : 
corolla  yellowish-white,  3  lines  long  :  pod  thin-bladdery,  half  an  inch  long,  very 
oblique  and  the  acute  tip  incurved,  minutely  hoary-pubescent,  1 -celled,  many-seeded. 
—  Phaca  annua,  Geyer. 

W.  Nevada,  not  far  from  the  boundary  (  Watsov)  ;  thence  east  to  Wyoming,  Gajer,  Parry. 

6.  A.  Coulteri,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  stouter,  tomentose-canesceut  or 
the  leaves  silvery-silky  :  leaflets  9  to  19,  obovate  or  oblong,  sometimes  emarginate, 
3  to  5  lines  long:  raceme  or  spike  loosely  10-20-flowered  :  calyx-teeth  shorter 


Astragaljis.  LEGUMINOS^.  147 

than  the  tube  :  corolla  purple,  about  half  an  inch  long :  pod  ovate  and  pointed,  in- 
flated, of  somewhat  chartaceous  texture,  nearly  tliree  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  hoary 
with  appressed  hairs,  nearly  or  quite  2-celled.  —  PL  Hartw.  307.  A.  ArthuSchottii, 
Gray,  1.  c.  209. 

Near  Monterey,  Coulter,  according  to  his  herbarium  ;  but  probably  collected  in  the  arid  region 
of  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  where  it  was  found  by  Fremont,  Schott,  Cooper,  &c. 

7.  A.  aridus,  Gray.  Silvery  silky-canescent,  like  the  preceding:  leaflets  oblong, 
3  or  4  lines  long:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  spicately  5-8-flowered:  corolla 
barely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  hardly  over  2  lines  long,  yellowish-white  :  pod 
obli(iuely  ovate,  acute,  inflated,  of  tirm  chartaceous  texture,  half  an  inch  long,  canes- 
cent,  one-celled. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  223. 

Southern  borders  of  the  State,  between  Colorado  and  San  Diego,  Thurber. 

II.  Species  with  perennial  roots :  leaflets  and  stipules  not  spinescent. 

§  1.  Pod  bladdery-inflated  (the  walls  thin  and  membranous),  several  —  many-seeded, 

*   Two-celled  by  the  turning  in  of  both  sutures  till  they  meet  or  nearly  so,  more  or 
less  didymotis,  being  grooved  externally  down  both  sides,  sessile  in  tlie  calyx. 

A.  DiPHYSus,  Gray,  PI.  Feudl.  34,  which  extends  from  New  Mexico  to  the  centre  of  Nevada, 
comes  near  A.  lentujinosus,  but  is  glabrous  throughout,  except  sometimes  a  little  pubescence  on 
the  calyx,  and  has  rather  large  pods. 

8.  A.  lentiginosus,  Dougl.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  the  tufted  stems 
soon  dittusely  spreading,  from  slightly  to  hoary-pubescent:  leaflets  11  to  19,  from 
obovate  or  obcordate  to  oblong,  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long :  peduncle  short : 
flowers  and  fruits  mostly  crowded  in  the  oblong  spike  or  raceme  :  corolla  either 
white  or  purple,  nearly  half  an  inch  long  :  pod  turgid-ovate  and  pointed,  more  or 
less  incurved,  usually  puberulent,  occasionally  purplish-mottled,  seldom  an  inch  and 
sometimes  only  half  an  inch  long.  —  A.  inejJtus,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  525, 
appears  to  be  only  a  narrow-leaved  and  pubescent  form.  A.  diaphanus,  Dougl.  in 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  151. 

Var.  Fremontii,  Watson.  More  hoary-pubescent,  with  looser-flowered  spikes, 
tisually  on  a  longer  peduncle  :  stem  flexuous.  —  A.  Fremontii,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Common  through  the  arid  interior  region,  from  Washington  Territory  and  the  eastern  part  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  southern  Irorders  of  the  State  ;  the  variety  mostly  southward.  Var. 
floribundus.  Gray,  is  the  ordinary  form  well  develoi)ed.  This  species  is  one  of  the  poisonous 
"  Rattle-weeds  "  of  the  southern  and  eastern  parts  of  the  State. 

9.  A.  platytropis,  Gray.  Dwarf  and  tufted  on  long  and  stout  horizontal  root- 
stocks,  densely  silvery-silky  ;  the  stems  very  short,  hardly  rising  above  the  ground  : 
leaflets  7  to  13,  obovate  or  oblong,  3  lines  or  less  in  length  :  slender  scape-like 
peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  tufted  leaves,  bearing  a  little  head  of  5  or  6 
flowers  :  corolla  yellowish-white,  except  the  broad  and  round-tipped  keel,  which  is 
purplish  and  as  long  as  the  other  petals  :  pod  turgid-ovate,  very  short-pointed, 
puberulent,  sometimes  purplish-mottled,  an  inch  or  less  in  length.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  526. 

Sierra  Nevada  above  Sonora  Pass,  at  10,000  feet,  Brewer.  East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada, 
at  11,000  feet,   Watson. 

*  *   One-celled  pod,  with  no  turning  in  of  the  dorsal  suture, 

■t-  Stipitate,  i.  e.  the  pod  raised  more  or  less  on  a  stalk  of  its  own  above  the  calyx. 

++  Stems  lou)  and  tufted :  pod  obovate  or  oval  and  very  obtuse :  peduncles  hardly 

exceeding  the  leaf,  rather  few  and  densely  flowered. 

10.  A.  Hookerianus,  Dietr.  Silky-villous  or  pubescent,  diff"usely  tufted,  a 
span  high  :  leaflets  13  to  19,  oblong  or  linear,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  flowers  very  short- 
pedicelled  :  corolla  white  or  whitish  :  pod  obovate  and  not  in  the  least  pointed, 


148  LEGUMINOS^.  Astragalus. 

thin-bladdery,  one  or  two  inches  long,  glabrous;  its  stipe  slightly  exceeding  the 
short-campanulate  calyx.  —  Phaca  Uooheriana,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Mountains  in  the  interior  of  Oregon  {Douglas),  and  W.  Nevada  {Anderson,  Watson),  extend- 
ing into  ^^evada  antl  Sierra  counties,  Bolander,  Lemnum. 

11.  A.  "Whitneyi,  Gray.  Minutely  appressed-pubescent :  stems  erect:  leaflets 
11  to  19,  linear-oblong,  3  lines  long:  flowers  short-pedicelled  :  corolla  "red-violet," 
in  the  specimen  seemingly  only  purplish  :  immature  pods  smaller  than  in  the  fore- 
going, oval,  and  narrowed  at  base  into  a  more  slender  stipe  which  becomes  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  oblong-campanulate  calyx,  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  526. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  Sonora  Pass,  at  10,000  feet,  Brewer. 

++  ++  Stems  very  short  and  tufted  on  the  rootstocks :  pod  ovate  and  acute,  longer  than 
the  few-flowered  common  peduncle,  short-stipitate  within  the  calyx. 

A.  MEGACARPUS,  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  215  {PJuica,  Nutt.),  is  here  mentioned  to  com- 
plete the  series,  and  because  its  var.  Parryi,  Gray,  with  narrower  pods  and  leaflets,  found  in 
Southwestern  Utah,  may  approach  the  eastern  bordei-s  of  California. 

++  ++  ++  Stems  afoot  or  moi'e  high  and  mostly  erect. 

=  Stipe  of  the  more  or  less  acute  pod  equalling  or  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

12.  A.  OOphorilS,  Watson.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems  lax  or  decumbent,  a 
foot  or  two  long  :  leaflets  9  to  1 3,  oblong,  obtuse,  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
long  :  peduncles  equalling  the  leaf,  racemosely  several-flowered :  calyx-teeth  seta- 
ceous from  a  dilated  base,  as  long  as  the  broadly  campanulate  tube  :  corolla  yel- 
lowish-white, sometimes  violet-tipped,  half  an  inch  long  :  bladdery  pod  ovate,  not 
oblique,  acute,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  pendulous  on  a  stipe  which  barely  exceeds 
the  calyx-tube.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  73. 

Shoshone  Mountains  at  Eeese  River  Pass,  Nevada,  Watson.     The  only  station  yet  known. 

1 3.  A.  OzyphysilS,  Gray.  Canescent  with  very  soft  silky  pubescence  :  stem 
erect,  2  or  3  feet  high:  leaflets  9  to  21,  oblong,  an  inch  or  less  in  length:  peduncles 
much  exceeding  the  leaves  :  racemq  elongated,  rather  densely  flowered  :  calyx-teeth 
subulate,  barely  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  tube  :  corolla  greenish-white,  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long  :  bladdery  pod  clavate-obovate,  oblique,  acuminate  at  both 
ends,  and  especially  tapering  into  the  recurved  stipe  (which  exceeds  the  calyx), 
almost  glabrous,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  218. 

Dry  hills  in  the  Monte  Diablo  range,  Arroyo  del  Puerto,  Brewer.     A  striking  species. 

14.  A.  cnrtipes,  Gray,  1.  c.  Cinereous  with  a  minute  appressed  pubescence, 
or  green  with  age  :  stem  a  foot  or  two  high  :  stipules  mostly  united  opposite  the 
petiole  :  leaflets  13  to  33,  oblong  or  almost  linear,  retuse,  half  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long  :  peduncles  in  fruit  longer  than  the  leaf :  raceme  short  and  rather  dense  : 
calyx-teeth  setaceous-subulate,  little  shorter  than  the  broadly  campanulate  tube  : 
corolla  not  seen  :  bladdery  pod  semi-ovate  or  oval,  acutish,  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
glabrous,  pendulous  on  a  recurved  rigid  stipe  which  hardly  exceeds  the  calyx-tube. 

Dry  hills  at  San  Luis  Obispo,  Brewer.     Near  Ojai,  Prof.  G.  L.  Goodale.     In  fruit  only. 

=  =  Stipe  of  the  slightly  pointed  or  obtuse  glabrous  pod  filiform,  much  exceeding  the 
calyx:  stem  erect :  raceme  or  spike  densely  flowered  and  long  peduncled. 

15.  A.  leucophylliis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Canescent  with  fine  and  soft  silky  pubes- 
cence when  young,  when  older  rather  greenish  :  stem  rather  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high : 
leaflets  in  many  pairs,  broadly  linear,  often  an  inch  long  :  flowers  fully  half  an  inch 
long  :  calyx-teeth  subulate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  tube  :  corolla  yel- 
lowish-white :  thin-bladdery  pod  oval,  unequal-sided,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  on  a 
filiform  pubescent  stipe  of  almost  equal  length !  —  Phaca  leucophylla,  Hook.  &  Am. 

Lower  part  of  the  Sacramento  to  Monterey  ?    Not  well  named  ;  when  full-grown  hardly  hoary. 


Astragalus.  LEGUMINOS^.  149 

16.  A.  leucopsis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Tomentulose-canescent,  a  foot  high  :  leaflets 
in  many  pairs,  from  broadly  oblong  to  almost  linear,  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length: 
spike-like  raceme  mostly  short  (an  inch  or  two  long,  rarely  longer) :  calyx-teeth 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  campanulate  tube  :  flower  otherwise  nearly  as 
in  the  foregoing  :  the  pod  similar,  but  somewhat  tapering  at  base  into  a  nearly 
glabrous  stipe  of  half  an  inch  or  less  in  length  and  only  twice  or  thrice  the  length 
of  the  calyx-tube.  — Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  56,  t.  16.  Phaca  canescens,  Xutt.  P.  leu- 
copsis, Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  694. 

Dry  hills,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego  Co. 

17.  A.  trichopodus,  Gray.  Strigulose-puberulent  or  at  first  hoary,  in  age 
almost  glabrous  :  stem  slender,  a  foot  to  a  yard  high  :  leaflets  in  many  pairs,  from 
narrowly  oblong  to  nearly  linear,  about  half  an  inch  long  :  raceme  short :  flowers  4 
or  5  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  very  much  shorter  than  the  campanulate  tube  :  corolla 
yellowish  white  :  pod  oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  over  half  an  inch  in  length,  but 
very  much  smaller  and  less  bladdery  than  any  other  of  this  subdivision ;  its  stipe 
only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long.  —  Phaca  tricJiopoda,  Nutt. 

Dry  hills,  common  in  and  near  Santa  Barbara  Co. 

A.  AMPULLARius,  Watson,  the  only  remaining  known  species  of  this  subdivision,  is  dwarf, 
short-peduncled,  with  rather  few  leaflets,  violet-purple  flowei-s,  extremely  short  calyx-teeth,  and 
pod  ovate  with  a  trancate  or  abrupt  base,  on  a  stipe  of  its  own  length.  It  inhabits  S.  Utah,  but 
may  approach  the  borders  of  California. 

-{-  -{-  Pod  sessile  in  the  calyx  (not  at  all  stipitate), 

++  Large  and  very  bladdery,  over  an  inch  and  sometimes  two  inches  long,  vrvany- 
seeded :  leaflets  mostly  in  many  pairs :  spike  or  raceme  many-flowered. 

=  Stipules  (at  least  the  upper  ones)  herbaceous  and  rigidly  deflexed :  corolla  appar- 
ently pale  yellow  or  cream-color,  short  and  broad,  incwved :  stems  3  to  6  feet 
long,  straggling  or  decumbent  and  branching. 

18.  A.  OOCarpus,  Gray.  Glabrous,  or  young  parts  minutely  pubescent :  stems 
flexuous  and  with  spreading  branches :  leaflets  from  oblong  to  broadly  linear,  obtuse 
(from  half  to  an  inch  long),  bright  green  and  of  thickish  firm  texture  :  peduncles 
sometimes  exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  loose  in  the  raceme,  4  or  5  lines  long  : 
calyx  campaimlate  and  with  very  short  triangular-subulate  teeth  :  corolla  compara- 
tively short,  with  keel  much  incurved  and  standard  turned  back  :  pod  ovate  or 
oval  and  short-pointed,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  of  parchment-like  tex- 
ture ;  the  seed-bearing  suture  somewhat  projecting  into  the  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vi.  213.     A.  Crotalarice,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  56,  t,  17,  excl,  syn. 

Common  through  the  mountains  east  of  San  Diego,  Parry,  Cleveland,  Palmer.  A  strongly 
marked  species,  varying  however  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  pod,  which  in  the  smaller  form  is 
ovate,  but  in  the  larger  is  elongated-oval  and  the  walls  more  membranaceous. 

=  =  Stipules  scarious  or  nearly  so :  leaflets  usually  crotoded  in  very  many  pairs  : 
peduncles  elongated  and  bearing  numerous  soon  deflexed  flowers,  which  are  usually 
croivded  in  the  raceme :  cr/roUa  straightish  and  narroiv,  fully  half  an  inch  long, 
yellowish-u'hite  or  white,  or  sometimes  the  tips  dusky-purplish. 

19.  A.  Crotalariae,  Gray,  1,  c.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  or  the  young 
parts  sometimes  villous  :  stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  2  or  3  feet  high,  usually  stout : 
leaflets  from  oblong-linear  to  obovate-oval  or  slightly  obcordate,  thickish  (from  a 
quarter  to  a  full  inch  long) :  stipules  triangular  and  distinct :  calyx-teeth  subulate, 
about  half  the  length  of  the  short-cam paiiulate  tube  :  corolla  white  :  pod  of  rather 
parchment-like  texture,  but  much  inflated,  ovoid,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
length.  —  Phaca  Crotalariae,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  1     P.  densifolia,  partly,  of  authors. 

Var.  virgatUS,  Gray.  Stipules  more  subulate  :  racemes  virgate  and  loose,  4  to 
10  inches  long  :  calyx-teeth  subulate-setaceous  and  longer. 


150  LEGUMINOSiE.  n         Astragalus. 

Hills  and  plains,  from  around  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Santa  Barbara  Co.  ;  the  variety  about  San 
Francisco  Bay,  Bridges,  Kellogg  or  Holder.  If  Phaca  Crotalarice,  i.  e.  the  specimen  of  Coulter, 
was  really  collected  "near  Monterey,"  it  is  most  probably  a  pubescent  and  fewer-flowered  form 
of  this,  with  broad  and  less  numerous  leaflets.  But  several  of  Coulter's  plants  said  to  come  from 
Monterey  must  have  been  gathered  on  the  way  thither  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  or  in 
Arizona. 

20.  A.  Menziesii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Villous  with  whitish  hairs,  or  soon  green  and 
almost  glabrous  :  stems  erect  or  decumbent,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  stipules  broader  and 
less  pointed,  all  but  the  uppermost  united  on  the  side  of  the  stem  away  from  the 
leaf:  leaflets  and  dense  spicate  raceme  as  well  as  flowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding: 
pod  similar,  but  larger  (an  inch  and  a  half  or  more  long)  and  more  bladdery,  the 
walls  thin-membranaceous.  —  Phaca  densifolia.  Smith ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  282,  excl. 
syn.  Nutt.     P.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 

Meadows  and  sandy  fields,  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Santa  Barbara  near  the  coast. 

====  =  Stipules  scarious  or  thin-membranaceous,  mostly  subulate :  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaves  and  rather  few-fioiuered :  corolla  hardly  tvnce  the  length  of  the  calyx 
{about  4  lines  long),  yellowish-white  or  creavi-color. 

21.  A.  macrodon,  Gray,  1.  c.  Villous-canescent,  at  least  when  young :  stems 
a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaflets  in  numerous  pairs  and  mostly  crowded,  oblong-linear 
(from  a  third  to  an  inch  long)  :  flowers  crowded,  soon  reflexed  :  calyx-teeth  slender- 
subulate,  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube,  little  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  mature 
pod  not  seen.  —  Phaca  macrodon,  Hook.  &  Am. 

Near  San  Franscisco  or  more  probably  Monterey,  Douglas.     More  specimens  are  needed. 

22.  A.  Douglasii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Cinereous-puberulent,  almost  glabrous  in  age  : 
stems  ascending,  a  foot  or  so  in  height  :  leaflets  in  rather  numerous  pairs,  linear  or 
linear-oblong  (a  third  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long)  :  spike  (half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  long)  10-20-flowered  :  calyx-teeth  subulate,  from  half  to  three  fourths  the 
length  of  the  campanulate  tube:  pod  thin-bladdery,  gibbous-ovoid,  1|^  to  2  inches 
long.  —  Phaca  Douglasii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  346. 

Gravelly  beds  of  streams  near  the  coast,  San  Francisco  to  San  Luis  Obispo. 

+■¥  -^+  Smaller  pods  (ahoid  half  an  inch  long),  few— several-seeded :  stems  low  or  spread- 
ing :  flower  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long. 

23.  A.  Hoxnii,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent :  stems  slender,  ascend- 
ing :  leaflets  about  21,  narrowly  oblong  (4  to  7  lines  long):  peduncle  surpassing 
the  leaves  :  flowers  numerous  in  a  dense  head  or  short  spike,  which  is  equally  dense 
in  fruit :  calyx-teeth  subulate,  about  the  length  of  the  campanulate  tube  :  corolla 
yellowish-white,  straightish  :  pods  ovate  from  a  broad  base  and  gradually  acumi- 
nate, straight,  villous-pubescent,  10  -  15-seeded. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  398. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Owen's  Valley  {Dr.  Horn),  and  at  Bakersfield,  to  S. 
Utah.     Said  to  be  one  of  the  sheep-poisons. 

24.  A.  Fulsiferae,  Gray.  Whitish-villous  :  stems  numerous  in  a  tuft  and  pro- 
cumbent, slender,  branching:  stipules  slender-subulate:  leaflets  5  to  11,  obovate- 
cuneate,  mostly  retuse,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  peduncles  not  longer  than  the  leaf,  rather 
loosely  3  -  5-flowered  :  flowers  pedicelled  :  calyx-teeth  linear-filiform,  twice  the 
length  of  the  campanulate  tube,  about  the  length  of  the  keel  of  the  incurved  vvliite 
and  purple-tinged  corolla  :  the  narrow  Avings  and  especially  the  standard  (notched 
at  the  apex)  much  longer  :  pod  ovate-inflated  and  incurved,  villous-pubescent,  3-8- 
seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  69. 

Gravelly  hills  and  banks,  Sierra  and  Plumas  counties,  Mrs.  Pulsifer  Ames,  Lemmon.  The  pods, 
although  small  (barely  half  an  inch  long),  as  in  the  inflated-fniited  section  ;  but  otherwise,  in 
aspect,  mode  of  growth  and  size,  wholly  different. 

A.  puBENTissiMUS,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  209,' is  nearly  related  to  the  preceding,  and  is 
probably  perennial ;  but  it  has   short  stems,   much  broader  stipules,  leaflets  hardly  narrowed 


Astragalus.  LEG-UMINOS^.  151 

downwards,  more  numerous  and  rather  larger  flowers,  slender  calyx-lobes  not  so  long  in  propor- 
tion to  the  tube,  and  the  more  hairy  pod  strongly  inflexed. 

§  2.  Pod  not  Tnenihranaceous-inflated,  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  densely  long-woolly 
or  long  Jiairy,  commonly  turgid,  incurved,  many-seeded,  sessile  in  the  calyx. 

-.t  Cespttose  and  depressed,  the  stems  very  short  or  sjireading  on  the  ground :  foliage 
canescently  ivoolly  or  silky-villoiis :  flowers  long  and  narroiv,  often  an  inch  in 
length :  tube  of  the  calyx  cylindrical :  filiform  claws  of  the  petals  much  longer  than 
the  blades  :  pods  very  densely  woolly,  ovate-incurved, 

25.  A.  Purshii,  Dougl.  Barely  a  span  high,  in  matted  tufts,  canescently  silky- 
villous  rather  than  tomentose  :  leaflets  9  to  19,  oblong  (3  to  5  lines  long)  :  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  leaves,  bearing  5  or  6  crowded  flowers  :  calyx-teeth  slender- 
subulate  :  corolla  dull  white  with  purple  tip  to  the  keel  and  sometimes  to  the  other 
petals  :  pod  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  very  densely  clothed  with  long  white  or  yel- 
lowish hairs,  so  as  to  appear  like  pellets  of  wool,  at  length  much  incurved,  of  rather 
cartilaginous  texture,  one-celled,  but  at  maturity  the  dorsal  suture  sometimes  inward 
so  as  nearly  to  meet  the  ventral,  but  not  strictly  forming  a  partition.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i. 
152  ;  Gray,  1.  c.     Phaca  mollissima,  Nutt. 

Eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Anderson,  Brewer,  &c.),  and  through  the  dry  interior  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  borders  of  British  Columbia.  Also  on  Mt.  San  Carlos,  at  3,500  to 
4,000  feet,  on  a  very  dry  slope,  Brewer.  The  Californian  forms  are  comparatively  small-flowered, 
and  have  the  corolla  purple  at  tip.  —  Of  the  annexed  nearly  related  species  none  have  yet  been 
collected  in  the  State,  but  most  of  them  may  probably  be  found. 

A.  Utahexsis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Phaca  mollissima,  var.  Ulahcnsis,  Torr.  in  Stansbury  Rep. 
385,  t.  2.)  This  belongs  to  the  Salt  Lake  district,  but  appears  to  have  been  found  by  Watson 
even  in  the  western  part  of  Nevada.  It  is  distinguished  from  A.  Purshii  only  or  mainly  by 
rounder  leaflets,  clothed  with  truly  tomentose  white  wool,  and  longer  peduncles. 

A.  Thompsons,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  345,  found  in  S.  Utah  by  Mrs.  Thompson  and 
Captain  Bishop,  is  between  the  two  preceding  in  the  shape  of  the  leaflets  and  the  wooUiness,  but 
has  flowers  little  over  half  an  inch  long,  shorter  calyx-teeth,  and  a  pod  (about  the  same  length) 
with  shorter  wool,  so  that  its  sliape  is  visible,  with  a  conspicuous  groove  on  both  sides,  the  dorsal 
one  forming  a  partition  which  divides  the  cell,  except  near  the  acute  apex. 

A.  ERiocAnpiTS,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  71  (not  of  Parry's  S.  Utah  collection,  No.  44,  which  is 
A.  Purshii),  of  the  foot-hills  in  W.  Nevada.  This  is  apparently  more  stemless  than  the  pre- 
ceding, has  oval  or  obovate  leaflets  over  half  an  inch  in  length,  a  thinner  and  longer  silky 
pubescence,  which  is  sparse  and  rather  hirsute  on  the  elongated  naked  scape,  a  dark-haired  calyx 
with  filiform  teeth  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  tube,  deep-purple  corolla  over  an  inch  long 
and  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  and  an  oblong  inflexed  curved  pod,  clothed  with  shorter 
and  coarser  hirsute  wool,  the  sutures  intruding  below,  but  not  dividing  the  cell.  This  in  some 
respects  approaches  the  more  northern  and  still  imperfectly  known  A.  iuflexAis,  Dougl.,  which  is 
decidedly  caulescent,  more  villous,  with  lighter  purple  corolla  little  longer  than  the  long  filiform 
calyx-teeth,  the  bracts  and  stipules  mostly  subulate-setaceous. 

*  *  Stems  ascending  or  erect,  a  foot  or  so  high :  pods  falcate,  laterally  compressed, 
2-celled :  stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petiole. 

26.  A.  malacus,  Gray.  Villous-hirsute  with  long  spreading  hairs,  rather  stout : 
leaflets  11  to  17,  obovate,  retuse,  4  to  8  lines  long :  peduncles  surpassing  the 
leaves,  bearing  a  rather  close  spike  of  several  or  many  flowers ;  these  two  thirds 
of  an  inch  long  :  calyx  cylindrical,  dark-hairy ;  the  "slender  teeth  much  shorter 
than  the  tube,  not  very  much  shorter  than  the  usually  deep  purple  corolla ; 
the  claws  of  the-  latter  long  and  slender :  pods  pendulous  or  spreading,  lunate- 
lanceolate,  an  inch  long,  3  or  4  lines  wide,  densely  long-hairy,  turgid  and  grooved 
on  the  back,  sharp-edged  ventrally,  many-seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  336. 

Eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  the  Virginia  Mountains,  &c.  (Anderson,  Watson),  to 
Owen's  Valley,  Dr.  Horn. 

27.  A.  Andersonii,  Cxray.  Canescent  with  dense  somewhat  silky  pubescence, 
rather  slender  :  leaflets  13  to  25,  oblong  or  oval,  rarely  obovate,  macronate,  3  to  6 
lines  long  :  peduncles  surpassing  the  leaves  :  flowers  numerous  and  crowded  in  an 


152  LEGUMINOS^.  n         Astragalus. 

oblong  or  cylindrical  spike  :  calyx-teeth  subulate-setaceous,  nearly  the  length  of  the 
campanulate  whitish-villous  tube,  much  shorter  than  the  curved  yellowish-white 
corolla  ;  this  half  an  inch  long,  and  the  broad  claws  shorter  than  the  blades  :  pods 
pendulous,  linear-oblong,  falcate  or  sickle-shaped,  half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  2  lines  wide,  abruptly  pointed,  soft-downy,  10  -  20-seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
vi.  524. 

Eastern  ranges  of  the  SieiTa  Nevada,  Sierra  Co.  to  "Washoe  Co.,  Nevada,  Anderson,  Torrey, 
Lemmon,  &c. 

§  3.  Pod  neither  membranaceous  and  bladdery-inflated,  nor  long-hairy  or  ivoolly, 

*  Conspicuously  stipitate  in  the  calyx  [stipe  equalling  or  much  exceeding  the  latter). 

+■  One-celled  pod  with  both  sutures  prominent  externally  and  not  within,  narrow. 

++  Calyx  va-y  obliquely  attached  to  the  pedicel  and  soon  recurved  on  it :  corolla  yel- 
lowish-white :  pod  curved,  cartilaginous  or  rigid,  not  ompressed,  the  cross  section 
obovate :  stems  a  foot  or  two  long,  mostly  spreading  or  decumbent :  stipules  small, 
distinct. 

28.  A.  cyrtoides,  Gray.  Soft-pubescent  throughout  and  mostly  hoary,  rather 
stout:  leaflets  11  to  21,  from  obovate-oblong  and  retuse  to  obcordate,  becoming 
smoother  above  :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  numerous  in  a  dense 
spike-like  raceme  :  calyx  downy  ;  the  teeth  not  half  the  length  of  the  oblong-cam- 
panulate  tube  :  pod  oblong-linear,  pmbescent,  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  on  an 
ascending  slender  stipe  of  half  an  inch  or  more,  either  falcate  or  at  length  curved 
into  a  ring ;  the  thick  cartilaginous  valves  very  turgid  at  maturity,  obscurely  retic- 
ulated. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  201  &  525  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  75. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Placer  to  Sierra  Co.  and  eastward  {Anderson,  Lemmon), 
and  W.   Idaho,  Spalding.     CoroUa  half  an  inch  long. 

29.  A.  speirocarpus,  Gray.  Minutely  cinereous-pubescent  :  stems  rather 
slender:  leaflets  9  to  17,  obovate  and  oblong,  emarginate  :  flowers  less  numerous 
and  crowded  than  in  the  preceding  :  calyx  barely  puberulent ;  the  teeth  not  a 
quarter  of  the  length  of  the  cylindraceous  tube  :  pod  glabrous,  tapering  at  base 
into  a  stipe  only  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  coiled  nearly  into  one  turn  or  at 
length  into  a  flat  spiral ;  the  valves  thinner  and  less  indurated  than  in  the  preced- 
ing, more  veiny,  and  less  turgid.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  225  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

Var.  falciformis,  Gray.  Stipe  filiform,  half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
nearly  the  length  of  the  thinner-walled  and  less  turgid  falcate  or  merely  hooked  pod. 

Sierra  Co.  (Lemmon)  and  adjacent  mountains  of  Nevada  ( Watson)  ;  the  original  collected  by 
Lyall  on  the  Upper  Columbia,  in  fruit  only.  Flowers  narrower  and  rather  longer  than  in  the  fore- 
going, which  some  forms  approach. 

++  ■¥■¥  Calyx  equal-sided  and  centrally  attached  to  the  pedicel :  pod  straight,  linear- 
oblong,  compressed ;  the  valves  thiji  and  parchment- like :  stems  erect  or  somewhat 
spreading. 

30.  A.  filipes,  Torr.  Minutely  puberulent  or  glabrous  :  stems  slender,  branch- 
ing, 2  feet  high  :  stipules  small  and  subulate  :  leaflets  9  to  17,  rather  scattered, 
linear  (one  third  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long) :  racemes  virgate,  long-peduncled, 
loosely-flowered  :  pedicels  soon  spreading  or  pendulous  :  calyx-teeth  not  half  the 
length  of  the  campanulate  tube  :  corolla  yellowish-Avhite  (half  an  inch  long)  :  pod 
an  inch  or  less  in  length  and  2  or  3  lines  broad,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a 
filiform  stipe  of  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  226. 

N.  W.  Nevada  ( Watsmi,  Lemmon),  extending  towards  and  probably  witliin  the  State,  and  in 
the  dry  interior  country  to  Washington  Territoiy. 

31.  A.  Antiselli,  Gray.  Cinereous-pubescent,  a  foot  or  so  in  height  :  leaflets 
21  to  29,  linear-oblong,  crowded,  2  to  4  lines  long,  hoary  beneath  but  glabrous 


Astragalus.  LEGUMINOS^.  153 

above  :  raceme  loosely  few-flowered  :  calyx-teeth  about  half  the  length  of  the  cam- 
panulate  tube  (corolla  small  and  white  1) :  pod  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  2  lines 
wide  above  the  middle,  thence  tapering  gradually  into  the  stipe,  which  is  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  long  and  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Homalobus  multijlorus,  Torr. 
in  Pacif  R.  Eep.  vii.  10,  not  of  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 

Hillsides,  Santa  Barbara  Co.  ;  Santa  Iflez  (^Dr.  Antisell),  Ojai,  Dr.  G.  L.  Goodale. 

A.  MULTIFLORUS,  Gray  (the  Homalobus  disjmr  &  nigrcsceiis,  Nutt.,  &  H.  multijlorus,  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.),  is  not  known  west  of  the  E.  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada,  nor  south  of  Oregon.  It 
has  white  flowers  not  over  2  lines  long,  and  pods  half  an  inch  long,  on  a  stipe  not  exceeding 
the  calyx. 

32.  A.  porrectus,  Watson.  Almost  glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  stipules 
rather  large,  nearly  scarious,  the  lower  united  :  leaflets  7  to  11,  thickish,  broadly 
obovate,  about  half  an  inch  long  :  racemes  virgate,  long-peduncled,  loosely  many- 
flowered  :  pedicels  very  short,  spreading :  calyx-teeth  slender-subulate,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  campanulate  tube  :  corolla  "  yellow "  (apparently  cream-color), 
narrow,  half  an  inch  long  :  pod  half  an  inch  or  so  in  length,  2  lines  wide,  dorsally 
convex  and  ventrally  almost  straight,  nearly  erect  upon  an  ascending  pedicel ;  the 
stipe  2  lines  long  and  barely  exceeding  the  calyx-teeth.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  75. 

Trinity  Mountains,  N.  W.  Nevada,  at  5,000  feet,  IVatson.  Probably  to  be  found  within  the 
borders  of  the  State. 

■*-  -t-  Pod  ttoo-celled  {by  strong  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture),  turgid ;    the  cross 
section  broadly  obcordately  '2-lobed,  coriaceous,  glabrous:  leaflets  7  to  12  pairs. 

33.  A.  arrectus,  Gray.  A  foot  or  more  high,  minutely  pubescent  or  glabrate  : 
stipules  ilistinct :  leaflets  from  linear  to  oblong,  retuse  (a  third  to  two  thirds  of  an 
inch  long)  :  peduncles  usually  elongated,  racemosely  9  -  20-flowered  :  calyx-teeth 
much  shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  yellowish-white  :  pod  narrowly  oblong, 
straight,  rather  acute  at  both  ends,  upright  on  the  ascending  stipe  which  is  fully 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  289  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  69. 

Foot-hills  of  Nevada  (Battle  Mountain,  Watson),  and  from  S.  Utah  to  Idaho.  Not  yet  found 
very  near  the  borders  of  California,  but  to  be  expected.  Flowers  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long.  Pod 
from  that  to  an  inch  in  length. 

34.  A.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high  :  stipules  scarious  and  united 
on  the  side  of  the  stem  opposite  the  petiole  :  leaflets  oblong-linear  or  narrowly  ob- 
long, grayish  with  soft  pubescence  (a  third  to  half  an  inch  long) :  peduncles  not 
exceeding  the  leaf,  almost  capitately  6- 12- flowered  :  calyx-teeth  slender-subulate, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  white  with  a  tinge  of  purple  :  pod  ovate,  in- 
curved, transversely  veiny,  less  than  an  inch  long,  abruptly  recurved  or  reflexed  on 
the  conspicuous  ascending  stipe.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  337. 

Gravelly  soil,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  feet  and  upwards,  Mariposa  Co.  (Bolander,  Bridges, 
&c.),  to  Sierra  Co.,  Leminon.     Flowers  half  an  inch  long. 

*  *  Pod  sessile  in  the  calyx  (or  sometimes  on  a  short  included  stipe)  and  in  size  much 
exceeding  it,  except  in  the  last  species. 

-f-  Stems  elongated,  at  least  a  span  or  two  in  length. 

Floioers  about  an  inch  long,  few  and  loose. 


+-^ 


35.  A.  nudus,  Watson.  A  foot  or  two  high,  cinereous  with  minute  appressed 
pubescence  or  glabrate  :  stems  branching  and  flexuons,  slender  :  petioles  and  angled 
or  flattish  rhachis  rigid,  elongated,  bearing  a  few  scattered  linear  leaflets  (varying 
from  4  to  8  lines  long)  :  peduncles  elongated,  5  -  8-flowered  :  calyx  cylindraceous, 
dark-pubescent ;  the  lanceolate  teeth  not  half  the  length  of  the  tube  :  corolla  violet- 
purple,  narrow  :  pod  turgid-oval,  glabrous,  ascending,  rather  fleshy,  when  mature 


154  LEGUMINOS^.  tf       Astragalus. 

cartilaginous  and  thick-walled,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  abruptly  pointed  with  the  per- 
sistent base  of  the  style,  one-celled,  both  sutures  strong  and  prominent  externally : 
seeds  numerous.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  74. 

West  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada,  Watson.  Allied  to  A.  pectiTuttn^s  but  very  distinct. 
Leaflets  not  rigid  and  persistent  as  in  that  species  and  the  next.  Pods  three  fourths  of  an  inch 
long  and  three  eighths  in  diameter,  the  cross  section  oblate-oval. 

++  ++  Flowers  smaller,  from  one  third  to  half  or  rarely  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long, 

=  Few  or  not  very  numerous  in  the  spike :  podi  mot  densely  spiked. 

a.  Flattened  more  or  less  fore  and  aft,  i.  e.  contrary  to  the  sutures,  and  with  no 

proper  partition. 

36.  A.  pterocarpus,  Watson.  A  foot  or  two  high,  but  soon  declined  or  de- 
cumbent, ciuereous-puberulent  or  glabrate,  loosely  branched  :  leaflets  linear-acerose, 

3  to  9  on  the  rigid  tiliform  rhachis,  persistent  and  equally  rigid,  of  about  the  same 
breadth  (an  inch  or  so  in  length)  :  peduncles  7  -  9-flowered  :  flowers  (hardly  known) 
about  half  an  inch  long  :  pod  pendulous,  glabrous,  ovate  or  oval  (an  inch  long)  cori- 
aceous, excej^t  the  acute  tip  strongly  flattened  contrary  to  the  sutures  and  margined 
with  a  narrow  rigid  wing,  one-celled,  the  sutures  narrow  and  not  intruded  :  seeds 
numerous.  — Bot.  King  Exp.  71,  t.  12. 

N.  W.  Nevada,  in  alkaline  soil  at  the  junction  of  the  Reese  River  with  the  Humboldt.  Prob- 
ably not  Californian  :  most  remarkable  for  the  winged  margins  of  the  strongly  obcompressed 
legumes. 

37.  A.  Casei,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high,  cinereous  with  minute  appressed 
pubescence  :  stems  and  branches  effuse,  nearly  filiform,  rigid  :  leaflets  5  to  15,  scat- 
tered, linear,  very  obtuse,  small  (2  to  4  lines  long,  half  a  line  or  less  wide),  decid- 
uous ;  the  rhachis  and  petiole  elongated  and  filiform :  peduncles  loosely  few-flowered  : 
flowers  half  an  inch  long,  narrow  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  hardly  one  third 
the  length  of  the  cylindraceous  or  oblong  tube  :  corolla  apparently  pale  purple ; 
])()d  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  about  an  inch  long  and  4 
lines  wide,  puberulent,  sometimes  brownish-mottled,  cartilaginous,  arcuate-incurved, 
strongly  flattened  contrary  to  the  sutures,  both  of  which  are  narrow  and  externally 
])rominent,  one-celled,  the  cross  section  transversely  narrow-oblong  :  seeds  rather 
numerous. 

High  i)lateau  near  Pyramid  Lake,  N.  W.  Nevada,  Lemmon  and  E.  L.  Case. 

38.  A.  iodanthus,  Watson.  A  span  or  two  long,  soon  procumbent,  either 
pubescent  or  almost  glabrous,  leafy;  leaflets  11  to  21,  rather  crowded,  obovate  or 
roundish  :  peduncles  equalling  the  leaves  :  flowers  rather  numerous  and  close  in  the 
oblong  spike  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous-subulate,  loose  or  spreading,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  oblong-campanulate  tube  :  corolla  bright  violet-purple,  or 
rarely  pale,  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  :  pod  oblong-linear,  an  inch  or  more 
in  length,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  pointed,  curved  at  length  into  a  semicircle,  com- 
pressed contrary  to  the  sutures,  both  of  which  are  turned  inwards  with  a  broad 
groove,  so  that  the  cross  section  is  nearly  that  of  a  figure  8  :  seeds  numerous.  — 
Bot.  King  Exp.  70. 

Eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Sierra  Valley  to  the  W.  Humboldt  Mountains.  Flow- 
ers in  spring.     Pods  sometimes  brownish-mottled. 

39.  A.  Webberi,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  leafy  :  leaflet  11  to  21,  crowded, 
both  sides  silvery-canescent  with  a  fine  appressed  silky  pubescenc  ,  oblong  or  obovate, 

4  to  7  lines  long  :  peduncles  surpassing  the  leaves  :  spike  rather  densely  9  -  20- 
flowered  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong-campan- 
ulate tube  :  corolla  white  or  yellowish-white,  half  an  inch  long ;  ])()d  oblong,  an 
inch  and  more  in  length,  glabrous,  thick  and  fleshy  when  young,  cartilaginous  at 
maturity,  blunt  or  nearly  so,  straightish  or  arcuate,  turgid,  somewhat  flattened  con- 


Astragalus.  LEGUMINOS^.  155 

trary  to  the  narrow  and  externjUly  prominent  sutures  ;  the  cross  section  transversely 
oblong  (4  or  5  lines  by  2  or  3)  :  seeds  numerous. 

Indian  and  Sieira  Valley,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Lemmon,  Mrs.  Pul- 
sifcr  Ames.  Flowers  in  July.  To  this  very  probably  belongs  the  Astragalus  from  the  interior 
of  Oregon,  mentioned  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  694,  under  Plmca  leiicophylla  ;  but  the  legumes  of 
the  latter  are  shorter  and  obloug-ovate. 

b.  Pods  terete,  straight,  narrow,  thin-coriaceous,  grooved  on  the  hack  and  that  suture 
intruded  so  as  to  divide  the  cell  or  nearly  so,  and  render  the  cross  section  cordately 
l-lohed. 

40.  A.  atratUS,  Watson.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  loosely  branching,  slender, 
cinereous-puberulent  or  glabmte  :  leaflets  7  to  15,  linear  or  oblong,  2  to  5  lines 
long:  peduncles  elongated,  5  -  10-flowered ;  the  flowers  usually  sparse  (half  an 
inch  long)  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  campanulate  tube  :  corolla  curved, 
whitish  or  the  keel  violet-tipped  :  pod  pendulous,  short-stipitate  in  the  calyx,  slen- 
der (about  9  lines  long  and  barely  2  in  diameter),  puberulent :  seeds  10  to  20.  — 
Bot.  King  Exp.  69,  t.  11. 

N.  W.  Nevada,  Watson.  Not  found  so  near  California  as  the  next,  which  is  very  nearly  related 
to  it.  Well  marked  among  these  species  by  the  short  stipe  of  the  pod,  wholly  within  the  tube 
of  the  calyx. 

41.  A.  obscunis,  Watson,  1.  c.  Resembles  the  preceding  :  flowers  more  crowded 
in  the  short  spike  :  keel-petals  longer  and  narrower,  equalling  the  wings :  pod  ses- 
sile in  the  calyx,  only  half  an  inch  long,  fewer-seeded,  erect  or  nearly  so,  terete, 
straight. 

Near  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State  :  rocky  foot-hills  near  Truckee  Pass,  Watson.  Eagle  Val- 
ley, Nevada,  Stretch. 

=  =  Numerous  flowers  crowded  in  a  dense  cylindrical  or  oblong  spike :  pods  also 
densely  spicate:  stem  erect:  leaflets  numerous,  21  or  irwre. 

42.  A.  Mortoni,  Nutt.  Two  feet  high  or  less,  minutely  appressed-pubescent, 
greenish  :  leaflets  oblong  (half  to  an  inch  long) :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  reflexed  as 
they  open,  but  the  fruit  erect :  corolla  dull  greenish- white  or  cream-color,  half  au 
inch  long :  pods  of  nearly  the  same  length,  minutely  pubescent,  elongated-oblong, 
2-celled,  grooved  at  the  dorsal  suture,  but  the  ventral  one  externally  prominent : 
seeds  numerous.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  196.  A.  Canadensis,  \Q.v.  Mortoni, 
Watson,  1.  c. 

Moist  grounds,  along  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mono  Lake  (Brewer)  north- 
ward to  the  interior  of  Oregon  and  Utah.     Noted  by  Mr.  Lemmon  as  "a  deadly  sheep  poison." 

43.  A.  pycnostachjnis,  Gray.  A  foot  or  more  high,  rather  stout,  soft-pubescent : 
leaflets  hoary  with  a  villous  pubescence,  oblong  (about  half  an  inch  long)  :  flowers 
closely  sessile  in  a  very  dense  oblong  or  cylindraceous  spike  :  pods  retrorsely  imbri- 
cated, ovate,  acute,  slightly  flattened  laterally  and  margined  by  the  slender  prominent 
sutures,  one-celled,  the  walls  thin-coriaceous,  coarsely  reticulated,  glabrous  :  seeds 
few  ;  the  ovules  only  5.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  527. 

Salt  marshes,  Bolinas  Bay,  Bolander,  1863.  Not  elsewhere  or  since  collected.  Flowers  appar- 
ently whitish  and  only  5  lines  long. 

+-^  ■*■+  -^+  Flowers  and  few-seeded  2-celled  pods  both  small,  2  or  3  lines  long :  stigma 
capitate :  stems  difl'use  or  decumbent,  flowering  abundantly  almost  from  the  base 
upwards :  stipules  ovate  or  the  upper  triangular :  petioles  short. 

44.  A.  Lemmoni,  Gray.  Minutely  appressed-pubescent,  green  :  stems  slender, 
a  foot  or  two  long,  soon  procumbent :  leaflets  9  to  11,  linear-oblong,  mucronate  (4  or 
5  lines  long)  :  peduncles  filiform,  rather  shorter  than  the  leaves  (an  inch  or  two 
long)  :  flowers  rather  numerous  in  a  dense  oblong  raceme  :  calyx  with  setaceous- 
subulate  teeth  fully  equalling  the  short-campanulate  tube  :  corolla  whitish  tinged 


156  LEGUMINOS^.  *       Astragalus. 

with  purple :  pod  canescent-puberulenfc,  chartaceous,  hardly  over  2  lines  long,  ovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  turgid,  broadly  and  deeply  sulcate  down  the  back,  the  cross  section 
obcordate  :  ovides  and  seeds  not  exceeding  8.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  626. 

Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon  and  Bolander,  June,  1872  :  received  only  from  the  latter,  and  apparently 
not  since  met  with. 

45.  A.  lentiformis,  Gray.  Villous-pubescent,  and  more  or  less  hoary  :  stems 
ascending,  soon  dift'use,  a  span  to  a  foot  long:  leaflets  11  to  15,  from  obovate  to 
oblong-spatulate,  retuse  or  emarginate  (3  to  5  lines,  long) :  peduncles  short,  a 
quarter  to  half  an  inch  long,  seldom  equalling  the  rather  dense  several  -  many- 
flowered  raceme  :  calyx-teeth  rather  shorter  and  the  (apparently  yellowish-white) 
corolla  larger  than  in  the  preceding :  pods  broadly  oblong,  canescently  pubescent 
(3  lines  long,  almost  2  lines  broad),  lenticular,  not  at  all  sulcate  on  the  back,  both 
sutures  marginal,  but  a  partition  from  the  dorsal  one  completely  dividing  the  6-8- 
seeded  cell  into  two. 

Sierra  Nevada,  in  Clover  Valley,  &c.,  on  the  borders  of  California  and  N.  W.  Nevada,  Leminon. 

-{-  -(-  A  caulescent-depressed,  on  cespitose  rootstocks  :  leaflets  few. 

46.  A.  calycosilS,  Torr.  Silvery-canescent  with  close-pressed  silky  pubescence, 
barely  2  or  3  ijiches  liigh  in  matted  tufts  :  leaflets  5  to  11,  or  in  some  leaves  only  3 
and  seemingly  digitate,  from  oblong  to  ovate  or  obovate  (1  to  4  lines  long),  thick- 
ish  :  scape-like  peduncles  somewhat  exceeding  the  leaves,  2  -  6-flowered  :  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate  or  subulate,  shorter  than  the  oblong-campanulate  tube  :  corolla  half 
an  inch  long,  yellowish-white,  with  purple  tip  to  the  rounded  keel :  pod  oval-oblong, 
very  obtuse,  puberulent,  3  or  4  lines  long,  turgid,  chartaceous,  slightly  sulcate 
dorsally,  2-celled,  about  10-seeded,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  66. 

Eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  8,000  to  11,000  feet,  near  the  borders  of  California 
{Torrcy),  and  in  the  Glover  and  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada,   Watson. 

%    *    *    Pod  sessile  in  and  shorter  than  the  calyx,  turgid :  flowers  capitate. 

47.  A.  Austinae,  Gray.  A  span  high,  in  dense  tufts,  silvery  silky-pubescent : 
sti])ules  scarious  and  mostly  united  into  one  ovate  body  opposite  the  leaf :  leaflets 
9  to  17,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  acute  or  mucronate,  4  or  5  lines  long  :  peduncle 
(an  incli  or  two  long)  mostly  longer  than  the  leaf,  bearing  10  or  12  sessile  flowers 
in  a  close  head  :  bracts  nearly  filiform,  jiersistent,  nearly  equalling  the  calyx,  both 
white-villous  ;  the  filiform  teeth  of  the  latter  rather  longer  than  the  campanulate 
tube,  and  nearly  equalling  the  (pale  or  whitish)  corolla,  of  which  the  standard  and 
wings  are  externally  villous-pubescent :  pod  turgid-oval,  chartaceous,  hoary-pubes- 
cent, imperfectly  2-celled,  few-seeded,  only  2  lines  long,  not  equalling  the  calyx- 
teeth  and  the  marcescent  corolla,  the  transverse  section  almost  circular. 

Summit  of  Mount  Stanford  (Castle  Peak),  Nevada  Co.,  at  9,000  feet,  Lcminon.  In  foliage 
somewhat  resembling  /i.  Andersonii,  but  more  dwarf  and  condensed,  and  with  capitate  flowers 
(only  3  or  4  lines  long)  ;  most  of  all  related  to  A.  Spaldhigii  of  Idaho  and  Oregon  :  dedicated  to 
Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin  of  Butterfly  Valley,  who  has  much  helj>ed  on  our  knowledge  of  the  botany 
of  this  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  made  interesting  observations  upon  the  Pitcher- Plant 
of  the  region. 

III.  Perennial :  persistent  leaflets  and  stipides  spiny-tipped.     {Kentrophyta,  Nutt.) 

48.  A.  Kentrophyta,  Gray.  Hoary  with  very  minute  silky  pubescence,  cespi- 
tose,  rigid  :  stems  much  branched,  mostly  prostrate,  somewhat  woody  at  base  :  loM'er 
stipules  membranaceous  or  scarious,  the  upper  rigid  and  pungent :  leaves  crowded 
on  the  branchlets :  leaflets  5  to  7,  acerose-subulate,  divaricate  :  peduncles  very 
short,  1  -  3-flowered  :  calyx-teeth  subulate-setaceous  :  corolla  whitish  or  tinged  with 
violet,  2  lines  long  :  pod  ovate,  acuminate,  turgid-lenticular,  1-celled,  3-4-ovuled, 
1  -  2-seeded,  about  3  lines  long. 


Vtcia.  LEGUMINOS^.  157 

Var.  elatus,  "Watson  (Bot.  King  Exp.  77) ;  a  form  witli  erect  and  less-branched 
stems,  6  to  18  inches  high. 

Mount  Dana,  near  the  summit,  at  13,000  feet.  Brewer.  Also  in  W.  Nevada,  with  the  taller 
variety  {Watsun),  S.  Utah  (Parry),  and  through  the  dry  interior  to  Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  New 
Mexico. 

14.   OLNEYA,  Gray. 

Calyx  campanulate ;  the  teeth  nearly  equal,  the  two  upper  ones  united.  Petals 
free,  equal :  standard  orbicular,  deeply  eiuarginate,  reflexed ;  wings  oblong ;  keel 
broad,  obtuse,  incurved.  Stamens  10,  diadelphous  :  anthers  uniform.  Ovary  several- 
ovuled :  style  incurved,  bearded  above.  Pod  thick,  with  coriaceous  valves,  1-2- 
seeded,  broadly  linear.  Seeds  ovate.  —  A  small  tree,  often  armed  with  spines 
below  the  leaves  ;  leaves  equally  or  unequally  pinnate  ;  leaflets  thick,  entire ; 
stipules  none;  flowers  white  or  purplish  in  short  axillary  racemes. 

1.  O.  Tesota,  Gray.  Fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high  or  more,  canescent  with 
minute  hairs  :  spines  short  and  stout,  in  pairs  near  the  base  of  the  petioles  :  leaflets 
5  to  7  pairs,  cuneate-oblong,  2  to  8  lines  long,  obtuse  :  flowers  3  or  4  in  a  loose 
racemose  cluster,  4  lines  long  :  calyx  half  as  long  :  pod  linear-oblong,  an  inch  or 
two  long,  4  or  5  lines  broad,  rough  with  short  glandulaf  hairs.  — PI.  Thurb.  313  & 
328  ;  Torrey,  Pacif.  E.  liep.  vii.  10,  t.  5. 

In  dry  valleys  near  the  Colorado  River  and  eastward  in  Arizona.  The  Arhol  de  hierro  or  Iron- 
wood  of  that  region. 

15.  VICIA,  Toum.        Vetch.     Tare. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  toothed,  usually  unequal.  Wings  adherent  to  the  middle  of  the 
short  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so  ;  the  mouth  of  the  sheath  oblique ; 
anthers  uniform.  Ovary  2  -  many-ovuled  :  style  filiform,  inflexed,  the  apex  sur- 
rounded by  hairs  or  hairy  upon  the  back.  Pod  flat,  2-valved,  shortly  stipitate  (in 
Californian  species).  Seeds  globular ;  the  stalk  expanded  above  to^  cover  the  linear 
hilum.  —  Herbs,  with  angular  stems,  more  or  less  climbing  by  branched  tendrils 
terminating  the  pinnate  leaves  ;  leaflets  entire  or  toothed  at  the  apex ;  stipules 
semisagittate  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  loose  peduncled  axillary  racemes. 

A  genus  of  100  species  or  more,  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  in 
South  America.    There  are  ten  species  indigenous  in  the  United  States  and  a  few  others  Mexican. 

*  Perennials :  flowers  in  pedunculate  racemes. 

1.  V.  gigantea,  Hook.  Stout  and  tall,  climbing  several  feet  high,  somewhat 
pubescent :  leaflets  10  to  15  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  an  inch  or  two  long; 
stipules  large:  peduncles  5  - 1 8-flowered  :  calyx  short,  somewhat  villous;  lower 
teeth  about  equalling  the  tube  :  corolla  6  or  7  lines  long,  pale  purple  :  pod  broadly 
oblong,  1|  inches  long  or  more,  glabrous,  3  — 4-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  157  ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  270.  V.  Sitchensis,  Bongard,  Veg.  Sitcha,  129.  V.  Hookeriana,  Walpers, 
Rep.  i.  715. 

In  woods  and  moist  places  from  about  San  Francisco  Bay  northward  to  Oregon  and  Sitka. 
The  seeds  are  as  large  as  peas  and  eatable  when  young  :  the  plant  turns  blackish  on  drying. 

2.  V.  Americana,  Muhl.  Usually  rather  stout,  1  to  4  feet  high,  glabrous  : 
leaflets  4  to  8  pairs,  very  variable,  linear  to  ovate-oblong,  truncate  to  acute  (more 
usually  oblong  and  obtuse,  mucronulate),  |  to  2  inches  long :  peduncles  4  —  8- 
flowered :  flowers  purplish,  6  to  9  lines  long  :  calyx  slightly  pubescent ;  teeth 
broadly  subulate,  the  lower  narrower  and  not  half  as  long  as  the  petals  :  style  very 
villous  at  the  top  :  pods  oblong,  glabrous,  an  inch  long  or  more,  3  -  6-seeded  :  seeds 


158  LEGUMINOS^.  Vicia. 

dark  purple,  1|  lines  in  diameter.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i,  269,  V.  Oregana  & 
V.  sparsifoUa,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  270. 

Var.  truncata,  Brewer.  Usually  somewhat  pubescent :  leaflets  truncate  and 
often  3  -  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  —  V.  truncata,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Var.  linearis,  Watson.  Leaves  all  linear.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  134.  Lathy- 
rus  linearis  &  L.  dissiti/olius,  I^Tutt.  1.  c. 

The  typical  fonri,  Avhich  ranges  from  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  to  New  Mexico  and 
acj'oss  the  continent,  is  rarely  found  in  California.  The  variety  iruncata  is  frequent  from  San 
Benito  County  northward  to  Washington  Territory,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  variety  linea- 
ris is  also  common  throughout  California  and  eastward  through  the  interior  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. It  is  scarcely  more  than  a  western  form  of  the  species,  as  both  broad  and  linear  leaves 
are  often  found  upon  the  same  plant.     The  species  is  popularly  known  as  Peuvinc. 

V.  PULCHELLA,  HBK.  Slender,  2  or  3  feet  high,  somewhat  villoiis-pubeseent  :  leaflets  about 
6  pairs,  linear,  obtuse  or  acute,  mucronate,  6  to  9  lines  long  :  flowers  small,  3  lines  long,  in  a 
narrow  raceme,  reflexed,  white  or  purplish  :  calyx  membranaceous,  short ;  teeth  very  short,  the 
lower  narrower  and  twice  longer  :  pod  linear-oblong,  an  inch  long,  6  -  8-seeded.  —  Bill  Williams 
Mountain,  W.  Arizona  {Anderson),  to  Texas  and  Mexico  ;  may  be  found  in  S.  E.  California. 

*  *  Slender  annuals :  flowers  mostly  solitary. 

3.  V.  exigua,  Nutt.  A  span  to  two  feet  high,  more  or  less  pubescent :  leaflets 
about  4  pairs,  linear,  acute,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  :  peduncles  usually  short,  rarely 
2-flowered :  flowers  3  lines  long,  purplish  :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  nearly  equalling 
the  tube  :  pod  smooth,  linear-oblong,  about  6-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  272. 

From  the  Lower  Sacramento  to  San  Diego  ;  Catalina  Island  {Nuttall)  ;  Guadalupe  Island 
{Palmer)  ;  and  eastward  to  Southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  The  similar  V.  micrant/ia, 
Nutt. ,  of  Texas  and  eastward,  has  usually  two  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  the  pod  is  sessile. 

4.  V.  sativa,  Linn.  Rather  stout,  somewhat  pubescent :  leaflets  5  or  6  pairs, 
obovate-oblong  to  linear,  retuse,  long-mucronate  :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  an  inch  long, 
violet-purple  :  pod  linear,  several-seeded. 

The  Common  Vetch  or  Tare,  in  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places  {Coulter,  Wallace)  ;  origi- 
nally from  Europe. 

16.  LATHYBUS,  Linn. 

Style  dorsally  flattened  toward  the  top,  and  usually  twisted,  hairy  along  the 
inner  side  :  sheath  of  filaments  scarcely  oblique  at  the  mouth  :  otherwise  nearly  as 
in  Vicia.  Peduncles  in  our  species  usually  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  and 
several-flowered,  in  a  single  species  short  and  1 -flowered.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  133. 

A  hundred  species  or  more,  ranging  as  in  the  last  genus.  The  12  or  15  North  American  spe- 
cies are  perennials,  with  a  single  eastern  exception. 

*  Rhachis  of  the  leaves  tendril-hearing  :  pod  sessile  :  racemes  several-flowered. 
-i-  Stipules  large  and  broad,  ovate  or  somewhat  semi-hastate  toith  broad  lobes  :  glabrous. 

1.  L.' maritimus,  Bigelow.  Stout,  a  foot  high  or  more  :  stipules  broadly  ovate 
and  halbert-shaped,  acute  {not  acuminate),  the  lower  lobe  larger  and  usually 
coarsely  toothed,  nearly  or  quite  an  inch  long  ;  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  thick,  ovate- 
oblong,  1  or  2  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  nearly  sessile  :  peduncles  a  little 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  6-1 0-flowered  :  flowers  purple,  9  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth 
sparingly  ciliate,  subulate,  the  upper  tooth  half  as  long  as  the  lower  :  pod  about  10- 
ovuled,  3  -  6-seeded,  1^  inches  long  or  more.  —  L.  Calif ornicus,  Dougl. ;  Lindl.  Bot. 
Reg.  t.  1144. 

A  frequent  fonn  near  the  sea  in  Washington  Territory,  referred  to  this  eastern  and  European 
species,  may  extend  down  the  coast  into  Northern  California. 

2.  L.  polyphyllus,  Nutt.  Less  stout,  2  feet  high  or  more  :  stipules  smaller, 
scarcely  longer  than  broad,  triangular,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate  ;  leaflets  6  to 


Lathyrus.  LEGUMINOS^.  159 

10  pairs,  thin,  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  distinctly  petiululate  :  otherwise  very  simi- 
lar to  the  last.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  274. 

In  open  woods  near  the  coast,  Humboldt  Co.  {Bolandcr},  and  northward  to  the  Columbia ; 
rarely  collected. 

3.  L.  sulphureus,  Brewer.  Eather  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high  or  more  :  stipules 
semisagittate,  acuminate,  6  to  12  lines  long,  the  lower  lobe  obtuse  or  acute,  some- 
times toothed ;  leaflets  3  to  5  pairs,  oblong-ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  9  to 
18  lines  long:  peduncles  nearly  equalling  the  leaves,  few  -  many-flowered  :  flowers 
smaller,  about  6  lines  long,  sulphur-yellow  :  calyx -teeth  glabrous,  the  upper  much 
shorter  than  the  lower.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  399.  L.  ochroleucus  Q),  Torr. 
in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  77. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  an  altitude  of  7,000  feet,  from  the  Yosemite  to  Plumas  Co. 

+-   -t-   Stipules   narroiver  and   semisagittate ;    the   lobes  most  frequently  lanceolate, 

acuminate. 
++  Leaflets  i  to  %  pairs  :  peduncles  rather  many-flowered. 

4.  L.  venosus,  Muhl.  Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high  or  more,  climbing,  usually  some- 
what finely  pubescent :  stems  not  winged  :  stipules  mostly  narrow  and  short,  4  to  9 
lines  long  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  often  pubescent  beneath,  1  ^  to  2^ 
inches  long :  flowers  purple,  6  to  8  lines  long  :  calyx  densely  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous,  the  rather  short  teeth  at  least  ciliate  :  pod  glabrous,  about  2  inches  long. 

—  L.  decaphyllus,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag,  t.  3123. 

Var.  Califomicus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Very  stout ;  stems  often  strongly  winged  :  stip- 
ules broader;  leaflets  acute  and  narrower:  flowers  larger. — L.  venosus,  Benth.  PI. 
Hartw.  307. 

The  L.  venosus  of  the  Eastern  States  ranges  northwestward  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  thence 
across  the  continent  to  Washington  Territory,  perhaps  extending  down  the  coast  into  Northern 
California,  varying  considerably  in  the  amount  of  pubescence,  but  not  greatly  othei-wise.  The 
variety  is  found  from  Sonoma  County  to  Monterey,  in  valleys  and  on  stream-banks,  and  in  the 
foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  N  evada.  It  may  prove  to  be  distinct,  but  specimens  collected  by  Bolander 
near  Oakland  appear  intcnnediate.     The  mature  fruit  has  not  been  compared. 

5.  L.  vestitus,  Xutt.  Slender,  a  foot  high  or  more,  often  tall  (6  to  10  feet 
high),  more  or  less  soft-pubescent,  rarely  nearly  glabrous  :  stems  not  winged  :  stipules 
narrow,  often  small ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  acute  : 
flowers  pale  rose-color  or  violet,  usually  large  (7  to  10  lines  long)  :  lower  calyx- 
teeth  about  equalling  the  tube  :  ovary  appressed-pubescent.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  FI.  i. 
276.  L.  strictus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  L.  venosus,  var.  grandiflorus,  Torrey,  Pacif.  E.  Eep. 
iv.  77.     L.  maritimus,  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  49. 

The  common  species  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  from  Sonoma  County  to  San  Diego,  on 
dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Ranges  :  very  variable. 

++  ++  Leaflets  2  <o  4  pairs  :  peduncles  2  -  Q-flowered. 

6.  L.  paluster,  Linn.  Slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  or  more,  glabrous  or  some- 
what pubescent :  stem  often  winged  :  stipules  mostly  narrow,  often  small ;  leaflets 
narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  acute,  an  inch  or  two  long :  flowers  purplish,  half  an  inch 
long :  lower  calyx-teeth  about  equalling  the  tube :  pod  smooth,  2  inches  long  or  less. 

—  L.  Lanszwertii,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  150,  fig.  44. 

Var.  mjrrtifolius,  Gray.  Stipules  usually  broader  and  larger ;  leaflets  ovate  to 
oblong,  an  inch  long  or  less.  —  L.  myrtifolius,  Muhl.  L.  pubescens,  Xutt.  L.  deca- 
phyllus, var.  minor,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  138.  L.  venosus,  var.  8.,  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  274. 

A  very  variable  and  widely  diflFused  species,  found  throughout  the  northern  portions  of  both 
America  and  the  Old  World  :  it  is  frequent  in  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon,  and  is  found 
more  rar-ely  southward  on  hillsides  and  in  the  mountains  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  State.  A 
low  form  occurs  with  the  tendrils  often  undeveloped. 


160  LEGUMINOS^.  *^         Lathyrus. 

*  *  Rhachis  of  the  leaves  not  tendril-hearing  or  rarely  so :  pod  shortly  stipitate. 
■i-  Peduncles  long,  2  —  6-Jlowered. 

7.  L.  littoralis,  Endlicher.  Densely  silky-villous  throughout :  steins  numerous 
from  creeping  routstocks,  stout,  decumbent  or  ascending,  |  to  2  feet  long  :  stipules 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  entire,  half  an  inch  long ;  leaflets  1  to  3  pairs,  with  a  small 
linear  or  oblong  terminal  one,  cuneate-oblong,  4  to  6  lines  long  :  calyx-teeth  nearly 
equal,  as  long  as  the  tube  :  standard  bright  purple,  6  to  8  lines  long,  exceeding  the 
paler  wings  and  keel :  style  flattened  most  of  its  length  :'  pod  oblong,  villous,  an 
inch  long,  3  -  5-seeded  :  seed  nearly  3  lines  broad. — Gen.  PI,  1279.  Astrophia 
littoralis,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  278.  Orobus  littoralis,  Gray,  Pacif.  E. 
Eep.  xii.  58,  t.  6  ;  Torrey,  Eot.  Wilkes  Exp.  268. 

On  the  coast  near  Saa  Francisco  (Andrews)  :  more  frequent  from  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
River  northward.  This  and  the  following  species  are  the  American  representatives  of  the  Linnean 
genus  Orobus,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World,  now  generally  made  a  section  of  Lathyrus. 

8.  L.  Nevadensis,  Watson,  1.  c.  Slender  and  usually  low,  finely  pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous  :  stipules  narrowly  acuminate  ;  leaflets  2  to  4  ])airs,  thin,  ovate 
to  ovate-oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long,  obtuse  or  acute  :  flowers  large,  7  to  12  lines 
long,  ochroleucous  (?) :  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube  :  fruit  unknown,  perhaps 
sessile.  — L.  venosus,  var.  obovatus,  Torrey,  Pacif  E.  Eep.  iv.  77. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Duffield's  Ranch  and  Big  Trees,  Calaveras  County,  Bigelow,  Brciver, 
Goodale,  Mann.  Apparently  the  same  plant,  though  with  rather  narrower  and  acuter  leaflets, 
has  been  found  by  Nevius  in  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  by  Geycr  in  Northern  Idaho. 

L.  POLYMORPHUS,  Nutt.  Rather  stout,  usually  low,  somewhat  finely  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
glaucous  :  stipules  nanowly  acuminate  ;  leaflets  3  to  6  pairs,  naiTOwly  oblong,  acute,  thick  and 
strongly  nerved,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  flowers  very  large,  purple  :  pod  two  inches  long,  3  or  4 
lines  wide  :  seeds  with  a  remarkably  narrow  stalk  and  short  hilum.  —  This  species  ranges  from  New 
Mexico  and  Colorado  to  Central  Arizona,  and  perhaps  to  the  borders  of  California.  L.  ornatus, 
Nutt.,  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  has  narrower  and  shorter  leaves,  broader  pods,  and  broader  seed-stalk. 

-H  -t-  Peduncles  very  short,  \-fioivered. 

9.  L.  Torre3ri,  Gray.  Sparingly  villous  throughout,  erect,  very  slender,  a  foot 
or  two  high  :  stipules  nan'ow,  acuminate,  the  lower  lobe  short ;  leaflets  thin,  4  to  6 
pairs,  with  or  usually  without  a  similar  one  terminating  the  slender  rhachis,  ovate 
to  oblong,  acute,  about  half  an  inch  long :  flowers  purplish,  4  to  6  lines  long :  calyx- 
teeth  narrowly  subulate,  nearly  equal  and  exceeding  the  tube,  or  the  upper  some- 
what shorter  and  broader  :  pod  linear-oblong,  pubescent,  an  inch  long,  3  -  5-seeded. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  337  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  267.  L.  (?)  villosus,  Torr. 
in  Pacif  E.  Eep.  xii.  58. 

In  thickets  near  the  coast,  Shelter  Cove,  Humboldt  Co.  {Bolander)  ;  Washington  Territory, 
Pickering,  Cooper,  Hall. 

17.  CEHCIS,  Linn.  Red-bud.  Judas-tree. 
Calyx  campanulate,  very  broadly  and  shortly  5-toothed.  Petals  5  ;  the  standard 
smaller  and  enclosed  by  the  wings.  Stamens  10,  free  ;  anthers  versatile,  longitudi- 
nally dehiscent.  Pod  shortly  stipitate,  oblong,  flat,  and  thin,  many-seeded,  2-valved  ; 
the  ventral  suture  narrowly  winged.  Seeds  compressed,  obovate,  transverse,  albu- 
minous.—  Small  trees;  leaves  simple,  cordate  to  reniform,  entire,  palmately-veined ; 
stipules  caducous ;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  axillary  fascicles,  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  red  or  purplish. 

A  genus  of  4  species,  one  belonging  to  Europe,  one  to  temperate  Asia,  one  in  the  Atlantic 
States,  and  a  fourth  in  California  and  eastward. 

1.  C.  occidentalis,  Torr.  A  small  tree  or  shrub,  glabrous :  leaves  round-cor- 
date, very  obtuse  and  not  at  all  produced  above,  occasionally  emarginate,  about  2 


Parkinsonia.  LEGUMINOS^E.  161 

inches  in  diameter  :  petals  4  lines  long,  rose-colored  :  pod  about  2  inches  long,  8 
lines  broad,  acute  at  each  end,  on  pedicels  about  half  an  inch  long.  —  Gray,  PI. 
Lindh.  177;  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  283,  t.  3.  C.  Siliquastrum,  var.,  Eenth.  PI. 
Hartw.  307.     C.  Calif oriiica,  Torr.  in  Benth.  1.  c.  361. 

From  Mt.  Shasta  and  Mendocino  Co.  southward  to  San  Diego  Co.  ;  Cuiamaca  Mountains, 
Pdhmr.  Also  in  Northern  Mexico  {Greg(j)  and  Te.xas.  The  eonimon  species  of  the  Atlantic 
States,  C.  Ccmndaisis,  diflere  in  its  larger  jjointed  leaves  and  narrower  and  longer  pods.  The 
Texan  form  of  the  present  species  (6'.  reniforniis,  Engelm.  MSS.)  differs  in  having  its  leaves  some- 
what produce<l  above,  though  still  obtuse,  and  somewhat  pubescent  beneath  at  least  when  young  ; 
the  pedicels  also  are  often  shorter.  The  plate  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  is  faulty  in  representing  the 
western  form  as  with  shortly  acute  leaves. 

18.  CASSIA,  Linn.        Senna. 

Calyx-tube  very  short ;  the  divisions  5,  imbricated.     Petals  5,  spreading,  nearly 

equal  or  the  lower  one  larger;  the  upper  one  within.     Stamens  5  to  10  (in  ours  1); 

anthers  erect,  attached  by  the  base,  opening  by  two  pores  or  chinks  at  the  apex. 

Pod  usually  curved,  many-seeded,  often  with  cross-partitions  between  the  seeds, 

imiehiscent  or  2-valved,   terete  or  flattened,   thick-coriaceous  to  membranaceous. 

Seeds  albuminous,  transverse  or  sometimes  longitudinal.  —  Herbs  (foreign  species 

often  shrubs  or  trees);  leaves  abruptly  pinnate ;  flowers  mostly  yellow,  usually  in 

terminal  or  axillary  racemes  or  clusters. 

A  genus  of  over  300  species,  abounding  in  the  tropical  and  warmer  regions  of  America,  and 
frequent  in  Africa  and  tropical  Asia.  The  18  or  20  species  found  in  the  United  States  belong 
mostly  to  the  Southern  States  and  especially  near  the  bordei*s  of  Mexico. 

1.  C.  armata,  Watson.  Herbaceous,  3  feet  high,  minutely  puberulent,,  light 
green  :  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  thick,  rounded  ovate,  the  margin  revolute,  acutish,  1  or 
2  lines  in  diameter,  distant  upon  an  elongated  rigid  flattened  spinulose  rhachis 
(2  iiiijhes  long) ;  stipules  and  glands  wanting  :  flowers  in  a  short  terminal  raceme, 
yellow :  pedicels  slender,  with  rigid  aculeate-tipped  bracts :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long : 
ovary  slightly  pubescent ;  the  numerous  ovules  obliquely  transverse  :  young  pod 
stipitate,  glabrate,  linear,  acuminate,  compressed,  the  sutures  thick  and  nerve-like. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  136. 

Mountains  between  Fort  Mohave  and  Cajon  Pass  {Cooper)  ;  also  in  Western  Arizona,  Lieut. 
Wheeler.     A  remarkable  species. 

2.  C.  Covesii,  Gray.  White-toraentose  and  silky-villous,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
branching  from  the  base  :  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  obovate-oblong,  an  inch  long  or  less, 
obtuse,  mucronate ;  stipules  filiform,  lax,  caducous,  1  to  3  lines  long ;  a  gland  to 
each  pair  of  leaflets,  similar  to  the  stipules,  a  line  long  :  racemes  axillary,  peduncu- 
late, exceeding  the  leaves,  few-flowered:  sepals  narrow,  equal:  petals  yellow,  veined, 
4  to  6  lines  long  :  pod  pubescent,  linear-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile,  nearly 
straight,  somewhat  compressed,  2-valved,  many-seeded,  an  inch  long,  exceeding  the 
pedicel:  seeds  transverse.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  399;  Watson  in  Wheeler's  Cat.  8. 

Big  Canon  of  the  Tantillas  Mts.,  below  San  Diego  {Palmer)  ;  W.  Arizona,  Palmer,  Wheeler. 

19.  PARKINSONIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  .5-parted,  produced  at  base  and  jointed  upon  the  pedicel ;  divisions  valvate 
or  narrowly  imbricate.  Petals  5,  with  claws ;  the  upper  one  within  and  broader 
than  the  rest,  somewhat  cordate,  the  claw  pubescent  and  nectariferous  on  the  inner 
side.  Stamens  10,  free ;  filaments  pilose  at  base,  the  upper  one  gibbous  on  the 
outside  ;  anthers  versatile,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  several-ovuled,  sliortly 
stipitate  :  style  filiform,  acute.     Pod  compressed,  2-valved,  linear  to  linear-oblong, 


162  LEGUMINOS^.  >     Parkinsonia. 

obliquely  or  longitudinally  veined,  thin-coriaceous,  usually  more  or  less  torulose  and 
compressed  between  the  seeds.  Seeds  compressed,  broadly  oblong,  longitudinal, 
albuminous ;  hilum  minute.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  armed  with  short  spines  : 
leaves  bipinnate  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  pinnae ;  the  common  petiole  short,  often  obso- 
lete or  spinescent ;  stipules  minute  or  none ;  flowers  yellow  or  whitish,  on  slender 
pedicels  in  short  loose  axillary  or  terminal  racemes.  —  Cercidiimi,  Tulasne. 

A  genus  of  8  species,  one  of  S.  Africa,  three  of  S.  America-  (inchiding  P.  acuhata  which  is 
widely  distributed  through  tropical  America),  the  remainder  belonging  to  the  region  between  Texas 
and  S.  California. 

*  Leaflets  usually  very  numerous,  upon  a  much-elongated  flattened  rhachis :  divis- 
ions of  the  calyx  narrowly  imbricate  in  the  hud. 

1 .  P.  aculeata,  Linn.  A  small  tree,  glabrous  throughout,  the  slender  branches 
often  pendulous  :  spiny  petioles  a  half  to  an  inch  long  or  less,  bearing  1  or  2  pairs  of 
pinnae  near  the  base,  or  wanting  ;  leaflets  very  small,  oblong,  scattered  upon  a  broad 
rhachis  ^  to  1|  feet  long;  stipules  small,  spinescent :  racemes  axillary  3  to  6  inches 
long  :  pedicels  jointed  a  little  below  the  flower :  stamens  shorter  than  the  yellow 
petals  :  pod  2  to  10  inches  long,  1  -5-seeded,  attenuate  at  each  end  and  contracted 
between  the  distant  seeds.  —  Benth.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  xv*.  78,  t.  26. 

Hills  of  the  Colorado  near  Fort  Yuma,  and  through  Mexico  to  Texas.  Probably  of  American 
origin,  but  now  naturalized  or  cultivated  in  most  of  the  tropical  and  warmer  regions  of  the  globe. 

*   *   Pinncje  short  and  leaflets  few  ;  rhachis  terete :  calyx  valvate  in  the  hud. 

2.  P.  microphylla,  Torr.  A  much-branched  shrub,  5  to  10  feet  high,  with 
smooth  light-green  bark,  the  straight  rigid  branchlets  spinose  at  the  ends ;  younger 
branches  and  inflorescence  somewhat  puberulent :  common  petioles  very  short  or 
none,  not  spinescent  or  rarely  so  ;  leaflets  4  to  6  pairs  in  each  pinna,  broadly  oblong 
or  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse  or  acutish,  not  narrower  at  the  oblique  base,  two  lines 
long  or  less,  glaucous  :  racemes  short  (an  inch  long  or  less),  axillary  and  sessile ; 
pedicels  evidently  jointed  a  little  below  the  flower:  petals  deep  straw-color,  the 
upper  one  white,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  anthers  orange,  exserted  :  ovary  appressed- 
silky  :  pod  attenuate  at  each  end,  1  -  3-seeded,  contracted  between  the  seeds,  2  or  3 
inches  long.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  59  ;  Benth.  1.  c. 

On  the  Colorado  near  Fort  Yuma,  on  Bill  Williams  River,  and  eastward  through  S.  Arizona  ; 
flowering  in  May. 

3.  P.  Torreyana,  Watson.  A  small  tree,  20  or  30  feet  high,  with  light  green 
and  smooth  bark  ;  younger  branches  and  leaves  sparingly  pubescent :  leaflets  2  or  3 
pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  narrower  toward  the  scarcely  oblique  base,  2  or  3  lines  long, 
glaucous  :  flowers  on  longer  pedicels  in  racemes  terminating  the  branches :  pedicels 
jointed  near  the  middle,  the  joint  not  evident  until  in  fruit  :  petals  4  lines  long, 
apparently  bright  yellow ;  gland  upon  the  upper  petal  very  prominent :  ovary  gla- 
brous :  pod  2  or  3  inches  long,  with  a  double  groove  along  the  broad  ventral  suture, 
acute,  2  -  8-seeded,  scarcely  or  decidedly  contracted  between  the  very  thick  seeds. 

—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  135.  Cerddium  floridum,  Torrey,  Pacif.  R.  Kep.  v.  360, 
t.  3 ;  not  of  Benth. 

A  frequent  tree  in  the  Valley  of  the  Colorado  and  eastward  ;  the  Palo  Verde  of  the  Mexicans, 

—  usually  bare  of  foliage,  the  leaves  being  soon  deciduous.  The  species  has  been  mistaken  for 
the  P.  florida  {Cercidium  fioridum.,  Benth.)  of  the  liio  Grande  Valley,  which  has  axillary 
racemes,  pods  with  a  narrow  acute  margin  on  the  ventral  side,  thinner  seeds,  and  somewhat  larger 
leaflets. 

20.  PKOSOPIS,  Linn.         Mesquit.     Screw-bean. 

Flowers  regular.  Calyx  campanulate ;  the  teeth  very  short,  valvate.  Petals  5, 
valvate,  united  below  the  middle  or  at  length  free,  M'ooUy  on  the  inner  side  (in  our 


Acacia.  LEGUMINOS^.  163 

species).  Stamens  10,  free,  exserted;  anthers  tipped  with  a  deciduous  gland. 
Ovary  villous  (in  American  species) :  style  filiform.  Pod  linear,  compi-essed  or 
nearly  terete,  straight,  falcate,  or  twisted,  coriaceous  and  indehiscent,  usually  becom- 
ing thick  and  spongy  within,  and  with  thick  partitions  between  the  seeds.  Seeds 
numerous,  ovate,  compressed.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  armed  with  axillary  spines 
or  spinescent  stipules  ;  leaves  bipinnate,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  pinnae,  and  usually 
numerous  small  entire  leaflets ;  flowers  small,  greenish,  in  cylindrical  or  globose 
axillary  pedunculate  spikes. 

Species  about  18,  of  which  5  belong  to  Africa  and  tropical  Asia,  the  remainder  to  Mexico  and 
South  America,  the  following  extending  into  the  United  States. 

%  Fod  elongated,  straight  or  falcate,  compressed  or  at  length  thickened  and  fleshy  : 
seeds  each  in  a  distinct  cartilaginous  envelope:  spines  axillary:  spikes  cylindrical. 
—  Algarobia,  Benth. 

1.  P.  juliflora,  DC.  A  shrub  or  tree  (sometimes  30  to  40  feet  high),  glabrous 
or  puberuient,  with  stout  axillary  spines  or  often  unarmed :  leaflets  6  to  30  pairs, 
short-oblong  to  linear,  3  to  18  lines  long,  obtuse  or  acute  :  spikes  shortly  peduncled, 
2  to  4  inches  long,  usually  dense,  1  -  3-fruited  :  flowers  nearly  sessile,  a  line  long  : 
pod  4  to  6  inches  long  or  more,  straight  or  curved,  at  first  flat  and  constricted 
between  the  seeds,  3  to  6  lines  broad,  at  length  sweet  and  pulpy  within,  acuminate, 
longitudinally  veined;  stipe  3  to  6  lines  long.  —  Prodr.  ii.  447;  Benth.  in  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  xxx.  377.  P.  glandulnsa,  Torrey,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  ii.  192,  t.  2.  Alga- 
robia glandulosa,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  399  ;  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  60.  Prosopis 
odorata,  Torr.  in  Frem.  Eep.  3 1 3,  t.  1 ,  excl.  fruit. 

This  is  the  Algaroba  of  the  Mexicans,  or  Honey  Mesquit,  found  as  a  small  shrub  in  Southeast- 
ern California  from  San  Felipe  Canon  to  Fort  Mohave,  and  eastward  to  Texas.  The  species  in 
various  forms  extends  southward  through  Mexico,  and  along  the  Andes  to  Chili,  and  to  Buenos 
Ayres.  The  abundant  fruit  is  eaten  by  the  Indians  and  often  by  whites,  and  is  a  valuable  food 
for  horses.  The  shrub  also  furnishes  a  valuable  gum,  resembling  Gum  Arabic,  which  in  Texas  and 
Mexico  is  collected  in  considerable  quantity  for  export. 

*  *  Pod  thick,  spirally  twisted  in  numerous  turns:  stipules  spinescent:  sjnkes  glo- 
bose to  cylindrical.  —  Strombocarpa,  Benth. 

2.  P.  pubescens,  Benth.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  15  to  30  feet  high,  resem- 
bling the  last,  canescently  puberuient  or  glabrate  :  leaflets  5  to  8  pairs,  oblong,  3  to 
4  lines  long,  acutish  :  spikes  lax,  1 1  to  2  inches  long,  on  peduncles  about  equalling 
the  leaves,  several-fruited:  flowers  sessile,  1^  lines  long:  ovary  very  villous  :  pod 
twisted  into  a  narrow  straight  cylinder  1  or  2  inches  long,  pulpy  within,  nearly 
sessile. — Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  v.  82,  &  1.  c.  380.  Strombocarpus  pubescens.  Gray; 
Torrey,  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  v.  360,  t.  4.     Prosopis  Emoryi,  Torrey,  Emory  Rep.  139. 

The  Toniilla  of  the  Mexicans,  and  Screw-bean  or  Screw-pod  Mesquit  of  the  Americans.  In  San 
Diego  Co.  at  Vallecito  (Thurber),  Mountain  Springs  (Palmer),  Fort  Mohave  (Cooper),  and  east  to 
New  Mexico.  The  pods  are  ground  into  meal  and  used  for  food  by  the  Indians.  P.  ciiierascens. 
Gray,  a  species  of  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  with  similar  fruit,  has  much  smaller  leaves  and  leaflets, 
the  common  petiole  nearly  obsolete,  the  slender  spines  usually  exceeding  the  leaves,  and  the 
flowei"s  in  long-peduncled  globose  heads. 

21.  ACACIA,  Willd. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  4  -  5-toothed.  Petals  more  or  less  united 
below.  Stamens  numerous,  exserted,  free  or  united  at  base ;  anthers  small.  Style 
filiform.  Pod  2-valved  or  indehiscent,  many-seeded,  compressed  and  membrana- 
ceous or  more  or  less  thickened  and  rounded.  Seeds  compressed  :  albumen  none. 
—  Shrubs  or  trees,  often  spinose  or  prickly  ;  leaves  bipinnate,  with  small  leaflets ; 


104  ROSACEA.  Acacia. 

stipules  spinescent  or  inconspicuous ;  flowers  small,  in  globose  heads  or  cylindrical 

spikes,  on  axillary  peduncles,  yellowish. 

A  genus  of  over  400  species,  belonging  to  the  wanner  regions  of  the  globe,  especially  abundant 
in  Australia  and  Africa.  About  a  dozen  are  native  on  the  southern  borders  of  the  United  States, 
and  numerous  Australian  species  are  frequent  in  cultivation. 

1.  A.  Gi-reggii,  Gray.  A  small  tree  10  to  20  feet  high,  pubescent  with  spreading 
hairs  or  glabrous,  unarmed  or  with  scattered  short  stooit  hooked  prickles  :  leaves 
short,  of  2  or  3  pairs  of  pinme  an  inch  long  :  leaflets  4  or  5  pairs,  oblong  or  oblong- 
obovate,  inequilateral,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  summit,  narrower  below,  2  or  3 
lines  long,  rather  thick  and  with  2  or  3  straight  nerves  :  flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes 
an  inch  or  two  long,  the  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  :  pods  com- 
pressed, curved,  3  or  4  inches  long,  5  to  7  lines  broad,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  short 
stipe  and  acute  above,  more  or  less  constricted  between  the  seeds  ;  the  thin-coria- 
ceous valves  reticulated  :  seeds  ^  inch  long,  elliptical.  —  PI.  Wright,  i.  65. 

San  Diego  {Cleveland)  ;  San  Felipe  Canon  {Palmer)  ;  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper)  ;  and  eastward  to 
Texas.  The  species  closely  resembles  A.  Wrightii,  Benth.,  of  the  Rio  Grande  region,  which  has 
a  broader  and  obtuser  pod,  and  usually  rather  larger  leaflets. 

A.  Fahnesiana,  Willd.  A  small  spreading  tree,  with  straight  slender  stipular  spines,  pubes- 
cent or  glabrous  :  pinnse  4  or  5  pairs  ;  leaflets  10  to  25  pairs,  linear,  a  line  or  two  long,  crowded  : 
heads  globose  :  pod  oblong,  cylindrical,  at  length  turgid  and  pulpy,  2  or  3  inches  long  and  6  to 
9  lines  thick,  longitudinally  veined.  —  Widely  spread  over  the  subtropical  and  tropical  regions  of 
the  New  and  Old  World,  and  often  cultivated  for  the  perfume  of  its  flowers  ;  native  land  un- 
known.    About  the  Missions  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Order  XXXII.    ROSACEA. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  alternate  leaves,  usually  evident  stipules,  perigynous 
mostly  numerous  stamens,  distinct  free  pistils  from  one  to  many,  or  in  one  suborder 
few  and  coherent  with  each  other  and  with  the  calyx-tube  into  a  2  -  several-celled 
inferior  ovary,  and  anatropous  few  or  solitary  seeds  destitute  of  albumen  or  nearly 
so  :  these  are  the  characters  of  this  great  order.  But  the  stipules  are  sometimes 
evident  only  upon  vigorous  shoots,  and  rarely  fail  altogether,  the  stamens  are  some- 
times even  fewer  than  the  petals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  in  a  few  cases  the  albu- 
men of  the  seed  is  somewhat  copious.  —  The  Californian  representatives  belong  to 
three  great  groups,  best  exhibited  as  suborders. 

Suborder  I.     AMYGDALKE. 

Carpels  solitary,  or  rarely  6,  becoming  drupes,  entirely  free  from  the  calyx,  this 
or  its  lobes  deciduous.  Ovules  2,  pendulous,  but  seed  almost  always  solitary. 
Style  terminal.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bark  exuding  gum,  and  mostly  as  well  as 
the  seeds  yielding  the  flavor  of  prnssic  acid.     Stipules  free,  deciduous. 

1.  Prunus.     Flowers  jjerfect.     Carpel  solitary. 

2.  Nuttallia.     Flowers  polygamo-dicecious.     Carpels  and  thin-fleshed  drupes  5. 

Suborder  II.     EOS  AGILE  proper. 

Carpels  free  .from  the  persistent  calyx  (the  limb  of  the  latter  rarely  deciduous), 
becoming  akenes,  or  in  the  first  tribe  follicles,  or  only  in  Ruhus  (where  they  are  very 
numerous)  drupe-like  in  fruit.  Stipules  commonly  adnate  to  the  petiole.  Calyx 
dry  and  open,  or  sometimes  strictly  enclosing  the  fruit  (one  or  two  akenes),  or  in 
Rosa  fleshy  and  pome-like  enclosing  numerous  akenes. 


ROSACEA.  165 

Tribe  I.     SPIR^ACE^E.     Carpels  few,  rarely  solitary,  becoming  2  -  several-seeded  follicles 
(dehisceut  pods).     Calyx  open. 

3.  Spiraea.     Follicles  2  to  8.     Seeds  pendulous,  linear ;  the  coat  membranaceous  :  albumen 

none.     Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  compound  inflorescence. 

4.  Neillia.     Follicles  1  to  5.     Seeds  erect  and  pendulous  ;  the  coat  crustaceous,  shining  :  albu- 

men present.     Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves  :  corymbs  simple. 

Tribe  II.  RUBE^.  Carpels  several  or  numerous  on  a  spongy  receptacle,  becoming  drupe- 
lets in  fruit.  Calyx  open,  without  bractlets.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovules  2  and  pen- 
dulous, but  seed  solitary. 

5.  Rubus.     Carpels  indefinitely  numerous,  berry-like  in  fniit.     Perennial  herbs,  or  soft-woody 

shrubs  with  biennial  stems. 

Tribe  III.  DRYADEiE.  Carpels  numerous,  several,  or  solitary,  1-ovuled,  becoming  dry 
akenes.  Calyx  not  enclosing  or  at  least  not  constricted  over  the  fruit.  Seed  erect  or 
ascending. 

*  Shi-ubs  :  carpels  mostly  solitary  :  style  not  elongated  in  fruit  :  stigma  decurrent  :  calyx  imbri- 

cated, without  bractlets  :  radicle  inferior  (except  in  Colcogyne). 

6.  Chamaebatia.     Flowers  corymbose.     Petals  5.     Leaves  thrice  pinnate,  with  minute  leaflets. 

7.  Purshia.     Flowers  solitary.     Petals  5.     Leaves  3-cleft. 

8.  Coleogyne.     Flowers  solitary.     Calyx  4-parted,  colored.     Petals  none.     Leaves  opposite, 

small,  narrow,  entire. 

*  *  Trees  or  slirubs  :  carpels  solitary  or  numerous  :  styles  elongated  and  plumose  in  fruit  :  calyx 

imbricated,  without  bractlets  (except  in  Fallugia)  :  seed  erect. 

9.  Cercocarpus.     Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  small.     Petals  none.     Carpels  solitary,  rarely  2. 

Calyx-tube  long-cylindrical ;  the  limb  deciduous.     Leaves  simple,  entire  or  toothed. 

10.  Cowania.     Flowers  solitary,  short-peduncled,  terminal,  showy.     Petals  5.    Carpels  5  to  12. 

Calyx  short  and  turbinate.     Leaves  cuueate,  lobed. 

11.  Fallugia.     Flowers  somewhat  panicled,  on  long  peduncles,  showy.     Petals  5.     Carpels  nu- 

merous.    Calyx  turbinate.     Leaves  with  linear  lobes. 

*  *  *  Herbs  :  carpels  few  to  many  :  calyx  concave  or  campanulate,  valvate  in  the  bud,  bracteolate. 
+■  Seed  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell  :  radicle  inferior  :  style  strictly  terminal,  pei-sistent. 

12.  Geum.     Carpels  very  numerous  on  a  dry  receptacle  :  the  elongated  style  in  fruit  mostly 

geniculate  or  plumose. 

+-  +-  Seed  suspended  or  ascending  :  radicle  superior  :  style  small,  naked,  not  geniculate. 

13.  Fragaria.      Carpels  very  numerous,  in  fruit  on  a  large  fleshy  scarlet  receptacle.      Styles 

lateral.      Leaves  3-foliolate. 

14.  Potentilla.     Petals  yellow,  rarely  white,  sessile.     Stamens  usually  20  or  more  ;  filaments 

narrow  or  filiform.     Carpels  mostly  numerous,  on  a  dry  receptacle.     Leaves  pinnate  or 
digitate  ;  leaflets  toothed  or  cleft,  not  confluent. 

15.  Sibbaldia.     Petals  yellow,  sessile,  minute  and  narrow.     Stamens  5  ;  filaments  very  short, 

filii'oiin.     Carpels  5  to  10,  on  a  dry  receptacle.     Leaves  3-foliolate  ;  leaflets  3-toothed. 
It).  Horkelia.     Petals  white  or  pink,  with  claws,  or  spatulate.     Stamens  10,  rarely  20  ;  fila- 
ments usually  dilated  or  subulate.     Carpels  usually  many,  on  a  dry  nearly  naked  recep- 
tacle.    Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  many,  toothed,  cleft,  or  parted,  the  upper  confluent. 

17.  Ivesia.     Petals  white  oryelhtw,  with  claws,  or  spatulate.     Stamens  5  to  20  ;  filaments  fili- 

form.    Carpels  1  to  15,  on  a  dry  villous  receptacle.     Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  cleft  or 
parted,  often  small  and  very  numerous  and  closely  imbricated. 

'Tribe  IV.  POTERIEiE.  Cai-pels  1  to  3,  in  fruit  akenes,  completely  enclosed  in  the  dry  and 
firm  calyx-tube,  the  throat  of  which  is  constricted  or  sometimes  nearly  closed.  Seed 
suspended. 

*  Heath -like  shrubs,  with  simple  entire  fascicled  leaves  :  ovules  1  or  2.     (Anomalous  genus.) 

18.  Adenostoma.     Calyx  10-nerved,  at  length  cylindraceous.     Petals  5.     Stamens  8  to  15. 

*  *  Herbs  (as  to  ours),  with  compound  or  lobed  leaves  :  ovule  solitary. 

19.  Alchemilla.     Calyx  naked,  urceolate,  minutely  bracteolate.    Petals  none.    Stamens  1  to  4. 

Flowers  minute,  clustered. 

20.  Agrimonia.     Calyx  turbinate,  surrounded  by  a  margin  of  hooked  prickles.     Petals  yellow. 

Stamens  5  to  12.     Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  long  racemes. 


166  ROSACEA.  *  Prunus. 

21.  Acaena.     Calyx-lobes  valvate,  deciduous  ;  the  tube  oblong,  becoming  armed  with  barbed 

prickles.     Petals  none.     Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  densely  spicate-clus- 
tered  flowers. 

22.  Poterium.     Calyx-lobes  imbricate,  deciduous,  petaloid  ;  the  tube  4-angled,  naked.     Petals 

none.     Herbs  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  densely  capitate  or  spicate  flowers. 

Tkibe  V.  ROSEiE.  Carpels  many,  in  fruit  bony  akenes,  enclosed  and  concealed  in  the 
globose  or  urn-shaped  fleshy  calyx-tube,  which  resembles  a  pome.  Petals  conspicuous. 
Stamens  numerous. 

23.  Rosa.     The  onlj'^  genus.     Erect  shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves.'  - 

Suborder  III.     POMExE. 

Carpels  2  to  5,  enclosed  in  and  mostly  adnate  to  the  fleshy  calyx-tube,  in  fruit 
becoming  a  2  -  several-celled  pome.  Ovules  erect  or  ascending,  a  pair  in  each  carpel 
(more  numerous  in  cultivated  apples),  ascending.  Styles  often  united  below.  — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stipules  free  from  the  petiole  or  nearly  so. 

*  Evergreen  :  carpels  partly  free  and  separating. 

24.  Heteromeles.     Carpels  only  2,  tomentose  above,  lightly  united  and  in  flower  nearly  supe- 

rior, becoming  thin  and  papery,  and  closely  included  in  the  beiry-like  calyx. 

*  *  Deciduous-leaved  :  carpels  2  to  5,  united  and  coalescent  with  the  fleshy  or  berrA'-like  calyx. 

25.  Crataegtis.     Ovary  2  -  5-celled  ;  the  fruit  drupaceous,  of  2  to  5  bony  1 -seeded  stones,  either 

separable  or  united  into  one.     Branches  usually  thorny. 

26.  Pyrus.     Ovary  2  -  5-celled  ;  the  fruit  a  proper  pome,  with  papery  or  cartilaginous  and  undi- 

vided 2-seeded  cells  or  carpels. 

27.  Amelanchier.     Ovary  5-celled  ;  the  cells  2-ovuled  and  2-seeded,  but  in  fruit  each  divided 

into  two  by  a  partition  from  the  back.     Otherwise  like  Pyrus. 

Anomalous  Genus. 

28.  Canotia.     Calyx  free  from  the  septicidally  5-valved  exserted  capsule.     Cells  1 -seeded.     Sta- 

mens 5,  hypogynous.     A  leafless  shrub,  with  solitary  flowers. 

1.  PRUNUS,  Toum.        Plum,  Cherry,  &c. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-cleft,  deciduoixs.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens 
15  to  25,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovary  solitary,  free,  with  2  pendulous  ovules  : 
style  terminal.  Fruit  a  more  or  less  fleshy  drupe,  with  usually  a  bony  stone  con- 
taining one  or  rarely  two  seeds.  —  Trees  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  usually 
serrulate ;  flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils,  or  in 
terminal  racemes. 

Species  about  80,  widely  dispersed  through  the  northern  hemisphere,  but  mostly  confined  to 
temperate  regions.  Of  the  20  North  American  species,  14  are  found  only  in  the  Atlantic  States, 
from  Canada  to  Mexico.  This  comprehensive  genus  now  includes  seveial  of  our  most  delicious 
and  useful  fruits,  fonnerly  referred  to  several  genera,  such  as  the  Almond,  with  a  somewhat 
fibrous  pitted  stone,  P.  {Aviygdalus)  covimunis,  — the  Peach  and  Nectarine,  with  wrinkled  stone, 
P.  (Amyffdalus)  Pcrsica, — the  Apricot,  P.  Armeniaca  (Armeniaca  vulgaris), — the  Garden  Plum, 
P.  domestica, — the  Sloe,  P.  spinosa, — the  Garden  Cheiries,  P.  Cerasus  {Cerasus  vulgaris),  —  also 
the  Cherry-Laurel,  P.  Lauro-Ccrasus  (Laurocerasus  officinalis),  &c.  Many  of  the  species  have 
medicinal  virtues,  and  the  principle  or  elements  of  prassic  (cyanohydric)  acid  so  abound  in  some 
species,  especially  in  their  kernels  and  bark,  as  to  make  them  actually  poisonous  when  eaten 
freely.  The  foliage  and  young  branches  of  some  of  the  Cherries  become  poisonous  to  cattle  when 
wilted.  The  six  Californian  species  represent  nearly  as  many  sections,  which  have  been  more  or 
less  recently  regarded  as  genera,  but  the  limiting  characters  prove  to  be  too  indefinite.  The 
American  species  of  Plum  (belonging  to  the  first  section)  differ  from  those  of  the  Old  World  in 
having  the  leaves  folded  (conduplicate)  instead  of  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  fruit  with  little  or 
no  bloom,  and  some  of  them  have  very  turgid  instead  of  flattened  stones,  thus  connecting  this 
section  with  the  following  one. 


Prunus.  ROSACEA.  167 

§  1.  Fruit  ohlong,  fleshy,  glabrous:  the  stone  flattish,  smooth,  usually  acutely  mar- 
gined, or  grooved  on  one  edge:  flowers  white,  few  to  several  in  umbel-like  dttsters 
from  lateral  scaly  buds  in  early  spring.  —  Prunus. 

1.  P.  subcordata,  Beuth.     (Wild  Plum.)     A  scraggy  nmch-branched  shrub, 

3  to  10  feet  high,  with  ash-gray  bark,  the  branchlets  occasionally  spinescent:  young 
branches  and  leaves  finely  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous  :  leaves  ovate,  cordate  to 
cuneate  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute,  sharply  and  hnely  serrulate,  about  an  inch  long, 
shortly  petioled  ;  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade  1  to  4,  or  wanting :  umbels  2-4- 
flowered ;  pedicels  3  to  6  lines  long :  calyx  puberulent :  corolla  half  an  inch  broad : 
fruit  red,  large  and  edible,  about  f  inch  long  :  stone  acutely  edged  on  one  side, 
grooved  upon  the  other.  —  PI.  Hartw.  308. 

On  dry  rocky  hills  and  in  open  woods,  mostly  eastward  of  the  central  valley  from  San  Felipe 
to  Oregon  ;  most  abundant  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  where  also  the  fruit  is  larger  and 
more  pulpy.  It  is  pleasantly  acid  and  is  gathered  in  considerable  quantities  by  both  Indians  and 
whites.     Flowering  in  April  or  May,  the  fruit  is  ripe  in  August  and  September. 

§  2.   Smaller  fruit  and  stone  ovoid  or  subglobose,  the  latter  marginless :  flowers  corym- 
bose or  umbellate :  otJierwise  as  ^  1.  —  Cerasus. 

2.  P.  emarginata,  Walpers.  A  .shrub  4  to  8  feet  high,  with  bark  like  that  of 
the  ordinary  Clierry-tree,  and  chestnut-brown  very  slender  branches,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  :  leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  crenately  serrulate, 
1  to  3  inches  long,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  with  usually  one  or  more  glands 
near  the  base  of  the  blade  :  corymb  6-  12-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves :  flowers 

4  to  6  lines  broad  :  fruit  globose,  black,  about  4  lines  long,  bitter  and  astringent : 
stone  with  a  thick  grooved  ridge  upon  one  side.  —  Cerasus  emarginata,  Dougl.  ; 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  169.     C.  gland ulosus,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad,  i.  59. 

Var.  mollis,  Brewer.  Taller,  becoming  a  small  tree  25  feet  high  :  more  or  less 
woolly-pubescent,  especially  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves.  —  Cerasus  mollis, 
Dougl.  1.  c. ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  14,  t.  46.     P.  mollis,  Walpers. 

Mostly  in  open  forests,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Yosemite  Valley  northwanl  to  Puget  Sound  : 
also  more  rarely  near  the  coast ;  Oakland  Hills  and  Tamalpais,  Bolander.  The  variety  is  the 
more  common  Oregon  form. 

§  3.  Fruit  small,  globose,  fleshy,  glabrous  :  stone  broadly  ovoid,  marginless :  flowers 
white  in  terminal  racemes,  appearing  after  the  leaves.  —  Padus. 

3.  P.  demissa,  Walpers.  (Wild  Cherry.)  An  erect  slender  shrub  2  to  12 
feet  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-obovate,  usually  broadest  above  the  middle,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  mostly  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  sharply  serrate  with 
straight  slender  teetli,  usually  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  2  to  4  inches  long, 
with  1  or  2  glands  at  base  :  racemes  3  or  4  inches  long,  many-flowered  :  fruit  glo- 
bose, purplish-black,  or  red,  sweet  and  edible  but  somewhat  astringent  :  stone 
globose.  —  Cerasus  demissa,  Nutt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  411  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  80.  P.  Virginiana,  var.  demissa,  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes,  284 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  381. 

In  the  mountains  throughout  the  State  from  San  Diego  County  {Parry,  Palmer)  to  the 
Columbia  River,  except  near  the  coast,  and  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  fmits  abun- 
dantly, often  when  only  2  or  3  feet  high.     It  resembles  the  following  species  very  closely. 

P.  Vir.GixiANA,  Linn.  Leaves  rarely  at  all  pubescent,  more  frequently  somewhat  cuneate  at 
base  :  fruit  dark  red,  very  astringent  and  scarcely  edible  ;  the  stone  more  ovoid  and  acutish  : 
otherwise  like  the  last,  but  more  diffuse  in  habit,  and  preferring  stream  banks  and  moist  locali- 
ties. —  It  is  doubtful  if  this  species,  the  eastern  Choke  Cherry,  is  found  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. A  somewhat  similar  form,  distinct  from  the  la.st,  with  conspicuous  linear  stipules  and 
bracts  in  the  early  stage,  is  found  in  the  West  Humboldt  Mts.,  Nevada  {Watson),  and  is  to  be 
looked  for  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State. 

P.  SEUOTIXA,  Ehrhart,  the  Wild  Black  Cheny  of  the  Atlantic  States,  has  been  introduced 
about  San  Francisco.  It  becomes  a  tree,  and  may  be  distinguished  by  its  more  acuminate  leaves 
and  short  incurved  callous-pointed  teeth,  only  the  midvein  of  the  leaf  sometimes  pubescent. 


168  ROSACEA.  p  Prunus. 

§    4.    Fruit   less  pulpy :   stone  thin :   leafless  racemes  from  the  axils  of  evergreen 

leaves.  —  Laurocerasus. 

4.  P.  ilicifolia,  Walp.  (Islay.)  A  much-brauched  evergreen  shrub,  8  to  12 
feet  liigli,  with  grayish-brown  bark,  glabrous  :  leaves  thick  and  rigid,  shining 
above,  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  truncate  or  somewhat 
cordate  at  base,  spinosely  toothed,  an  inch  or  two  long,  very  shortly  petioled  : 
flowers  small,  in  racemes  ^  to  2  inches  long :  fruit  large  (half  an  inch  thick  or 
more),  somewhat  obcompressed,  apiculate,  usually  red,  .sometimes  dark  purple  or 
black;  the  thin  pulp  somewhat  acid  and  astringent  but  of  pleasant  flavor.  —  Cerasics 
ilicif alius,  Nutt. ;  Sylva,  ii.  16,  t.  47;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Eeechey,  340,  t.  83. 

On  dry  hills  of  the  Coast  Ranges  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego,  and  in  Western  Arizona, 
Bigclow.  A  very  ouamental  species,  with  shining  dark  green  foliage,  somewhat  like  the  Holly. 
It  flowers  from  March  to  May,  maturing  its  fruit  in  November  and  December. 

§  5.  Fruit  velvety-pubescent,  subglobose:  stone  smooth  or  nearly  so  :  flowers  solitary  or 
in  pairs,  from  lateral  scaly  buds,  appearing  with  the  leaves :  calyx  somewhat 
persistent. — Emplectocladus,  Gray.     [Emplectocladus,  Torrey.) 

5.  P.  Andersonii,  Gray.  A  low  difl'use  glabrous  shrub,  1  to  6  feet  high,  with 
grayish-brown  bark  and  spinescent  branchlets  :  leaves  mostly  fascicled,  oblanceo- 
late,  acute,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  spariugly  serrulate  : 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  flowers  rose-colored,  half  an  inch  broad ;  the 
petals  orbicular  :  fruit  with  thin  flesh,  flattened  globose,  acute,  6  lines  long ;  stone 
compressed,  acutely  margined  upon  one  side  and  furrowed  upon  the  other,  acute  at 
both  ends,  somewhat  ridged.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  337  &  x.  70.  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  79, 

SieiTa  Co.  (Lcmmxm),  and  frequent  on  the  foot-hills  of  Northwestern  Nevada.  The  fruit  more 
nearly  resembles  the  peach  than  does  that  of  any  other  of  our  species.  This  whole  section,  in- 
deed, of  five  species  confined  to  the  interior  of  the  continent  and  to  Mexico,  shows  the  nearest 
approach  in  the  American  flora  to  the  old  genus  Amygdalics  of  the  Old  World. 

6.  P.  fasciculata,  Gray.  A  divaricately  branched  shrub,  2  or  3  feet  high, 
with  gray  bark,  glabrous  :  leaves  fascicled,  narrowly  spatulate,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
nearly  sessile,  half  an  inch  long,  obsoletely  3-nerved,  entire  :  flowers  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  very  small:  petals  linear,  white,  recurved:  stamens  10  to  15  :  style  very 
short :  fruit  subglobose,  5  or  6  lines  long,  hirsute-tomentose,  the  flesh  thiu  :  stone 
acute  at  both  ends,  smooth,  subglobose,  obtusely  and  scarcely  at  all  margined.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  70.     Emplectocladus  fasciculatus,  Torrey,  PI.  Frem.  10,  t.  5. 

In  the  Southern  Sierra  Nevada  {Fremont) ;  summit  of  Providence  Mountains  (Cooper) ;  Aiizona 
{Newberry)  and  S.  Utah,  Palmer,  Parry. 

2.  NUTTALLIA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  turbinate-campanulate,  5-lobed,  deciduous. 
Petals  5,  broadly  spatulate,  erect.  Stamens  15,  in  two  rows,  10  inserted  with  the 
petals,  and  5  lower  down  upon  the  disk  lining  the  tube ;  filaments  very  short,  the 
lower  declined.  Carpels  5,  inserted  upon  the  persistent  base  of  the  calyx-tube,  free, 
glabrous  :  styles  short,  lateral,  jointed  at  base  :  ovules  2  in  each  carpel,  pendulous. 
Fruit  1  to  4  oblong-ovoid  1-seeded  drupes,  with  thin  pulp  and  smooth  bony  stone. 
Cotyledons  convolute.  —  A  shrub,  with  alternate  simple  entire  deciduous  leaves ; 
stipules  none ;  flowers  white,  in  loose  nodding  racemes,  which  appear  with  the 
branchlets  from  the  same  buds.     A  single  species. 

1.  N.  cerasiformis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Oso  Berry.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree  2  to 
15  feet  high,  with  dark  brown  bark  and  rather  slender  branches,  glabrous  :  leaves 
rather  broadly  oblanceolate,  acute,  attenuate  to  a  short  slender  petiole,  2  to  4  inches 


Spircea.  ROSACEA.  169 

long  :  racemes  shorter  than  the  feaves,  shortly  peduncled  ;  bracts  conspicuous,  de- 
ciduous :  flowers  greenish  white,  3  to  7  lines  broad :  drupes  blue-black,  with  a  slight 
furrow  on  the  inner  side,  6  to  8  lines  long ;  flesh  bitter  ;  stone  somewhat  com- 
pressed.—  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  337,  t.  82;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  413; 
Lindl.  in  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  iv.  222,  &  iig. 

In  moist  places  and  on  the  north  slopes  of  hills  from  San  Luis  Obispo  to  Fraser  River,  chiefly 
in  the  Coast  Ranges.     Flowering  in  March  and  April ;  fruit  ripe  from  June  to  July. 

3.   SPIR^A,  Linn.        Meadow-Sweet. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed ;  the  tube  carapanulate  or  concave.  Petals  5,  rounded, 
nearly  sessile.  Stamens  numerous  (20  or  more),  inserted  with  the  petals.  Carpels 
usually  5  or  more  (2  to  12),  distinct  and  sessile  or  nearly  so,  becoming  membrana- 
ceous or  coriaceous  several-  (2— 15-)  seeded  follicles,  not  inflated.  Seeds  small, 
pendulous,  linear,  with  a  thin  membranaceous  testa,  without  albumen.  —  Perennial 
herbs  or  mostly  shrubs ;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  without  stipules  (in  our  species) ; 
flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  in  compound  corymbs  or  panicles,  or  rarely  spicate. 

A  genus  of  about  50  species,  belonging  chiefly  to  tlie  temperate  and  cooler  regions  of  the 
northern  hemisphere.  Many  exotic  ornamental  species  are  common  in  cultivation.  Of  the  13 
found  in  North  America  4  are  confined  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

Vauqx'elinia  Touueyi,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  147,  the  Spircea  Califomica  of  Torrey  in 
Emory  Rep.  140,  has  not  been  detected  within  the  State,  but  occurs  in  Southern  Arizona.  It  is  a 
small  tree,  with  nairowly  lanceolate  serrate  leaves,  white-tomentose  beneath  ;  flowers  white,  in 
small  tenninal  panicles  ;  stamens  25  ;  the  silky  carpels  united  into  a  5-celled  capsule  ;  seeds  2  in 
each  cell,  erect,  and  winged  at  the  summit. 

§  1.  Erect  shrubs,  with  simple  and  usualli/  lohed  or  toothed  leaves:  stipules  none: 
flowers  perfect.  —  SpiR/EA  proper. 

*  Petals  rose-colored  or  purplish,  orbicular,  exceeding  the  calyx :  filaments  much  ex- 
serted :  carpels  smooth  :  ovules  several. 

1.  S.  betulaefolia,  Pallas.  Glabrous  or  finely  pubescent,  a  foot  or  two  high  or 
more,  with  reddish  bark  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  base, 
usually  obtu.se,  acutely  and  unequally  serrate  or  incised,  an  inch  or  two  long,  on  short 
petioles  or  nearly  sessile  :  flowers  pale  purple,  in  fiistigiate  compound  often  leafy- 
bracted  corymbs  :  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the  tube,  reflexed  :  carpels  5,  a  line  long  : 
ovules  5  to  8.  —  Fl.  Eoss.  t.  16.  S.  chamcedrifolia,  Pur.sh,  not  Linn.  S.  corym- 
bosa,  Eaf. 

Among  rocks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  5,000  to  9,000  feet  altitude,  from  Mono  Pass  (Brewer) 
northward  :  ranging  to  Alaska  and  the  head-waters  of  the  Missouri ;  also  eastward  in  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  and  in  Northern  Asia  and  Japan. 

2.  S.  Douglasii,  Hook.  Erect,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  reddish-brown  bark  ;  the 
young  branches,  inflorescence,  and  lower  side  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  densely 
white-tomentose  :  leaves  oblong,  1  to  3  inches  long,  unequally  serrate  towards  the 
rounded  or  acutish  apex,  often  somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  very  shortly  petioled,  the 
upper  surfiice  bright  green  or  sometimes  pubescent :  flowers  rose-colored,  crowded  in 
a  narrow  usually  elongated  sessile  panicle  :  calyx-lobes  mostly  reflexed  :  carpels  5, 
glabrous :  ovules  9  to  11.  —  Fl.  i.  172  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5151. 

\  ar.  Nobleana,  Watson.  Less  pubescent,  sometimes  nearly  smooth  :  flowers 
in  broad  thyrsoid  panicles:  leaves  often  3  or  4  inches  long.  —  aS".  Nobleana,  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  51 09. 

Var.  Menziesii,  Presl.  Slightly  pubescent  above,  the  leaves  glabrous  and  of  the 
same  color  on  both  sides  or  paler  beneath :  panicle  narrow.  —  Epimelise  Bot.  195. 
aS*.  Menziesii,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  173. 

In  wet  places  from  the  Upper  Sacramento  to  the  British  boundary  and  Idaho. 


170  ROSACEA.  .ff  Spircea. 

*  *  Petals  white,  broadly  oblong,  about  equalling  the  5-parted  calyx :  filaments 
scarcely  exserted :  carpels  densely  hairy :  ovules  2  :  flowers  in  loose  spreading 
panicles. 

3.  S.  discolor,  Pursh.  A  diffuse  slirub,  4  feet  high  or  more,  with  grayish 
brown  bark,  pubescent :  leaves  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  truncate  at  base  or 
cuneate  into  a  slender  petiole,  more  or  less  silky-tomentose  beneath,  nearly  smooth 
above,  pinnatitidly  toothed  or  lobed,  the  lobes  often  dentate:  panicle  much  branched, 
tomentose  :  calyx  pubescent,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,;,  spreading.  —  Flora,  i.  342. 

Var.  ariaefolia,  Watson.  Often  tall  (5  to  15  feet  high):  leaves  2  or  3  inches 
long,  somewhat  canescent  beneath  or  scarcely  so:  panicle  large  and  open.  —  ^S".  arice- 
folia.  Smith  in  Eees  Cyc. ;  Lindh  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1365. 

Var.  dumosa,  Watson.  Only  1  to  3  feet  high ;  leaves  usually  small,  an  inch 
long  or  less,  cuneate  into  a  short  margined  petiole,  often  white-tomentose  beneath  : 
panicle  mostly  smaller  and  less  diffuse. — aS*.  dumosa,  Nutt. ;  Torrey,  Stansbury  Rep. 
387,  t.  4  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  80.  S.  aricefolia,  var.  discolor,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  416. 

On  low  lulls  and  in  the  valleys,  mostly  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Monterey  County  northward 
to  Fraser  River.,  The  var.  dumosa  is  found  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  dry  rocky  places,  at  5,000  to 
11,000  feet  altitude,  and  thence  to  Oregon,  Colorado,  and  New  Mexico  ;  more  rarely  in  the  Coast 
Ranges  also.     Fragrant,  with  the  odor  of  Sweet  Birch. 

§  2.  Erect  shrubs,  with  twice  pinnate  leaves  and  numerous  minute  leaflets :  stipules 
present:  flowers  perfect,  large,  in  a  leafy  terminal  racemose  panicle. — Cham^- 
BATiARiA,  Porter. 

4.  S.  Millefolium,  Torr.  Stout,  diffusely  branched,  2  to  5  feet  high,  glandu- 
lar-pubescent and  more  or  less  tomentose  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  in  outline, 
scattered  or  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  1  to  3  inches  long,  with  very  nu- 
merous (about  20)  pinnae  and  minute  oblong  obtuse  leaflets  (about  6  pairs) ;  stipules 
linear,  entire  :  flowers  white,  half  an  inch  broad  :  calyx-tube  turbinate  ;  the  erect 
acute  lobes  longer  than  the  tube  and  nearly  equalling  the  orbicular  petals  :  stamens 
included  :  carpels  5,  pubescent :  styles  elongated  :  ovules  6  to  8,  suspended  :  seeds 
over  a  line  long.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv^  83,  t.  5. 

Rare  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  mountains  eastward  :  above  Owen's  Lake  at  10,000  feet  alti- 
tude (Muir) ;  at  Noble's  Pass,  Shasta  Co.  (Ncwbrrrii),  referred  by  oversight  to  Chamcebatia ; 
W.  Arizona  and  S.  Nevada  (Biyelow,  Wheeler)  ;  S.  Utah  (Mrs.  Thompson,  Parrij)  ;  Wyoming 
Teiritory,  Coulter. 

§  3.  Tall  herbaceous  perennial,  with  thrice  pinnate  leaves  and  no  stipules :  floivers 
dioecious,  small,  white,  in  numerous  filiform  panided  spikes  :  pedicels  in  fruit 
reflexed.  — Aruncus. 

5.  S.  Aruncus,  Linn.  (Goat's-Beard.)  Smooth,  branching,  3  to  5  feet  high  : 
leaves  large  ;  leaflets  thin,  sparingly  villous  beneath,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
2  to  5  inches  long,  sharply  and  laciniately  doubly  toothed,  the  terminal  ones  broad- 
est :  panicle  large  and  compound,  pubescent :  flowers  a  line  broad,  nearly  sessile  : 
petals  spatulate  :  filaments  long-exserted  :  carpels  3  to  5,  smooth,  several-seeded. 

In  ravines  and  along  streams.  Trinity  and  Shasta  counties  {Brewer),  and  northward  to  Alaska. 
Also  in  the  Alleghanies,  and  in  N.  Asia  and  Europe. 

§  4.  Low  herbaceous  perennial,  woody  at  base,  with  simple  entire  leaves  and  no  stip- 
ules :  flowers  perfect,  white,  in  dense  cylindrical  spikes  on  scape-like  stems. 
—  Petrophytum,  N utt. 

6.  S.  caespitosa,  Nutt.  Cespitose,  on  rocks,  with  simple  or  branching  scape- 
like stems  :  leaves  rosulate  on  the  short  tufted  branches  of  the  woody  spreading 
rootstock,  oblanceolate  or  linear-spatulate,  acute,  silky  on  both  sides,  2  to  12  lines 
long  ;  those  of  the  scape  scattered  and  narrower :  scape  2  to  6  inches  high  :  flowers 


Rubus.  ROSACEA.  171 

on  short  bracteate  peduncles  in  spikes  |^  to  2  inches  long  :  calyx-lobes  silky,  exceed- 
ing the  tube  and  nearly  equalling  the  spatulate  petals  :  filaments  and  styles  exserted : 
carpels  3  to  8  (as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx),  somewhat  villous  or  glabrous, 
2-seeded.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  412  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  81. 

In  the  mountains  from  New  Mexico  and  Utah  to  Northern  Nevada  ( IValson)  and  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  Oregon  (Neivberrij)  ;  probably  in  Northern  California,     A  singular  subalpine  species. 

S.  PECTINATA,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  low  herbaceous  cespitose  nearly  glabrous  perennial,  with  creep- 
ing stems  and  erect  leafy  branches  :  leaves  rigid,  attenuate-linear  below,  twice  or  thrice  3-cleft,  the 
lobes  acute,  narrow,  spreading  :  raceme  short,  simple  or  compound,  pubescent  :  calyx-lobes  ex- 
ceeding the  tube,  nearly  equalling  the  white  obovate  petals  :  filaments  included  :  carpels  4  to 
6,  nearly  smooth,  4-6-seeded. — Fl.  i.  417.  LiUkca  sibbaldioidcs,  Bongard,  Veg.  Sitcha,  130, 
t.  2.  Eriogynia  pectinata,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  255,  t.  88.  From  Behring  Straits  to  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains {Newberry),  and  perhaps  on  the  higher  mountains  of  Northern  California. 

4.  NEILLIA,  Don.        Nine-bark. 

Carpels  1  to  5,  in  our  species  inflated  and  divergent :  ovules  two  to  several,  some 
ascending,  some  pendulous  :  seeds  obovoid  or  subglobose,  with  a  smooth  and  shining 
crustaceous  testa,  evident  rhaphe,  and  copious  albumen  :  otherwise  as  Spiraea.  — 
Diffuse  shrubs ;  leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed ;  stipules  rather  large,  deciduous ; 
flowers  large,  white,  in  simple  corymbs  or  panicled  racemes. 

Only  4  or  5  species,  confined  to  the  mountains  of  Asia,  with  the  following  exceptions. 

1.  N.  opulifolia,  Benth.  &  Hook.  A  shrub  3  to  10  feet  high,  with  slender 
spreading  or  recurved  branches  and  ash-colored  shreddy  bark  :  leaves  ovate  or  often 
cordate,  3-lobed  and  toothed,  1  to  3  inches  long,  on  slender  petioles,  nearly  gla- 
brous :  flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels  in  simple  umbel-like  hemispherical  tomentose 
corymbs  :  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  rounded  petals,  usually  pubescent  on  both 
sides  :  carpels  2  to  5,  at  length  2  to  4  lines  long  and  membranaceous,  glabrous, 
2  -  4-seeded  :  seeds  oblong-ovate,  a  line  long.  —  Spiraea  opulifolia,  Linn. 

Var.  mollis,  Hook.  Leaves  somewhat  stellate-pubescent  beneath,  and  inflores- 
cence more  densely  tomentose.  —  Fl.  i.  171.     Spiraea  capitata,  Pursli. 

On  the  rocky  banks  of  streams  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  northward  to  British  America, 
and  eastward  across  the  continent.  Another  species,  N.  Torreyi,  Watson,  with  smaller  leaves 
and  flowers,  and  tomentose  ovaries,  is  found  from  the  East  Humlioldt  Mts.,  Nevada,  to  Colorado. 

5.  BUBUS,  Linn.        Raspberry.     Blackberry. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed,  without  bractlets ;  tube  short  and  open.  Petals  5,  con- 
spicuous. Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  usually  numerous  upon  a  convex  receptacle, 
becoming  small  globose  1-seeded  drupes  :  styles  nearly  terminal :  ovules  2,  pen- 
dulous :  putamen  reticulately  pitted.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  somewhat  woody,  erect  or 
trailing,  often  prickly  ;  leaves  simple  or  pinnately  3  -  7-foliolate,  with  stipules  adnate 
to  the  petioles ;  flowers  white  or  reddish,  in  panicles  or  corymbs,  or  solitary ;  fruit 
usually  edible,  black,  red,  or  yellowish. 

A  large  genus  of  nearly  500  described  species,  reducible  to  half  as  man}',  widely  distributed 
over  the  globe  ;  20  or  more  are  North  American.  The  species  are  variable  and  often  of  difficult 
determination.  Two  Califoniian  species  are  cultivated  abroad  for  ornament,  but  none  for  fruit. 
The  Garden  Raspberry  is  the  European  A'.  Idccus,  Linn.,  which  the  R.  strigosus,  Michx.,  of  the 
Eastern  States  and  Rocky  Mountains,  approaches  very  closely.  The  cultivated  Blackberries  are 
mostly  forms  of  R.  villosus.  Ait. ,  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

§  1.  Fruit  with  a  bloom,  separating  from  the  receptacle  lohen  ripe.  —  Raspberry. 

*  Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed  :  stem  soft-woody,  without  prickles  :  flowers  large. 

1.  R.  Nutkanus,  INIo^ino.  (Salmox-berry.)  Stems  erect  or  drooping,  3  to  8 
feet  high  ;  bark  green  and  smooth  or  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  becoming 


172  ROSACEA.  *  Eubus. 

brown  and  shreddy  :  leaves  palmately  and  nearly  equally  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base, 
unequally  serrate,  4  to  12  inches  broad,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  glabrous  or 
somewhat  tomentose,  the  veins  beneath  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  peduncles  usually 
more  or  less  hispid  with  gland-tipped  hairs ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate  :  flowers 
rather  few,  white,  an  inch  or  two  broad  :  calyx  densely  tomentose  :  carpels  very 
numerous,  tomentose  :  fruit  red,  large,  hemispherical,  sweet  and  pleasantly  flavored. 
—  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1368  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3453. 

Var.  velutinus,  Brewer.  Densely  tomentose,  especially  on  the  under  side  of 
the  leaves.  — Ji.  velutinus,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beeche'y,  140, 

In  shaded  places  from  Monterey  to  Alaska,  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico  and  Lake  Superior. 
The  variety  is  confined  chiefly  to  California.  The  species  differs  little  from  the  li.  odorcUtis  of 
the  Atlantic  States,  which  has  purplish  rose-colored  petals,  more  abundant  glandular  hairs,  the 
lobes  of  the  leaves  usually  more  acuminate,  and  the  fruit  smaller.  The  flowers  in  Ji.  Nutkunus 
are  occasionally  pale  rose-color. 

*  ^t   Leaves  ^-foliolate,  sometimes  simple  on  the  flowering  branches,  rarely  b-foliolate : 
stems  soft-woody,  more  or  less  prickly. 

2.  R.  spectabilis,  Pursh.  Stems  rather  robust,  5  to  10  feet  high,  sparingly 
armed  with  straight  stout  prickles  :  leaves  3-foliolate,  or  occasionally  some  simple  ; 
leaflets  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  doubly  incised-serrate  and  often  2  -  3-lobed,  acute 
or  acuminate,  the  veins  beneath,  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  peduncles,  sparingly 
villous-pubescent ;  stipules  linear  :  flowers  mostly  solitary,  red,  large  and  showy  : 
calyx-lobes  pubescent,  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  :  fruit  large,  ovoid,  red  or  yellow, 
smooth  :  styles  long,  persistent.  —  Fl.  i.  348,  t.  16  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1424. 

Var.  Menziesii,  Watson.  More  or  less  densely  tomentose  and  silky.  —  R.  Men- 
ziesii,  Hook.  I'l.  i.  141. 

Shady  woods,  near  streams,  from  Mendocino  County  (Bolander)  to  Alaska.  The  variety  near 
San  Francisco  and  northward  ;  Punta  de  los  Reyes  (Bigelow)  ;  Saucelito  Hills  {Kellogg  k  Harford) ; 
Crater  Pass,  Oregon,  Andrews,  &c. 

3.  R.  leucodermis,  Dougl.  Erect,  3  to  5  feet  high,  glaucous,  armed  with 
stout  straight  or  recurved  prickles  :  leaves  3-foliolate,  or  sometimes  pedately  5-folio- 
late,  never  simple ;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  the  veins,  petioles,  and  peduncles  prickly  ;  stipules  setaceous  : 
flowers  few,  corymbose,  white,  half  an  inch  broad  :  sepals  lanceolate,  long-acuminate, 
exceeding  the  petals  :  ovaries  tomentose  :  fruit  yellowish-red,  rather  large,  with  a 
white  bloom  and  agreeable  flavor.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  454  ;  Kegel,  Gartenfl.  xix. 
353,  t.  670.     E.  glaucifolius,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  67. 

In  the  Redwoods  between  Santa  Clara  and  Santa  Cruz  {Bolander) ;  Upper  Yosemite  Valley 
{Gray)  ;  more  frequent  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory.  Also  in  N.  Utah  ( JVatsmi),  and 
in  the  San  Finncisco  Mountains,  Arizona,  Bigelow.  Very  neartlie  Black  Raspberry  or  Thimble- 
berry  (A*,  occidentnlis,  Linn.)  of  the  Eastern  States,  from  which  it  is  hardly  distinguished  by 
rather  more  coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  stouter  and  more  hooked  prickles,  and  the  color  of  the  fruit. 

*  *  *  Stems  herbaceous,  trailing,  unarmed:  leaves  3-foliolaie :  the  carpels  few. 

4.  R.  pedatiiS,  Smith.  Stems  slender,  pubescent :  leaves  smooth  or  sparingly 
villous  ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  an  inch  long  or  less,  incisely  toothed,  the  lateral 
ones  often  parted  to  the  base ;  stipules  ovate-oblong  :  flowers  often  solitary,  on  long 
slender  peduncles,  white,  6  to  9  lines  broad  :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  glabrous, 
entire  or  incised,  exceeding  the  petals,  at  length  reflexed  :  fruit  of  3  to  6  large  red 
pulpy  drupelets.  —  Icon.  PI.  t.  63  ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  181,  t.  62. 

In  woods,  near  the  coast  above  San  Francisco  {Newberry),  and  northward  to  Alaska. 

§  2.  Fruit  persistent  upon  the  somewhat  juicy  receptacle,  black  and  shining :  stems 
prickly :  flowers  white.  —  Blackberry. 

5.  R.  ursinus,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Stems  becoming  woody,  weak  or  trailing,  5 
to  20  feet  long,  sending  out  numerous  lateral  fruiting  branches,  armed  with  straight 


Purshia.  ROSACEA.  173 

rather  slender  prickles,  somewhat  glaucous :  leaves  3-foliolate,  rarely  5-foliolate, 
often  siinple  and  3-lobed  on  the  flowering  branchlets ;  leaflets  ovate  to  oblong, 
coarsely  toothed,  smooth  or  more  or  less  pubescent  or  tomentose ;  veins,  petioles, 
peduncles,  and  calyx  aculeate  with  slender  prickles ;  stipules  oblanceolate  to  linear, 
often  long  and  toothed  :  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  or  often  foliaceously 
tipped  and  exceeding  the  petals  :  fruit  oblong,  sweet.  —  Linna'a,  ii.  11.  E.  maa-o- 
petalus,  Dougl.  ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  178,  t.  59.  R.  vitifolius,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  1.  c,  the 
simple-leaved  form. 

Frequent  in  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Santa  Barbara  and  Ventura  counties  (Ojai,  Goodale)  to 
Fraser  River  ;  also  in  Idaho.     A  very  variable  species. 

6.  CHAMiEBATIA,  Benth. 
Calyx  persistent,  turbinate-campanulate,  5-lobed,  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens 
very  numerous,  in  several  rows  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  short.  Carpel  solitary, 
smooth  :  style  terminal,  villous  at  base,  deciduous  :  stigma  decurrent :  ovule  solitary, 
erect.  Fruit  a  coriaceous  obovoid  akene,  included.  Seed  with  a  spongy  testa  and 
small  albumen  :  radicle  inferior.  —  A  glandular-pubescent  fragrant  shrub  ;  leaves 
thrice  pinnate  with  numerous  minute  leaflets ;  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  cyme. 

1.  C.  foliolosa,  Benth.  An  erect  shrub,  a  foot  or  two  high  ;  branches  numer- 
ous, sleniler,  leafy,  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid  throughout,  the  outer  integument 
soon  deciduous,  leaving  a  smooth  dark-brown  bark  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  in  out- 
line, 2  or  3  inches  long,  finely  dissected  ;  leaflets  usually  glandular-tipped ;  stipules 
small,  linear :  cymes  few-flowered,  terminating  the  young  branches ;  bracts  leafy, 
toothed  or  pinnatifld  :  calyx  densely  glandular-hairy,  villous  within,  the  ovate  acu- 
minate lobes  as  long  as  the  tube  or  at  length  longer :  petals  white,  obovate,  3  or  4 
lines  long  :  akene  nearly  tilling  the  calyx,  abruptly  acute.  — PI.  Hartw.  108  ;  Torrey, 
PI.  Fremont.  11,  t.  6  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5171. 

On  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  3,000  to  7,000  feet  altitude,  from  Mariposa  Co. 
to  Nevada  Co.,  flowering  from  May  to  July.  It  is  very  abundant  in  some  places,  filling  the  air 
with  its  strong  resinous  rather  disagreeable  odor. 

7.  PURSHIA,  DC. 

Calyx  persistent,  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes, 
yellow.  Stamens  about  25,  in  one  row.  Carpels  solitary,  sometimes  2,  narrowly 
oblong,  attenuate  into  the  persistent  style  :  stigma  decurrent :  ovule  solitary,  erect. 
Fruit  a  coriaceous  akene,  pubescent,  attenuate  at  each  end,  exserted.  Seed  oblong- 
obovate,  without  albumen,  the  thin  seed -coats  separated  by  a  layer  of  dark-purple 
intensely  bitter  resinous  matter:  radicle  inferior. — A  difl"usely  branched  shrub; 
leaves  mostly  fascicled,  cuneate,  3-lobed  ;  flowers  solitary,  terminal  on  the  short 
branchlets. 

1.  P.  tridentata,  DC.  Usually  2  to  5  (rarely  8  or  10)  feet  high,  with  brown 
or  grayish  bark  ;  the  young  branches  and  numerous  short  branchlets  pubescent  : 
leaves  cuneate-obovate,  3  to  12  lines  long,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  petioled,  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  greener  above ;  stipules  short :  flowers  nearly  sessile  :  calyx  2  to 
4  lines  long,  tomentose  with  some  glandular  hairs,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes  shorter 
than  the  tube  :  petals  spatulate-obovate,  3  to  5  lines  long  :  fruit  half  an  inch  long. 
—  Hook.  Fl.  i.  170,  t.  58;  Lindl.  Bot.  Peg.  t.  1446;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  428; 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  82. 

Fre(]uent  throughout  the  interior  from  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  from  the  British  boundary  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


174  ROSACEA.  Coleogyne. 

8.  COLEOGYNE,  Torr. 

Calyx  persistent,  4-parted ;  lobes  large,  ovate,  imbricated,  with  a  membranaceous 
margin,  colored  within.  Petals  none.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  upon  the  base 
of  a  tubular  torus  which  includes  the  ovary.  Carpels  solitary  (rarely  2),  glabrous, 
oblong  :  style  lateral,  very  villous  at  base,  twisted,  exserted,  persistent :  stigma  de- 
current  :  ovule  solitary,  ventrally  attached  opposite  the  base  of  the  style.  Fruit  a 
coriaceous  akene,  glabrous,  included.  Seed  with  a  rather  spongy  testa,  Avithout 
albumen  :  radicle  superior.  —  A  diffusely  branched  somewhat  spinescent  shrub ; 
leaves  opposite,  small,  entire,  coriaceous  ;  stipules  minute ;  flowers  solitary,  termi- 
nal on  the  short  branchlets,  subtended  by  1  or  2  pairs  of  3-lobed  bracts,  yellow, 
showy.     A  remarkable  genus,  of  a  single  species. 

1.  C.  ramosissima,  Torr.  Much  branched,  3  to  6  feet  high,  the  short  rigid 
branches  opposite  and  spinescent ;  bark  gray  :  leaves  approximate  upon  the  branch- 
lets,  linear-oblanceolate,  2  to  4  lines  long,  thick,  usually  2  -  4-sulcate  on  the  lower 
side,  puberulent  with  appressed  hairs  attached  by  the  middle  ;  stipules  short,  trian- 
gular :  flowers  half  an  inch  broad  :  calyx-lobes  often  ciliate-toothed  :  tube  of  the 
torus  membranaceous,  dilated  below  and  narrowed  to  the  shortly  5-toothed  apex,  as 
long  as  the  calyx  and  very  slender  filaments,  densely  white-villous  within  :  akene 
somewhat  compressed,  oblong-ovate,  the  obtuse  apex  incurved  :  seed  suspended 
from  near  the  summit  and  filling  the  akene.  —  PL  Frem.  8,  t.  4 ;  Parry,  Am. 
Naturalist,  ix.  270. 

About  the  head-waters  of  the  Mohave  {Fremont)  and  eastward  in  Southern  Nevada  and  Arizona 
to  Southern  Colorado. 

9.  CEBCOCARPUS,  HBK.        Mottntain  Mahogany. 

Calyx  narrowly  tubular,  the  campanulate  5-lobed  limb  deciduous ;  lobes  slightly 
imbricated.  Petals  none.  Stamens  15  to  25,  in  2  or  3  rows  on  the  limb  of  the 
calyx.  Carpels  solitary  (rarely  2),  narrow,  terete  :  style  terminal :  stigma  terminal : 
ovule  solitary,  ascending.  Fruit  a  coriaceous  linear  terete  villous  akene,  included  in 
the  enlarged  calyx-tube,  caudate  with  the  elongated  exserted  plumose  twisted  style. 
Seed  linear,  with  membranous  testa  :  radicle  inferior.  —  Shrubs  or  trees ;  leaves 
alternate,  simple,  evergreen  ;  stipules  very  small ;  flowers  small,  axillary  or  terminal, 
solitary  or  somewhat  fascicled. 

A  genus  of  4  or  5  species,  chiefly  of  the  interior  of  the  continent,  one  being  Mexican. 

1.  C.  ledifolius,  Nutt.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  usually  6  to  15  feet  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate  Avith  the  margins  more  or  less  revolute,  thick-coriaceous  and 
somewhat  resinous,  entire,  more  or  less  tomentose,  but  usually  glabrous  above,  ^  to 
1|  inches  long,  acute,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole;  midnerve  prominent: 
flowers  sessile,  tomentose  :  limb  of  the  calyx  2  lines  long,  deeply  toothed  ;  tube  be- 
coming 3  to  5  lines  long  :  tail  of  the  akene  at  length  2  or  3  inches  long.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  427;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  324;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  28,  t.  51;  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  83. 

Olanche  Mts.  (Rothrock)  at  9,400  feet  altitude,  and  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
from  Mono  Pass  at  9,000  feet  altitude  (Bolander)  to  Oregon,  and  eastward  in  the  mountains  to 
the  Wahsatch.  It  is  popularly  known  as  Mountain  Mahogany,  having  a  hard  and  heavy  dark- 
colored  wood,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  It  sometimes  becomes  a  handsome  tree,  40  or  50  feet 
high,  but  is  usually  low,  with  a  compact  head. 

2.  C.  parvifolius,  Nutt.  A  shrub,  usually  2  to  10  feet  high,  branching  from  a 
thick  base,  sometimes  15  to  20  feet  high  :  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  less  coriaceous, 


FaUugia.  ROSACEA.  175 

serrate  toward  the  obtuse  or  rounded  summit,  more  or  less  silky  above,  densely 
hoary -tomentose  beneath,  |  to  H  inches  long,  shortly  petioled ;  veins  prominent 
beneath  :  flowers  tomentose,  on  short  slender  pedicels  :  calyx-limb  nearly  2  lines 
long,  with  short  teeth ;  tube  becoming  4  to  6  lines  long,  exceeding  the  pedicel :  tail 
often  4  inches  long.  —  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  323  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  337. 

Var.  glaber,  Watson.  Glabrous  throughout,  or  the  calyx  somewhat  appressed 
pubescent :  leaves  dark  green.  —  C.  betukefolius,  Nutt.  ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  322.  C. 
hetuloides,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  427. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Lake  Co.  {Torrey)  to  S.  California,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
from  Wyoming  Territory  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah.  The  variety  occurs  in  the  mountains  near 
Santa  Barbara  {Nuttall)  and  San  Diego,  Cleveland,  Palmer. 

10.   COWANIA,  Don.        Cliff-Rose. 

Calyx  persistent ;  tube  narrowly  turbinate ;  limb  5-parted,  imbricated.  Petals  5, 
obovate,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  in  2  rows,  inserted  with  the  petals  at  the 
throat  of  the  calyx-tube.  Carpels  4  to  12,  free  and  distinct,  sessile,  densely  vil- 
lous :  style  terminal,  included  :  stigma  terminal :  ovule  solitary,  erect.  Fruit  a 
coriaceous  narrowly  oblong  striate  akene,  nearly  included  in  the  dilated  calyx-tube, 
caudate  with  the  elongated  plumose  style.  Seed  linear,  somewhat  triangular : 
radicle  inferior.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees ;  leaves  small,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  coria- 
ceous, glandular-dotted  ;  flowers  showy,  solitary,  terminal. 

A  genus  of  3  species,  confined  to  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  interior  region  northward. 

1.  C.  Mexicana,  Don.  A  much-branched  shrub,  1  to  6  feet  high  ;  the  trunk 
Avith  abundant  shreddy  light-colored  bark  :  leaves  approximate  upon  the  short 
branchlets,  cuneate-obovate  in  outline,  4  to  7  lines  long,  pinnately  3  -  7-lobed,  dark 
green  above,  tomentose  beneath,  and  the  margin  somewhat  revolute :  flowers  yellow, 
an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  the  calyx-tube  attenuate  into  a  short  glandular-hairy 
pedicel ;  calyx-lobes  obtuse,  tomentose,  2  lines  long,  equalling  the  tube  :  tail  of  the 
akene  at  length  2  inches  long  or  more. — Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  574,  t.  22;  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  83.      C.  Stansburiana,  Torrey,  Stansbury  liep.  386,  t.  3. 

"Mountains  of  CaUfornia  along  the  Virgeu  River"  (Fremont,  probably  in  Southern  Nevada), 
and  fieciuent  eastward  in  the  mountains  to  N.  Utah  and  New  Alexico,  and  southward  to  Central 
Mexico.  The  wood  is  light  colored  and  very  fine  grained.  The  other  species  are  C.  plicata, 
Don,  of  Northern  Jlexico,  with  toothed  leaves  and  purplish  flowers,  and  C.  ericcefolia,  Torr.,  with 
smaller  white  flowers  and  linear  entire  leaves,  found  only  by  Parry  on  the  Rio  Grande. 

11.   PALLUGIA,  Endlicher. 

Calyx  persistent ;  tube  short-hemispherical,  villous  within ;  limb  5-parted,  the 
ovate  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  alternate  linear  bractlets.  Petals  5,  large 
and  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  in  a  triple  row  upon  the 
margin  of  the  calyx-tube.  Carpels  numerous,  densely  villous,  inserted  upon  a  small 
conical  receptacle  :  style  terminal :  stigma  minute  :  ovules  solitary,  erect.  Fruit 
a  coriaceous  narrowly  oblong  akene,  exserted,  caudate  with  the  elongated  plumose 
style.  Seed  linear  :  i-adicle  inferior.  —  A  low  undershrub  ;  leaves  pinnately  lobed, 
margin  revolute ;  stipules  small ;  flowers  white,  showy,  solitary  or  panicled,  termi- 
nating slender  elongated  naked  peduncles. 

1.  r.  paradoza,  Endlicher.  Much  branched  with  somewhat  virgate  slender 
branches,  2  or  3  feet  high  ;  epidermis  white,  persistent :  leaves  scattered  or  fas- 
cicled, somewhat  villous,  rather  thick,  3  to  10  lines  long,  sessile,  cuneate  and  atten- 
uate into  a  linear  base,  pinnately  3  -  7-cleft  above,  the  segments  linear,  obtuse  : 


176  ROSACEA.  *  Qeum. 

flowers  few,  an  incli  or  more  in  diameter :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  the 
apex  linear  or  trifid  ;  bractlets  linear,  entire  or  bitid  or  2-parted  :  akenes  very 
numerous,  1|  lines  long,  the  slender  plumose  tail  an  inch  or  two  long.  — Torrey  in 
Emory  Rep.  140,  t.  2.     Sieversia  paradoxa,  Don,  1.  c.  575,  t.  22. 

Providence  Mountains  (jOooper)  and  eastward  to  S.  Utah  and  tlie  Rio  Grande ;  also  Mexican. 

12.   GEUM,  Linn. 

Calyx  persistent,  concave ;  limb  5-lobed,  usually  with  5  alternate  bractlets,  val- 

vate.     Petals  5.      Stamens  many.      Carpels  numerous,  upon  a  conical  or  clavate 

receptacle  :   style  terrahial,  straight  or  geniculate  :    stigma  small :    ovules  solitary, 

ascending.    Akenes  small,  compressed,  caudate  with  the  elongated  naked  or  plumose 

styles.      Seed  erect  :    radicle  inferior.  —  Perennial  herbs  ;    leaves  mostly  radical, 

lyrate  or  pinnate ;  stipules  adnate  to  the  sheathing  petioles ;  flowers  rather  large, 

solitary  or  corymbose. 

About  30  species,  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  frigid  zones.  A  dozen  species  occur 
in  the  United  States,  several  of  them  found  also  in  N.  Asia  and  Europe  or  closely  allied  to  Old 
World  species. 

§   1.  Styles  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle,  the  upper  part  deciduous,  the  lower 
naked  and  hooked,  becoming  elongated:  calyx-lobes  re  flexed.  —  Geum  proper. 

1.  G.  macrophyllum,  Willd.  A  coarse  herb  :  stems  mostly  solitary,  1  to  3 
feet  high,  bristly-hairy,  leafy  :  radical  leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  six 
inches  to  a  foot  long  or  more,  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large  and  round-cordate, 
lobed  and  toothed,  the  lateral  very  unequal  and  often  very  small ;  cauline  leaves 
similar  but  with  a  short  rhachis,  or  reduced  to  the  terminal  leaflet ;  stipules  large, 
toothed  :  flowers  yellow,  half  an  inch  broad,  in  an  open  panicle  :  bractlets  of  the 
calyx  small  and  often  wanting :  fruit  hispid,  upon  a  nearly  naked  oblong  receptacle : 
styles  3  lines  long,  at  length  reflexed. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  eastern  side  ;  Mono  Pass  {Bolander),  Sierra  Co.  (Lemmon),  north 
of  Lassen's  Peak  (Newberry),  and  northward  to  Sitka,  ranging  east  to  the  Atlantic. 

§  2.  Style  straight,  not  Jointed,  and  wholly  persistent,  naked  or  plumose,  elongated : 
calyx-lobes  not  reflexed.  —  Sieversia. 

2.  Gr.  triflonim,  Pursh.  Low,  villous ;  stems  clustered,  from  stout  branching 
rootstocks,  6  to  15  inches  high,  simple,  nearly  naked  :  radical  leaves  pinnate  some- 
what interruptedly  with  numerous  cuneate-oblong  incised  segments ;  the  cauline 
reduced  to  a  few  small  linear-lobed  leaves  or  bracts  :  flowers  large,  few,  on  long 
peduncles  :  calyx  often  purplish,  as  well  as  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  the  linear 
bractlets  4  to  9  lines  long,  usually  exceeding  the  lobes  and  equalling  the  oblong 
purplish  erect  petals  :  tails  of  the  small  akenes  plumose,  at  length  2  or  3  inches 
long  :  receptacle  small,  hemispherical.  —  Sieversia  triflora,  R.  Br. ;  Hook.  Bot.  ^lag. 
t.  2858.^ 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  4,000  to  9,000  feet  altitude  {Brewer,  Bolander),  and  in  the  mountains 
north  and  eastward,  to  Arctic  America  and  Labrador. 

13.    PRAGARIA,  Toum.        Strawberry. 

Calyx  persistent,  concave  ;  limb  5-lobed,  with  5  alternate  bractlets,  valvate. 
Petals  5,  white,  spreading.  Stamens  many,  in  one  row.  Carpels  numeroiis,  .smooth : 
styles  lateral,  very  short :  ovule  solitary,  ascending.  Receptacle  much  enlarged  and 
fleshy  in  fruit,  conical,  scarlet,  bearing  the  small  turgid  crustaceous  akenes  upon  the 
surface,     Radicle  superior. — Acaulescent  stoloniferous  perennials;  leaves  palmately 


PotentiUa.  ROSACEA.  l^'J' 

* 
trifoliolate,  the  leaflets  obovate-cuneate,  coarsely  toothed ;  flowers  few,  cymose  upon 

short  erect  scapes. 

A  small  genus  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  alpine  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  and  also  in  the  Andes.  Many  species  have  been  proposed,  but  scarcely  half  a  dozen 
are  now  recognized  by  botanists.  Their  unstable  character  and  "the  great  facility  with  which 
fertile  cross-breeds  are  produced,  give  reason  to  suspect  that  the  whole  genus  may  prove  to  con- 
sist of  but  one  species  "  {Bcntham).  Many  varieties  are  in  cultivation,  some  of  which  flourish 
with  special  luxuriance  in  this  State.  The  three  first  following  are  the  generally  acknowledged 
.North  American  species  :  but  it  is  difficult  to  make  a  satisfactory  reference  of  all  the  Californian 
forms  as  found  iu  collections. 

1 .  P.  Virginiana,  Ehrhart.  "  Akenes  imbedded  in  the  deeply  pitted  fruiting 
receptacle,  which  usually  has  a  narrow  neck :  calyx  becoming  erect  after  flowering 
and  connivent  over  the  hairy  receptacle  when  sterile  or  unfructified  :  leaflets  of  a 
firm  or  coriaceous  texture  :  the  hairs  of  the  scapes,  and  especially  of  the  pedicels, 
silky  and  appressed."  —  Gray,  Manual,  155. 

Var.  niinoensis,  Gray,  1.  c.  "  A  coarser  or  larger  plant,  perhaps  a  distinct 
species,  the  flowers  more  inclined  to  be  polygamo-dioecious,  the  villous  hairs  of  the 
scape  and  pedicels  widely  spreading."  —  F.  Grayana,  Vilmorin. 

The  typical  form  of  this  si>ecies  seems  to  be  confined  to  the  Atlantic  States.  The  variety  ex- 
tends westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  it  is  said  even  to  Washington  Territory  and  Oregon. 
If  found  in  the  northern  jiart  of  the  State  it  should  be  distinguished  from  the  following  species 
by  the  characters  of  the  fruit.     The  leaflets  are  cuneate-obovate,  rounded  at  the  summit. 

2.  F.  vesca,  Linn.  "Akenes  superficial  on  the  glabrous  conical  or  hemi- 
spherical fruiting  receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits):  calyx  remaining  spreading  or  re- 
flexed  :  hairs  on  the  scape  mostly  widely  spreading,  on  the  pedicels  appressed  : 
leaflets  thin,  even  the  upper  face  strongly  marked  by  the  veins."  —  Gray,  1.  c. 

This  European  species  is  also  widely  indigenous  through  North  America,  and  si)ecimens  from 
the  Sierra  Nevada  have  been  referred  to  it.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  whether  it  is  really  found 
within  the  State.     The  leaflets  are  usually  less  obtuse  than  in  the  last. 

3.  F.  Chilensis,  Ehrhart.  Usually  low,  densely  villous  with  silky  hairs,  spread- 
ing upon  the  petioles,  scapes  and  pedicels,  appressed  upon  the  under  side  of  the 
leaves  and  the  calyx :  scapes  and  petioles  rather  stout :  leaflets  thick,  perfectly 
smooth  above,  cuneate-obovate,  rounded  at  the  summit :  flowers  large  (often  an  inch 
broad) :  calyx  lobes  and  bractlets  elongated,  entire  :  fruit  not  described.  —  Torr.  <k 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  448. 

Near  the  sea,  from  San  Francisco  to  Alaska  ;  identical  with  the  Chilian  form. 

4.  F.  Californica,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Low,  somewhat  villous  with  spreading 
hairs,  which  are  less  closely  appressed  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  and  calyx  : 
scapes  and  petioles  usually  slender :  leaves  thinner,  cuneate-obovate  and  rounded, 
sparingly  villous  on  the  upper  side :  flowers  half  an  inch  broad :  calyx-lobes  shorter, 
often  toothed  or  cleft :  fruit  small ;  akenes  superficial.  —  Linnaia,  ii.  20.  F.  ludda, 
Yilmorin;  Gay,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  viii,  201.  F.  vesca,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  309  ; 
Seem.  Bot.  Herald,  282. 

From  San  Diego  to  Mt.  Diablo  (Bretcer)  and  the  Oakland  Hills  (Holder)  ;  also  in  North- 
western Mexico,  Seemann.  This  appears  to  be  distinct  from  the  ordinary  F.  vesca,  and  from 
other  Californian  forms. 

14.  POTENTILLA,  Linn.        Five-finger. 

Calyx  persistent,  concave  or  flattish ;  limb  5-lobed,  with  5  alternate  bractlets, 
valvate.  Petals  5,  obcordate  or  broadly  obovate,  sessile,  yellow  (rarely  white  or 
red).  Stamens  20  to  50  or  more  (rarely  fewer),  marginal  in  2  or  3  rows  upon  the 
hairy  sometimes  thickened  base  of  the  calyx;  filaments  filiform.  Carpels  10  to 
40  or  more,  usually  numerous  :  styles  lateral  or  nearly  terminal,  short,  deciduous : 


178  EOSACE^.  ff         Potmtilla. 

ovule  solitary,  ascending  or  suspended.     Akenes  small,  turgid,  crustaceous,  usually 

sessile,  upon  a  dry  more  or  less  elevated  receptacle.    Radicle  superior.  —  Herbaceous 

or  rarely  woody  ;  leaves  piimate  or  digitate  with  distinct  leaflets  ;  stipules  adnate  to 

the  petioles ;  flowers  cymose,  or  axillary  and  solitary.  —  Lehmanu,  lievis.  Potent. ; 

"Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  549. 

A  genus  of  about  120  species,  according  to  Bentham  &  Hooker  (who  include  in  it  also  the  next 
three  genera),  confined  almost  exclusively  to  the  temperate  and  cold  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.  The  species  are  very  variable,  and  many  more  than  this  number  have  been  pub- 
lished. Of  the  30  or  more  native  to  North  America,  a  dozen  are  also  indigenous  in  Europe  or 
Northern  Asia. 

*  Styles  fusiform,  thickened  and  glandular  at  base :  carpels  very  numerous,  glabrous : 

flowers  cymose. 

1.  P.  glandulosa,  Lindl.  Perennial,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  somewhat  glan- 
dular-villous,  branched  above  :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  5  to  9,  rounded,  ovate,  or 
somewhat  rhomboidal,  coarsely  serrate,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  cymes  at  length  open 
and  pedicels  slender,  the  upper  leaves  and  floral  bracts  conspicuous  :  calyx  4  to  6 
lines  long,  somewhat  tomentose  and  usually  villous  with  coarse  hairs ;  bractlets 
linear  to  oblong,  shorter  than  the  lobes  :  petals  yellow  or  sometimes  white,  usually 
shorter  than  the  calyx  :  stamens  25,  in  one  row  on  the  margin  of  the  thickened 
disk:  style  attached  below  the  middle  of  the  ovary.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1583.  P.  Wran- 
geliana,  Fischer  &  Meyer  ;  Lehm.  Revis.  49,  t.  19. 

Var.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  A  slender  form  with  small  leaflets  :  inflorescence 
more  naked,  the  ui)per  leaves  and  floral  bracts  being  much  smaller :  calyx  2  to  4 
lines  long  :  flowers  white  or  yellow  :  stamens  occasionally  only  20. 

From  Monterey  northward  to  Washington  Territory  ;  the  variety  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from 
the  South  Fork  of  Keni  River  (Rothrock)  to  Oregon.  P.  fissa,  Nutt.,  is  a  usually  low  and  slender 
form  of  this  species  with  occasionally  5  pairs  of  leaflets,  common  in  the  Kocky  Mountains  ;  it 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  collected  in  California. 

2.  P.  rivalis,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  erect  or  ascending,  often  difi"usely 
branched,  softly  villous  with  spreading  hairs  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  pinnate, 
with  2  pairs  of  closely  approximate  leaflets,  or  a  single  pair  and  the  terminal  leaflet 
3-parted  ;  upper  leaves  ternate ;  leaflets  cuneate-ovate  to  -lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate, 
1  to  1 1  inches  long  :  cymes  loose,  with  slender  pedicels  :  bractlets  and  calyx-lobes 
equal,  1|  to  3  lines  long  :  petals  minute,  yellow  :  disk  not  thickened  :  stamens  10 
to  20  :  style  terminal.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  437. 

Var.  millegrana,  Watson,  1.  c.  Leaves  all  ternate  :  akenes  usually  small  and 
light-coloretl.  —  P.  'millegrana,  Engelm. ;  Lehm.  Revis.  202  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  85. 

The  variety  ranges  from  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  from  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper), 
eastward  to  New  Mexico  and  the  Missouri.  The  typical  form  is  not  found  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

*  *  Style  filiform,  terminal :  carpels  glabrous :  stamens  20 :  herbaceous  perennials, 

udth  cymose  yellow  flowers. 

+■  Leaves  pinnate  or  digitate,  with  5  or  more  {rarely  3)   leaflets:  bractlets  shorten- 

tlian  the  sepals. 

3.  P.  Bre'Weri,  Watson.  Alpine,  densely  white-tomentose  throughout,  the  calyx 
and  upper  leaves  silky-villous  with  appressed  hairs  :  stems  decumbent  at  base, 
rather  stout,  3  to  10  inches  high  :  stipules  broad,  mostly  incised;  leaflets  7  to  13, 
nearly  uniform  in  size,  3  to  6  lines  long,  cuneate-obovate,  deeply  incised  :  cymes 
mostly  crowded  :  petals  emarginate,  3  to  4  lines  long,  much  exceeding  the  calyx  : 
carpels  20  to  25,  on  villous  pedicels  ;  the  receptacle  and  disk  hairy.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  555. 


Potentilla.  ROSACEA.  I79 

Var.  expansa,  Watson.  Less  densely  tomentose  above  :  cymes  loosely  expanded, 
the  flowers  on  long  pedicels. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Mono  Pass  {Brewer) ;  Summit,  above  Cisco,  Bolander.  The  variety  in 
Sierra  County,  J.  G.  Lemmon. 

4.  P.  Flattensis,  Xutt.  Low,  decumbent,  sparingly  appressed  silky-villous  or 
nearly  glabrous:  stems  slender,  3  to  12  inches  long:  stipules  linear-lanceolate  to 
oblong,  mostly  entire;  leaflets  7  to  15  or  more,  approximate  and  nearly  uniform  in 
size,  3  to  6  lines  long,  ovate  to  oblong,  pinnatitid  or  parted  into  3  to  7  or  more 
linear  entire  or  cleft  segments  :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  an  open  cyme  :  petals 
2  or  3  lines  long,  usually  a  little  exceeding  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes  :  carpels  25  to 
40.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  439  ;  Lehm.  Eevis.  28,  t.  6. 

Sierra  Valley,  abundant  in  meadows  {Lemmon) ;  frequent  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Uintas, 
and  northward  to  British  America. 

5.  P.  gracilis,  Dougl.  Ascending,  1  to  3  feet  high,  villous  and  more  or  less 
tomentose^,  sparingly  leafy  :  leaves  digitate  or  rarely  pinnate  ;  leaflets  usually  7, 
sometimes  5,  cuneate-oblong,  1  to  2|  inches  long,  deeply  serrate  or  pinnatitid  with 
linear  lobes,  white-tomentose  beneath,  green  and  somewhat  villous  above  :  cyme 
loose,  somewhat  fastigiate :  petals  3  or  4  lines  long,  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx  : 
carpels  40  or  more.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2984.  P.  Blaschkeana,  Turcz. ;  Lehm. 
Eevis.   107,  t.   64. 

Var.  flabelliformis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaflets  very  deeply  piunatifid.  —  Fl.  i.  440. 
P.  fiahelli formic,  Lehm.  ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  192,  t.  66. 

Var.  fastigiata,  Watson,  1.  c.  Cyme  shorter  and  more  compact,  more  densely 
pubescent :  often  low.  —  P.  fastigiata,  Nutt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  440. 

Var.  rigida,  Watson,  1.  c.  Villous,  but  without "  tomentum  ;  usually  tall  and 
stout.  —  P.  rigida,  Nutt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  440.  P.  Nuttallii,  Lehm.  Eevis. 
89,  t.  33 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  88. 

Chiefly  eastward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Oregon  and  Nevada  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  var.  rigida  is  the  most  common  in  California,  from  the  Cuiamaca  Mountains  through  the 
whole  length  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

6.  P.  dissecta,  Pursh.  Low  and  alpine,  silky-villous  without  tomentum  or 
nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  closely  pinnate  or  as  often  digitate  ;  leaflets  5  to  7,  or  rarely 
3,  cuneate-oblong,  an  inch  long  or  less,  pinnatifid  with  narrow  segments  or  coarsely 
serrate,  the  segments  tufted  with  white  hairs  :  flowers  few  in  an  open  slender  cyme  : 
calyx  more  or  less  villous  with  spreading  hairs  :  petals  2  to  4  lines  long,  exceeding 
the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes  :  carpels  10  to  20  or  more.  —  Torr.  <fc  Gray,  Fl.  i.  446. 
P.  diversifolia,  Lehm.  Eevis.  72,  t.  31  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  86. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Mono  Pass  {Brewer),  and  on  Mt.  Dana  at  12,500  feet  altitude,  Bo- 
lander.     More  frequent  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  a  very  variable  species. 

7.  P.  Wheeleri,  Watson.  Small  and  subalpine,  decumbent,  silky-villous  :  stems 
2  or  3  inclies  long,  branched  and  flowering  from  near  the  base,  leafy  :  leaves  digi- 
tate ;  leaflets  3  to  5,  cuneate,  3-5-toothed  at  the  rounded  summit,  half  an  inch 
long  or  less ;  stipules  entire  or  nearly  so  :  lower  flowers  opposite  to  the  leaves : 
calyx  3  lines  long ;  bractlets  a  little  smaller  than  the  lobes,  obtusish  :  petals  obcor- 
date,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx  :  carpels  20.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  148. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  about  the  head-waters  of  Kern  River,  at  8,200  feet  altitude,  Rothrock. 

-f-  -f-  Leaves  ternate. 

8.  P.  G'ra3ri,  Watson.  Stems  slender,  low,  3-6-flowered:  pubescence  scanty, 
villous  :  leaflets  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  half  an  inch  long,  the  truncate  or 
rounded  apex  5  -  7-tootlied  ;  terminal  leaflet  long-petiolulate  :  bractlets  obtusish, 
only  half  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes  :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  exceeding  the  calyx  : 
carpels  15  to  20.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  560. 

Yosemite  Valley  {Bolander,  Gray) ;  Lake  Tenaya  {Brewer) ;  peaks  above  Owen's  Lake,  Kellogg. 


180  ROSACEA.  ^  Poteniilla. 

9.  P.  gelida,  C.  A.  Meyer.  Nearly  glabrous,  the  pubescence  minute  or  villous  : 
stems  low,  slender,  1  -  3-flowered  :  leaflets  very  broadly  cuneiform,  6  to  9  lines  long, 
rounded  at  the  apex  and  coarsely  7  -  9-toothed  ;  terminal  leaflet  shortly  petiolulate  : 
bractlets  and  calyx-lobes  nearly  equal,  obtuse  or  acute  :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  a 
little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  carpels  numerous.  • — Watson,  1.  c.  559.  F.  flabellifolia, 
Hook. ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  El.  i.  442;  Lehm.  Revis.  153,  t.  51. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  Summit  {Bolander)  and  on  Lassen's  Peak  (J.  G.  Lcmmon),  and  north- 
ward to  Washington  Territory  ;  also  in  Northern  Asia. 

*  *  *  /Stt/le  filiform,  attached  at  or  below  the  middle  of  the  ovary  :  leaves  pinnate : 
flowers  yellow  :  receptacle  small,  villous. 

+-  Herbaceous,  stoloniferous  and  creeping :  akenes  glabrous :  flower's  axillary,  solitary. 

10.  P.  Anserina,  Linn.  White-tomentose  and  silky-villous  :  leaves  all  radical, 
often  a  foot  long  or  more  ;  leaflets  3  to  10  pairs,  with  smaller  ones  interposed, 
oblong,  sharply  serrate,  tomentose  at  least  beneath ;  stipules  many-cleft :  bractlets 
often  incised,  about  equalling  the  calyx-lobes  :  petals  3  to  6  lines  long,  exceeding 
the  calyx  :  stamens  20,  rarely  25  :  carpels  20  to  40 ;  the  style  attached  to  the  mid- 
dle :  receptacle  very  villous. 

On  stream  banks  ;  frequent  throughout  North  America,  as  also  in  South  Ameiica  and  the  Old 
World.     Very  variable  in  size  and  amount  of  pubescence. 

-f-  ■¥-  Shrubby :  akenes  villous :  flowers  terminal,  cymose  or  solitary. 

11.  P.  fruticosa,  Linn.  Much  branched,  1  to  4  feet  high,  silky-villous:  stip- 
ules scarious ;  leaflets  5  to  7,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  approximate,  2  to  12  lines 
long,  lighter  colored  beneath  and  the  margin  revolute  :  petals  2  to  6  lines  long,  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx  :  stamens  30  :  carpels  20,  very  villous,  the  style  attached  below 
the  middle. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Ebbett's  Pass  northward,  and  throughout  the  northern  portion  of 
North  Ameiica.     Also  frequent  in  the  Old  World. 

*  *  *  *  Styles  filiform,  attached  to  tJie  middle  of  the  numerous  glabrous  carpels, 
ivhich  are  sessile  upon  a  large  spongy  receptacle ;  herbaceous  perennial,  with  large 
ptirple  fiowers  and  pinnate  leaves. 

12.  P.  palustzis,  Scop.  Stems  stout,  ascending  from  a  decumbent  rooting 
perennial  base  :  nearly  glabrous :  leaflets  5  to  7,  oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long,  ser- 
rate :  flowers  few,  in  an  open  cyme  :  calyx  purplish,  6  to  10  lines  long  in  fruit; 
bractlets  linear,  much  shorter :  petals  spatulate,  acute,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  stamens 
20,  upon  the  margin  of  the  thickened  disk.  —  Comarum  palustre,  Linn. 

Collected  only  in  Sierra  County,  by  J.  G.  Lcmmon.  More  frequent  northward  from  Puget 
Sound  to  Alaska,  and  eastward  across  the  continent. 

15.   SIBBALDIA,  Linn. 

Petals  linear-oblong,  minute.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals ;  filaments 
very  short.  Carpels  5  to  10  :  styles  lateral :  ovule  ascending.  Otherwise  as  Poten- 
tilla.  —  Dwarf  and  cespitose  arctic  or  alpine  perennials ;  leaves  thick,  trifoliolate,  the 
leaflets  few-toothed  at  the  truncate  summit ;  flowers  cymose,  yellow. 

Of  the  4  or  5  Asiatic  species  the  following  is  also  European  and  American. 

1.  S.  procumbens,  Linn.  Somewhat  villous  :  stems  creeping,  leafy  at  the 
extremities:  leaflets  cuneate,  3-5-toothed,  3  to  12  lines  long:  peduncles  usually 
shorter  than  the  leaves:  calyx-lobes  \  io  \\  lines  long;  bractlets  linear  and  shorter: 
petals  much  shorter,  acute  :  akenes  on  very  short  hairy  stipes. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mt.  Dana,  at  12,500  feet  altitude  {Bolander),  to  Lassen's  Peak 
(Lcmmon)  and  Mt.  Shasta,  at  8,400  feet.  Brewer.  Also  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado, 
and  the  White  Mountains,  and  northward  to  Alaska  and  Greenland. 


Horkdia.  ROSACEA.  181 

16.  HOBKELIA,  Cham.  &  Schleclit. 

Calyx  campanulate.  Petals  obovate  to  linear,  often  unguiculate,  white  or  pink. 
Stamens  10  (20  in  H.  purpurascens),  in  two  rows;  filaments  more  or  less  dilated 
and  deltoid  or  subulate  (often  scarcely  at  all  so  in  H.  tridentata),  those  opposite  to 
the  sepals  broadest.  Carpels  few  to  many :  styles  nearly  terminal,  filiform  or  thick- 
ened at  base  :  ovules  suspended.  Akenes  fixed  by  the  middle  to  the  nearly  naked 
receptacle.  Otherwise  as  Potentilla.  —  Herbaceous  Californiau  perennials ;  leaves 
pinnate  with  several  pairs  of  toothed  or  cleft  leaflets,  the  upper  ones  confluent; 
flowei-s  cymose,  mostly  crowded.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  528 ;  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  447. 

*  Styles  very  short,  thickened  at  base:  hractlets  narrow. 

1.  BE.  fusca,  Lindl.  Glandular-pubescent:  stems  ^  to  1|  feet  high:  leaflets  6  to 
8  pairs,  cuueate-oblong  to  -ovate,  incisely  toothed  or  lobed,  a  half-inch  to  an  inch 
long  :  cymes  usually  dense ;  bracts  short :  calyx  about  2|  lines  long :  petals  cune- 
ate-oblong,  2  lines  long.  —  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1997.  H.  parvijiora,  Nutt. ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Y\.  i.  435,  with  the  leaflets  mostly  cuneate-obovate.  H.  capitata,  Eegel,  Gartenfl. 
1872,  t.  711. 

Var.  tenella,  Watson,  Low  and  slender :  leaflets  small,  deeply  lobed  :  flowers 
small,  scarcely  1|  lines  long. 

Freiiuent  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Yosemite  Valley  northward  to  Oregon  ;  the  variety  in 
Sierra  County,  Lemmon. 

2.  H.  capitata,  Lindl.  Very  similar  :  leaflets  often  large  :  bracts  broad  and  as 
long  as  the  flowers,  which  are  somewhat  larger ;  petals  3  lines  long  :  styles  with 
the  thick  base  less  cellular  and  firmer.  —  Bot.  Reg.  under  t.  1997. 

Collected  in  Oregon  by  Douglas,  and  in  Klamath  Valley  by  Cronkhitc.  It  is  perhaps  but  a 
form  of  the  last. 

*  *  Styles  long  and  filiform,  about  eqvxtlling  the  stamens. 

-(-  Bractlets  nearly  as  broad  as  the  calyx-lobes. 

3.  H.  Califomica,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Glandular-pubescent,  the  calyx  often 
somewhat  villous  with  coarse  hairs  :  stems  a  foot  high  or  more  :  leaflets  usually  5 
to  10  pairs,  cuneate-obovate  to  -oblong,  toothed  above,  3  to  8  lines  long :  flowers 
usually  crowded  in  the  cymes,  those  in  the  forks  on  long  pedicels ;  bracts  short : 
calyx  3  to  6  lines  long,  about  equalling  the  spatulate  petals. — Linnaea,  ii.  26;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  434.  H.  cuneata,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  under  t.  1997,  a  form  with  cune- 
ate-rounded  leaflets  and  smaller  flowers.  Potentilla  multijuga,  Lehm.  Eevis.  Potent. 
29,  t.  7,  is  probably  the  same. 

Var.  sericea,  Gray.  Canescent  throughout  with  a  dense  silky  pubescence  :  a 
stout  form,  with  leaflets  sometimes  1|  inches  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  529. 

Very  frequent  in  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Los  Angeles  to  San  Francisco  ;  the  variety  in  Alameda 
Comity,  Holder,  Kellogg  &  Harford. 

-H  +■  Bractlets  much  narroxoer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 
-^+  Leaflets  deeply  incised  or  lobed. 

4.  H.  COngesta,  Hook.  Villous  with  scattered  stiff"  spreading  hairs,  glandular- 
puberulent  above  :  stems  slender,  a  span  or  two  high  :  leaflets  5  to  8  pairs,  linear- 
oblong,  incised  towards  the  apex,  6  to  9  lines  long ;  stipules  many-parted  :  flowers 
in  a  rather  loose  cyme ;  bracts  very  short :  calyx  about  2  lines  long,  shorter  than 
the  rounded  limb  of  the  petals.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2880 ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  434. 

Oregon  {Douglas,  Hall)  ;  perhaps  iu  Northern  California. 


182  ROSACEA.  Horkdia. 

5.  H.  tenuiloba,  Gray.  Canescently  villous,  a  foot  high  :  leaflets  8  to  12  pairs, 
small  (2  or  3  lines  long),  cuneate-obovate,  deeply  4  -  8-cleft  with  linear  lobes,  or  in 
the  upper  leaves  narrow  and  few-lobed  or  linear  and  entire  :  flowers  in  close  cymes ; 
bmcts  short :  calyx  2  lines  long ;  lobes  linear,  a  little  shorter  than  the  oblong-spatu- 
late  petals. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  529;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  448.  //.  congesta, 
var.  tenuiloba,  Torrey,  Pac.  E.  Eep.  iv.  84.  //.  congesta,  is^ewberry,  Pacif.  K.  Eep. 
vi.  73. 

On  Santa  Rosa  Creek  (Bigelow)  ;  on  Hat  Creek,  near  Lassen's  Peak,  Newberry. 

6.  H.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Densely  hoary-pubescent,  cespitose,  the  stems  3  or  4 
inches  high  :  leaflets  numerous,  about  2  lines  long,  cuneate-obovate,  with  3  to  5 
oblong  or  rounded  lobes  :  flowers  in  a  rather  open  cyme  :  calyx  2  lines  long,  about 
equalling  the  oblong-spatulate  petals. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  338;  Watson,  1.  c. 

Var.  Parryi,  Watson.  Less  densely  pubescent :  leaflets  often  broadly  and  ab- 
ruptly cuneate  :  flowers  larger,  3  or  4  lines  long. 

Dry  alkaline  soil,  near  Clear  Lake,  Bolander.  The  variety  in  the  mountains  above  San  Ber- 
nardino, Parry,  1875. 

7.  H.  purpurascens,  Watson.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  villous,  6  inches 
high  :  leaflets  immerous,  approximate,  2  — 4-parted;  segments  oblong  to  obovate,  2 
or  3  lines  long  or  less  :  flowers  few,  in  an  open  cyme  :  calyx  purplish,  about  4  lines 
long;  bractlets  small  and  narrow:  petals  rose-colored,  broadly  cuneate-oblong,  nearly 
equalling  the  calyx  :  stamens  20 ;  the  fllaments  opposite  to  the  calyx-lobes  and 
bractlets  subulate,  the  alternate  ones  tiliform :  carpels  20  to  25.  —  Proc,  Am.  Acad, 
xi.  148. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  about  the  head-waters  of  Kern  River,  at  9,000  feet  altitude,  Dr.  J.  T. 
Bothrock.     Peculiar  in  the  number  of  the  stamens. 

-^+  -n-  Leaflets  fevj-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex. 

8.  H.  tridentata,  Ton.  Pubescence  silky-villous,  mostly  appressed,  often 
dense  :  stems  usually  a  span  high  or  more  :  leaflets  2  to  5  pairs,  cuneate-obovate  to 
narrowly  oblong,  usually  3-toothed^t  the  apex,  a  half-inch  to  an  inch  long  :  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels  in  a  contracted  much-branched  cyme  :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long,  a 
little  shorter  than  the  linear  to  broadly  spatulate  petals  :  fllaments  often  flliform  or 
the  longer  ones  only  slightly  broader  below,  sometimes  dilated  :  receptacle  often 
villous  :  akenes  occasionally  rough-tuberculate.  —  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  84,  t.  6.  Ivesia 
tridentata,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  338.  //.  Tilingi,  Eegel,  Trudi  Peterb.  i. 
151,  &  Gartenfl.   1872,  t.  711. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Yosemite  Valley  to  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  M.  E.  P.  Ames.  A  species 
which  goes  far  in  its  variations  to  unite  this  genus  with  the  next. 

17.   IVESIA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Stamens  20,  in  one  to  three  rows ;  filaments  slender,  filiform.  Carpels  few,  upon 
a  villous  receptacle  :  styles  filiform.  —  Herbaceous  perennials  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  eastward ;  leaflets  usually  numerous  and  parted  or  very  deeply  cleft,  often 
closely  imbricated ;  flowers  white,  yellow,  or  purple,  in  cymes  or  open  panicles. 
Characters  otherwise  as  in  Horkelia.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  530 ;  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  448. 

*  Flowers  in  rather  close  panicled  cymes :  stems  slender,  mostly  leafy :  not  alpine. 

1.  I.  Fickeringii,  Torr.  Densely  white  silky-villous,  about  a  span  high  : 
leaflets  very  numerous,  at  first  closely  imbricated,  2  — 5-parted  or  lobed  or  often 
entire,  the  segments  oblong,  1  to  4  lines  long :  stems  panicled  above,  the  cymes 
densely  many -flowered  :  calyx  2  lines  long  or  less  >  bractlets  linear  :  petals  yellow- 


Ivesia.  ROSACEJE.  Ig3 

* 

ish,  spatulate,  equalling  the  calyx :  stamens  20 :  carpels  4  to  6.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp. 
288,  t.  4;  Gray,  1.  c.  531. 
On  the  Klamath  Kiver  {Pickering)  ;  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon. 

2.  I.  unguiculata,  Gray.  Closely  resembling  the  last,  sometimes  less  densely 
villous  :  cymes  less  crowded  :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long,  with  narrow  acuminate  lobes 
and  bractlets  :  petals  white,  unguiculate,  the  blade  orbicular,  somewhat  exceeding 
the  calvx:  stamens  usually  15  :  carpels  5  to  8. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  339;  Watson, 
1.  c.  448. 

Yosemite  valley  {Bulander,  Gray)  ;  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon. 

3.  I.  Webberi,  Gray.  Low,  loosely  villous  with  spreading  hairs  :  leaflets  4  to 
6  pairs,  approximate,  2  -  5-parted,  with  linear  segments,  3  to  5  lines  long  :  stems 
nearly  naked,  smooth  above  :  flowers  mostly  on  long  pedicels  in  rather  loose  cymes : 
calyx  2  or  3  lines  long ;  lobes  lanceolate ;  bractlets  small :  petals  yellow,  narrowly 
oblong,  about  equalUng  the  calyx  :  stamens  5  to  10  :  carpels  3  or  4  :  akenes  large, 
ovate,  a  line  long  or  more  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  71. 

Sierra  and  Indian  valleys,  in  ravines,   Webber,  Lemmon. 

*  *  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  rather  compact  cyme  upon  a  nearly  naked  stem :  low  or 

dwarf,  alpine. 

4.  I.  Gordoni,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Viscid-pubescent  and  often  somewhat  hirsute, 
or  glabrate  :  stems  3  to  10  inches  high  from  a  thick  resinous  caudex  :  leaflets 
numerous,  approximate,  1  to  G  lines  long,  obovate,  3-5-cleft  or  parted,  with  oblong 
or  spatulate  segments ;  cauline  leaves  one  or  two,  pinnatifid  :  flowers  in  a  close  cyme, 
at  length  somewhat  open :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long :  petals  yellow,  narrowly  oblong 
to  broadly  spatulate,  usually  not  exceeding  the  calyx  :  stamens  5  :  carpels  2  or  3, 
or  more. — Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  72;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  530;  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  90.  Horkelia  Gordoni,  Hook,  in  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  v.  341,  t.  12.  H.  (]) 
multifoliolata,  Torr.  in  Sitgreaves  Rep.  159. 

Var.  pygmaea,  Watson.  Much  reduced,  an  inch  or  two  high  or  even  less, 
glandular  and  liirsute  :  leaflets  very  small  and  crowded  :  stamens  sometimes  10.  — 
/.  pyqmn^a,  Gray,  1.  c.  531. 

Var.  lycopodioides,  Watson.  I^early  glabrous :  leaflets  still  more  crowded  and 
imbricated,  thick  and  rounded.  —  /.  lycopodioides.  Gray,  1.  c.  530. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mono  Pass  {Brewer)  to  Sierra  Co.  (Lemmon),  and  in  the  mountains 
of  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Aiizona.  The  varieties  in  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada,  at  11,000  to  12,000 
feet  altitude. 

5.  I.  Mllirii,  Gray.  Dwarf,  densely  silky-villous  :  stems  an  inch  high,  from  a 
thick  caudex  :  leaves  terete  with  the  very  numerous  small  crowded  and  imbricated 
silky  leaflets  :  flowers  small,  in  a  close  cyme  :  calyx  a  line  long,  purplish,  exceeding 
the  narrow  spatulate  "  yellow  "  petals  :  stamens  5  ;  filaments  short :  carpels  usually 
two. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  627. 

On  Mt.  Hoffmann,  at  9,000  feet  altitude,  John  Muir.  Except  for  the  reduced  number  of 
stamens  and  shorter  filaments  it  would  be  referred  to  /.  santolinoides. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  a  diffuse  panicle :  stems  leafy. 

6.  L  santalinoides,  Gray.  Stems  6  to  18  inches  high,  slender,  sparingly 
villous  :  leaves  densely  silky-villous  with  white  hairs,  2  to  4  inches  long,  terete 
Avith  the  very  numerous  small  crowded  and  imbricated  leaflets  :  panicle  very  dif- 
fusely branched;  bracts  very  small,  villous  :  flowers  on  slender  at  length  elongated 
pedicels  :  calyx  a  line  long,  villous  or  nearly  glabrous,  oTten  purplish  ;  bractlets 
short  :  petals  white,  spatulate  to  obovate,  exceeding  the  calyx  :  stamens  15  ;  fila- 
ments long  and  slender ;  anthers  purple  :  carpels  solitary.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 
531  &  vii.  339. 


184  ROSACEA.  ^  Ivtsia. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mt.  Brewer  (^Brewer)  and  Mt.  Finos  (Rothrock)  to  Lake  Tahoe, 
Lemmon. 

7.  I.  gracilis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Canescently  villous  with  spreading  hairs  ;  stems 
slender,  a  span  high,  from  an  apparently  annual  or  biennial  root :  leaflets  5  to  1 0 
pairs,  scattered  on  the  slender  rhachis,  3  -  5-parted  with  oblong  segments,  2  to  4  lines 
long  :  flowers  on  elongated  pedicels  in  a  very  diffiise  panicle  :  calyx  nearly  2  lines 
long,  broadly  campanulate  ;  bractlets  nearly  equalling  the  lobes  :  petals  white, 
obovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  stamens  15  or  20  :  carpels  numerous  :  akenes  rugose. 
—  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  vi.  72,  t.  11.     Potentilla  Newberryi,  Gray,  1.  c.  532. 

On  the  banks  of  Rhett  Lake,  Newberry.  A  species  pecuUar  in  its  annual  or  biennial  root  and 
in  the  large  number  of  its  carpels. 

8.  L  Baileyi,  Watson.  Viscidly  pubescent :  stems  slender,  6  inches  high  :  leaf- 
lets 3  to  10  pairs,  cuneate-obovate,  3  — 7-toothed  or  parted  :  flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels in  a  dift'use  panicle  :  calyx  1|-  lines  long,  exceeding  the  yellow  spatulate  petals: 
stamens  5  :  carpels  1  to  5.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  90. 

Var.  setosa,  Watson,  1.  c.  Leaflets  all  parted,  the  lobes  setosely  tipped  :  more 
glandular-hairy. 

West  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  {Bailey)  ;  the  variety  in  the  East  Humboldt  Mountains, 
Watson.     The  remaining  species  also  belong  to  this  group. 

L  KiNGli,  Watson,  1.  c.  91.  Glabrous  throughout  :  stems  a  span  long  or  more  :  leaflets  numer- 
ous, entire  or  2  -  3-parted,  the  lobes  rounded,  a  line  long  :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  an  open 
panicle  :  calyx  2  lines  long,  shorter  than  the  white  orbicular  petals  :  stamens  15  or  20  :  carpels 

5  to  8.  —  Valleys  of  Northeastern  Nevada,  in  alkaline  soil,  Watson. 

L  DEPAUPEKATA,  Gray  in  herb.  Sparingly  pubescent  :  stems  erect,  a  foot  high  or  more  :  leaf- 
lets numerous,  <;uneate-obovate  or  oblong,  deeply  2  -  3-cleft  :  flowers  pedicelled,  in  a  rather  open 
panicle  :  calyx  2  or  3  lines  long,  purple  within,  exceeding  the  linear  dark-purple  petals  :  stamens 
5,  purple  :  carpels  2.  —  Potentilla  dcpaupcrata,  Engelm.  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  399.  San 
Francisco  Mts.,  Arizona,  Anderson,  Palmer,  Loew.     The  only  purjde-flowered  species. 

18.  ADENOSTOMA,  Hook.  &  Am.        Chamiso. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed,  calyculate ;  tube  obconical,  10-ribbed;  lobes  membra- 
naceous, broad.  Petals  5,  orbicular,  spreading.  Stamens  10  to  15,  usually  2  or  3 
together  between  the  petals.  Ovary  simple,  obliquely  obovoid,  the  oblique  or  trun- 
cate summit  pubescent :  style  lateral,  curved,  with  an  obliquely  dilated  stigma : 
ovules  1  or  2,  suspended.  Fruit  a  membranaceous  akene,  coriaceous  at  the  summit, 
included  in  the  indurated  calyx-tube.  Seeds  unknown.  —  Evergreen  shrubs,  some- 
what resinous ;  leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  small  and  numerous,  entire,  solitary  and 
rarely  opposite,  or  fascicled ;  stipules  small ;  flowers  small,  white,  shortly  peduncu- 
late in  terminal  racemose  panicles. 

1.  A.  fasciculatum,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  diff'usely  branched  shrub,  2  to  20  feet 
high,  with  reddish  virgate  branches,  and  grayish  bark  becoming  .shreddy  :  leaves 
fascicled,  linear-subulate,  2  to  4  lines  long,  acute,  usually  channelled  on  one  side, 
smooth  and  often  resinous,  rarely  lobed  above ;  stipules  small,  acute :  flowers  nearly 
sessile,  rather  crowded  :  calyx  green,  nearly  a  line  long,  much  exceeding  the  calycu- 
late bracts,  strongly  nerved,  the  lobes  nuich  shorter  than  the  small  petals  :  ovary 
obliquely  truncate,  often  1-ovuled:  stigma  small.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  139,  t.  30  ;  Torr. 

6  Gray,  FI.  i.  430. 

Var.  obtusifolium,  Watson.  Leaves  short,  obtuse :  branchlets  usually  puber- 
ulent. — A.  brevifolia,  Nutt. 

Abundant  on  dry  soils  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  more  rarely  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sien-a 
Nevada,  from  S.  California  to  Lake  Co.  {Turrcy)  and  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon.  The  variety  near  San 
Diego.  It  is  usually  6  or  8  feet  high,  often  covering  extensive  areas  with  a  dense  and  almost 
impenetrable  cliapparal  or  "chamisal,"  producing  an  effect  upon  the  landscape  similar  to  that 
of  the  heaths  of  the  Old  World. 


Agrimonia.  ROSACEA.  285 

2.  A.  sparsifolium,  Torr.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  6  to  1 2  or  sometimes  30  feet 
high,  glandular  and  resinous,  with  yellowish  green  bark  becoming  reddish  :  leaves 
scattered  (rarely  opposite),  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  3  to  5  lines  long ;  stipules 
wanting  :  flowers  larger  (nearly  2  lines  broad),  distinctly  peduncled,  in  open  pan- 
icles :  calyx  scarcely  exceeding  the  membranaceous  bracts,  thinner,  obscurely  ribbed, 
the  broad  white  lobes  half  as  long  as  the  petals  :  ovary  truncate,  2-ovuled  :  style 
thickened  upward  to  the  broad  stigma.  —  Emory  Rep.  140,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
63,  t.  20. 

Mountains  east  of  San  Diego,  sometimes  very  abundant ;  flowers  very  fragrant. 

19.  ALCHEMILLA,  Toum.        Lady's  Mantle. 

Calyx-tube  pitcher-shaped,  persistent;  limb  4-5-parted,  with  as  many  minute 
bractlets.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1  to  4,  very  small.  Carpels  1  to  4,  free  from  the 
calyx,  distinct :  style  basal  or  ventral :  ovule  solitary,  ascending.  Akenes  enclosed 
in  the  calyx-tube,  crustaceous.  Seed  nearly  orthotropous.  —  Low  leafy  herbs  ;  leaves 
palmately  lobed,  with  sheathing  stipules ;  flowers  minute,  usually  in  small  corym- 
bose clusters. 

About  30  species,  chiefly  in  the  mountains  from  Mexico  to  Chili,  a  few  being  scattered  through 
Europe,  Asia,  and  S.  Africa.  The  only  species  known  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  is 
the  following. 

1.  A.  arvensis,  Scopoli.  Annual,  leafy,  branched  at  the  base,  3  to  8  inches 
high,  somewhat  villous  :  leaves  rounded,  cuneate  at  base  and  shortly  petioled,  2  to 
4  lines  broad,  deeply  3-lobed  ;  segments  2  -  4-cleft ;  stipules  conspicuous,  cleft,  en- 
closing the  greenish  flowers,  which  are  fascicled  in  the  axils,  half  a  line  long,  on 
slender  pedicels  or  nearly  sessile  :  bmctlets  very  small :  stamens  1  or  2  :  akenes  soli- 
tary, ovate,  compressed.  —  A.  occidentalis  &  A.  cuneifolia,  Xutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  432. 

On  sandy  soils  near  the  sea  from  S.  California  to  the  Columbia  ;  Guadalupe  Island  {Palmer) ; 
in  central  Idaho,  Spaldinfj.  Apparently  indigenous,  but  not  differing  essentially  from  the  Euro- 
pean form,  which  is  not  elsewhere  found  on  this  continent  except  as  introduced  in  some  of  the 
Atlantic  States. 

20.  AGRIMONIA,  Toum.        Agrimony. 

Calyx-tube  turbinate,  persistent,  somewhat  contracted  at  the  throat  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  dense  border  of  hooked  prickles  or  occasionally  5-bracteolate  ;  limb 
5-lobed,  at  length  connivent.  Petals  5,  yellow.  Stamens  5  to  15,  in  one  row. 
Carpels  2,  free  and  distinct :  styles  terminal :  stigma  dilated,  2-lobed :  ovule  pen- 
dulous. Akenes  1  or  2,  enclosed  in  the  indurated  calyx-tube,  membranaceous.  — 
Tall  perennial  herbs ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate ;  flowers  in  slender  spicate 
racemes,  with  3-cleft  bracts ;  fruit  pendulous. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  a  dozen  or  more  species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  the  Andes.  Three 
species  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  States,  of  which  the  following  reaches  California. 

1.  A.  Eupatoria,  Linn.  Hirsute,  2  to  4  feet  high,  sparingly  branched  above  : 
leaflets  5  to  7,  usually  2  to  4  inches  long,  with  small  ones  intermixed,  oblong- 
obovate,  coarsely  toothed,  acute  at  each  end  ;  stipules  large,  semicordate,  incised  : 
calyx  2  lines  (becoming  3  or  4  lines)  long,  the  tube  at  length  10-sulcate  above  : 
petals  exceeding  the  calyx  lobes  :  akenes  solitary,  subglobose,  a  line  in  diameter. 

Cuiamaca  Mountains  (Palmer) ;  Sierra  Co.  (J.  G.  Lemmon)  ;  and  also  by  Kellogg  k  Harford 
probably  in  Northern  California,  but  locality  not  given.  It  occurs  rarely  in  Washington  Terii- 
tory  and  in  New  Mexico,  but  is  common  in  the  Atlantic  States,  in  the  borders  of  woods,  as  well 
as  in  Europe  and  Northern  Asia. 


186  ROSACEA.  *  Accena. 

21.  AC-53NA,  Linn. 
Calyx-tube  oblong,  persistent,  contracted  at  the  throat,  at  length  armed  with 
retrorsely  barbed  prickles ;  limb  3  -  7-parted,  valvate,  deciduous.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  1  to  10,  usually  3  to  5.  Carpels  1  or  2,  free  from  the  calyx:  style  ter- 
minal :  stigma  capitate  and  multitid  :  ovule  solitary,  suspended.  Akene  enclosed 
in  the  indurated  calyx,  membranaceous.  —  Perennial  herbs,  often  woody  at  the  de- 
cumbent or  creeping  base  ;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  and  leaflets  incised  or  pinnati- 
fid ;  flowers  in  crowded  spikes  or  heads. 

Species  about  30,  belonging  largely  to  Chili  and  Peru,  and  almost  exclusively  to  the  teini)erate 
and  warmer  regions  of  the  southern  hemisphere.  There  is  a  single  Mexican  species,  besides  the 
following  Chilian  species  in  California. 

1.  A.  trifida,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.     Silky-villous  :  stems  erect  from  a  woody  caudex, 

3  to  15  inches  high;  leaves  mostly  crowded  at  the  base;  leaflets  about  6  pairs, 
nearly  uniform,  oblong-ovate,  3  to  5  lines  long,  pinnately  cleft  into  3  to  7  segments  : 
flowers  green,  in  a  cylindrical  crowded  spike,  the  lower  often  remote  :  calyx-lobes 
1-^  lines  long,  exceeding  the  tube  :  spreading  stamens  purple ;  filaments  exserted  : 
fruit  ovate,  2  lines  long,  3  -  4-angled  ;  angles  armed  with  2  to  4  stout  prickles,  and 
shorter  ones  in  the  intervals  :  akene  round-oblong.  —  Fl.  Peruv.  i.  67,  t.  104.  A. 
pinnatijida,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  339,  not  Euiz  &  Pavon;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  430  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  19. 

Dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Monterey  to  Marin  Co. 

22.  POTERIXJM,  Linn.        Burnet. 

Calyx-tube  turbinate,  contracted  at  the  throat,  persistent,  becoming  3  -  4-angled 
or  winged  and  thickish ;  limb  4-parted,  imbricate  in  the  bud,  petal-like,  deciduous. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  4  to  12  or  more ;  fllaments  often  elongated.  Carpels  1  to  3, 
free  from  the  calyx  :  style  terminal,  filiform  :  stigma  tufted  :  ovule  solitary,  sus- 
pended. Akene  enclosed,  membranaceous.  —  Herbs,  mostly  perennial ;  leaves  pin- 
nate, with  coarsely  toothed  petiolulate  leaflets  and  foliaceous  adnate  stipules  ;  flowers 
small,  often  polygamous  or  dioecious,  bracteate  and  2-bracteolate  in  a  dense  spike 
upon  a  long  naked  peduncle. 

Species  15  or  20,  of  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following 
there  is  a  single  species  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  a  second  in  Alaska. 

1.  P.  officinale,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Perennial,  usually  glabrous,  often  2  to  4  feet 
high  :  leaflets  about  4  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  cordate  at  base,  ^  to  2  inches  long  : 
flowers  deep  purple  or  red,  polygamous,  in  oblong  spikes,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  : 
bracts  often  pubescent :  stamens  scarcely  exserted  :  fruit  a  line  long,  equalling  the 
calyx-lobes.  —  SaTiguisorba  qffimialis,  Linn.  S.  microcephala,  Presl  in  Epimelise 
Bot.  202. 

Mendocino  plains  (Bolancler)  ;  Oregon  {Hall)  ;  Alaska,  Kinnicut.  Frequent  in  Europe  and 
Northern  7\sia. 

2.  P.  annuum,  Nutt.     Annual,  glabrous,  slender,  6  to  15  inches  high  :  leaflets 

4  to  6  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segments 
linear  :  flowers  perfect,  greenish,  in  ovoid  to  oblong  heads,  ;^  to  1  inch  long  :  bracts 
scarious,  ovate,  persistent,  a  line  long  :  stamens  2  or  4,  short :  fruit  shorter  than  the 
bracts.  — Hook.  Fl.  i.  198.  Sanguisorba  annua,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  429  ;  Torrey, 
Marcy  Rep.  285,  t.  5.  S.  myriophylla,  Braun  &  Bouche,  Ind.  Sem.  Berl.  1867,  10. 
Poleridium  anmmm,  Spach,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  v.  43. 

In  the  Sacramento  Valley,  Hartweg,  Bolander.  Also  in  the  valley  of  the  Columbia,  on  the 
Upper  Missouri,  and  in  the  Indian  Territory. 


Rosa.  ROSACEA.  137 

23.  BOSA,  Tourn.  Rose. 
Calyx-tube  pitcher-shaped  or  globose,  contracted  at  the  throat :  limb  5-parted, 
without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  many,  on  the  thickened  margin 
of  the  silky  disk,  which  nearly  closes  the  mouth  of  the  calyx.  Ovaries  several, 
hairy,  free  and  distinct :  styles  ventral,  exserted  :  stigmas  thickened  :  ovules  soli- 
tary, pendulous.  Akenes  bony,  included  in  the  enlarged  fleshy  red  calyx-tube. 
Eadicle  superior.  —  Shrubs,  usually  prickly  ;  leaves  pinnate,  with  adnate  stipules 
and  mostly  serrate  leaflets ;  flowers  corymbose  or  solitary,  showy. 

A  strongly  marked  genus,  diffused  through  the  temperate  and  subalpine  regions  of  the  whole 
northern  hemisphere,  l)ut  the  species  most  abundant  in  the  Old  World.  "  It  comprises  a  consid- 
erable number  of  true  species  ;  but  several  of  them  are  of  very  ancient  and  universal  cultivation, 
and  having  been  multiplied  and  hybridized  with  all  the  skill  of  modern  horticulture,  their  more 
or  less  marked  varieties  and  races  are  now  reckoned  by  thousands.  Even  in  the  wild  state  en- 
deavors have  been  made  to  characterize  so  large  a  number  of  proposed  si)ecies  that  the  confusion 
amongst  them  "  is  very  great.  Upwards  of  250  species  have  been  enumerated,  reduced  by  modern 
authors  to  about  30,  and  even  when  thus  limited  "  specimens  will  occasionally  be  found  that  the 
most  experienced  botanist  will  be  at  a  loss  to  determine"  (Bcntham).  The  North  American  species 
number  about  10,  of  which  perhaps  but  two  are  found  in  California.  Some  cultivated  varieties 
are  occasionally  found  near  the  older  settlements,  escaped  from  gardens,  and  often  incapable  of 
determination. 

1.  R.  Californica,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Erect,  diffusely  branched,  2  to  8  feet 
high,  sparingly  armed  with  rather  stout  usually  recurved  prickles  :  foliage  and 
inflorescence  more  or  less  tomentose :  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  acute  or 
obtuse,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  :  corymbs  1  -  6-flowered ;  pedicels  often  pubescent, 
occasionally  glandular :  calyx-tube  globose  or  ovoid,  mostly  glabrous  ;  the  lobes 
tomentose,  often  glandular,  foliaceously  tipped  :  petals  6  to  9  lines  long,  rarely 
larger  :  fruit  globose,  4  or  5  lines  in  diameter,  abruptly  and  narrowly  constricted 
below  the  calyx-lobes,  which  are  spreading  or  erect.  —  Linna^a,  ii.  35. 

Var.  iiltramontana,  Watson.  Tomentose,  but  not  glandular :  calyx-tube  and 
pedicels  glabrous  :  prickles  straight  and  slender.  —  B.  blanda,  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  91,  and  others. 

Common  on  stream-banks,  from  San  Diego  northward  to  Oregon  ;  the  variety  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ranging  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  R.  pisocarpa,  Gray.  Closely  resembling  R.  Californica,  from  which  it  is 
distinguisheil  by  its  smaller  globose  fruit  (about  3  lines  in  diameter),  not  constricted 
below  the  closely  reflexed  calyx-lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  382. 

Collected  by  Hall  in  Oregon,  and  probably  extending  into  California.  The  characters  by 
which  flowering  specimens  of  the  two  species  can  be  distinguished  are  not  yet  apparent. 

3.  R.  gymnocarpa,  Nutt.  Slender,  1  to  4  feet  high,  armed  with  often  numer- 
ous straigljt  very  slender  prickles,  or  sometimes  unarmed,  glabrous  :  leaflets  2  to  4 
pairs,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  or  often  much  less,  the  serratures  as  well  as  the  petioles 
and  stipules  more  or  less  glandular  :  flowers  solitary,  rarely  2  or  3,  small,  rarely  an 
inch  in  diameter:  calyx-lobes  scarcely  appendaged,  at  length  deciduous :  fruit  small, 
ovate  or  pear-shaped,  3  to  5  lines  long,  very  narrowly  constricted  at  the  summit : 
seeds  few,  smootli.  ^  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  461  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  21. 

Var.  pubescens,  Watson.     Leaves  finely  pubescent. 

On  dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Ranges  from  San  Diego  northward,  and  to  the  British  boundary ;  the 
variety  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Clark's  {A.  Grmj),  and  on  Silver  Mountain,  at  9,000  feet  alti- 
tude, Brewer. 

R.  BLANDA,  Ait.  (?)  Another  species  is  common  in  Oregon  extending  eastward  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  resembling  the  eastern  R.  blanda,  but  probably  not  identical  with  it.  It  may  be 
found  in  Northern  California,  and  can  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding  spe(;ies  by  its  larger 
flowers  and  fruit,  the  latter  half  an  iucdi  or  more  in  diameter  and  not  at  all  constricted  at  the 
summit.  It  is  more  glabrous  than  R.  Californica,  and  the  prickles  are  stout,  either  straight  or 
recurved. 


188  ROSACEA.  '"    HeteromRles. 

24.  HETEROMELES,  J.  Ecemer. 

Calyx  turbinate;  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  10, 
in  pairs  opposite  to  the  calyx-teeth  ;  filaments  thickened,  dilated  at  base  and  some- 
what connate.  Carpels  2,  lightly  united,  very  tomentose,  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube 
at  first  only  dorsally  to  the  middle  :  styles  terminal,  distinct :  ovules  2  in  each  cell, 
ascending.  Fruit  red,  berry-like,  ovoid,  the  fleshy  calyx-tube  connate  with  the 
membranaceous  carpels  to  the  middle,  and  the  thickeiifed  teeth  closed  over  them 
above.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree ;  leaves  simple,  coria- 
ceous and  evergreen,  sharply  serrate ;  stipules  minute ;  flowers  white,  in  terminal 
corymbose  panicles.     A  single  species. 

1.  H.  arbutifolia,  Roemer.  {To yon  orToLLON.)  Usually  a  shrub,  4  to  20  feet 
higli  :  young  branches,  petioles  and  inflorescence  somewhat  tomentose-pubescent : 
leaves  dark  green,  lighter  beneath,  narrowly  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
2  to  4  inches  long,  on  short  petioles,  slightly  revolute  on  the  margin :  flowers 
numerous,  3  or  4  lines  broad,  on  short  pedicels  in  diff'use  panicles  ;  calyx  2  lines 
long  or  less  :  fruit  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter  :  seeds  half  as  long.  —  Syn.  ^lonog. 
iii.  105;  Decaisne,  Mem.  Pom.  in  Arch.  Mus.  x.  144,  t.  9.  Cratcegus  arbutifolia, 
Ait.  f.  Hort.  Kew,  iii.  202.  Photinia  arhidifolia,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  491  ;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  473.     F.  Fremontiana,  Decaisne,  1.  c. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Mendocino  Co.  to  San  Diego;  frequent  on  stream -banks,  flowering  in 
June  and  July  and  maturing  its  fruit  in  December,  when  it  is  very  ornamental  from  the  contrast 
between  the  abundant  bright  red  fruit  and  the  dark  shining  foliage.  The  fruit  tastes  like  that  of 
some  species  of  Cratcegus. 

25.  PIBXJS,  Linn.        Pear,  Apple,  &c. 

Calyx  pitcher-shaped  or  turbinate ;  limb  5-cleft,  persistent  or  deciduous.     Petals 

5,  spreading,  sessile  or  unguiculate.     Stamens  20  ;  filaments  filiform.     Carpels  2  to 

5,  inferior  (wholly  covered  by  the  adnate  tube  and  disk  of  the  calyx),  becoming 

papery  or  cartilaginous  in  fruit :  styles  woolly  at  base  and  distinct  or  more  or  less 

united  :  ovules  2,  ascending.     Fruit  fleshy  or  berry-like,  pear-shaped  or  subglobose. 

—  Trees  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  deciduous,  simple  or  pinnate,  mostly  serrate  ;  stipules 

deciduous  ;  flowers  corymbose,  white  or  pink. 

A  genus  of  about  40  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  As 
generally  received  it  includes  the  Pear,  Apple,  Crab-apple,  Quince,  Choke-berry,  Service  Tree, 
&c.,  most  of  which  have  been  at  times  recognized  as  distinct  genera,  and  are  so  ranked  by  De- 
caisne in  his  recent  revision  of  the  Pomacece.  P.  communi%  Linn.,  the  common  Pear,  indige- 
nous to  Europe  and  Asia,  is  considered  by  him  as  including  all  the  thousands  of  varieties  of  that 
fruit.  It  is  occasionally  found  escaped  from  cultivation  in  neglected  places,  but  rarely  fruiting. 
The  Apple,  P.  Malus,  Linn.  {Malus  communis.  Lam.),  also  a  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  is 
likewise  sometimes  found  growing  without  cultivation  and  bearing  a  small  sour  fruit. 

§  1.  Leaves  simple:  styles  more  or  less  united:  fruit  fleshy,  mostly  sunken  at  each  end: 

cymes  simple.  —  Malus. 

1.  P.  rivnlaris,  Dougl.  (Oregox  Crab-Apple.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  15  to 
25  feet  high :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  sharply 
serrulate,  occasionally  3-lobed,  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  young 
branches,  pedicels,  and  calyx:  cyme  shortly  racemose,  leafy  at  base;  pedicels  slender, 
an  inch  long  :  limb  of  calyx,  with  the  stamens,  at  length  deciduous  :  petals  white, 
orbicular,  3  or  4  lines  broad  :  styles  2  to  4,  glabrous  :  fruit  red  or  yellow,  obovate- 
oblong,  not  sunken  at  base,  half  an  inch  long  or  more.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  203,  t.  68  ; 
Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  22,  t.  49.  P.  diversifolia,  Bongard,  Veg.  Sitch.  133.  Malm  rivur 
laris  &  diversifolia,  Decaisne,  Mem.  Pom.  155. 


Amelanchier.  ROSACEA.  189 

On  hanks  of  streams,  from  Sonoma  Co.  (Bigelow)  and  northward  (Bolandcr,  Kellogij)  to  Alaska. 
In  Oregon  it  sometimes  hecomes  a  foot  in  diameter,  hut  more  usually  is  low,  forming  dense  and 
almost  impenetrahle  thickets.  The  wood  is  very  hard,  and  the  fruit  is  used  as  food  by  the  In- 
dians. There  are  f.ome  discrepancies  in  the  descriptions  of  the  color  and  size  of  the  fruit.  Nut- 
tall  speaks  of  it  as  small  and  purple. 

§  2.  Leaves  pinnate :  styles  distinct,  villous  at  base :  fruit  herry-Uke,  small,  globose  or 
turbinate :  cymes  compound.  —  Sorbus. 

2.  P.  sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  (Western  Mountain  Ash.)  A 
shrub,  4  to  8  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous;  the  leaf-buds  and  inflorescence  usually 
sparingly  villous  :  leaflets  4  to  6  pairs,  oblong,  acute,  sharply  serrate  with  some- 
what spreading  teeth,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  cymes  rather  flat :  flowers  white,  4  or  5 
lines  broad  :  fruit  red,  globose,  about  4  lines  in  diameter.  —  Linn^ea,  ii.  36  ;  Gray, 
Manual,  161.     Sen-bus  sambucifolia  &  Sitchensis,  Eoemer,  Syn.  Monog.  iii.  139. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  to  10,000  feet  altitude,  on  the  Big  Tree  road  and  Ebbett's  Pass 
{Brewer),  and  northward  to  Sitka  ;  in  the  higher  mountains  eastward  to  Colorado,  and  through 
British  America  to  the  Atlantic  :  also  in  Kamtschatka.  The  eastern  P.  Americana,  DC,  has 
more  acuminate  leaflets  with  less  spreading  serratures,  smaller  finiit  in  more  rounded  cymes,  and 
glabrous  leaf-buds.  The  more  common  species  in  cultivation  is  the  European  P.  Aucuparia, 
Gaertner. 

26.  CRAT^GUS,  Linn.        Thorn, 

Calyx-tube  pitcher-shaped  ;  the  limb  5-parted.     Petals  5,  spreading.     Stamens  5 

to  20.     Carpels  2  to  5,  inferior,  becoming  bony  1 -seeded  nutlets,  contiguous  or 

united  :  styles  slender,  distinct :  ovules  2,  ascending.     Fruit  drupe-like,  globose  or 

ovoid.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly  thorny ;  leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed  ; 

flowers  corymbose,  mostly  white. 

A  genus  of  30  or  more  si)ecies,  about  half  of  which  are  North  American  and  Mexican,  the  rest 
(excepting  one  in  New  Grenada)  belonging  to  Europe  and  N.  Asia.  Many  of  the  species  are  of 
veiy  difficult  limitation,  and  the  characters  of  the  Califomian  species  are  still  in  some  doubt. 

1.  C.  rivularis,  Nutt.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  10  to  15  feet  high,  glabrous 
throughout  or  nearly  so  :  spines  short  and  stout  :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  ob- 
tuse or  acute,  cuneate  at  base  into  a  short  slender  petiole,  serrate  more  or  less  irreg- 
ularly, but  rarely  at  all  lobed,  1  or  2  inches  long  :  flowers  4  or  5  lines  broad,  in 
small  corymbs  :  calyx-lobes  short  and  obtuse,  often  purplish  and  slightly  pubescent 
on  the  margin :  fruit  nearly  black,  probably  rather  smaller  than  in  the  next.  — Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  464  ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  9. 

Sierra  and  Plumas  counties  {Mrs.  Ames,  Lemmon),  and  northward  to  the  Columbia. 

2,  C.  Douglasii,  Liudl.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  becoming  18  to  25  feet  high, 
with  stout  spines  an  inch  long  or  less  :  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cuneate  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  base,  acute,  usually  somewhat  lobed  or  incised  above,  rather  finely  ser- 
rate, somewhat  villous-pubescent  on  both  sides,  1 1  to  3  inches  long,  shortly  petioled : 
flowers  often  numerous,  5  to  8  lines  broad  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  tube,  more  or  less  pubescent :  fruit  dark  purple,  nearly  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
sweet  and  edible.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1810.  C.  sanguinea,  var.  Douglasii,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  464  ;  Nutt.  Sylva,  ii.  6,  t.  44.  Anthomeles  Douglasii,  Roemer,  Syn.  Monog. 
iii.  140. 

On  Pit  Eiver  {Brewer),  and  northward  to  the  British  boundary.  Both  these  species  are 
apparently  common  through  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  on  stream-banks,  ranging  east- 
ward to  Montana.  The  species  of  Colorado  and  Utah,  which  has  been  referred  to  C.  rivularis, 
is  probably  distinct. 

27.  AMELANCHIEB,  Medicus.        June-berry.     Seevice-bekry. 

Calyx-tube  carapanulate ;  the  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  oblong,  ascend- 
ing.    Stamens  20,  short.     Carpels  3  to  5,  inferior,  becoming  membranaceous  and 


190  CALYCANTHACE^.  >  Amelanchier. 

partially  2-cellecl :  styles  united  below  or  distinct.  Fruit  berry-like,  globose ;  the 
cells  1 -seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees;  leaves  simple,  serrate  ;  flowers  white,  race- 
mose ;  fruit  purplish,  edible. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  half  a  dozen  species  in  Europe,  Western  Asia,  and  Japan,  besides  the  North 
American  forms  which  have  received  a  dozen  or  more  specific  names  but  are  usually  referred  to  a 
single  polynior|ihous  species.  The  prevalent  form  on  the  western  coast  is  sufficiently  well  marked 
to  be  considered  distinct  from  A.  Canadcnsvi  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

1.  A.  alnifolia,  Nutt.  A  shrub,  3  to  8  feet  high,  glabrous  throughout  or  often 
more  or  less  woolly-pubescent :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  occasionally  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse  at  both  ends  or  rarely  acute,  often  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  serrate 
usually  only  toward  the  summit,  i  to  1^  inches  long  :  racemes  short :  calyx  usually 
tomentose  within  ;  petals  3  to  1 2  lines  long,  narrowly  oblong  :  fruit  mostly  3  or  4 
lines  in  diameter. — Aronia  alnifolia,  Nutt.  Genera,  i.  306.  Amelanchier  fioirida, 
Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1589.     A.  Canadensis,  var.  alnifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  473. 

On  mountain-sides  througliout  the  State,  from  near  the  level  of  the  sea  to  an  altitude  of  10,000 
feet  in  the  Sieira  Nevada.  It  ranges  northward  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  varying  much  with  the  character  of  the  locality  in  which  it  is  found. 

28.  CANOTIA,  Toney. 

Calyx  small,  campanulate,  deeply  5-cleft,  persistent,  imbricate  in  the  bud.    Petals 

5,  oblong.    Stamens  5,  hypogynous  ;  filaments  attenuate-subulate,  persistent.    Ovary 

superior,  5-celled  :  styles  united,  stout,  persistent :  stigma  terminal :  ovules  several, 

amphitropous,  attached  to  the  central  angle.      Capsule  woody,  oblong,  attenuate 

into  the  persistent  style,  septicidally  5-valved,  the  valves  2-cleft.     Seed  solitary, 

attached  by  the  middle,  oblong,  compressed,  produced  below  into  a  membranaceous 

wing.     Embryo  surrounded  by  fleshy  albumen ;  cotyledons  broad  ;  radicle  inferior. 

—  A  leafless  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  straight  spinose  branches,  and  smooth  green 

bark  ;  flowers  white,  in  smaU  lateral  cymes. 

A  genus  of  a  single  s}iecies,  veiy  anomalous  in  its  characters,  and  here  appended  to  the  Rosacece 
(with  which  it  has  little  in  common)  only  because  it  is  so  refened  by  Bentham  &  Hooker. 

1.  C.  holacantha,  Torr.  Often  10  to  20  feet  high,  much  branched;  the  light 
green  striate  surface  of  the  branchlets  marked  by  scattered  small  dark  scars  from 
which  small  scale-like  leaves  appear  to  have  fallen  :  cymes  few-flowered,  bracteate 
with  small  thick  triangular  bracts  :  calyx  very  small  :  petals  2  lines  long,  equalling 
the  stamens  and  pistil :  capsule  9  to  12  lines  long,  dehiscent  to  the  middle  :  seeds 
half  as  long,  including  the  wing,  which  is  as  long  as  the  dark  finely  tubercidate 
body.  —  Pacif.  P.  Pep.  iv.  68. 

On  the  Providence  Mountains  (Cooper),  and  in  the  desert  region  of  W.  Arizona,  Emory,  Bigeloiv, 
Newberrij,  Parry,  and  Palmer. 

Order  XXXIII.    CALYCANTHACE.ZE. 

Aromatic  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  (not  punctate),  no  stipules,  sepals, 

petals  and  stamens  indefinite,  as  it  were  passing  into  each  other,  and  all  coalescent 

below  into  a  closed  cup  which  is  lined  by  a  hollow  receptacle  or  disk,  bearing 

numerous  simple  pistils  (becoming  akenes)  in  the  manner  of  the  Pose  :  the  anthers 

adnate  and  extrorse  :  cotyledons  foliaceous  and  convolute. 

Consists  of  the  United  States  genus  CalycaiUhus,  and  the  Japanese  genus  of  a  single  species, 
Chimmianthus  ;  probably  most  allied  to  the  apetalous  order  Mooiimirwece,  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere, but  generally  ranked  next  to  Rosacece  ;  by  Bentham  and  Hooker  placed  next  to  MagnoHacew, 
and  the  cup  taken  to  be  wholly  receptacle  or  torus.     But  the  same  interpretation  is  now  commonly 


Calycanthus.  CALYCANTHACEuE.  191 

given  to  the  rose-hip,  pear,  &c.     Our  genus  will  naturally  be  looked  for  among  the  perigynou3, 
not  among  the  hypogynous  orders. 

1.   CALYCANTHUS,  Linn.        Sweet-scented  Shrub. 

Sepals  nitmerous,  imbricated  ;  tlieir  bases  united  in  many  ranks  into  a  persistent 
obconical  cupsliaped  tube;  the  outermost  smaller  and  bract-like,  the  rest  linear-oblong 
and  colored  like  the  petals,  deciduous.  Petals  in  several  rows  on  the  mouth  of  the 
tube,  the  inner  ones  shorter.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  at  and  toward  the  top  of 
the  tube,  with  very  short  persistent  filaments,  the  outer  (about  12)  perfect,  the  inner 
ones  without  anthers ;  anthers  apiculate,  extrorse.  Carpels  usually  numerous,  distinct, 
inserted  upon  the  base  and  sides  of  the  calyx-tube  :  styles  terminal :  ovules  1  or  2, 
ascending.  Akenes  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  and  at  length  dry  ovoid  or  oblong 
calyx-tube.  Seed  erect,  without  albumen  :  cotyledons  foliaceous,  convolute  :  radicle 
inferior.  —  Shrubs  ;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules ;  flowers  terminal,  soli- 
tary, purple  or  livid,  more  or  less  fragrant. 

A  North  American  genus,  of  three  species  confined  to  the  Atlantic  States,  and  the  following  in 
California. 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  An  erect  shrub,  6  to  12  feet  high  :  leaA^es 
dark-green,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base, 
scabrous,  3  to  6  inches  long,  on  very  short  petioles  :  peduncles  1  to  3  inches  long : 
the  larger  sepals  and  petals  an  inch  long  or  more,  linear-spatulate,  purplish  red  be- 
coming tawny  at  the  tips  ;  inner  petals  incurved  :  anthers  2  lines  long  ;  sterile  fila- 
ments linear-subulate,  densely  villous  :  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  scarcely  contracted  at 
the  summit,  1^  inches  long :  akenes  numerous,  villous,  oblong,  4  lines  long.  — 
Bot.  Beechey,  340,  t.  84 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4808 ;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  i.  292,  fig. 
312,  313. 

Rather  common  near  streams,  from  the  Lower  Sacramento  northward ;  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Ames. 
The  flowers  and  bruised  leaves  and  wood  have  a  fruity  fragrance,  but  less  pleasant  than  that  of 
the  Atlantic  species.  It  is  said  to  sometimes  have  white  flowers  :  blooming  from  April  to  November. 

Order  MYRTACE.ffl,  the  Myrtle  Family,  a  large  order  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
chiefly  tropical  and  subtropical,  with  entire  and  punctate  aromatic  leaves,  calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  numerous  stamens,  and  undivided  style,  has  no  American 
representatives  except  near  and  below  the  tropic.  But  Eucalyptus,  L'Her.,  a  vast 
genus  of  trees  in  Australia,  forming  there  a  large  part  of  the  forest  growth,  furnishes 
several  species  which  are  advantageously  planted  on  the  Californian  coast,  from  San 
Francisco  Bay  southward.  They  make  perhaps  the  most  rapid  growth  of  all  shade 
trees,  and  yet  furnish  excellent  timber.  In  Australia  some  trees  rival  our  Redwoods 
in  altitude  and  girth.  The  foliage  of  seedling  trees  consists  of  opposite  leaves  of  the 
ordinary  kind,  generally  broad ;  but  when  older  they  produce  alternate  leaves  of 
another  shape,  usually  narrower,  longer,  falcate,  and  hanging  in  a  vertical  position, 
which  is  assumed  through  a  twist  of  the  petiole.  The  calyx  never  opens ;  but  the 
upper  part,  shaped  like  a  candle-extinguisher  or  an  inverted  cup,  separates  trans- 
versely and  falls  away  as  a  lid,  under  this  is  commonly  another  lid,  thin  and  decid- 
uous, which  answers  to  the  concreted  petals,  and  then  the  very  numerous  inflexed 
stamens  rise  up  and  expand,  producing  a  tassel-like  blossom.  The  fruit  is  a  3-5- 
celled  capsule  imbedded  in  the  indurated  calyx-tube,  and  opening  at  the  top  :  the 
seeds  numerous  and  small. 


192  SAXIFRAGACE^.  .^        Saxifraga. 


Order  XXXIV.     SAXIFRAGACE^.     (By  A.  Gray.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  sometimes  small  trees,  distinguished  from  Rosacece  by  albumi- 
nous seeds  and  small  embryo  ;  usually  by  definite  stamens,  not  more  than  twice 
the  number  of  the  calyx-lobes ;  commonly  by  the  want  of  stipules ;  sometimes  by 
the  leaves  being  opposite ;  and  in  most  by  the  partial  or  complete  union  of  the  2  to 
6  carpels  (even  when  free  from  the  calyx)  into  a  conipeund  ovary,  with  either  axile 
or  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  usually  indefinitely  numerous.  Petals  and  stamens 
perigynous.  Styles  inclined  to  be  distinct.  Only  the  Hydrangieoe  have  numerous 
stamens. 

A  large  and  polymorphous  order,  of  about  75  genera  and  five  or  six  hundred  species,  mainly 
of  the  cooler  parts  of  the  world,  especially  in  the  northern  heniispliere.  The  Pacific  and 
the  Atlantic  States  have  about  the  same  number  of  genera,  of  which  four  or  five  are  peculiar 
to  each. 

Tribe  I.     SAXIFRAGEjE.     Herbs.     Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  without  distinct  stipules. 
Styles  or  tips  of  the  carpels  distinct  and  soon  divergent.     Fruit  capsular. 

*  Ovary  with  2  or  rarely  more  cells  and  placenta  in  tlie  axis,  or  of  as  many  distinct  carpels  : 

fruit  capsular  or  follicular. 

1.  Sa^fraga.     Stamens  10  (rarely  more).     Petals  5,  dilated. 

2.  Boykinia.     Stamens  5.     Petals  5,  dilated,  deciduous.     Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary. 

3.  Bolandra.     Stamens  5.     Petals  5,  filifonn-subulate,  persistent.     Calyx  free. 

*  *  Ovary  l-ceUed,  with  2  or  3  parietal  (or  sometimes  nearly  basal)  placentie  alternate  with  the 

styles  or  stigmas  :  no  sterile  filaments. 

4.  Tolmiea.     Stamens  only  3.     Calyx  long  and  narrow,  gibbous  at  base.     Petals  filifonn,  en- 

tire.    Capsule  tapering  into  a  stalk-like  base. 

5.  Tellima.     Stamens  10,  included.     Petals  cleft  or  lobed,  rarely  entire,  conspicuous.     Styles 

2  or  3,  very  short. 

6.  Tiarella.     Stamens  10  and  styles  2  ;  both  long,  filiform  and  exserted.     Petals  small,  entire, 

in  ours  inconspicuous  and  almost  filiform.     Capsule  early  and  very  unecpially  2-valved 
to  the  base. 

7.  Mitella.     Stamens  10  or  in  ours  5,  T^ery  short.     Petals  pinnatifid  or  3-cleft  into  capillary 

divisions.     Styles  very  short.     Capsule  depressed. 

8.  Heuchera.     Stamens  5,  and  styles  2,  both  commonly  slender.     Petals  entire,  small,  some- 

times minute  or  none.     Capsule  ovate,  2-beaked,  fully  half  inferior. 
Chrysosplenium,  if  found  in  California,  may  be  known  by  the  prostrate  habit,  want  of 
petals,  and  obcordate  compressed  capsule. 

*  *  *  Ovary  1 -celled  with  3  or  4  parietal  placentse  directly  under  as  many  obtuse  sessile  stigmas  : 

a  cluster  of  united  sterile  filaments  alternate  with  the  stamens. 

9.  Parnassia.     Calyx  5 -parted.     Petals  5,  large.     Stamens  5.     Flower  solitaiy. 

Tribe  II.    HYDRANGIEiE.    Shrubs.    Leaves  opposite,  simple  :  no  stipules.    Fruit  capsular. 
*  Stamens  20  or  more  :  seeds  numerous. 

10.  Philadelphus.     Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  4-5-celled  ovary.     Petals  convolute  in  the  bud. 

11.  Carpenteria.     Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  5  -7-celled  ovary  and  capsule. 

*  *  Stamens  fewer  :  seeds  and  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells. 

12.  Whipplea.     Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  3-5-celled  ovary  :  styles  distinct. 

Tribe  111.     GROSSULARIEvE.     Shrubs.     Leaves  alternate,  simple  :  stipules  adnate  to  the 
petiole  or  wanting.     Fruit  a  berry. 

13.  Ribes.     Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary  :  placentae  2,  parietal,  many-seeded. 

1.   SAXIFRAGA,  Linn.        Saxifrage. 
Calyx  5-lobed  or  parted,  free,  or  its  tube  more  or  less  coherent  with  the  lower 
part  of  the  ovary.     Petals  5,  entire,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  either  withering-persist- 
ent or  deciduous.     Stamens  10  (rarely  more),  inserted  with  or  below  the  petals  on 


Saxifraga.  SAX  I  FRAG  ACE  Jil.  193 

the  base  or  tube  of  the  calyx  :  anthers  2-celled.  Carpels  2  (rarely  3  or  more) 
nearly  or  quite  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united  into  a  2-celIed  ovary  :  styles  distinct, 
persistent  and  at  length  diverging  :  stigmas  thickish,  mostly  depressed-capitate  or 
reniform.  Fruit  of  2  follicles  or  a  2-lobed  or  2-beaked  capsule,  opening  down  the 
beaks  or  by  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds  numerous ;  the  coat  not  wing-margined  or 
appendaged,  mostly  thin. — Herbs,  either  stemless  or  short-stemmed;  with  alternate 
simple  leaves,  their  petioles  commonly  slieathing  at  base,  and  small  flowers  in  cymes, 
cyraose  panicles,  or  clusters,  or  sometimes  solitary. 

A  large  genus,  mainly  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  of  cool  or  frigid  regions  :  nearly  50  are 
North  American,  fully  lialf  of  them  being  common  to  the  New  and  the  Okl  World  and  chiefly  of 
high  northern  range.  There  are  few  in  California  ;  but  two  of  thera  (forming  the  first  two  sec- 
tions) are  peculiar. 

§  1.  Stemless  and  large-leaved  from  a  very  thick  and  fleshy  creeping  rootstock:  calyx 
5-parted,  spreading  in  fruit,  nearly  free  from  the  two  quite  separate  ovate 
diverging  follicles :  seeds  pretty  large,  angled. 

1.  S.  peltata,  Torr,  Rootstock  large  and  long  (1  to  3  incbes  in  diameter),  the 
younger  part  scaly  ;  the  apex  sending  up  a  stout  scape  (from  a  foot  to  at  length 
sometimes  a  yard  high)  and  later  one  or  more  large  centrally  peltate  and  orbicular 
9-14-lobed  leaves  on  long  and  stout  petioles  :  flowers  pink-purple,  numerous  in  a 
corymbose  cyme :  petals  roundish-oval,  without  claws :  mature  follicles  turgid-ovate. 
—  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  311,  &  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  Atl.  t.  5  (1862),  &  309  (1874); 
Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6074.  Leptarrhena  inundata,  Behr  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad, 
i  45  &  57. 

Along  and  in  the  beds  of  quick-flowing  streamlets,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mariposa 
Co.  northward  to  the  head-watei-s  of  the  Sacramento  {Pickering  &  Brackcnridge,  Fremont,  Hart- 
weg,  &c.)  ;  also  in  Mendocino  Co.  {Bolander),  &c.  The  rather  fleshy  stout  scapes  and  petioles 
(greedily  eaten  by  the  Indians,  according  to  Dr.  Kellogg)  hirsute  with  rough  tawny  bristles  ;  the 
former  earliest  appearing  in  spring,  and  bearing  the  ample  at  length  loose  cyme  of  flowers  :  the 
leaves,  beginning  to  appear  a  little  later,  are  at  first  from  3  to  5  inches  in  diameter,  but  at  length 
a  foot  or  more  wide,  of  membranaceous  texture,  cupped  or  umbilicate  at  the  centre,  and  the  short 
lobes  or  incisions  irregularly  toothed  ;  the  5  to  9  ribs  rather  strong  at  base,  branching  above  the 
middle.  Calyx-lobes  very  obtuse.  Petals  2  or  3  lines  long  and  round-oval,  becoming  longer  and 
narrower  with  age.  Filaments  subulate.  Carpels  dehiscent  down  to  the  base.  Seeds  rather 
few  anil  large  for  the  genus,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  both  ends  ;  the  coat  thin,  rather 
soft  and  lax.  Embryo  proportionally  large,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  nucleus.  — Engler, 
in  his  monogi-aph  of  the  genus,  makes  of  this  remarkable  species  a  section,  PeHiphyllum.  But, 
except  in  the  foliage,  and  in  the  soon  spreading  calyx,  it  accords  with  the  section  Bergenia,  which 
Engler  even  excludes  from  the  Saxifrage  genus. 

§  2.  Stemless;  the  naked  scape  and  later  a  short  leaf  or  ttoo  from  a  bulb-like  corm  : 
calyx  slightly  5-lobed,  campamilate,  free  from  and  nearly  enclosing  the  two- 
lobed  cajjsule. 

2.  S.  Parryi,  Torr.  Somewhat  pubescent :  scape  filiform  and  naked,  2  to  4 
inches  high,  bearing  3  to  7  short-pedicel  led  flowers,  followed  by  one  or  more  short- 
petioled  rounded-subcordate  slightly  several-lobed  and  crenate-toothed  leaves  (an 
inch  or  less  in  diameter)  :  petals  white,  marked  with  brown-purple  veins,  ovate  and 
at  length  spatulate-oblong,  inserted  by  short  claws  nearly  in  the  sinuses  of  the  cam- 
panulate  brown-nerved  calyx  :  filaments  slender-subulate,  borne  lower  down  :  styles 
slender,  in  fruit  exserted  out  of  the  calyx  :  seeds  minute,  somewhat  angled;  the  coat 
rather  loose.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  69,  t.  25. 

Dry  hills,  in  and  around  San  Diego  and  San  Luis  Rey,  Parrtf,  Ncviberry,  Cleveland,  &c.  Flower- 
ing in  November  and  December  after  the  rains  begin  ;  then  sending  up  its  leaves  ;  after  fruiting 
all  above  the  surface  soon  disap])ears  until  the  next  rainy  season.  Calyx  barely  3  lines  long,  with 
a  broadly  truncate  base,  and  with  triangular-ovate  short  erect  lobes.  Petals  2  lines  long.  The 
habit  and  the  high  insertion  of  the  petals  in  the  orifice  of  the  campanulate  calyx  axe  peculiar. 


194  SAXIFKAGACE^.  fr        Saxi/raga. 

§  3.  Stemless,  or  sometimes  a  leaf  or  two  on  the  lower  part  of  the  scape,  no  perma- 
nent caudex  rising  above  the  ground :  calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft :  petals  almost 
alivays  white. 

*  Leaves  not  cordate,  contracted  at  base  into  a  margined  petiole  or  nearly  sessile:  fila- 
ments not  enlarged  upward  or  rarely  slightly  so :  herbage  or  at  least  the  inflores- 
cence more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid-pubescent. 

•i-  Nahed  simple  scape  and  cluster  of  rather  large  thickish  leaves  rising  from  a  short 
and  thickish  root  or  caudex :  base  of  calyx  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  2-parted 
ovary:  petals  roundish,  obovate  or  oblong-spatulate,  very  obtuse;  the  claw  very  short 
or  none. 

3.  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.  Leaves  from  roundish-  to  oblong-ovate  or  spatulate- 
obovate,  coarsely  toothed  or  almost  entire,  an  inch  or  two  long,  and  the  margined 
petiole  often  as  long  :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  loosely  many-flowered 
in  a  paniculate  cyme  :  some  of  the  pedicels  slender :  petals  obovate,  twice  the  length 
of  the  merely  spreading  calyx. 

Shaded  rocky  places  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada:  also  in  Oregon,  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  common  in  the  Atlantic  States.  The  Californian  specimens  resemble  slender  forms  of 
the  common  vei-nal  eastern  species. 

4.  S.  nivalis,  Linn.  Like  the  preceding,  but  mostly  smaller  and  condensed  : 
scape  2  to  5  inches  high  :  flowers  fewer,  sessile  or  very  short-pedicelled,  and  crowded 
in  a  capitate  simple  or  compound  cluster :  petals  oblong  or  spatulate,  little  exceed- 
ing the  erect  calyx-lobes  :  styles  very  short  or  hardly  any  :  ovary  and  fruit  usually 
dark  purple. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  above  the  Yosemite  {Brewer)  and  above  Cisco  (Bolander)  ;  thence  to  the 
arctic  regions,  &c.,  and  round  the  frigid  zone.  The  var.  tenuis,  Walil.  (E.  Humboldt  Mountains, 
Watson,  tlience  northward  and  eastward),  may  occur  in  the  State.  It  has  more  open  inflores- 
cence, rather  larger  petals,  and  probably  passes  into  S.  Virginiensis.  Its  filaments  are  not  rarely 
distinctly  broadened  above  the  middle. 

5.  S.  integrifolia,  Hook.  Leaves  from  ovate  or  obovate  to  lanceolate-spatulate, 
1  to  5  inches  long,  denticulate  or  entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  very  short  and 
margined  (or  rarely  longer  and  more'  distinct)  petiole  :  scape  1  to  3  feet  high,  viscid  : 
flowers  in  small  clusters  usually  in  a  narrow  thyrsiform  i)anicle  :  petals  obovate  or 
broadly  spatulate,  somewhat  longer  than  the  retiexed  calyx-lobes  :  seeds  much  larger 
and  with  a  looser  coat  than  in  the  foregoing.  —  Fl.  i.  249,  t.  86  ;  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  93.  aS'.  hieracifolia,  var.  (?),  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xxxiii.  409. 
S.  nivalis,  var.,  Gray  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  62. 

Swamps,  through  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  thence  northward  to  "Washington  Terri- 
tory, and  east  to  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains. 

-t-  -t-  Slender  scapes  often  paniculately  branching  and  hracteate,  and,  with  the  tuft  of 
thinner  leaves,  from  a  small  annual  or  bieimial  root  or  offset :  calyx  free  from  the 
tvx)  almost  distinct  ovaries  and  rejlexed :  petals  acute,  on  distinct  claws,  2-spotted 
towards  the  base  :  filaments  filiform :  inflorescence  not  rarely  bearing  leaf-buds  or 
bulblets  in  place  of  blossoms. 

6.  S.  bryophora,  Gray.  Slender  root  or  oflshoots  annual :  leaves  linear-oblong 
or  spatulate,  entire,  thickish  and  nearly  veinless,  barely  half  an  inch  long,  almost 
sessile,  sparsely  ciliate  :  scape  glabrous,  loosely  paniculate  and  with  filiform  branches 
and  pedicels,  flowering  only  at  the  apex ;  the  lateral  branches  or  pedicels  bearing  a 
green  globose  leaf-bud  or  bulblet,  soon  deflexed  :  flower  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter  : 
petals  oblong-ovate,  slightly  unequal,  and  witli  a  pair  of  yellowish  spots  at  the 
abrupt  base,  twice  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  and  reflexed  sepals :  styles  hardly 
any.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  533.  S.  leucanthemifolia,  var.  integrifolia,  Engler, 
Saxifr.  135. 


Boyhinia.  SAXIFRAaACE^.  195 

In  the  high  Sierra  Nevada,  at  8,000  to  10,000  feet,  from  Mt.  Dana  to  SieiTa  Co.,  Brewer,  Bo- 
lander,  Torrey,  Lemmon. 

S.  LF.rcANTHEMiFOLiA,  Michx.,  or  an  ambiguous  form  between  it  and  S.  stellar  is,  Linn,  (agem- 
miparous  state  of  which  occurs  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  northward),  is  found  from  Wash- 
ington Territory  to  Alaska.  It  has  larger  and  toothed  or  incised  leaves,  narrow  and  dissimilar 
petals,  evident  styles,  and  is  generally  a  much  larger  plant. 

*  *  Leaves  rounded  and  cordate  on  long  naked  petioles :  filaments  broadened  up- 
loard,  spatulate,  sometimes  almost  petaloid :  calyx  free  from  the  '2-cleft  ovary  and 
capsule,  soon  refiexed :  petals  obovate  or  at  length  oblong,  obtuse,  on  a  short  claw  : 
scape  panicidately  and  loosely  many- flowered :  pedicels  filiform. 

7.  S.  Mertensiana,  Bongard.  Scape  and  leaves  from  a  scaly  granulate  bulb, 
more  or  less  glandular-pubescent :  base  of  petioles  dilated  into  thin  scarious  bud- 
scales  :  leaves  crenately  or  incisely  many-lobed ;  the  lobes  often  3-toothed  at  the 
end :  panicle  effuse  ;  the  brandies  mostly  flowering  only  at  the  apex  and  bearing 
granulate  bulblets  down  the  sides  :  filaments  sometimes  1 2  or  more,  occasionally 
sterile  and  petaloid:  capsule  inflated-ovate.  —  Veg.  Sitcha,  141.  S.  heterantlia, 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  252,  t.  78.     S.  cestivalis,  var.  (heterantha),  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  568. 

Wooded  banks  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Sonoma  Co.  northward,  extending  to  Alaska.  Well 
marked  by  the  stout  and  bulb-like  caudex,  producing  bulblets,  and  usually  by  the  clusters  of 
little  granulate  bulblets  on  the  slender  branches  of  the  panicle.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter. 
Petals  about  2  lines  long. 

8.  S.  punctata,  Linn.  Scape  and  leaves  from  a  short  creeping  rootstock, 
glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  reniform  to  round-cordate,  of  rather  firm 
texture,  coarsely  and  almost  equally  many-toothed  or  somewhat  incised  :  petioles 
hardly  dilated  except  at  the  insertion  :  panicle  usually  narrow,  not  bulblet-bearing  : 
capsule  oblong.  —  aS^.  cestivalis,  Fischer,  &c. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  8,000  feet  and  over  {Torrey,  Lemmon),  and  on  the  mountains  eastward  to 
Colorado  ;  northward  to  Behring  Straits,  and  in  N.  Asia.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches  in  diameter. 
Scape  a  span  to  2  feet  high.     Petals  about  2  lines  long. 

§   4.  Leafy  stems  short,  cespitose,  and  thickly  beset  with  the  small  evergreen  sessile 
leaves:  scape-like  peduncle  few-flowered :  calyx  b-parted,  nearly  free. 

9.  S.  Tolmiei,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Forming  depressed  tufts,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  : 
leaves  much  crowded,  spatulate,  coriaceous,  nerveless,  or  with  obscure  midrib,  with 
revolute  entire  margins  (3  to  5  lines  long)  :  peduncles  2  inches  long,  cymosely  1-6- 
flowered  :  petals  lanceolate,  white,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  obtuse 
spreading  calyx-lobes  :  filaments  dilated  at  the  summit  :  carpels  (often  3  or  4)  in 
fruit  very  obtuse  and  large,  united  only  at  the  base. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  at  9,000  feet  and  upward  {Brewer,  Muir,  Lemmon)  ;  also  northward 
in  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  Washington  Territory.  Flowers  only  2  lines  long :  fruit  3  or  4 
lines  long. 

2.  BOYKINIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  5-lobod ;  the  lobes  valvate  but  early  open  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  at  length 
globular  or  ovate,  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  entire  (varying  from  imbricate 
to  convolute  in  the  bud),  the  base  contracted  into  a  short  claw,  deciduous.  Stamens 
5,  short,  alternate  with  the  petals  :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled, 
dehiscent  down  the  styliferous  beaks.  Seeds  small  and  very  numerous,  ovoid,  with 
a  close  somewhat  crustaceous  coat,  very  minutely  and  evenly  papillose.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs  (X.  American) ;  with  creeping  rootstocks,  leafy  simple  stems,  and  panicu- 
late or  corymbose  cymes  of  white  flowers ;  the  leaves  all  alternate,  round-reniform, 
palmately  lobed  and  incised  or  toothed,  the  teeth  with  callous-glandular  tips,  and 
the  petiole  mostly  with  stipule-like  dilations  or  appendages  at  base. 


196  SAXIFRAGACEvE.  BoyUnia. 

1.  B.  OCCidentaliS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smoothish,  or  with  some  rusty  liairs,  above 
somewhat  glandular  :  stem  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  thin-membranaceous, 
3  —  7-lobed  :  petioles  with  slightl)'  dilated  base  fringed  with  some  ramentaceous 
bristles:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-triangular,  very  acute.  —  Fl,  i.  577.  Saxifraga 
ranunculifolia,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  246,  t.  83,  probably,  but  surely  no  bulblets  in  the  axils 
of  the  radical  petioles.  S.  elata,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  575,  in  part  or 
wholly. 

Woods  of  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Mendocino  counties  and  nortli  to  "Wash- 
ington Ten-itoiy.     Leaves  1  to  3  inches  in  diameter.     Petals  2  or  3  lines  long. 

2.  B.  major,  Gray.  Stouter  and  larger,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  4  to  8  inches 
in  diameter,  5  —  9-clet't :  petioles  abruptly  appendaged  at  base,  the  lower  with  scari- 
ous,  the  upper  with  foliaceous  and  rounded  naked  stipules  :  calyx-lobes  triangular. 
—  B.  occidentalis,  var.  elala,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  383. 

Wooded  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward  (^Bridges,  Brewer,  Bolander), 
and  Oregon  {E.  Hall).  As  this  extends  to  Oregon  it  may  possibly  be  Nuttall's  Saxifraga  elata  or 
have  been  confounded  with  it ;  but  the  "tufts  of  long  chaffy  hairs"  at  the  base  of  the  petiole 
must  rather  refer  to  the  preceding.  The  stipules  in  this  are  conspicuous,  not  bristly-appendaged, 
the  upper  foliaceous,  partly  clasping  or  appressed  to  the  stem,  4  or  5  lines  long. 

B.  ACONiTiFOLiA,  Nutt.,  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  with  more  laciniate  leaves,  has  some 
ramentaceous  bristles  either  in  the  axils  or  fringing  the  slightly  dilated  base  of  the  petiole. 

B.  RiCHARDSONii,  Gray,  the  Arctic  species,  has  contracted  thyrsoid  inflorescence  and  no  ramen- 
taceous bristles  on  the  dilated  base  or  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf-stalk. 

3.   BOLANDRA,  Gray. 

Calyx  broadly  campanulate,  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  triangular-lanceolate  and  acumi- 
nate, valvate  in  the  bud,  recurved ;  the  tube  free  from  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  small,  very  slender-subulate,  recurved,  persistent.  Stamens 
5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  short :  anthers  2-celled,  cordate  -  2-lobed.  Ovary  in- 
cluded in  but  wholly  free  from  the  dilated  calyx,  ovate  with  a  broad  2-celled  base, 
deeply  2-cleft  above,  into  two  tapering  horns,  each  tipped  by  a  truncate  nearly 
sessile  stigma.  Capsule  membranaceous,  included  in  the  calyx,  early  opening  down 
the  inside  of  the  horns  or  beaks.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  minute,  with  a  thin 
rather  loose  coat.  —  A  single  species,  with  the  foliage  and  habit  of  Boykinia  or  some 
Saxifrages,  the  calyx  of  Tellima,  petals  rather  of  Tolmiea,  and  perhaps  the  early 
dehiscent  fruit  of  Tiarella,  but  the  beaks  equal.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  341. 

1.  B.  Califomica,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high,  weak  and  ascending  appar- 
ently from  a  filiform  rontstock,  granulate  -  bulblet- bearing  at  the  base  of  the  stem, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  alternate,  membranaceous ;  the  lower  round-reniform, 
about  5-lobed,  on  long  and  filiform  petioles  (the  base  of  which  is  sometimes  dilated 
and  stipule-like) ;  the  upper  sessile  or  clasping,  merely  incised  or  few-toothed, 
gradually  reduced  upward  to  small  ovate  or  lanceolate  bracts,  borne  on  or  subtend- 
ing the  slender  one-flowered  somewhat  paniculate  peduncles  :  petals  dull  purplish. 

On  wet  rocks  in  and  near  the  Yosemite  ;  Mariposa  trail  {Bolander) ;  Tenaya  Falls,  A.  Gray. 
Larger  leaves  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  and  the  ultimate  bracts  only  a  line  or  two  in  length. 
Calyx  3  lines  high.  Attenuated  petals  2  lines  long.  A  hnrable  plant,  but  a  very  distinct  genus, 
which  commemorates  the  signal  services  rendered  by  the  discoverer.  Dr.  H.  N.  Bolander,  to  Cali- 
fornian  botany.  Thus  far  it  seems  to  have  been  collected  only  by  Dr.  Bolander  and  by  the 
founder  of  the  genus. 

4.   TOLMIEA,   ToiT.  &  Gray. 

Calyx  funnelform,  free  from  the  ovary,  thin  and  membranaceous,  gibbous  at  base ; 
the  5  short  lobes  somewhat  unequal  and  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  in  age 


Tdlima.  SAXIFRAGACEJE.  197 

longitudinally  splitting  down  one  side.  Petals  5,  filiform  or  capillary,  inserted  in 
the  sinuses  of  the  calyx,  recurved,  persistent.  Stamens  3,  inserted  in  the  throat  of 
the  calyx  opposite  the  uppermost  and  lateral  lobes  :  filaments  short :  cells  of  the 
anther  confluent  into  one.  Ovary  elongated-oblong  or  clavate,  much  attenuate  at 
base,  above  2-cleft,  1 -celled  with  2  parietal  placentae  :  styles  slender  :  stigmas  capi- 
tellate.  Capsule  obversely  sagittate  (the  base  tapering  into  a  stipe  partly  invested 
by  the  withering  cleft  calyx,  &c.),  membranaceous,  strongly  few-veined  lengthwise, 
dehiscent  between  the  diverging  equal  beaks.  Seeds  numerous,  globose ;  the  close 
firm  coat  minutely  muricate.  —  A  single  species. 

1 .  T.  Menziesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  hispidly  pubescent  perennial ;  a  foot  or  two 
high,  with  sleniler  creeping  rootstocks  and  some  summer  runners,  and  the  foliage 
and  inflorescence  of  a  Tiarella  or  Hexichera  :  leaves  round-cordate,  more  or  less 
lobed  and  creiiately  toothed,  slender-petioled,  all  alternate,  those  of  the  stem  2  to  4  : 
scarious  stipules  more  or  less  manifest :  loose  raceme  a  span  or  two  long  :  flowers 
and  capsule  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  greenish  or  somewliat  tinged  with  purple.  — 
Fl.  i.  582.  Tiardla  Menziesii,  Pursh,  Fl.  i,  313.  Heuchera  Menziesii,  Hook.  Fl. 
i.  237,  t.  80. 

Forests  of  Mendocino  Co.  (Bolander),  and  north  to  Paget  Sound.  Propagating  freely  by  ad- 
ventitious buds,  produced  at  the  apex  of  the  petioles  of  the  radical  leaves,  and  rooting  when  these 
fall  to  the  ground. 

5.   TELLIMA,  R.  Brown. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-lobed ;  the  base  of  the  tube  coherent  with  the 
base  or  lower  half  of  the  ovary ,  the  short  triangular  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Petals  5,  inserted  in  the  throat  or  sinuses  of  the  calyx,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  3-7- 
lobed,  or  entire,  distant  and  sometimes  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10,  short, 
included  :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  short,  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae: 
styles  2  or  3,  very  short .  stigmas  capitate.  Capsule  conical,  either  all  but  the  base 
or  only  the  upper  half  free,  slightly  2  -  3-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks.  Seeds 
very  numerous,  and  with  a  close  coat.  —  Perennials  (all  W.  North  American) ;  with 
round-cordate  and  toothed  or  palmately  divided  chiefly  alternate  leaves,  few  on  the 
simple  stems,  their  petioles  with  stipule-like  dilatations  at  base,  and  the  flowers  in  a 
simple  terminal  raceme ;  petals  white,  Avhitish,  or  pink.  —  Benth.  &  Hook,  Gen. 
PI.  i.  637.     Tellima  &  Lithophragma  (Nutt.),  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  583. 

§  1.  Petals  laciniate-pinnatifid,  sessile  xvith  a  broad  base,  small :  styles  and  placentae 
generally  2  :  plant  and  the  {didl-colored)  flowers  proportionally  large.  — 
EuTELLiMA.     {Tellima,  E,  Brown.) 

1,  T.  grandiflora,  R.  Br.  A  foot  or  two  high,  from  short  and  rather  stout 
tufted  rootstocks,  hirsute  or  pubescent :  leaves  rounded-cordate  and  more  or  less 
lobed,  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter  :  calyx  inflated-campanulate,  from  a  quarter  to 
nearly  half  an  inch  long,  enclosing  the  short  three-fourths  free  capsule  :  seeds  short- 
oblong,  minutely  rugose,  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1178.     Mitella  grandiflora,  Pursh. 

Woods,  from  Santa  Cruz  Co.  northward,  extending  to  Alaska. 

§  2.  Petals  palmately  3-  1 -cleft  or  sometimes  entire,  on  a  slender  claw,  large  for  the 
size  of  the  flower,  bright  white  or  rose-color :  styles  and  placentae  commonly  3  : 
stem  and  rootstock  slender.  —  Lithophragma,  Nutt. 

*  Petals  (white  or  nearly  so)  with  the  limb  merely  3-lobed  or  entire,  dilated:  radical 
leaves  undivided  and  ruund-reniform :  no  grain-like  bulblets  on  the  rootstocks. 


198  SAXIFRAGACE^.  >  Tellima. 

■4-  Ovary  fully  half  free  :  petals  entire  :  seeds  minutely  roughened. 

2.  T.  Cymbalaria,  Walp.  Stem  or  scape  filiform,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  bear- 
ing mostly  only  a  pair  of  opposite  3-lobed  or  parted  leaves  :  radical  leaves  round- 
reniform,  somewhat  3  -  5-lobed  (about  half  an  inch  in  diameter) :  flowers  few  and 
slender-pedicelled  :  calyx  short  and  dilated-campanulate,  with  an  acute  adnate  base ; 
its  lobes  very  short  and  broad :  petals  spatulate-obovate,  entire.  —  Lithophi-agma 
Cymbalaria,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  585  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  535. 

Moist  shady  woods,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  Nuttall,  "Brewer,  Cleveland.  Calyx  2  lines 
and  petals  3  or  4  lines  long. 

-t-   +-  Ovary  and  capsule  almost  wholly  free  from  the  broadly  campanidate  truncate- 
or  round-based  calyx :  seeds  minutely  roughened :  styles  smooth. 

3.  T.  Bolanderi,  Boland.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  not  rarely  branching,  1-4- 
leaved  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  round-reniform  and  more  or  less  lobed  (l^^to  2| 
inches  in  diameter),  the  upper  3  -  5-parted  :  flowers  very  short-pedicelled  :  petals 
obovate  or  oval,  entire,  rarely  with  a  small  lateral  tooth  on  each  side,  white.  — 
Lithojjhragma  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c. 

Contra  Costa  to  Mendocino  counties,  Brewer,  Bolander,  &c.  Calyx  2J  and  petals  3  or  4  lines 
long. 

4.  T.  heterophylla,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stems  slender,  a  foot  or  less  in  height, 
1  —  3-leaved  :  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  but  smaller  and  usually  more  hirsute  : 
flowers  fewer  and  smaller  :  petals  obtusely  3-lobed,  sometimes  flesh-colored.  —  Bot. 
Beechey,  346.     Lithophragma  heterophylla,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

Shady  grounds,  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  especially  near  San  Francisco  and  on  the 
Sacramento.     Calyx  2  and  petals  3  or  4  lines  long. 

-{--{--{-  Lower  half  or  more  of  the  ovary  and  capsule  coherent  with  the  turbinate 
calyx-tube  :  seeds  smooth  :  styles  granulose. 

5.  T.  aflfinis,  Boland.  Rougher-pubescent  or  scabrous-puberulent :  stem  a  span  to 
a  foot  or  more  high,  slender :  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  or  smaller  (rarely  an 
inch  in  diameter)  :  flowers  5  to  1 2  in  the  lax  raceme  :  pedicels  mostly  longer  than 
the  densely  rough  glandular-puberulent  calyx  :  petals  somewhat  cuneate  and  with 
3  short  acute  lobes  or  teeth.  —  Lithophragma  affinis.  Gray,  1.  c. 

Rocky  and  shady  places,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  northeast  to 
Plumas  County  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Petals  4  or  5  lines  long,  white  or  flesh-color,  large  in  i)ro- 
portion  to  the  calyx. 

*  *  Petals  ( pink  or  sometimes  white)  with  limb  palmately  3  - 1 -parted  into  narrow 
divisions :  even  the  radical  leaves  mostly  3  —  5-parted  or  divided :  slender  or  fili- 
form rootstock  and  sometimes  even  the  few-flowered  raceme  bearing  clusters  of 
small  grain-like  bulblets. 

6.  T.  parviflora,  Hook.  Eoughish-hirsute  or  scabrous-pubescent,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high  :  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  cuneate  and  once  or  twice  3-cleft  into 
narrow  lobes  :  pedicels  erect,  about  the  length  of  the  obconical  or  at  length  almost 
clavate  calyx  :  petals  deeply  3-cleft  into  linear  or  oblong  divisions  :  ovary  and  capsule 
fully  half  inferior.  — Fl.  i.  239,  t.  78.  T.  parvifolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Lithophragma 
parviflora,  Nutt.  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

Shady  and  rocky  places,  Btitish  Columbia  to  the  mountains  of  Utah  and  Colorado,  and  proba- 
bly in  the  northern  part  of  California.  "N.  California,  Mcnzies,"  according  to  Hooker  :  but  the 
plant  may  more  probably  be  T.  affinis. 

7.  T.  tenella,  Walpers.  Small  and  slender,  2  to  9  inches  high,  roughish  with  a 
minute  glandular  pubescence  ;  leaves  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  (about  half  an 
inch  in  diameter)  :  pedicels  ascending  or  spreading:  calyx  campanulate,  the  base 
either  roundish  or  acutish  :  petals  3  -  5-parted  or  even  irregularly  7-parted  into 
mostly  linear  divisions :    ovary  and  capsule  free  except  the  base.  —  Bot.   King. 


Mitella.  SAXIFRAGACE^.  199 

Exp.   95.     Lithophragma  tenella  &   L.  glabra  (a  smoother  form),  Nutt.  in  Ton. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  584 ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

Rocky  moist  gi-oiind,  througli  the  northern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  thence  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Calyx  1  or  2  lines  long.  Petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  generally  pink  or  rose-color. 
Granulate  bulblets  copious  at  the  root,  and  sometimes  in  the  place  of  flowers  in  the  raceme. 

6.   TIARELLA,  Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  base  almost  free  from  the  ovary,  the  lobes  more  or  less 

colored.    Petals  5,  undivided,  small,  with  short  claws.    Stamens  10  :  filaments  long 

and  slender :  anthers  with  2  parallel  cells.     Ovary  1-celled,  compressed,  2-horned 

(the  horns  or  lobes  tapering  into  long  filiform  styles),  soon  unequal  and  dehiscent, 

one  valve  or  carpel  in  fruit  lanceolate-elongated,  the  other  remaining  very  much 

shorter.     Seeds  rather  few  and  only  at  the  base  of  each  parietal  placenta,  globular, 

with  a  smooth  and  shining  crustaceous  coat.  —  Perennial  low  or  slender  herbs,  often 

multiplying  by  summer  runners  ;  with  palmately  lobed  or  divided  alternate  leaves, 

and  sometimes  scaly  stipules  at  the  base  of  the  petiole,  and  a  terminal  raceme  or 

panicle  of  small  white  flowers. 

A  North  American  and  North  Asiatic  genus  of  five  species,  one  inhabiting  the  Atlantic  States 
and  two  the  Pacific  coast. 

1.  T.  unifoliata,  Hook.  Somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy:  floweriug  stems  a  span 
to  a  foot  or  more  long  :  leaves  thin,  cordate,  either  rounded  or  somewhat  triangular, 
3  -  5-lobed  and  the  lobes  creuate-toothed ;  the  radical  ones  slender-petioled ;  the 
cauline  mostly  one,  smaller,  and  short-petioled,  or  sometimes  (mainly  on  decumbent 
and  later  flowering  shoots)  2  or  3  similar  to  the  radical :  panicle  raceme-like  and 
loose:  petals  small  and  inconspicuous,  almost  filiform. — Fl.  i.  238,  t.  81.  Heuchera 
longipetala,  Moyino,  Ic.  Ined.  t.  423. 

Shaded  ravines  an(i  woods,  San  Mateo  Co.  {Kellogg),  Mendocino  Co.  (Bolander),  and  north 
through  British  Columbia.  The  C^alifornian  and  some  of  the  more  northern  specimens  incline  to 
have  elongated  and  2-3-leaved  flowering  stems,  and  whole  plant  more  hairy,  the  var.  procera: 
but  this  is  merely  a  luxuriant  state.     The  lobing  of  the  leaves  varies,  so  that  it  may  pass  into 

T.  TRiFOLiATA,  Linn.  (T.  stenoiMala,  Presl),  which  extends  from  the  mountains  of  Oregon  to 
Alaska  and  N.  W.  Asia,  has  most  of  its  leaves  divided  into  three  distinct  leaflets. 

7.   MITELLA,  Tourn.        Mitre-wort. 

Calyx  short ;  the  broad  tube  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  dilated 
beyond  it,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  spreading.  Petals  5,  inserted  on 
the  throat  of  the  calyx,  very  slender,  pinnately  parted  or  3-cleft ;  the  divisions 
almost  capillary.  Stamens  10  or  5,  very  short :  anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  2- 
celled.  Ovary  short  and  broad,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  or  almost  basal  placentae, 
mainly  or  partly  superior  :  styles  2,  very  short :  stigmas  capitellate.  Capsule  glob- 
ular or  depressed,  hardly  at  all  lobed,  opening  across  the  broad  summit.  Seeds 
several  to  each  placenta,  obovate,  with  a  firm  and  smooth  black  and  shining  close 
crustaceous  coat.  —  Small  perennials  (X.  American  and  N.  E.  Asian) ;  with  more  or 
less  creeping  slender  rootstocks  and  summer  runners,  small  and  greenish  or  some- 
times white  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  and  cordate  or  round-reniform  simple  leaves, 
Avhich  are  all  radical  and  long-petioled,  or  two  or  more  on  flowering  stems,  these  in 
one  species  (of  E.  North  America)  opposite.     Petioles,  &c.,  mostly  loosely  hirsute. 

1.  M.  Brcweri,  Gray.  Leaves  all  in  a  cluster  on  the  rootstock,  round-reniform, 
crenate  and  crenately  incised,  of  comparatively  firm  texture,  soon  nearly  glabrous, 


200  SAXIFRAGACE^.  ^  Mlidlcu 

2  or  3  inches  in  diameter:  scape  leafless,  a  span  high,  10-20-flowered  :  flowers 
greenish  :  petals  pectinately  once  or  even  twice  pinnately  parted  :  stamens  5,  oppo- 
site the  calyx-lobes.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  533. 

Woods  of  the  Siena  Nevada  at  6,000  to  11,000  feet,  Mariposa  Co.  (^Brewer,  &c.)  to  Sierra  Co., 
Torrcy,  Lemmon.     Capillary  multifid  petals  2  lines  long,  much  exceeding  the  calyx. 

2.  M.  trifida,  Graham.  Leaves  all  from  the  rootstock,  round-reniform  or  cor- 
date, crenatcly  toothed  and  sometimes  incised  or  lobed,  thinnish,  sparsely  hairy,  1 
to  3  inches  in  diameter  :  scape  filiform,  a  span  to  a*  -foot  high  :  flowers  whitish, 
numerous  and  rather  scattered  in  the  commonly  one-sided  slender  spike  or  spike- 
like raceme  ;  the  pedicels  mostly  very  short :  petals  3  -  a-parted,  small :  stamens  5, 
opposite  tlie  calyx-lobes.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  241,  t.  82. 

Mountain  woo<is  of  Mendocino  Co.  {Bolander),  thence  north  to  British  Columbia  and  in  the 
Bocky  Mountains. 

M.  PENTANDRA,  Hook.  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2933,  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  another  species 
with  naked  scape  and  5  stamens,  but  the  latter  opposite  the  petals. 

M.  CAULESCENS  Nutt.,  has  one  or  more  alternate  petioled  leaves  on  the  flowering  stem  or 
scape,  similar  to  those  of  the  rootstock  and  runners,  a  loose  raceme,  and  the  5  stamens  alternate 
with  the  pinnatifid  petals.  It  extends  from  British  Columbia  to  Oregon,  and  may  probably 
occur  on  the  northern  borders  of  the  State. 

M.  NUDA  and  M.  diphylla  are  the  two  Linneean  and  10-androus  species.  The  former  extends 
westward  to  British  Columbia,  and  recurs  in  N.  Siberia  :  the  latter  is  only  an  Atlantic  species. 

8.   HEUCHERA,  Linn.        Alum-root. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  obtuse,  sometimes 
rather  unequal ;  the  tube  coherent  with  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  un- 
guiculate,  small  and  entire,  sometimes  minute  or  wanting  or  early  deciduous,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5  :  filaments  either  slender  and  long,  or  some- 
times rather  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  and  capsule  1 -celled, 
with  2  parietal  placentae,  more  or  less  2-beaked  ;  the  beaks  tapering  into  either 
filiform  and  elongated  or  subulate  and  shorter  styles ;  dehiscent  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  numerous,  oval  or  globular,  with  a  close  crustaceous  black  coat,  minutely 
muricate-roughened.  —  Herbs  (all  N,  American) ;  with  stout  rootstocks,  sending  up 
slender-petioled  rounded  and  mostly  cordate  many-toothed  and  somewhat  lobed 
leaves,  and  scapes  or  alternately  1  -  3-leaved  flowering  stems,  bearing  numerous 
small  and  mostly  dull-colored  flowers ;  the  cymose  clusters  either  open  in  a  loose 
ample  ]janicle,  or  sometimes  condensed  into  a  spike-like  thyrsus.  Scarious  stipules 
adnate  or  partly  distinct. 

There  are  about  five  species  in  the  Atlantic  States,  as  many  more  ])eculiar  to  the  Rocky  ilouu- 
tain  region,  and  the  following  in  California,  Oregon,  &c.  A  sterile  plant  collected  on  Guadalupe 
Island  by  Dr.  Palmer  may  belong  to  a  peculiar  Lower  Californian  species. 

§  1.  Flowers  in  an  open  or  sometimes  more  condensed  and  thyrsoid  panicle :  filaments 
more  or  less  filiform,  mostly  exserted. 

*   Calyx  ohlong-campanulate,  commonly  tinged  with  purple  or  rose-color. 

1.  H.  rubescens,  Torr.  Scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  from  stout  creeping  root- 
stocks,  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  thickish,  rounded,  crenately  lobed  and  tootlied,  an 
inch  or  less  in  diameter  :  flowers  loosely  panided  :  calyx  2  lines  long,  more  or  less 
acute  at  base  :  filiform  filaments  and  styles  and  very  slender  white  or  flesh-colored 
petals  conspicuously  exserted.  —  Stansb.  Eep,  388,  t.  5  ;  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  63 ; 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  96. 

Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  rocks,  at  5,000  to  11,000  feet,  extending  to  Utah  and  New 
Mexico. 


Pamassia.  SAXIFRAGACE^.  201 

*  *  Calyx  sJwrt-campanulate  and  greenish. 

H.  GLABRA,  Willd.,  is  a  slender  species,  a  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  glabrous  except  the  calyx  ; 
leaves  acutely  lobed  and  incised  ;  panicle  loose  :  from  Oregon  near  the  coast  to  Alaska. 

2.  H.  micrantha,  Dougl,  Scape  or  few-leaved  flowering  stems  a  foot  or  two 
high:  leaves  round-cordate  or  ovate-cordate,  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter,  obtusely 
lobed,  crenate-toothed  :  petioles  and  at  least  the  veins  or  ribs  beneath  hirsute,  often 
with  rusty  hairs  :  flowers  in  an  ample  loose  panicle  :  calyx  a  line  or  in  fruit  some- 
times 2  lines  long,  mostly  acute  at  base,  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicels,  merely 
puberulent  or  glandular ;  the  lobes  erect :  filaments,  styles,  and  petals  slender  and 
exserted.  — Lindl.  Bot,  Reg.  t.  1302.     H.  Barbarossa,  Presl,  Eel.  Hsenk.  ii.  56. 

Woods  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  the  Sierra  Nevaila,  from  Monterey  and  Mariposa  counties 
northward,  extending  to  the  bordei-s  of  British  Columbia.  Styles  variable.  Hartweg's  plant  from 
Monterey,  named  //.  pilosissima  in  PI.  Ilartw.  311,  No.  1142,  is  intermediate  between  this  and 
the  most  ojien  and  least  hairy  forms  of  the  next,  but  seems  to  belong  here. 

3.  H.  pilosissima,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Very  villous-pubescent  or  hirsnte  with 
spreading  viscid  hairs  :  scapes  or  few-leaved  flowering  stems  a  foot  or  two  high, 
rather  stout :  leaves  round-cordate,  obtusely  lobed  and  crenate,  1  to  3  inches  in 
diameter :  flowers  in  a  close  and  clustered  or  sometimes  loose  panicle,  usually  as 
long  as  their  pedicels  :  calyx  somewliat  globular,  being  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base 
and  the  broacl  short  lobes  more  or  less  incurving,  1|  to  2|  lines  long,  densely  hairy  : 
fllaments,  short  styles,  and  narrow  spatulate  petals  little  exserted.  —  Ind.  Sem. 
Hort.  Petrop.  v.  56.  H.  hispida,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  347,  not  of  Pursh. 
//.  hinijlora,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  582. 

From  near  Monterey  or  San  Francisco  to  Humboldt  Co.,  in  the  Coast  Ranges.  Apparently  varies 
into  smoother  fonns,  with  calyx  much  less  hairy. 

§  2.   Flowers  spicate  or  nearly  so :  subulate  filaments  much  shorter  than  the  elongaied- 
oblong  and  erect  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

4.  H.  cylindrica,  Dougl.  Commonly  hirsute  and  above  glandular-pubescent : 
leaves  round-reniform  or  cordate-ovate,  crenately  doubly  toothed  and  commonly 
lobed  (1  to  2  inches  broad  or  sometimes  smaller) :  scape  generally  leafless,  10  to  24 
inches  high  :  greenish  flowers  3  to  5  lines  long,  almost  sessile ;  the  cylindrical  spike 
or  thyrsus  li^  to  4  inches  long  :  petals  inconspicuous  or  none  :  styles  very  short.  — 
Hook.  Fl.  i.''237;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1924. 

Common  in  Oregon,  Nevada,  &c. ,  chiefly  in  the  interior  ;  probably  in  Northern  California. 

9.   PARNASSIA,  Tourn.        Grass-of-Parnassus. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  base  free  from  or  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  the  divis- 
ions oval  or  oblong,  herbaceous,  somewhat  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  oval  or 
oblong,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  conspicuously  veined,  widely  spreading,  tardily 
deciduous.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals :  filaments  subulate,  persistent : 
anthers  2-celled.  Appendages  or  sterile  stamens  a  cluster  of  more  or  less  united 
gland-tipped  filaments  at  the  base  of  each  petal.  Ovary  ovate,  entire,  one-celled, 
with  4  or  sometimes  3  parietal  placentae  :  stigmas  as  many,  closely  sessile  and  very 
obtuse,  directly  superposed  over  the  placentae.  Capsule  3  -  4-valved  from  the  apex ; 
the  valves  bearing  the  many-seeded  placentae  on  their  middle.  Seeds  with  a  thick- 
ish  and  somewhat  winged  loose  coat,  and  little  or  no  albumen.  —  Smooth  acaules- 
cent  perennials ;  with  entire  and  rounded  or  reniform  petioled  leaves  in  a  cluster  on 
the  short  rootstock,  slender  simple  scapes,  not  rarely  bearing  a  small  and  sessile 
leaf  or  two, and  a  handsome  white  terminal  flower.  Petioles  with  somewhat  scari- 
ous-dilated  base,  but  no  stipules. 


202  SAXIFRAGACE^.  *       Parnassia. 

A  genus  of  about  a  dozen  species,  of  the  northern  temperate  and  frigid  regions,  one  species 
extending  round  the  world,  and  two  peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  United  States. 

1.  P.  palnstris,  Linn.  Leaves  from  ovate  to  slightly  cordate,  an  inch  or  less 
in  length  :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  petals  oval  or  obovate,  naked  and  without 
a  claw,  half  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  the  veins  sparingly  branching :  bristle-like 
filaments  of  the  appendages  8  to  20  in  each  set. 

Var.  Californica,  Gray.  Larger :  leaves  one  or  two  inches  long  and  scape  a 
foot  or  two  high,  often  leafless  :  petals  very  broad,  full  half  an  inch  long,  more 
veiny,  and  the  veins  more  numerous  and  freely  branching :  bristles  of  each  appen- 
dage about  24  and  almost  capillary. 

Wet  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  &c. ,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward,  and  on  Red  Mountain, 
Mendocino  Co.  {Kellogg,  Bolmider),  chiefly  the  var.  Californica.  The  species  extends  far  north- 
ward and  round  the  world  along  the  northern  border  of  the  temperate  zone. 

2.  P.  fimbriata,  Banks.  Leaves  from  reniforra  to  cordate-ovate,  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter  :  scape  slender,  about  a  foot  high  :  petals  obovate  or  oblong  (4  or 
5  lines  long),  with  a  narrowed  base  or  short  claw,  the  margins  fringed  below  the 
middle  or  towards  the  base  :  filaments  of  the  appendages  5  to  9 'in  each  cluster  and 
united  below  into  a  fleshy  carinate  scale,  or  sometimes  a  dilated  scale  destitute  of 
bristle-like  filaments.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Misc.  i.  43,  t.  23. 

Near  Shasta  Mountain,  with  Darlingtonia,  Brewer.  Also  mountains  of  Nevada  and  Colorado, 
and  northward  to  British  Columbia.  Varies  in  the  form  of  the  leaves,  fonn  and  size  of  the 
petals,  in  the  amount  of  fringe,  and  greatly  in  the  stamen-appendages. 

10.  PHILADELPHUS,  Linn.        Syringa.     Mock  Orange. 

Calyx  with  turbinate  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  nearly  or  quite  to  its  summit ;  the 
limb  4  —  5-parted,  valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5,  large,  obovate  or 
roundish,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  20  to  40  :  filaments  subulate  or  filiform. 
Styles  3  to  5,  united  at  base  or  sometimes  almost  to  the  top  :  stigmas  oblong  or 
thickish,  introrse,  sometimes  connate.  Capsule  inferior,  3  -  5-celled,  loculicidally 
3  -  5-valved  from  the  apex,  and  the  yalves  in  age  commonly  2-parted.  Seeds  very 
numerous  on  placentae  projecting  from  the  axis,  mostly  pendulous,  oblong,  with  a 
thin  and  loose  reticulated  coat,  usually  prolonged  at  both  ends  or  fimbriate  at  the 
hilum.  —  Shrubs  ;  with  opposite  and  entire  or  toothed  ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  more 
or  less  petioled,  deciduous,  and  without  stipules  ;  the  flowers  large  and  showy,  some- 
times odorous,  thyrsoid-  or  paniculate-cymose,  or  occasionally  solitary  in  the  axils, 
white  or  rarely  cream-color. 

A  genus  of  a  dozen  or  more  ill-defined  species,  probably  reducible  to  five  or  six,  natives  of  both 
sides  of  temperate  North  America,  Japan,  and  the  Himalayas,  two  or  three  of  them  much  planted 
for  ornament. 

1 .  P.  Le'Wisii,  Pursh.  Shrub  3  to  5  feet  high,  spreading,  glabrous  or  almost  so  : 
leaves  all  entire  or  nearly  so,  from  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long : 
flowers  in  a  narrow  thyrsus,  short-pedicelled  :  calyx-lobes  rarely  twice  the  length  of 
the  tube  :  petals  obovate  or  oblong,  half  an  inch  or  rather  more  in  length  :  styles 
distinct  at  the  apex  :  stigmas  narrow.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  595. 

Var.  Californicus,  Gray  :  a  form  with  the  flowers  more  numerous  in  a  mainly 
leafless  and  pedunculate  terminal  cluster.  —  P.  Californicus,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw. 
309.     P.  Letoisii,  var.  parvifoliiis,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  P.  Rep.  iv.  90. 

Foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  along  streams,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  the  Upper  Sacramento  ; 
chiefly  the  naked-flowered  variety.  The  species  extends  through  Oregon  aiid  Idaho  to  British 
Columbia. 

2.  P.  Gordonianus,  Lindl.  Shrub  6  to  12  feet  high,  w^ith  spreading  or  re- 
curved branches,  sparsely  pubescent  or  hairy,  or  almost  glabrous  :  leaves  ovate  or 


Whipplea.  SAXIFRAGACE^.  203 

oblong-ovate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  mostly  serrate  with  some  coarse  acute  teeth  : 
flowers  in  loose  clusters  which  are  leafy  at  base  :  petals  from  three  fourths  to  an 
inch  long :  styles  mostly  distinct  to  the  middle :  stigmas  more  or  less  dilated :  calyx- 
lobes  twice  the  length  of  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Eeg.  xxv.  t.  32. 

Shaded  banks  of  streams  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  Mendocino  and  Humboldt  counties  {Kellogg, 
Bolander),  north  to  Washington  Territory. 

11.   CARPENTERIA,  Torr. 

Characters  of  Philadelplms,  except  that  the  calyx  is  5-parted,  its  very  short  tube 
adnate  only  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  the  ovate-conical  capsule,  which  is  pointed 
with  the  undivided  persistent  style  :  a  tliin  loculicidally  5-valved  epicarp  separates 
from  the  body  of  the  capsule,  which  splits  septicidally  into  5  broad  valves,  each 
pointed  with  its  portion  of  the  style,  and  tardily  if  at  all  dividing  down  the  dorsal 
suture.  —  A  single  insufficiently  known  species,  named  in  memory  of  the  late  Prof. 
Carpenter  of  Louisiana. 

1.  C.  Californica,  Torr.  Shrub,  apparently  tall,  with  light-colored  and  lami- 
nated loose  bark,  mainly  glabrous  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  entire,  thickish,  per- 
haps persistent,  2  or  3  inches  long,  pinnately  veined,  whitened  beneath  with  a 
minute  and  close  pubescence,  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  peduncles  long  and  naked, 
terminal  and  from  the  upper  axils :  seeds  oblong,  with  a  short  and  obtuse  appendage 
at  both  ends.  —  PI.  Fremont,  in  Smiths.  Contrib.  vi.  12,  t.  7. 

Sierra  Nevada,  probably  on  the  liead-waters  of  the  San  Joaquin,  Fremont.  As  yet  known  in 
fruit  only  ;  with  some  vestiges  of  flowers,  from  which  Dr.  Torrey  ascertained  that  thei'e  were 
orbicular  petals,  and  numerous  stamens  with  filiform  filaments  :  also  that  the  parts  of  the  calyx 
and  capsule  are  sometimes  6  or  7. 

12.   WHIPPLEA,  Torr. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary ;  the  lobes  thin  and 
petaloid  {white  or  whitish).  Petals  5,  ovate  or  oblong  with  contracted  base. 
Stamens  10  (rarely  8  or  12):  filaments  subulate  or  lanceolate:  anthers  short,  2-celled. 
Ovary  3  -  5-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell.  Styles  distinct, 
subulate  :  stigmas  introrse.  Capsule  septicidally  dehiscent  into  3  to  5  cartilaginous 
1-seeded  portions,  which  open  down  the  ventral  suture  only.  Seed  oblong,  with 
a  close  coat.  —  Small  and  low  diffuse  shrubs,  pubescent  with  simple  hairs;  with 
opposite  slightly  petioled  and  somewhat  3-ribbed  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  small 
white  cymose-clustered  flowers:  peduncle  terminal,  naked.  Parts  of  the  blossom 
occasionally  4  or  6. 

This  interesting  genus  commemorates  the  late  Lieut,  (afterwards  General)  Whipple,  the  leader 
of  the  survey  in  which  tlie  C'alifornian  species  was  discovered. 

W.  Utahensis,  Watson,  the  second  species,  is  an  uymght  and  much-branched  little  shnib  : 
leaves  thickish,  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long,  elliptical  or  linear-oblong,  very  obtuse,  en- 
tire :  cyme  rather  short-peduncled,  3  -  7-flowered  :  calyx-tube  elongated-turbinate,  adnate  to  the 
lower  half  of  the  cylindraceous  3-celled  capsule  :  styles  3,  persistent  ;  seed  cylindrical  :  bud- 
scales  silky-villous.  —  S.  Utah  near  Kanab,  Mrs.  Thomi)son,  Capt.  Bishop.  May  possibly  reach 
the  borders  of  California. 

1.  VT.  modesta,  Torr.  Stems  slender,  spreading  or  trailing:  leaves  membra- 
naceous, ovate  or  oval,  obtusely  few-toothed  or  sometimes  entire,  an  inch  or  less 
long  :  peduncle  slender,  bearing  a  small  and  close  few-flowered  cluster  :  flowers 
hardly  2  lines  long  :  calyx-tube  almost  hemispherical,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
4-celled  (sometimes  3  -  5-celletl)  ovary  and  globular  capsule  :  styles  at  length  decid- 
uous :  seed  oblong.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  90,  t.  7. 


204  SAXIFRAGACE.E.  **  Ribes. 

Tn  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Monterey  to  Mendocino  counties,  mostly  under  Redwoods.  Flowers 
fragrant.     Divisions  of  the  capsule  only  a  line  long. 

13.   BIBES,   Linn.        Currant.     Gooseberry, 

Calyx  with  tube  adiiate  to  the  globose  ovary  and  more  or  less  extended  beyond 
it ;  the  limb  5-cleft  or  rarely  4-cleft,  and  commonly  colored  or  petaloid.  Petals 
erect,  mostly  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes,  inserted  in  the  sinuses.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them  :  anthers  commonly  very  short.  Ovary 
1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placenta?:  styles  2,  or  more  or  less  united  into  one:  stigmas 
terminal.  Berry  crowned  more  or  less  by  the  withered  remains  of  the  flower,  many- 
seeded,  rarely  rather  few-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  gelatinous  outer  and  a  crustaceous 
inner  coat.  Embryo  minute  in  firm  albumen.  —  Shrubs,  often  resinous-glandular 
or  viscid ;  with  alternate  (often  fascicled)  palmately  veined  and  lobed  leaves ;  stip- 
ules wanting  or  adnate  to  the  petiole,  and  peduncles  one-flowered  or  racemosely 
2  -  many-flowered,  mostly  terminating  short  and  1  -  2-leaved  axillary  shoots ;  pedi- 
cels subtended  by  a  bract,  and  usually  bearing  a  pair  of  bractlets.  Placentae  and 
styles  occasionally  3  or  4. 

A  rather  large  genus  of  the  northern  temperate  zone,  with  a  few  species  extending  down  the 
Andes.  North  America  is  rich  in  species,  and  only  in  California  are  .all  the  sections  of  the  genus 
represented.  The  thorns  under  the  fascicles  in  the  first  two  sections  answer  to  leaves,  as  in  the 
Barberry. 

§  1.  Thorny:  parts  of  the  flotver  more  commonly  4  :  calyx  txirgid  at  base;  the  narrow 
lobes  erect :  stamens  long-exserted :  ovules  and  seeds  rather  few :  otherioise  as 
in  the  following  section.  — Eobsonia,  Berlandier. 

1.  R.  speciosum,  Pursh.  Tall,  the  trunk  sometimes  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm, 
and  attaining  6  to  10  feet  in  height :  branches  bristly-prickly  and  armed  with  large 
triple  thorns  under  the  fascicles :  leaves  small,  coriaceous,  nearly  evergreen,  glabrous 
or  almost  so,  roundish  or  cuneiform  and  slightly  3-5-lobed :  flowers  2  to  5  on  the 
bristly-glandular  peduncle,  drooping,  cylindraceous,  bright  red,  almost  an  inch  long 
and  the  stamens  as  much  longer  :  anthers  verj"^  short :  berry  dry,  densely  glandular- 
bristly. —  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1557;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3530.     R.  stamineum,  Smith. 

Woods  and  ravines.  Bay  of  Monterey  to  San  Diego.  Remarkable  and  prized  in  cultivation  for 
its  showy  Fuchsia-like  blossoms.     Calyx-lobes  erect. 

§  2.  Mostly  thorny  under  the  fascicles,  and  sometimes  (but  variably)  scattered-prickly 
or  bristly  along  the  branches :  leaves  plaited  in  the  bud :  peduncle  [except  hi 
the  last)  only  1  —  i-floivered :  calyx  mostly  recurved  or  reflexed  at  flowering- 
time,  afterwards  erect :  berry  many-seeded.  —  Grossularia,  A.  Eichard. 
{Grossularia,  Dill.     Gooseberry.) 

*   Calyx-tube  campanulate  to  cylindraceous  :  peduncle  1  -  ^-flowered. 

■4-  Anthers  sagittate,  mucronate-tipped :  berry  pricMy,  large  and  rather  dry. 

2.  R.  HVEenziesii,  Pursh.  Shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  with  naked,  glandular-bristly 
or  more  prickly  branches  and  stout  usually  triple  thorns  under  the  fascicles  :  leaves 
pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous  (from  a  half  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter), 
roundish  or  round-cordate,  3  -  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  crenately  toothed  and  incised  : 
peduncles  1  -  2-flowered  :  calyx  about  half  an  inch  long,  purplish-red  ;  its  oblong 
lobes  spreading  or  recurved  in  anthesis,  elongated-oblong,  more  or  less  longer  than 
the  somewhat  funnelforra  tube,  hardly  longer  than  the  stamens,  which  surpass  the 
whitish  petals  :  berry  4  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  besides  the  prickles,  which  generally 
thickly  cover  it,  and  are  either  short  or  long,   usually  straw-colored,  sometimes 


Ribes.  SAXIFRAGACE^.  205 

pubescent  and  sometimes  rather  few  and  sparse. — Hook.  Fl.  i.  229;  Torr.  Bot. 
Max.  Bound,  t.  23,  cusp  of  anther  omitted.  R.  ferox,  Smith.  R.  Calif ornicum  & 
R.  occidentale,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  346 ;  very  small-leaved  forms,  glabrous, 
but  sometimes  pubescent.  R.  subvestituvi,  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c.  (not  of  Bot.  Mag.) ; 
a  form  Avith  densely  glandular  ovary,  the  glands  in  fruit  developing  mostly  into 
very  numerous  and  gland-tipped  short  prickles.  R.  Californicum,  Gray  in  Pacif  R. 
Eep.  iv.  88,  combining  the  three  last  named. 

Hillsides,  from  San  Diego  to  Humboldt  counties,  and  also  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Plumas 
Co.  Also  Oregon,  coll.  E.  Hall.  A  variable  species,  but  well  marked  by  its  sagittate  (ovate- 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate)  and  mucronate-pointed  anthers  ;  these  about  a  line  and  a  quarter  in 
length. 

■¥-  -{-  Anthers  oval  or  didymous,  very  obtuse  and  pointless. 
++  Flowers  comparatively  large,  dark  purple-red. 

3.  R.  Lobbii,  Gray.  Minutely  pubescent  or  glandular  :  stems  with  stout  triple 
thorns,  but  apparently  destitute  of  scattered  prickles  or  bristles  :  leaves  small  (less 
than  an  inch),  round-cordate,  3-5-cleft,  and  the  roundish  lobes  obtusely  toothed: 
peduncles  mostly  1-flowered:  flower  pendulous,  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  similar 
to  those  of  R.  Menziesii,  but  the  anthers  oval  and  very  obtuse,  the  back  beset  with 
scattered  warty  glands  :  ovary  densely  clothed  with  sessile  glands.  —  R.  subvestitum, 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4931,  but  not  Hook.  &  Arn. 

The  living  plant  figured  was  "sent  by  Mr.  Lobb  to  Messrs.  Veitch  and  Son,"  from  California, 
probably  from  the  nortliern  part  near  the  coast.  It  exactly  accords  with  an  indigenous  specimen, 
named  at  Kew,  "7t.  subvestitum.  Hook.  &  Arn.,  Vancouver  Island,  Wood."  It  is  not  the  plant 
of  Douglas  on  which  R.  subvestitum  was  founded. 

++  Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish,  small :  leaves  very  small,  seldom  half  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter :  anthers  aval-oblong. 

4.  R.  leptanthum,  Gray.  Much  branched  and  rigid,  1  to  4  feet  high,  desti- 
tute of  scattered  prickles,  but  with  comparatively  large  single  or  triple  thorns :  leaves 
roundish  (often  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  wide  and  shorter  than  the  thorns),  3-5- 
cleft,  and  the  lobes  crenately  incised  or  toothed  :  peduncles  very  short,  1  —  2- 
flowered  :  calyx  pubescent,  commonly  4  lines  long,  cylindrical,  and  with  the  oblong 
lobes  more  or  less  shorter  than  the  slender  tube  :  style  undivided,  glabrous  :  berry 
glabrous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  53. 

Var.  brachyanthum,  Gray.  Calyx  shorter,  only  2  or  3  lines  long,  campan- 
ulate  or  barely  cylindraceous  ;  the  lobes  even  longer  than  the  tube,  which  is  about 
as  broad  as  long  :  ovary  densely  glandular.  —  R.  leptanthum,  "Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  98,  as  to  Calif  plant. 

Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  (where  it  was  first  collected  by  Dr.  James  in  Long's  Expedition) 
to  New  Mexico,  Sierra  Nevada  on  Mount  Raymond  at  8,000  to  9,000  feet,  and  above  Summit 
{Bolander)  to  near  Fort  Tejon  {Davidson)  ;  between  the  original  form  and  the  variety  which 
comes  from  foot-hills  near  Carson  City,  Anderson,  IVatson.  This  short-flowered  variety  is  remark- 
able ;  mature  fruit  of  it  unknown. 

-{-  -{-  Flowers  greenish,  ivhite  or  dull  purplish  :  leaves  mostly  an  inch  or  two  in  diam- 
eter :  anthers  shorter,  mostly  didymous :  ovary  and  berry  unarmed  and  glabrous. 
(Stems  commonly  without,  but  vigorous  shoots  occasionally  tmth  scattered  bristly 
prickles  in  all  the  species.) 

5.  R.  divaricatum,  Dougl.  Nearly  glabrous  or  soft-pubescent :  stems  from  5 
to  12  feet  high,  with  widely  spreading  branches  ;  the  thorns  single  or  triple  :  leaves 
roundish,  3-5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  incisely  toothed  :  2-4-flowered  peduncle  and  pedi- 
cels slender,  drooping  :  flower  one  third  of  an  inch  long  :  calyx  livid-purplish  or 
greenish-white  ;  its  oblong  or  linear-oblong  lobes  about  twice  the  length  of  the  cam- 
panulate  tube  and  the  cuneate-dilated  or  fan-shaped  (white)  petals  :  these  only  one 
third  the  length  of  the  filiform  filaments  and  villous  2-cleft  style  :  berry  dark 


206  SAXIFRAGACE.E.  *f  Ribes. 

purple,  pleasant.  —  Hort.  Trans,  vii.  515;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1359.     E.  villosum, 
Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  547,  a  soft  downy  form. 

Var.  irriguum,  Gray.  Leaves  more  nervose-veiny  at  base  :  flowers  narrower 
and  whiter,  lialf  an  inch  long.  —  R.  irriguum,  Dougl.  1.  c.  (I)  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  98,  chiefly. 

Shady  banks  and  flats,  from  Santa  Barbara  northward  to  British  Columbia.  The  variety 
N.  W.  Nevada  to  Idaho,  &c.     Teduncles  a  half-inch  to  an  inch  long  :  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long. 

6.  R.  ozyacanthoides,  Linn,  Mostly  glabrous,  2  .to  4  feet  high  ;  the  thorns 
single  or  triple,  small :  leaves  roundish,  usually  deeply  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  incised 
and  coarsely  toothed  :  2  -  3-flowered  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels, 
and  these  seldom  longer  than  the  (3  or  4  lines  long)  flower :  calyx  greenish-white 
or  flesh-colored ;  its  short-oblong  lobes  at  first  not  longer  than  the  campanulate 
tube,  a  little  longer  than  the  cuneate-obovate  petals,  about  equalling  the  stamens  : 
style  2-cleft,  villous  below,  rather  longer  :  berry  small,  purple,  pleasant.  —  R.  hir- 
teUum,  Michx.     R.  saxosum,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  231. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  to  9,000  feet,  from  Mariposa  Co.  (Breiver)  to  Sien-a  Co.  {Lcmmon) ; 
thence  eastward  and  northward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Northern  Atlantic  States,  and  Brit- 
ish America  to  Hudson  Bay.  This  wide-spread  species,  or  a  northern  form  of  it,  is  most  proba- 
bly the  original  R.  oxyncanthoides  of  Linnaeus  (Dillenius)  ;  that  of  Michaux  is  E.  lacustre  ;  that 
of  Hooker  mainly  R.  setosum  of  Liudley. 

*  *  Calyx-tnhe  saucer-shaped,  expanding  immediately  above  the  ovary:  peduncle 
racemosely  5—  1 5- flowered  :  anthers  very  short,  pointless:  berry  small  and  currant- 
like, beset  ivith  some  scattered  gland-tipped  bristles. 

7.  R.  lacustre,  Poiret,  var.  molle,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  much  branched  : 
branches  bristly-pricklj''  or  naked,  armed  with  short  triple  or  multiple  thorns  under 
the  fascicles  :  leaves  small  (usually  about  an  inch  in  diameter),  downy-pubescent, 
roundish  in  outline,  5-parted,  and  the  lobes  incisely  toothed  and  cleft :  racemes 
5  -  9-flowered,  short-peduncled  :  flowers  greenish-white  ;  the  open  calyx  3  lines  in 
diameter,  its  short  lobes  rounded  :  small  petals  and  stamens  very  short  :  berry  light 
red,  not  larger  than  peas,  acid  (intermediate  between  a  gooseberry  and  a  cuiTant), 
sometimes  nearly  or  quite  naked. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  ■6,000  to  10,000  feet,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward.  Extends  mainly 
in  the  form  of  the  var.  jmrviUum  (mistaken  for  R.  setosum),  which  is  nearly  glabrous,  east  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  north  to  British  Columbia,  and  in  the  ordinary  and  larger  form  of  the 
species  to  the  Northern  Atlantic  States,  Labrador,  &c. 

§  3.  Thornless  and  prickless  :  leaves  plaited  in  the  bud :  racemes  feiv  —  many-floivered : 
stamens  short :  berry  unarmed  {rarely  glandular-bristly),  many-seeded.  — 
EiBESiA,  Berlandier.     (Currant.) 

*   Calyx  dilated  immediately  above  the  ovary,  rotate  or  saucer-shaped,  ^-parted. 

R.  Piio.STRATUM,  L'Her.,  and  R.  laxiflorum,  Pursh,  have  their  small  red  berries  beset  with 
scattered  gland-tipped  bristles,  in  the  manner  of  R.  lacustre.  The  first  is  unknown  west  of 
the  mountains  of  Utah,  the  second  south  of  Washington  Temtory. 

R.  HuDSONiANUM,  Richardson,  is  between  the  above  and  the  following,  has  numerous  white 
flowers  crowded  in  an  erect  raceme,  minute  deciduous  bracts,  and  a  smooth  dark  berry.  It  has 
not  been  found  nearer  California  than  the  E.  Humboldt  Mountains,  N.  E.  Nevada  {R.  hradcosum, 
Watson  in  Bot.  King  Exp.,  not  of  Douglas). 

8.  R.  bracteosum,  Dougl.  Almost  glabrous,  at  least  with  age,  sprinkled  Avith 
some  resinous  dots,  4  to  10  feet  high  :  leaves  large  (3  to  9  inches  in  diameter), 
5  —  7-cleft ;  the  lobes  ovate  or  narrower,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  and  doubly 
serrate:  petioles  long:  racemes  erect  or  ascending,  many-flowered,  3  or  4  inches  long, 
or  in  fruit  sometimes  almost  a  foot  long  and  loose :  bracts  persistent,  from  filiform  to 
spatulate,  or  the  lower  foliaceous  and  petioled,  sometimes  passing  into  leaves  :  flow- 
ers greenish-white  :  calyx-lobes  roundish  :  berry  black,  resinous-dotted,  a  third  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  and  with  the  flavor  of  black  currants  {%).  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  233. 


Ribes.  SAXIFRAGACE^.  207 

Shady  woods,  Cottonaby  Creek,  MeiWocino  Co.,  Bolander.  Through  the  western  part  of  Ore- 
gon to  Sitka. 

9.  R.  cereum,  Dougl.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  much  branched,  minutely 
pubescent,  usually  resinous-dotted  and  more  or  less  glutinous,  sometimes  glabrous  : 
leaves  rounded  or  reniform,  obscurely  or  more  decidedly  3-lobed,  crenately  toothed 
or  incised,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter,  of  rather  firm  texture  :  racemes 
drooping,  compactly  3  —  5-flo\vered  :  pedicels  hardly  any  or  shorter  than  the  bract : 
calyx  waxy-white,  sometimes  greenish  or  pinkish  ;  the  tube  cylindrical,  4  or  5  lines 
long,  very  much  longer  than  the  ovate  recurved  lobes  :  petals  orbicular :  berry  red- 
dish, sweetish.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1263;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3008. 

Not  rare  througli  the  drier  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mt.  Pinos  (Rothrock)  northward, 
and  through  the  interior  to  Washington  Territory,  New  Me.xico,  and  Dakotah.  A  var.  pedicellare, 
from  Montana,  has  slender  pedicels  longer  than  the  bract. 

*  *  Calyx  prolonged  above  the  ovary  into  a  campanulate  or  cylindrical  tube :  fruit 
and  foliage  more  or  less  glandular :  leaves  rounded  or  with  roundish  lobes :  bracts 
conspicuous. 

-H  Flowers  dull  white  or  greenish,  or  sometimes  purplish-tinged:  raceme  somcwhcU 

corymb-tike  and  few-flowered. 

10.  R.  viscosissimum,  Pursh.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high,  pubescent  and  viscid- 
glandular  :  leaves  cordate-rounded  and  moderately  lobed,  thinnish,  veiny,  1  to  4 
inches  in  diameter  :  racemes  ascending  :  flowers  slender-pedicelled,  about  half  an 
inch  long  and  comparatively  broad  :  calyx-tube  at  first  campanulate ;  its  lobes  ob- 
long and  at  least  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  berry  black. — Hook.  Fl.  i.  234,  t.  76. 

AV^oods  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  to  8,000  feet,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward  to  the  British 
boundary  and  also  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.     A  form  with  smooth  ovary,  Sierra  Co.,  Lcmmon. 

+-  -t-  Floivers  rose-red,  or  varying  to  white :  racemes  drooping,  mostly  many-flowered. 

11.  R.  sanguineum,  Pursh.  Shrub  2  to  12  feet  high,  varying  from  nearly 
glabrous  to  tomentose-cauescent,  either  almost  glandless  or  glandular :  leaves 
rounded-cordate  and  obtusely  3  -  5-lobed  :  racemes  dense  :  calyx-tube  above  the 
ovary  from  campanulate  to  short-cylindraceous,  2  or  3  lines  long,  equalling  or  ex- 
ceeding the  oblong  lobes  :  berry  mostly  somewhat  hispid-glandular,  tough  and  not 
juicy,  blackish,  rather  bitter. — Dougl.  in  Hort,  Trans,  vii.  t.  13;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  1349  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t  3335.  —  Runs  into  indefinite  varieties,  such  as 

Var.  glutinosum,  a  more  glandular  and  less  pubescent  form,  with  large  many- 
flowered  racemes.  —  R.  glutinosum,  Benth.  in  Hort.  Trans,  n.  ser.  i.  476. 

Var.  malvaceum,  the  most  tomentose  form ;  the  smaller  and  contracted  ra- 
cemes, ovaries,  and  calyx  also  tomentose-villous ;  the  latter  often  flesh-color  or  white. 
—  R.  malvaceum,  Smith  ;  Don  in  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  340. 

Var.  variegatum,  Watson.  Low,  nearly  glabrous  :  racemes  short  and  dense, 
ascending,  barely  glandular :  calyx-tube  broadly  campanulate,  not  longer  than  the 
lobes,  rose-color  with  the  petals  white  (as  they  often  are  in  the  typical  form),  the 
whole  flower  only  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  100.  R.  Wolfii,  Rothrock  in 
Am.  Naturalist,  viii.  358,  &  in  Wheeler,  Cat.  38. 

Conmion  through  the  Coast  Ranges,  on  rocks  and  hills ;  the  var.  glutinosum  and  var.  malva- 
ceum commoner  southward  ;  the  ordinary  form  extending  northward  to  British  Columbia.  Var. 
variegatum  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Plumas  to  Placer  counties;  also  in  the  mountains  of 
Colorado,  B-othrock. 

§  4,  Thornless  and  prickless :  leaves  convolute  in  the  bud :  racemes  several-flowered : 
calyx-tube  elongated :  berry  naked  and  glabrous,  many-seeded.  —  Siphocalyx, 
Endl.     {Chrysobotrya,  Spach.) 

12.  R.  aureum,  Pursh.  Shrub  5  to  12  feet  high,  glabrous  or  almost  so,  gland- 
less  :    leaves  3  -  5-lobed,   rarely  at  all  cordate ;    the  lobes  usually  few-toothed  or 


208  CRASSULACE^.  .^  Tillcea. 

incised  :  racemes  short,  5  -  10-flowered,  with  mostly  foliaceous  bracts  :  flowers 
golden-yellow,  spicy-fragrant ;  tube  of  the  salverform  calyx  (half  an  inch  or  less  in 
length)  three  or  four  times  longer  than  the  oval  lobes  :  stamens  short :  berry  small, 
yellowish  turning  blackish,  mawkish.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1 25.  li.  tenuijio7-zim, 
Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1274.     R.  fragrans,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1533. 

Banks  of  streams,  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  extending  to  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Kocky  Mountains.     Common  in  cultivation  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  Europe. 

Order  XXXV.     CRASSULACE^. 

Succulent  or  fleshy  plants,  mostly  herbaceous,  and  not  stipulate,  with  completely 
symmetrical  as  well  as  regular  flowers,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  all  of 
the  same  number  (3  to  12)  and  distinct,  or  the  stamens  twice  as  many,  and  the 
petals  sometimes  united  into  a  tube,  always  free  from  the  pistils,  generally  slightly 
perigynous,  and  instead  of  a  disk  a  series  of  hypogynous  scales,  one  behind  each 
carpel ;  these  become  follicles  in  fruit.  Otherwise  as  in  Saxifragacece.  The  one  or 
two  exceptions  are  not  Californian. 

An  order  of  about  400  species  in  little  over  a  dozen  genera,  of  temperate  and  subtropical  re- 
gions, most  abundant  in  Europe  and  S.  Africa,  more  fully  represented  in  California  than  in  the 
Atlantic  States.  All  are  inert,  with  watery  juice  ;  many  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  mostly  for 
the  foliage  rather  than  the  flowers. 

Semi'ehvivum  tectouum,  Linn.,  the  Houseleek  or  Live-for-ever,  of  Europe,  is  often  found 
half  wild  about  old  houses  :  j)arts  of  the  flowers  mostly  in  twelves  :  leaves  ovid  or  obovate, 
mucronate,  on  the  flowering  stems  oblong  and  clammy-pubesceut,  as  well  as  the  clustered  purjile 
or  greenish  flowers. 

1.  Tillaea.     Parts  of  the  flower  each  3  to  5  ;  the  stamens  only  as  many.     Small  annuals,  with 

opposite  leaves  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 

2.  Sedum.     Parts  of  the  flower  each  4  to  7  ;  stamens  twice  as  many.     Petals  distinct.     Low 

annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  cymose  conspicuous  flowers. 

3.  Cotyledon.      Parts  of  the  flower  in  fives  ;  stamens  10.      Petals  somewhat  united.      Stout 

perennial  herbs,  or  fleshy-woody  at  base,  with  showy  spicate  or  racemose  flowers. 

1.   TILL-ffiJA,  Linn. 

Sepals  and  petals  3  to  5,  distinct  or  united  at  base.     Stamens  as  many.     Carpels 

distinct :  styles  short-subulate  :  ovules  one  to  many.     Seeds  longitudinally  striate. 

—  Small  and  slender  somewhat  succulent  glabrous  annuals;  leaves  opposite,  entire; 

flowers  minute,  axillary,  mostly  white. 

A  cosmopolitan  genus  of  about  20  species.  In  addition  to  the  following,  there  is  a  single 
species  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  another  in  Texas. 

*  Flowers  chistered :  petals  acuminate :  hypogi/nmis  scales  minnte  or  none :  carpels 
1  -  1-seeded.  —  Till^a  proper. 

1.  T.  minima,  Miers.  Diffusely  branched,  1  to  3  inches  high,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  connate  at  base,  acute,  about  a  line  long ;  flowers  in 
short  leafy  axillary  panicles,  nearly  sessile  or  on  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  :  sepals 

4.  scarcely  half  a  line  long,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  a  little  exceeding  the  linear-lanceo- 
late acuminate  petals:  carpels  not  longer,  acute:  seeds  usually  solitary. — Torr.  & 
Qray,  Fl.  i.  557. 

Var.  subsimplex,  Watson.  Branchlets  more  elongated,  mostly  from  the  base  : 
pedicels  usually  shorter.  —  T.  leptopetala,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  310. 

On  sandy  soils,  in  the  rainy  season,  often  abundant,  from  Sonoma  Co.  to  San  Diego  ;  Guada- 
lupe Island,  Palmer.  Also  in  Chili,  and  very  similar  to  the  older  T.  verticillaris,  DC,  of  New 
Holland,  Tasmania,  and  New  Zealand.     Often  reddish. 


Sedum.  CRASSULACE^.  209 

*  *   Flowers  solitary :  petals  oval  or  ohlong :   hypogynous  scales  linear :    carpels 

several-seeded.  —  Bulliarda. 

2.  T.  angustifolia,  Xutt.  Stems  decumbent,  rooting  at  base,  diffusely  bmnched, 
an  inch  long  :  leaves  linear,  acute,  connate,  a  line  or  two  long  :  flowers  sessile  or  on 
very  short  pedicels  :  sepals  4,  ovate,  obtuse,  a  half  shorter  than  the  oblong  petals 
and  broad  obtuse  8-  12-seeded  carpels.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  558. 

Var.  (I)  Bolanderi,  Watson.  Stems  2  to  4  inches  long,  less  diffusely  branched  : 
flowers  nearly  sessile,  the  parts  in  threes  or  fours  :  seeds  nearly  a  half  larger. 

From  Oregon  to  Colorado  ;  the  variety  on  the  muddy  banks  of  streams  near  San  Francisco, 
Bolander.  The  typical  fbrm  may  be  expected  in  Northern  California.  It  is  very  near  the 
T.  Drummondii,  Torr.  &  Cray,  of  Texas,  being  distinguished  api)arently  only  by  the  shorter  pedi- 
cels.    The  var.  Bolanderi  has  been  collected  only  in  fruit,  and  may  prove  distinct. 

2.  SEDUM,  Linn.        Stone-crop. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  base.    Petals  as  many,  distinct.     Stamens  twice  as  many. 

Carpels  distinct  or  rarely  connate  at  base,  few  -  many-seeded,  1-seeded  in  a  single 

species.  —  Herbs,    mostly   perennial   and   glabrous ;   leaves  fleshy ;   flowers  rarely 

dioecious,   in  cymes,  often  secund. 

About  120  species,  inhabiting  with  few  exceptions  the  cooler  and  temperate  regions  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World.  Fifteen  species  or  more  are  found  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States. 

*  Stoiit,  j)eremiial:  flowers  mostly  dicecioiis,  in  a  regular  compact  compound  cyme, 

deep  purple  or  becoming  so :  leaves  serrate,  flat. 

1.  S.  Rhodiola,  DC.  Stems  simple,  nearly  erect,  from  a  thick  fragrant  root, 
1  to  10  inclies  high,  leafy:  leaves  alternate,  oblong-i)blanceolate,  acute,  rarely  entire, 
^  to  1 1  inches  long  :  cyme  sessile,  often  an  inch  or  two  broad  :  flowers  on  short 
naked  pedicels,  usually  4-merous  :  sepals  short,  oblong  :  petals  1|  lines  long,  linear- 
oblong  :  carpels  becoming  3  lines  long,  shortly  beaked. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  9,000  to  12,000  feet  altitude  {Brewer,  Bolander,  Lemmon),  northward 
to  tile  Arctic  Coast,  and  eastward  across  the  continent.     Also  in  the  mountains  of  Europe. 

%  *  Mowers  perfect,  decandrous,  secund  upon  the  branches  of  a  forked  cyme,  mostly 
yellow  or  yellowish :  styles  flliform:  leaves  entire,  very  fleshy :  low  and  comparatively 
slender. 

■i-  Leaves  narroived  toward  the  base,  obtuse :  perennials. 

2.  S.  spathulifolium,  Hook.  Glaucous  and  sometimes  mealy  :  stems  ascend- 
ing from  a  branched  rooting  caudex,  4  to  6  inches  high,  simple  :  leaves  obovate  or 
spatulate,  flat,  6  to  10  lines  long  :  branches  of  the  cyme  approximate  :  flowers  on 
short  pedicels  or  sessile,  3  lines  long  :  petals  yellow,  lanceolate,  acute,  twice  longer 
than  the  ovate  acute  sepals  and  scarcely  exceeding  the  stamens  and  styles.  —  Fl.  i. 
227  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  559. 

In  dry  rocky  places  from  Monte  Diablo  to  Vancouver  Island. 

3.  S.  Oreganum,  Nutt.  Similar  in  habit,  but  not  glaucous  :  flowers  larger,  4 
or  5  lines  long  :  petals  pale  rose-color,  narrowly  lanceolate  and  acuminate,  nearly 
twice  longer  than  the  stamens  :  sepals  acute  or  acuminate.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i. 
559. 

Mendocino  Co.  {Bolander),  and  northward  to  Washington  Territory.     Rarely  collected. 

4.  S.  obtusatum,  Gray.  Of  similar  habit,  but  the  branches  of  the  cyme 
usually  more  numerous  and  scattered  :  flowers  distinctly  pedicelled,  3  or  4  lines 
long :  petals  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  pale  yellow,  twice  longer  than  the 
broad  obtusish  sepals  and  little  exceeding  the  stamens  and  styles.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  342. 


210  CRASSULACE^.  .^  Sedum. 

On  granite  rocks  in  the  Sieira  Nevada  :  Yosemite  Valley  (Bolander,  Torrey,  Gray,  &c.);  Mt. 
Hoffmann,  at  10,000  feet  altitude,  and  SonoraPass,  Brewer.  These  closely  allied  species  need  to 
be  defined  from  living  specimens. 

S.  DEBILE,  Watson,  Rot.  King  Exp.  102.  Stems  weak,  2  to  4  inches  high,  from  very  slender 
running  rootstocks  :  leaves  rounded  or  obovate,  1  to  3  lines  long  :  flowers  on  rather  long  pedicels, 
in  small  cymes,  3  lines  long,  yellow  :  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice  longer  than  the  acute 
sepals  and  little  exceeding  the  stamens  and  styles.  — In  the  mountains  of  Northern  Nevada  and 
Utah  ( IVatson,  Hayden),  and  probably  of  Northeastern  Calitbrnia  ;  first  collected  by  Tolmie. 

-f-  -f-  Leaves  broadest  at  base,  acute. 

5.  S.  Stenopetalum,  Pursh,  Stems  erect  or  ascending  from  a  branched  per- 
ennial rootstock,  3  to  (i  inches  high,  simple  or  sometimes  branched  :  leaves  narrowly- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  2  to  4  lines  long  or  more  :  flowers  bright  yellow,  nearly  sessile,  3 
to  5  lines  long  :  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice  longer  than  the  acuminate  se- 
pals, and  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stamens  and  elongated  styles.  —  Torr.  &  Grav, 
Fl.  i.  560;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  101. 

Frequent  from  Oregon  and  Nevada  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  doubtless  to  be  found  in  North- 
eastern California. 

6.  S.  variegatum,  Watson.  Probably  perennial  with  a  subterranean  rootstock, 
dwarf,  the  slender  simple  stems  only  2  inches  high  :  leaves  purplish,  ovate-oblong, 
2  lines  long  or  less  :  flowers  3  to  6,  in  a  contracted  cyme,  nearly  sessile :  petals 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  2  lines  long,  yellow  veined  with  purple,  twice  longer  than 
the  purple  ovate  acute  sepals  and  a  little  exceeding  the  stamens  and  styles.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  137. 

Near  San  Diego,  D.  Cleveland,  1875. 

7.  S.  Douglasii,  Hook.  Branching  at  base,  from  a  stout  proliferous  rootstock, 
the  rather  stout  stems  3  or  4  inches  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowermost  linear- 
subulate,  acute,  membranaceous  when  dry,  3  to  6  lines  long  :  flowers  sometimes 
polygamous,  yellow,  sessile,  in  an  open  cyme  :  petals  2  or  3  lines  long,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  twice  longer  than  the  acuminate  sepals  and  exceeding  the  stamens  :  folli- 
cles at  length  divaricately  spreading  from  their  united  bases.  —  Fl.  i.  228  ;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  559. 

Mendocino  Co.  {Bolander)  ;  among  limestone  rocks  on  Gavilan  Peak  {Brewer)  ;  and  northward 
to  Oregon.  Remarkable  for  its  divergent  follicles.  It  is  described  as  an  annual,  but  may  per- 
haps be  more  persistent. 

8.  S.  pumilum,  Benth.  Annual,  slender,  branching  or  simple,  1  to  3  inches 
high  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  a  line  or  two  long  :  flowers  sessile  in  sparingly  branched 
cymes,  yellow  :  calyx-lobes  very  small,  triangular,  acute  :  petals  linear,  acute,  1|  lines 
long,  exceeding  the  stamens  and  styles  :  follicles  short,  1-seeded  ;  the  seed  erect, 
filling  the  cavity.  —PI.  Hartw.  310. 

On  gravelly  soil  in  the  Sacramento  Valley  {Hartwcg)  ;  at  Placerville  {Rattan)  ;  Table  Moun- 
tain {Mrs.  Ames)  ;  Oregon,  Nuttall.  It  was  also  collected  by  Fremont.  Peculiar  in  its  minute 
calyx  and  solitary  seeds. 

3.  COTYLEDON,  Linn. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  united  into  a  5-lobed  pitcher-shaped  or  cylindrical  corolla. 
Stamens  10,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube.  Carpels  distinct,  or  rarely  united  at  base, 
many-seeded,  beaked  by  the  subulate  styles. — Herbs,  or  soft- woody  at  base,  ours 
stout  perennials ;  leaves  very  thick  and  fleshy,  entire,  the  lower  rosulate ;  flowers 
often  large  and  showy,  mostly  scarlet  and  yellow,  in  our  species  scorpioid-cymose 
or  in  long  racemes.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  i.  659  ;  Baker,  Eefug.  Bot.  i. 
(February,   1869).     Echeveria,  DC.  Prodr.   iii.   401. 

About  60  species,  belonging  to  the  dry  or  hot  regions  of  the  Old  World  and  North  America. 
The  Mexican  species  number  25  or  30,  and  there  is  also  another  in  New  Mexico  near  the  boundary. 


Cotyledon.  CRASSULACE^.  211 

besides  those  of  California,  which  are  stift  imperfectly  knoAvn.  These  American  forms  belong  to 
the  genus  EcJievcria,  DC.  (now  merged  in  Cotyledon),  distinguished  by  the  larger  often  foliaceous 
calyx,  and  the  terete  or  sulcate  pitcher-shaped  corolla  more  deeply  parted. 

*   Leaves  terete :  petals  yellowish,  spreading :  carpels  divergent  above  the  united  base. 

1.  C.  edulis,  Brewer.  Glaucous,  nearly  acaulesceut,  the  stem  very  short,  thick, 
and  covered  with  the  bases  of  dead  leaves  :  rosulate  leaves  numerous,  terete  or 
somewhat  triangular,  acute,  dilated  at  base,  the  outer  ones  3  to  5  inches  long  : 
flowering  stems  a  foot  high  or  more,  with  similar  scattered  leaves  an  inch  or  two 
long,  the  upper  and  floral  ones  very  small :  inflorescence  paniculate,  the  scattered 
spreading  branches  2  to  6  inches  long :  flowers  nearly  sessile  :  sepals  ovate,  acutish, 
1^  to  2  lines  long  :  petals  united  at  base,  narrowly  oblong,  3  or  4  lines  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  widely  spreading  :  carpels  ovate-oblong,  united  above  the  base,  divergent 
above,  3  lines  long  :  seeds  rather  few,  linear-oblong,  very  acute  at  both  ends,  half  a 
line  long.  — Sedum  edule,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  560. 

On  dry  banks  near  the  sea  at  San  Diego,  Nuttall,  Parry,  Cooper,  &c.  The  young  leaves  are 
eaten  by  the  Indians.     A  very  peculiar  species. 

*  *  Leaves  flattened :  carpels  nearly  distinct,  erect. 

•4-  Petals  tinited  to  the  middle,  red :  carpels  linear  :  pedicels  mostly  horizontal. 

2.  C.  pulvenilenta,  Benth.  &  Hook.  More  or  less  white-pulverulent  through- 
out :  stem  short  and  very  stout :  leaves  rather  thin  and  flaccid,  in  a  flattened  rosette 
often  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter,  broadly  spatulate  and  very  abruptly  acute,  becom- 
ing 2  to  4  inches  broad  and  at  length  glabmte,  the  younger  leaves  very  mealy  and 
more  gradually  acuminate  :  flowering  stems  IJ  feet  high  or  more,  stout,  with  very 
broadly  cordate  often  approximate  acute  leaves,  or  the  lower  ovate  and  acuminate ; 
floral  bracts  small :  inflorescence  of  2  to  6  elongated  ascending  simple  racemes,  usually 
6  to  1 2  inches  long ;  pedicels  mostl}^  horizontal,  slender,  3  to  8  lines  long :  flowers 
erect  or  ascending :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  corolla  narrow,  sul- 
cate, red  ("  pale-scarlet  or  coral-color  ") ;  lobes  oblong,  acute  :  carpels  6  lines  long  : 
seeds  very  numerous,  smaller  than  in  the  last.  —  Echeveria  pulverulenta,  Nutt.  in 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  560. 

Frefiuent  in  rocky  ravines  from  the  Sierra  Santa  Monica  (Breioer)  southward  to  San  Diego, 
NiUtall,  Cleveland,  Palmer.  Eaten  by  the  Indians.  The  figure  of  C.  piUverulenta,  Baker,  1.  c, 
t.  66,  cannot  be  cited  as  a  representation  of  the  typical  form  of  the  species.  It  is  uncertain  to 
what  it  should  be  referred.  The  Echeveria  pulverulenta  and  E.  lanccolata  of  Bot.  Mex.  Bound., 
from  the  Corinados  Islands  near  San  Diego  (Thurber),  are  not  satisfactorilj^  determinable. 

-i~  +-  Petals  united  only  near  the  base,  yellow  more  or  less  tinged  with  red :  carpels 
ovate-  to  linear-oblong  :  pedicels  ascending. 

3.  C.  lanceolata,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Glaucous,  the  leaves  more  or  less  densely 
white-puberulent :  stem  very  short,  more  slender  than  in  the  last :  rosulate  leaves 
less  spreading,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  outer  ones  2  to  4  inches 
long  :  flowering  branches  15  inches  high  or  more,  slender,  the  lower  leaves  lanceo- 
late, becoming  above  broadly  triangular-ovate,  clasping,  acute ;  the  floral  bracts 
much  shorter  than  tlie  pedicels  :  inflorescence  in  a  compound  cyme  or  often  of  2  or 
3  short  simple  racemes  ;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long  :  sepals  triangular-ovate,  acute,  2 
lines  long :  petals  oblong,  acute,  4  to  6  lines  long,  erect,  reddish-yellow :  carpels 
linear-oblong,  5  lines  long  including  the  style  :  seeds  oblong,  acutish  at  each  end, 
a  third  of  a  line  long.  —  Eclieveria  lanceolata,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl,  i.  561  ; 
Torrey,  Bot.  ^lex.  Bound,  t.  24. 

Southern  California,  near  the  sea;  San  Diego,  Nuttall,  Parry,  Cleveland,  Pahncr. 

4.  C.  farinosa,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Acaulescent,  more  or  less  mealy-pulverulent : 
rosulate  leaves  rather  flaccid,  ascending,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  larger  ones  2  to 


212  DKOSERACE^.  'If  Cotyledon. 

4  inches  long,  very  acute  :  flowering  branches  a  span  liigh  or  often  less,  with  scat- 
tered broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate  clasping  leaves  :  inflorescence  a  rather  close  and 
short  compound  cyme ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  rather  large ;  pedicels  stout,  1  to  3 
lines  long  :  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  about  3  lines  long  :  petals  yellow,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  4  to  6  lines  long  :  carpels  ovate-oblong,  about  3  lines 
long.  —  Baker,  1.  c,  t.  71.     Echeveria  farinosa,  Lindl.  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  iv.  292. 

Mt.  Cai-mel  (Hartweg)  ;  Pacheeo's  Peak  (Brewer)  ;  Knight's  Ferry,  Bigelow.  It  probably  also 
includes  a  more  northern  form  with  longer  pedicels,  collected  on  the  upper  tiibutaries  of  the 
Sacramento  {Fremont),  at  Sonoma  {Bigelow),  and  also  by  Bridges.  It  seems  to  be  a  variable 
species,  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  more  lanceolate  and  narrowly  acute  less  farinose  leaves, 
shorter  flowering  branches,  longer  sepals,  and  shorter  carpels.  A  cultivated  specimen  at  Cambridge 
has  very  large  bi-acts,  much  exceeding  the  pedicels. 

5.  C<  csespitosa,  Haworth.  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  glabrous  :  rosulate  leaves 
"  glaucous-green,"  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the  larger  1 1  to  3  inches 
long;  flowering  branches  6  to  12  inches  high,  with  broadly  triangular- ovate  clasp- 
ing leaves  :  inflorescence  a  short  and  rather  close  compound  cyme  ;  bracts  broad  and 
rather  large;  pedicels  short  and  stout:  sepals  ovate,  2  lines  long  or  less:  petals 
yellow,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  4  or  5  lines  long  :  carpels  ovate-oblong,  nearly  3 
lines  long.  —  Misc.  K^at.  180;  DC.  Ear.  PI.  Genev.  50,  t.  14;  Baker,  1.  c,  t.  69. 
Sediim  Cotyledon,  Jacq.  Eclog.  i.  t.  17  ;  Eeichenb.  Hort.  Bot.  ii.  10,  t.  125. 

Near  San  Francisco  and  northward,  first  collected  by  Menzies  and  cultivated  at  the  Kew  Gar- 
dens in  1796  ;  near  Clear  Lake  {Torrey)  ;  also  from  Gibbons  and  Pickering. 

6.  C.  laza,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Nearly  acaulescent,  very  glaucous  :  rosulate  leaves 
lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate,  the  larger  3  or  4  inches  long  or  more  :  flowering 
branches  a  foot  or  two  high,  slender,  with  scattered  leaves,  the  lower  usually  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  the  upper  shorter  and  broader :  inflorescence  of  2  to  4  simple 
secund  racemes  3  to  5  inches  long ;  floral  bracts  small ;  pedicels  2  or  3  lines  long  : 
sepals  ovate,  acute,  2  lines  long  or  more  :  petals  yellow,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  5  to  7  lines  long  :  carpels  ovate-oblong,  4  lines  long.  —  Echeveria  laxa, 
Lindl.  in  Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  iv.  292.     Cotyledon  Californica,  Baker,  1.  c,  t.  70. 

Near  Monterey  {Hartweg) ;  Cajon  Pass  {Bigelow) ;  on  dry  rocks  in  the  Gavilan  Range  {Brewer) ; 
Ft.  Tejon  {Xantxis)  ;  rocky  hills  back  of  Santa  Barbara,  Uothrock.  Some  of  the  latter  specimens 
have  reddish  flowers,  and  the  mature  carpels  are  linear-oblong. 

7.  C.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  Acaulescent,  glaucous  :  rosulate  leaves  obovate  to 
oblanceolate,  somewhat  rhomboidal,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  larger  2  to  4  inches 
long:  flowering  branches  6  to  10  inches  high,  with  scattered  lanceolate  to  broadly 
triangular  acute  leaves  :  inflorescence  a  rather  close  spreading  compound  cyme ; 
bracts  small ;  pedicels  3  to  9  lines  long  :  sepals  ovate,  acute,  2  lines  long  or  less  : 
petals  lanceolate,  acute,  5  lines  long,  yellow  tinged  with  red  :  carpels  very  short, 
ovate-oblong,  3  lines  long  in  fruit. 

Hillsides  and  rocky  places,  Sonora  {Bigelow) ;  Yosemite  Valley,  Torrey,  Gray. 


Order  XXXVI.    DROSERACE^. 

Herbs,  growing  in  bogs,  or  rarely  aquatic,  most  resembling  Saxifragere  in  habit 

and  structure,  and  seemingly  somewhat  connected  with  that  tribe  through  Parnassia, 

but  with  petals  and  stamens  hypogynous  or  nearly  so,  anthers  commonly  extrorse, 

and  the  leaves  provided  with  secreting  glands  of  some  kind,  which  appear  to  be  in 

some  way  subservient  to  the  capture  of  insects. 

A  small  order  of  five  very  small  and  local  genera  and  one  rather  large  and  widely  diffused  one  : 
represented  in  N.  America  only  by  the  wonderful  IHmicea,  or  Veuus's  Fly-trap,  of  North  Caj-o- 
lina,  and  by  a  few  species  of  the  principal  genus,  Drosera. 


Drosera.  LYTHRACE.E.  213 

1.  DHOSEBA,  Linn.        Sundew. 

Calyx  5-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  5,  mostly  convolute  in 
the  bud,  Avithering-persistent.  Stamens  5.  Styles  mostly  3,  and  each  2-parted,  so 
as  to  appear  as  6  filiform  or  somewhat  clavate  ones,  stigmatose  down  the  inner  side. 
Capsule  oblong,  1 -celled  with  3  parietal  placenta?,  3-valved  from  the  top,  a  placenta 
on  the  middle  of  each  valve.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  small,  anatropous,  with  a 
small  embryo  at  the  base  or  in  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  Low  perennials  or 
biennials,  of  brownish  or  reddish  rather  than  green  hue ;  the  herbage  beset  with 
bristle-stalked  glands  which  secrete  a  drop  of  clear  and  glairy  liquid ;  stipules  a  vil- 
lous fringe  at  the  base  of  the  petiole ;  leaves  inrolled  from  the  apex  or  the  blade 
inflexed  in  the  bud,  in  ours  all  crowded  in  a  rosulate  tuft  at  the  base  of  a  naked 
scape,  which  bears  a  unilateral  scorpioid  (apparent)  raceme  or  spike ;  but  the  flowers 
are  not  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts.  Flowers  generally  (in  ours)  white,  each  one  open- 
ing in  the  morning  for  a  single  day. 

Of  the  100  species,  or  thereabout,  only  six  or  seven  are  North  American,  and  half  of  these  are 
also  European,  two  of  them  oecuniug  rarely  in  California.  The  greater  number  are  S.  Australian. 
All  at  le;ist  of  the  common  species  are  insectivorous.  For  an  account  of  their  remarkable  habits 
and  structure  see  Darwin,  Insectivorous  Plants,  1875. 

1.  D.  rotandifolia,  Linn.  Leaves  spreading  ;  the  blade  rounded,  2  to  6  lines 
in  diameter,  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  slender  hairy  or  naked  petiole  :  scape  3  to 
6  inches  high,  few-flowered  :  petals  oblong,  2  lines  long,  a  little  exceeding  the 
oblong  sepals  :  styles  very  short  :  capsule  included  in  the  calyx  :  seeds  linear,  with 
a  loose  coat. 

In  cold  swamps  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Brcicer,  Bolander,  Lemmon)  ;  Mendocino  Co.  {Bolander)  ; 
and  northward  to  the  Arctic  circle.  On  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent  it  ranges  southward  to 
Florida ;  it  is  also  found  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  D.  Anglica,  Hudson.  Leaves  ascending,  cuneate-oblong,  attenuate  into  the 
slender  naked  petiole  :  scape  3  to  6  inches  high,  sometimes  forked  at  the  top,  few- 
flowered  :  petals  linear-oblanceolate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the 
oblong  sepals  :  capsule  exceeding  the  calyx  :  seeds  linear,  with  a  loose  coat. 

Sien-a  County,  Lemmon.  Common  in  Europe  and  Siberia,  but  rarely  collected  in  North 
America,  being  reported  only  from  the  Northwest  Coast  (Mciizies),  British  America  (Richardson), 
and  Newfoundland.  The  more  frequent  D.  intermedia,  Hayne  (the  D.  longifolia  of  authors  and  at 
least  in  part  of  Linnaeus),  is  distinguished  by  the  close  rough  seed-coat,  rather  smaller  flowers,  &c. 


Order  XXXVII.    LYTHRACE^. 

Herbs  (or  in  warm  countries  sometimes  shrubs  or  trees),  with  simple  and  entire 
leaves,  calyx  tubular  or  campanulate  and  free  from  the  ovary  and  capsule  but  en- 
closing it,  the  petals  (often  wanting)  and  definite  stamens  borne  in  its  throat,  a 
single  style,  numerous  small  anatropous  seeds  on  a  central  placenta,  and  no  albumen. 
Capsule  generally  becoming  one-celled  by  the  vanishing  of  thin  partitions.  No 
stipules,  and  no  translucent  dots  in  the  leaves.  Distinguished  from  the  two  follow- 
ing orders  by  the  free  ovary,  from  the  first  of  them  also  by  the  numerous  seeds. 

An  order  of  little  consequence  and  feeble  representation  in  temperate  regions,  especially  in  N. 
America,  the  plants  being  mostly  inert  weeds.  Several  Mexican  and  S.  American  sj^ecies  of  Cu- 
phea  are  cultivated  for  ornament  ;  also  the  beautiful  Crape-Myrtle,  Lagerstroemia  Indica,  which  is 
planted  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  and  which  would  flourish  in  a  large  part  of  California- 
Punica  granaium,  the  Pomegi'anate,  has  recently  been  referred  to  this  order,  instead  of  Myrtacece, 
but  its  characters  do  not  accord  with  either. 


214  HALORAGEiE.  *      Ammanma. 

1.  Ammannia.    Calyx  barely  4-angled,  short.     Stamens  4  or  8.     Capsule  globular.     Leaves 

op])osite. 

2.  Lythrum.     Calyx  striate,  cylindrical.     Petals  commonly  6  (4  to  7),  and  stamens  as  many  or 

sometimes  twice  as  many.     Capsule  oblong  or  cylindraceous. 

1.   AMMANNIA,  Houston. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  short-tubular,  usually  4-angled,  4-tootlied,  and  with  as 
many  intermediate  small  tooth-like  processes.  Petals  ^s  many,  small  and  fugacious, 
or  none.  Stamens  usually  4.  Capsule  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  nearly  globular, 
mostly  4-celled.  —  Low  and  smooth  annuals ;  stems  4-angled ;  leaves  opposite,  ses- 
sile j  flowers  small,  axillary. 

A  genus  of  about  30  species,  inhabiting  swamps  and  wet  places.  Only  4  species  are  found  in 
the  United  States,  of  which  the  following  is  of  wide  range. 

1.  A.  latifolia,  Linn.  Stems  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  a  feAv  spreading 
branches  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches  long,  with  a  broad  auricled  base, 
acute  :  flowers  1  to  5  in  each  axil,  mostly  closely  sessile  :  calyx  oblong,  1  h  lines 
long,  becoming  2  lines  in  diameter  in  fruit :  stamens  sometimes  8  :  style  variable  in 
length,  as  well  as  the  hlaments. 

Banks  of  Cache  Creek  {Bolander)  ;  Carson  Valley,  Nevada  ( Watson)  ;  on  the  Lower  Colo- 
rado {Bl(ikc) ;  on  Milk  liiver,  N.  Montana  (Sucklcy) ;  also  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  the 
West  Indies  and  Brazil. 

2.  LYTHRUM,  Linn.        Loosestrife. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  4  —  7-toothed,  with  as  many  intermediate  tooth-like 

processes.     Petals  4  to  7,  oblong-obovate,  often  conspicuous  and  sometimes  unequal. 

Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many.     Capsule  oblong,   2-celled.  —  Erect  slender 

herbs  (rarely  woody  at  base) ;   stems  angled ;  leaves   linear-oblong   or  lanceolate, 

alternate,  opposite,  or  rarely  Avhorled;  flowers  axillary,  mostly  solitary. 

A  small  genus,  widely  distributed  over  the  world.  Four  or  five  species  are  found  in  the  United 
States,  one  of  which  is  polymorphous  and  extends  across  the  continent. 

1.  L.  alatuxn,  Pursh.  Biennial  or  perennial,  herbaceous,  with  straight  virgate 
branches,  a  foot  or  two  high,  glabrous ;  the  stems  angled  and  naiTowly  margined  : 
leaves  oblong-ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  an  inch  long  or  less,  the 
upper  scarcely  exceeding  the  flowers  ;  the  lowest  opposite,  the  rest  usually  scattered  : 
flowers  solitary,  sessile  or  shortly  pedicelled  :  calyx  about  3  lines  long,  deeply  fur- 
rowed, the  teeth  usually  little  exceeding  the  intermediate  processes  :  petals  6,  deep 
purple,  2  lines  long  :  stamens  6  :  capsrde  narrow,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Var.  linearifolium,  Gray.  Leaves  linear,  the  lower  cauline  ones  only  some- 
times lanceolate.  —  PI.  Lindh.  ii.  188.  L.  Calif ornicum,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  482. 
L.  lineare,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  343,  not  Linn. 

The  variety  only  has  been  found  in  California,  from  Napa  Valley  to  San  Diego,  and  ranging 
eastward  to  New  Mexico.  The  species  is  very  variable,  and  extends  from  the  northern  Atlantic 
States  to  Mexico. 

Order  XXXVIIL    HALORAGE^. 

Aquatic  herbs  (as  to  the  N.  American  representatives),  with  inconspicuous  and 
often  apetalous  flowers  sessile  in  the  axil  of  leaves  or  bracts,  calyx  adnate  to  the 
ovary  in  the  fertile  ones,  and  its  limb  then  short  and  almost  entire  or  obsolete ;  the 
fruit  indehiscent  and  nut-like,  1  -  4-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  seed  suspended 
from  the  summit  of  each  cell  ;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen,  its  cotyledons 


Myriophyllum.  HALORAGE^.  215 

small  and  short ;  styles  or  sessife  stigmas  2  to  4  and  distinct,  or  in  Hippuris  only- 
one  and  simple. 

All  the  highly  developed  representatives  of  this  small  order  are  in  the  southern  hemisphere 
(except  one  in  the  Sandwich  Islands)  :  such  as  we  have  are  much  more  numerous  in  the  Atlantic 
than  in  the  Pacific  States. 

Callitriche  as  well  as  Ceratophyllum  is  referred  to  the  Apetalce. 

1.  Hippuris.      Leaves  linear,  in  whorls  of  8  or  12.      Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  entire.     Petals 

none.     Stamen  and  cell  of  the  ovary  one. 

2.  Myriophyllum.     Immersed  leaves  pinnately  dissected.     Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours. 

1.   HIPPUBIS,  Linn.        Mare's  Tail. 

Flowers  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamous.    Calyx-tube  globular ;  the  limb  entire. 

Petals  none.     Stamen  1  ;  filament  subulate ;  anther  large.     Ovary  1 -celled  :  style 

becoming  filiform  and  elongated,  stigmatic  tlie  whole  length.     Fruit  oblong-ovoid, 

nut-like.  —  Smooth  aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  erect  simple  leafy  stems  ;  leaves 

linear  or  oblong,  entire,  in  whorls  of  4  to  12;  flowers  minute,  solitary  and  sessile  in 

the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Only  two  species  are  known,  or  perhaps  only  one,  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  colder 
regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  also  in  the  southern. 

1.  H.  vulgaris,  Linn.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  rather  stout :  leaves  acute, 
usually  a  half  to  an  inch  long  but  often  much  longer,  especially  the  submerged 
ones  :  calyx  hardly  half  a  line  long :  style  and  stamen  comparatively  conspicuous, 
persistent :  fruit  nearly  a  line  long. 

In  shallow  ponds  ;  Tomales  Bay  (Bigclow,  Bolander)  ;  Soda  Springs,  near  Mono  Pass,  at  8,600 
feet  altitude,  Brerver,  Bolander.  Throughout  the  nortliern  part  of  the  continent  (as  well  as  of  the 
Old  World),  and  southward  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  as  far  as  New  Mexico. 

2.  MYRIOPHYLLUM,  Linn.        Water-Milfoil. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous.     Limb  of  the  calyx  4-lobed  in  the  sterile 

flowers,  wanting  or  minutely  toothed  in  others.     Petals  2  to  4,  minute  or  wanting 

in  pistillate  flowers.     Stamens  2  to  8  ;  filaments  filiform.     Ovary  4-celled  :  stigmas 

4,  recurved  and  plumose.     Fruit  nutlike,  deeply  4-lobed  longitudinally.  —  Smooth 

aquatic  perennial  leafy  herbs ;  leaves  mostly  verticillate  or  opposite,  tlie  submersed 

ones  pinnately  parted  with  capillary  segments  ;  flowers  small,  solitary  and  mostly 

sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  reduced  upper  leaves,  the  upper  ones  usually  staminate, 

the  lower  pistillate,  and  the  intermediate  ones  perfect. 

A  genus  of  about  15  species,  distributed  over  nearly  the  whole  globe,  one  half  of  the  number 
being  found  within  the  United  States. 

1.  M.  spicatum,  Linn.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  all  below  the  inflorescence 
pinnately  parted  ;  the  filiform  segments  often  an  inch  long :  flowers  in  an  inter- 
rupted spike :  bracts  ovate,  entire  or  toothed,  usually  shorter  than  the  flowers  : 
petals  ovate,  greenish  white,  nearly  a  line  long,  deciduous  :  stamens  8  :  fruit  sub- 
globose,  deeply  lobed  ;  the  rounded  carpels  smooth,  a  line  long. 

Collected  in  California  (^Kellogg),  but  locality  not  given  ;  Wasliington  Territory  {LyalT),  north- 
ward to  Alaska  and  eastward  across  the  continent.  Also  in  FAirope  and  Asia.  The  very  similar 
M.  vcrlicillatiim,  Linn.,  is  distinguished  by  the  larger  and  pectinately  pinnatifid  floral  bracts. 

2.  M.  hippuroides,  Xutt.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  the  lower  pinnate  and 
capillary ;  upper  leaves  linear,  acute,  acutely  and  rather  remotely  toothed,  3  to  5 
lines  long,  the  uppermost  nearly  entire:  petals  white,  obovate,  somewhat  persistent: 


216  ONAGKACE^.  * 

stamens  4  :  carpels  nearly  smooth,  less  rounded, — Ton,  &  Gray,  Fl,  i.  530,     M. 
scabratum,  Cham,  &  Schlecht,  in  Linntea,  iv,  506,  not  of  Michx. 

Collected  m  Oregon  (Nutlall,  Hall),  and  reported  as  from  near  San  Francisco,  without  fruit, 
Chamisso. 


Order  XXXIX.    ONAGRACE^. 

Herbs  (or  in  warmer  regions  one  or  two  genera  of  "^irubs),  with  perfect  symmeti- 

rical  flowers,  the  parts  of  which  are  most  commonly  in  fours,  the  calyx-tube  adnate 

to  the  ovary  and  its  (often  colored)  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  petals  borne  on  its 

throat  or  at  the  sinuses  and  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  cells  of  the  ovary  usually 

of  the  same  number,  and  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many.     Style  always 

single :  stigma  of  as  many  lobes  as  cells  to  the  ovary,  or  capitate.    Seeds  anatropous, 

filled  by  the  embryo :  no  albumen.     Leaves  simple,  but  sometimes  lobed  or  divided, 

either  alternate  or  opposite  :  no  stipules.     Flowers  often  showy. 

An  order  of  over  300  species,  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  but  for  the  larger  part  Ameri- 
can, especially  N.  American  and  Mexican,  inert,  and  of  no  economical  importance  except  in  orna- 
mental cultivation,  and  that  the  large  fleshy  seeds  of  Trapa  or  Water  Caltrops  in  the  Old  World 
are  eaten  as  nuts. 

Fuchsia,  Linn.,  the  principal  shrubby  or  arborescent  genus,  of  the  Mexican  and  S.  American 
Andes,  well  marked  by  the  brightly  colored  calyx,  long  and  straight  stamens  and  style,  opposite 
leaves,  and  a  berry  for  fruit,  is  too  familiar  in  ornamental  cultivation  to  be  overlooked, 

Tkibe  I,     JUSSIEiE,     Limb  of  the  calyx  divided  quite  down  to  the  ovary,  and  persistent  on 
the  many-seeded  capsule.     Seeds  naked. 

1.  Jussiaea.     Petals  4  to  6.     Stamens  twice  as  many.     Capsule  elongated, 

2.  Ludwigia.     Petals  4  or  none.     Stamens  4.     Capsule  short. 

Tribe  II.  ONAGRE^E.  Limb,  with  the  free  tube  of  the  calyx  when  there  is  any,  deciduous 
from  the  ovary  or  capsule  ;  the  latter  loculicidal,  many-seeded,  or  the  cells  rarely  only 
several-seeded.     Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours. 

*  Seeds  comose  at  the  apex  :  stamens  8  :  lower  leaves  often  opposite, 

3.  Zauschneria,     Calyx-tube  continued  much  beyond  the  ovary,  funnelform. 

4.  Epilobium.     Calyx  4-parted  nearly  down  to  the  ovary,  or  with  a  short  and  campanulate 

tube  beyond  it. 

*  ♦  Seeds  naked  (not  comose)  :  leaves  all  alternate. 

+■  Anthers  attached  near  the  middle  and  versatile :  i)etals  generally  yellow  or  white  or  sometimes 

changing  to  rose-color. 

5.  Gayophytum.     Calyx-tube  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary  ;  this  and  the  membranaceous 

capsule  only  2-celled.     The  stamens  opposite  the  petals  usually  sterile.     Slender  and 
very  small-flowered  annuals. 

6.  Eulobus.      Calyx-tube  hardly  at  all  produced  beyond  the  ovary.      Stamens  opposite  the 

petals  shorter  and  with  rounded   anthers.       Capsule  long-linear,   straight,   refracted. 
Annual. 

7.  CEnothera.     Calyx  produced  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  linear  or  obconical  tube.     Anthers  all 

uniform.     Petals  without  claws, 

-J-  -f-  Anthers  attached  at  or  near  the  base,  remaining  erect ;   those  opposite  the  petals  much 
shorter,  or  sterile,  or  rarely  wanting  :  petals  never  yellow  :  annuals. 

8.  Godetia.     Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical  ;  its  lobes  reflexed.     Petals  sessile,  entire, 

rarely  2-lobed.     Capsule  coriaceous.     Seeds  numerous,  angled  or  margined. 

9.  Clarkia.     Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical  ;    its  lobes  reflexed.      Petals  with  claws, 

either  lobed  or  entire  :  the  stamens  opposite  them  often  sterile.     Capsule  coriaceous. 

10.  Eucharidium,    Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  filifonn  ;  the  lobes  reflexed.    Petals  with  claws, 

lobed  ;  the  stamens  opposite  them  wanting.     Capsule  coriaceous. 

11.  Boisduvalia.    Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical ;  its  lobes  erect.    Petals  sessile,  2-lobed, 

Capsule  membranaceous  ;  the  cells  few-seeded.     Seeds  smooth. 


Zauschneria.  ONAGRACE^.  217 

Tribe  III.     GAUEINE^.     Limb  or  produced  tube  of  the  calyx  deciduous  from  the  diy  and 
indehiscent  1  -  4-seeded  fruit.    Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours  or  rarely  tlirees.    Leaves  alternate. 

12.  Gaura.     Stamens  8,  all  perfect :  anthers  attached  by  the  middle,  versatile. 

13.  Heterogaura.     Fertile  stamens  4,  with  anthers  attached  at  the  base  :  sterile  stamens  before 

the  petals  4. 

Tribe  IV.     CIRC^Ei^E.     Limb  of  the  calyx  deciduous  from  the  indehiscent  bur-like  1-2- 
seeded  fruit.     Parts  of  the  flowers  in  twos  throughout.     Leaves  opposite. 

14.  Circaea.    The  only  genus. 

1.  JUSSI-ffilA,  Linn. 

Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  above  the  elongated  oA^ary,  the  4  to  6  herbaceous  lobes 
persistent.  Petals  as  many,  obovate,  spreading,  yellow.  Stamens  8  to  12.  Ovary 
4  -  6-celled  :  style  simjjle  :  stigma  capitate,  4  -  6-grooved.  Capsule  clavate,  4-6- 
valved,  dehiscing  septicidally,  or  somewhat  irregularly  between  the  ribs,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  in  several  rows  in  each  cell  (or  in  one  row  in  the  following  species, 
and  surrounded  by  a  thick  epicarp),  naked. — Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs;  leaves  entire, 
alternate,  with  very  small  stipules ;  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  usually  on  2-bracteo- 
late  pedicels. 

Species  about  40,  belonging  mostly  to  Tropical  America. 

1.  J.  repens,  Linn.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  puberulent :  stems  creeping  and 
rooting  at  base,  1  or  2  feet  long,  the  branches  ascending  :  leaves  oblanceolate  or 
elliptical,  1  to  3  inches  long,  rather  obtuse,  tapering  below  into  a  long  slender  peti- 
ole :  flowers  nearly  an  inch  broad  :  style  stout,  hairy  :  capsule  1  to  1|  inches  long, 
nearly  terete,  \^  lines  broad  :  pedicels  1  to  2  inches  long,  bracted  :  seeds  in  one 
row,  covered  by  a  thick  white  spongy  adherent  epicarp. 

Var.  Californica,  Watson.  Flowers  smaller,  6  to  8  lines  broad  :  style  slender, 
glabrous  :  capsule  smaller,  8  to  10  lines  long,  2  lines  broad  :  pedicels  shorter,  4 
to  6  lines  long  :  seeds  slightly  larger. 

Cedar  Lake,  Cache  Creek  (Bolander)  ;  Northern  Sonora  (Coulter,  Thurher)  ^  the  variety  only, 
which  is  probably  to  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  species.  Forms  of  the  Linnean  species  are  of  wide 
range  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent  and  also  occur  in  the  East  Indies. 

2.  LUDWIGIA,  Linn. 

Calyx-tube  not  produced  beyond  the  short  ovary,  the  4  lobes  usually  persistent. 
Petals  4,  often  small  or  wanting.  Stamens  4  ;  filaments  short.  Capsule  short  or 
cylindrical,  many-seeded,  4-valved,  dehiscent  septicidally  or  by  openings  at  the  sum- 
mit. Seeds  minute.  —  Aquatic  or  marsh  perennials  ;  leaves  entire  (opposite  in  our 
species)  ;  flowers  axillary,  mostly  solitary  and  sessile. 

About  20  species,  mostly  North  American,  a  few  belonging  to  the  Old  World.  A  single  species 
is  native  to  the  Western  Coast,  of  rare  occurrence. 

1.  L.  palustris,  Ell.  Smooth,  creeping  or  floating:  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate 
or  oval,  ^  to  1  inch  long,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole,  acute  :  flowers  solitary,  sessile : 
petals  none  or  short  and  reddish  :  capsule  short-oblong,  2  lines  long  or  less,  some- 
what 4-angled. 

Sierra  Co.  (Lemmon)  ;  Oregon  (Douglas,  Hall)  ;  and  on  the  Atlantic  side  from  the  Saskatcha- 
wan  and  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  :  also  in  Europe. 

3.   ZAUSCHNERIA,  Presl. 
Tube  of  the  calyx  funnelform  and  deeply  colored  above  the  ovary,  with  a  small 
globose  base  and  a  4-lobed  limb,  deciduous,  appendaged  within  with  8  small  scales, 


218  ONAGRACE^.  '•    Zauschneria. 

4  erect  and  4  deflexed.  Petals  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  and  rather 
shorter  than  its  lobes,  ohcordate  or  2-cleft,  scarlet.  Stamens  8,  exserted ;  the  fila- 
ments opposite  to  the  petals  shorter ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  attached  by  the  middle. 
Ovary  4-ceIled  :  style  long  and  exserted  :  stigma  capitate  or  peltate,  4-lobed.  Cap- 
sule linear,  obtusely  4-angled,  4-valved  and  imperfectly  4-celled,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  oblong,  "vvith  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  apex.  — Low  decumbent  perennial,  some- 
what woody  at  base ;  leaves  sessile  (the  lower  oppositt>) ;  the  large  scarlet  Fuchsia- 
like  flowers  in  a  loose  spike.     A  single  variable  species. 

1.  Z.  Californica,  Presl.  More  or  less  villous  and  often  tomentose,  much 
branched,  the  ascending  or  decumbent  stems  a  foot  or  two  long  :  leaves  narrowly 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  |  to  1|^  inches  long,  acute,  entire  or  denticulate:  flowers  10  to 
1 6  lines  long  above  the  ovary ;  the  calyx-lobes  4  lines  long  :  capsule  attenuate  to 
the  slender  base,  i  to  1  inch  long,  sometimes  shortly  pedicellate.  —  Eel.  Haenk.  ii. 
28,  t.  52 ;  Bot.  ]\Iag.  t.  4493.     Z.  Mexicana,  Presl,  1.  c,  ii.  29. 

Var.  microphylla,  Gray  in  herb.  Pubescence  tomentose,  scarcely  or  not  at  all 
villous :  leaves  linear,  often  very  small  (3  to  4  lines  long),  fascicled  in  the  axils. 

In  dry  localities  from  Napa  and  Plumas  counties  to  S.  California  and  Northern  Mexico,  and 
eastward  of  the  Great  Basin  from  N.  W.  Wyoming  {Parry)  to  the  Wahsatch  ( Watson)  and  New 
Mexico  ( Wright)  ;  the  variety  in  S.  Califoniia.  Very  variable  in  its  foliage  and  pubescence,  and 
in  its  Howers,  which  are  broadly  or  narrowly  fimnelform,  more  or  less  deeply  colored,  and  with 
the  style  and  stamens  more  or  less  exserted. 

4.   EPILOBIUM,  Linn.        Wili.ow-Herb.     (By  W.  Barbey.) 

Tube  of  the  calyx  not  conspicuously  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  limb 
deeply  4-cleft,  canipanulate  or  funnelform,  or  4-parted  to  the  base  with  the  lobes 
spreading,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  spreading  or  somewhat  erect.  Stamens  8,  the  4 
alternate  ones  shorter;  anthers  elhptical  or  roundish,  fixed  near  the  middle.  Stigma 
oblong,  clavate,  or  with  4  spreading  or  revolute  lobes.  Capsule  linear,  4-sided, 
4-celled,  4-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  ascending  ;  the  summit  furnished  with  a  coma  or 
tuft  of  long  hairs.  —  Perennial  or  annual  herbs ;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  nearly 
sessile,  denticulate  or  entire,  often  fascicled ;  flowers  rose-colored,  purple  or  white, 
very  rarely  yellow. 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate  and  colder  regions  of  the  globe,  many 
of  them  very  variable,  and  the  number  gieatly  multiplied  by  authors. 

*  Flowers  large :  stamens  and  style  declined :  stigma-lohes  spreading :  perennial. 

1.  E.  spicatum,  Lam.  Stem  erect,  simple,  often  4  to  7  feet  high,  mostly 
glabrous  :  leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  sessile,  nearly  entire,  the  veins  anastomosed 
near  the  edge  :  flowers  in  a  long  spicate  raceme,  bracteate,  purplish  lilac  :  limb  of 
the  calyx  nearly  4-parted,  often  colored,  spreading  :  petals  obovate,  unguiculate, 
spreading  :  stamens  purple  :  style  yellow,  hairy  at  the  base,  at  first  deflexed ;  stigma- 
lobes  linear  :  capsule  canescent.  —  E.  angustifolium,  Linn. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Bridges)  ;  northward  to  Behring  Straits  and  eastward  across  the  con- 
tinent.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  E.  obcordatum,  Gray.  Roots  diffuse  :  stems  branching  from  the  base, 
decumbent,  3  to  5  inches  long,  1  -  5-flowered,  glabrous  throughout :  leaves  opposite, 
ovate,  sessile,  numerous,  mostly  longer  than  the  internudes  (4  to  8  lines  long), 
glaucous,  opaque  :  flower-buds  of  somewhat  irregular  shape  :  calyx-limb  4-cleft,  the 
lobes  of  irregular  width  :  petals  obcordately  2-lobed,  spreading,  of  a  bright  rose-color, 
half  an  inch  long  :  stamens  yellow,  shorter  than  tlie  purple  declinate  style  :  stigma 


Epilohium.  ONAGRACE^.  219 

* 
shortly  4-lobed  :  capsule  short,  thick,  pedicellate,  with  comparatively  few  seeds.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  532  ;  Barbey,  Mon.  Epil.  ined.  t.  3. 

In  the  SieiTa  Nevada,  from  Tulare  County  northward,  at  an  altitude  of  8,000  to  11,000  feet 
{Brncer,  Bolandcr,  Toi-rey,  Muir,  Rothrock)  ;  also  in  the  East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada, 
Watson.  A  channing  alpine  species,  connecting  this  section  (Chamwncrion)  with  the  others  of 
the  genus. 

E.  LATIFOLU'M,  Linn.,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  differing  from  E.  spicatum  in  its  short  ascending 
occasionally  branched  stem,  ovate-lanceolate  somewhat  i)ubescent  rather  thick  and  rigid  leaves, 
veins  not  apparent,  very  large  axillaiy  and  terminal  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  and  the  somewhat 
erect  glabrous  style  shorter  than  the  stamens,  is  found  from  Arctic  America  to  the  higher  moun- 
tains in  Colorado  and  perhaps  reaches  California.  The  E.  oiMciun,  Lelim.  in  Hook.  Fl.  i.  205, 
from  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  {Douglas,  Scolder),  with  erect  pubescent  stem,  narrowly  lanceo- 
late leaves,  and  the  flowers  of  E.  latifolium,  may  be  a  hybrid  between  it  and  E.  spicatum. 

E.  LUTEUM,  Pursh,  may  be  mentioned  as  our  only  other  allied  species,  and  remarkable  in  the 
genus  for  its  large  yellow  flowers.     It  ranges  from  Alaska  to  Oregon. 

*  *  Flowers  small :  petals,  stamens,  and  style  ei-ect :  stigma  clavate  or  cylindrical : 

limb  of  tlie  calyx  '^-cleft. 

-(-  Herhaceoits  perennials. 

■¥+  Leaves  not  strictly  sessile  :  more  or  less  pubescent. 

3.  E.  Watsoni,  Barbey.  Hoary-pubescent  throughout :  roots  spreading  in  mud, 
with  stolons  {()  :  stems  terete,  branching,  about  18  inches  high  :  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  (the  length  thrice  the  width),  denticulate-serrulate,  shortly  petioled  : 
petals  elongated  obcordate,  comparatively  narrow  :  stigma  cylindrical  and  not  ex- 
panded :  seeds  granulately  furrowed.  —  Mon.  Epilob.  ined.  t.  6. 

Near  the  Russian  settlement,  Sonoma  Co.  ;  only  from  Russian  collectors.  The  flowers  are  of 
medium  size.  Much  resembling  £".  hirsutum,  Linn.,  differing  in  its  smaller  petals,  cylindrical 
not  expanded  stigma,  furrowed  seeds,  and  leaves  not  clasping. 

4.  £j.  coloratum,  Muhl.  Eoots  spreading  in  rich  wet  soil :  stem  nearly  terete, 
erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  much  branched,  puberulent :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  lanceo- 
late, acute,  on  very  short  petioles,  denticulate-serrulate,  the  veins  often  reddish  : 
flowers  small,  purplish  :  stigma  clavate  :  capsules  on  short  pedicels,  slightly  pubes- 
cent. —  Barbey,  Mon.  Epilob.  ined.  t.  9. 

Throughout  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  to  the  Cuiamaca  Mountains  {Palmer)  ;  also  northward  and 
eastward  through  the  Northern  United  States.  With  better  material  it  is  probable  that  the 
Pacific  form  will  have  to  be  distinguished  from  the  eastern  by  the  fonn  of  the  seeds,  the  glabrous 
teeth  of  the  leaves,  &c. 

5.  E.  alpinum,  Linn.  Alpine :  roots  capillary,  with  occasional  filiform  stolons : 
stems  creeping  at  the  base,  2  to  6  inches  high,  usually  with  two  pubescent  lines : 
leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obscurely  denticulate  or  nearly  entire,  hardly 
petioled,  glabrous  :  flower-buds  ovoid  :  sepals  hairy,  not  acuminate  :  petals  pale  rose- 
color,  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  outer  surface,  little  longer  than  the  calyx  :  anthers 
nearly  spherical ;  filaments  broader  at  base :  stigma  undivided :  capsules  long,  thick, 
purple,  often  partly  nodding,  as  also  the  top  of  the  plant :  seeds  rather  rounded  at 
the  top. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Westfall's  Meadows  {Bolandcr)  ;  near  Soda  Springs,  at  9,000  feet  alti- 
tude, Brcv'cr.  Throughout  the  northern  part  of  the  continent,  as  well  as  Northern  Europe  and 
Asia.     Distinguished  from  the  following  closely  allied  species  by  its  ovoid  buds. 

6.  E.  origanifoliuin,  Lam.  Eoots  spreading  on  the  banks  of  alpine  rivulets, 
with  occasional  stolons  :  stem  generally  simple,  terete,  with  two  pubescent  lines,  6 
to  12  inches  high  :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  more  or  less  petioled  ;  the  lower  rounded, 
the  middle  ones  oval  and  equally  pointed  at  each  end,  the  upper  acuminate  :  buds 
somewhat  angular  at  tlie  base  :  flowers  large,  varying  from  tlark  purple  to  pure 
white  :  sepals  half  the  length  of  the  obcordate  petals  :  capsules  sometimes  nodding: 
seeds  rather  long-acuminate  at  both  ends,  somewhat  light  colored. 


220  ONAGRACE^.  •         Epilobium. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  the  head  of  Kern  River  {Rothrock)  northward  ;  at  Ebbett's  Pass 
and  Mt.  Shasta  {Brewer) ;  at  Crater  Pass  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  {Newberry)  ;  through  all  the 
colder  portion  of  North  America,  and  also  in  the  European  Alps  and  the  Himalayas. 

++  ++  Leaves  strictly  sessile :  not  alpine. 

7.  E.  Franciscanum,  Barbey.  Somewhat  hoary,  roots  spreading  in  the  mud  : 
stem  straight,  branching  above,  with  2  to  4  elevated  longitudinal  lines,  12  to  20 
inches  high  :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  connected  at  base,  nearly  glabrous,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  serrulate  :  bud  ovoid  :  top' of  the  ovary  much  contracted 
at  the  insertion  of  the  calyx  :  sepals  slightly  hoary  :  petals  purple,  emarginate  : 
stamens  shorter  than  the  style  :  stigma  cylindrical :  capsule  hoar}"- :  seeds  with 
striate  testa  and  broad  sides  to  the  furrows.  —  Mon.  Epil.  ined. 

Near  San  Francisco  (Bigelou-,  Torrey) ;  Lobos  Creek  {Kellogg) ;  also  at  the  Shumagin  Islands, 
Alaska,  Harrington. 

8.  E.  brevistyliim,  Barbey.  Somewhat  hoary  :  stem  terete,  erect,  10  to  18 
inches  high,  sliglitly  branched  at  top,  marked  with  2  or  4  decurrent  glabrous  lines, 
tinted  with  purple  :  leaves  mostly  opposite,  sessile,  broadly  lanceolate,  slightly  den- 
ticulate with  rigid  teeth  :  flowers  small :  calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle,  almost 
glabrous:  petals  slightly  cleft,  obcordate,  pinkish  :  inner  row  of  stamens  short;  the 
outer  ones  longer  than  the  style :  capsule  nearly  sessile :  seeds  acuminate  at  the  top, 
tufted  with  silvery  hairs.  - —  Mon.  Epilob.  ined. 

Sierra  County,  Lcmmon.     Conesponding  somewhat  to  the  European  E.  roseum,  Schreber. 

9.  E.  glaberrimum,  Barbey.  Whole  plant  glaucous  and  perfectly  glabrous, 
stoloniferous  :  stem  terete,  straight,  simple  or  somewhat  curved  and  branching, 
6  to  15  inches  high:  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  connected  at  the  base,  broadest 
below,  bluntly  lanceolate,  slightly  serrulate :  sepals  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
petals,  which  are  deeply  notched  :  filaments  rather  short  and  thick  :  stigma  club- 
shaped,  with  a  slight  depression  at  top  :  capsule  very  slightly  hoary  :  seeds  with 
furrows  terminating  below  the  apex,  tufted  with  very  fine  hairs.  —  Mon.  Epilob. 
ined.  t.  5. 

Var.  latifolium,  Barbey,  1.  c.     Leaves  broader  :  stem  more  branching,  curved. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  Yosemite  Valley  {Bolander)  ;  Sierra  Valley  {Lemmon)  ;  and  collected 
also  hy  Bridges.  The  variety  in  Sierra  Co.  {Lemmon),  and  above  Carson  City,  Anderson.  Rather 
variable  and  perhaps  embracing  several  species. 

-(-  -(-  Annuals. 

10.  E.  paniculatum,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  pubescent  above  (rarely  throughout): 
roots  spreading  :  stem  erect,  slender,  10  inches  to  10  feet  high,  terete,  dichotomous 
above  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  obscurely  serrulate,  acute,  attenuate  at  the  base, 
mostly  alternate  and  fascicled  ;  the  uppermost  subulate  :  flowers  few,  terminating 
the  spreading  filiform  and  almost  leafless  branches  :  pedicels  pubescent :  calyx-tube 
funnelform  :  petals  obcordate,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx-lobes  :  capsule 
short,  acute  at  each  end,  straight  or  a  little  curved,  erect  or  speading.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  490 ;  Barbey,  Mon.  Epil.  ined.  t.  8. 

From  the  Cuiamaca  Mountains  and  the  Southern  Sierra  Nevada  to  Washington  Territory,  and 
eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  frequent. 

11.  E.  minutum,  Lindl.  Eoots  bright  and  shining:  stem  terete,  erect,  puber- 
ulent,  occasionally  branching,  3  to  10  inches  high  :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  nearly  entire,  slightly  pubescent :  flowers  minute,  con- 
tracted at  the  base  of  the  calyx :  petals  pale  rose-color,  obcordate  :  the  four  longer 
stamens  equalling  the  style  :  stigma  clavate,  the  lobes  at  length  expanded  and  fim- 
briate :  capsule  short,  somewhat  pedicelled,  slightly  arcuate,  at  length  erect :  seeds 
large  and  not  very  numerous.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  207  ;  Barbey,  Mon.  Epil.  ined.  t.  7. 
Crossostigma  Lindleyi,  Spach,  Mon.  Onag.  84. 


Euhhus.  ONAGRACE^.  221 

Var.  foliosum,  Torr.  &  Gr^.  Leaves  linear-spatulate,  nearly  glabrous,  with 
smaller  ones  tascicled  in  the  axils  :  petals  nearly  white.  — Fl.  i.  490. 

Napa  Valley  and  Knight's  Ferry  (Bigeloiv)  ;  Geysers  (Greene)  ;  dry  woods  near  Ukiah  {Bolan- 
dcr)  ;  and  northward  to  Oregon.     Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer. 

5.  GAYOPHYTUM,  A.  Juss. 

Calyx-tube  not  produced  above  the  ovary ;  the  4-parted  deciduous  limb  reflexed. 
Petals  4,  white  or  rose-colored,  very  small,  obovate  or  oval  with  a  very  short  claw. 
Stamens  8  ;  anthers  broad  or  rounded,  attached  by  the  middle,  those  opposite  to  the 
petals  on  shorter  filaments  and  usually  sterile.  Ovary  2-celled  :  style  short :  stigma 
capitate  or  clavate.  Capsule  membranaceous,  clavate,  2-ceUed,  4-valved.  Seeds 
few  to  many,  in  one  row  in  each  cell,  small,  smooth,  oblong,  naked,  ascending.  — • 
Very  slender  branching  annuals,  of  western  !North  America  and  Chili,  with  alter- 
nate linear  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  The  following  are  the  only  North 
American  species. 

1.  Gp.  ramosissimum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or  the  inflorescence  sometimes 
puberulent,  diffusely  much  branched,  6  to  18  inches  high  :  leaves  an  inch  long  or 
less  :  flowei-s  half  a  line  long,  mostly  near  the  ends  of  the  branches  :  capsule  oblong, 

2  or  3  lines  long,  on  pedicels  of  about  the  same  length  or  shorter,  often  deflexed, 

3  -  5-seeded.  —  Fl.  i.  513  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Eep.  105. 

From  Oregon  to  Mariposa  Co.  and  eastward  to  Colorado,  in  the  mountains  on  dry  slopes. 

2.  Gp.  racemosum,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  more  or  less  canescent  with 
short  appressed  pubescence,  6  to  18  inches  high,  the  elongated  branches  mostly 
simple :  flowers  half  a  line  long,  axillary  the  whole  length  of  the  branches  :  capsules 
linear,  sessile  or  very  shortly  pedicelled,  8  to  10  lines  long,  usually  many-seeded.  — 
Watson,  1.  c.     G.  Nuttallii  and  G.  caesium,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  Central  California  and  eastward  to  Colorado. 

3.  G.  diffusum,  Torr.  k  Gray,  1.  c.  Nearly  glabrous,  6  to  18  inches  high  : 
flowers  larger,  1  ^  to  3  lines  broad,  mostly  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches  :  capsules 
3  to  6  lines  long,  a  little  exceeding  the  pedicels,  often  deflexed,  the  cells  4  -  8- seeded. 
—  Watson,  1.  c. 

Less  frequent  ;  from  Oregon  to  Southern  California  and  eastward  to  Idaho  and  N.  Utah. 

6.  EULOBUS,  Nutt. 
Calyx-tube  scarcely  at  all  produced  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  4-parted  limb  reflexed. 
Petals  4,  rhombic-ovate,  sessile,  light  yellow  turning  to  red.  Stamens  8 ;  anthers 
oblong,  attached  near  the  middle  ;  the  filaments  opposite  to  the  petals  much  shorter 
and  with  smaller  globose  anthers.  Ovary  4-celled :  stigma  capitate.  Capsule 
linear,  elongated,  4-angled,  4-valved,  imperfectly  4-celled,  strongly  refracted.  Seeds 
very  many,  obovate-oblong,  naked,  erect.  —  A  smooth  erect  annual,  with  somewhat 
of  the  habit  of  some  species  of  (Enothera  §  Chylismia;  leaves  few,  alternate;  flowers 
sessile  along  the  virgate  branches.     A  single  species. 

1.  E.  Califomicus,  Nutt.  Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  rather  stout,  with  a  few 
spreading  virgate  branches  :  leaves  linear,  1  to  2  inches  long,  sinuately  pinnatifid 
with  numerous  short  unequal  divaricate  acute  teeth  :  calyx-tube  prolonged  less  than 
half  a  line  above  the  ovary  :  petals  4  or  5  lines  long,  the  flowers  rather  showy  : 
capsules  3  or  4  inches  long  :  seeds  smooth,  3-angled,  two  thirds  of  a  line  long.  — 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  515. 

Dry  places,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego  ;  Camp  Grant,  Arizona,  Palmer. 


222  ONAGRACE^.  H         (Enoihera. 

7.   (ENOTHERA,  Linn. 

Calyx-tube  more  or  less  prolonged  above  the  ovary  (obconic  to  linear),  deciduous 

(except  in  §  2)  ;  segments  reflexed.     Petals  4,  obcordate  to  obovate,  sessile,  yellow 

to  wliite,  often  tinged  with  red  or  turning  red  in  fading.    Stamens  8,  equal  or  those 

opposite  to  the  petals  shorter;  anthers  perfect,  versatile.     Ovary  4-celled,  many- 

ovuled  :  style  filiform  :  stigma  4-lobed  or  capitate.     Capsule  coriaceous  or  somewhat 

woody  to  membranaceous,  dehiscing  loculicidally  and  more  or  less  perfectly  4-valved  ; 

the  partitions  more  or  less  coherent  to  the  valves.    Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell, 

horizontal  or  ascending,  often  somewhat  margined.  —  Herbs,  or  sometimes  woody  at 

base;  leaves  alternate;  flowers  axillary,  spicate,  or  racemose.  —  Watson,  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.  viii.  573. 

A  genus  of  perhaps  100  species,  almost  exclusively  American,  there  being  over  50  in  the  United 
States  and  most  of  the  remainder  Mexican  or  South  American.  Many  of  them  are  ornamental 
and  several  have  long  been  in  cultivation.  Our  species  are  usually  found  frequenting  dry  valleys 
and  hillsides. 

♦  Calyx-tube  linear  above  the  ovary :  anthers  and  stigma-lobes  linear  :  capsule  rigid-coriaceous. 

Tall :  flowers  yellow,  erect  in  the  bud  ;  calyx-tips  free :  seeds  in  two 

rows  in  each  cell.  1.  Qi.  BIENNIS. 

Low  :  flowers  large,  whitish,  nodding  in  the  bud  :  capsule  narrow  : 
seeds  in  1  row. 
Perennial  :  calyx-tips  free  :  capsule  linear  :  seeds  not  compressed. 
Smooth  or  puberulent :  calyx  not  villous  :  seed  terete,  narrowly 

oblong.  2.  CE.  albicaulis. 

Villous  and  pubescent :  seeds  oblong,  turgid,  somewhat  angled.      3.  (E.  Califounica. 
Annual,  villous  and  pubescent :  calyx-tijis  not  free  :  capsule  thicker 

toward  the  base  :  seeds  ovate-oblong,  compressed.  4.  CE.  trichocalyx. 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so  :  flowers  large,  erect  in  ])ud  :  capsule  ovate- 
oblong,  winged  or  crested  :  seeds  in  2  rows. 
Capsule  strongly  ribbed  or  tuberculately   crested  :  more  or  less 

pubescent.  5.  ffi.  CiESPiTOSA. 

Capsule  winged  at  the  angles  :  nearly  glabrous.  6.  CE.  triloba. 

♦  *  Calyx-tube  filiform  :  anthers  oblong  :  sligma  capitate  :  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  membranaceous, 

sessile  :  seeds  in  2  rows.   Acaulescent,  mostly  perenniid  :  flowers  yellow,  erect  in  bud,  tips 
of  calyx  not  free. 

Densely  pubescent  :  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid. 
Glabrous  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  nearly  entire. 
Somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  ovate-  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  cili- 

ate :  seeds  punctate. 
Annual,  dwarf,  hirsute  :  leaves  linear  :  capsules  winged  above. 

♦  *  *  Calyx-tube  obconic  :  anthers  oblong  :  stigma  capitate  :  capsule  narrow,  membranaceous, 

sessile  :  seeds  in  1  row  :  caulescent,  mostly  anuual. 

Flowers  axillary,  yellow,  mostly  showy,  often  turning  green  :  capsule 
usually  contoitpd,  shar])ly  4-angled. 
Canescently  pubescent  :   leaves  thick,   mostly  entire  :  maritime, 

often  woody  at  base.  11.  CE,  CHEIKANTHIFOLIA. 

More  or  less  hirsute  :  leaves  thinner,  denticulate. 

Petals  4  to  7  linos  long,  usually  with  a  brown  spot  at  base.  12.  CE.  bistorta. 

Petals  a  line  or  two  long,  not  spotted.  _  13.  CE.  MiCRANTiiA. 

Flowers  axillary,  yellow,  mostly  very  small  and  usually  turning  red. 
Capsule  elongated,  very  narrowly  linear,  obtusely  angled  :  slender, 
with  narrow  leaves. 
More  or  less  hirsute  :  petals  rarely  reddening  :  capsules  shortly 

beaked.  14.  CE.  dentata. 

Somewhat  appressed-pubenilent  or  hirsute  :  petals  usually  red- 
dening :  capsules  obtuse,  often  pedicellate.  15.   CE.  STRIGULOSA. 
Capsule  short,  attenuated  upward  from  the  base  :  dwarf.                   16.  CE.  anrina. 
Flowere  in  a  nodding  spike,  white  or  rose-colored  :  capsule  naiTowly 
linear,  terete,  much  contorted. 


7. 

CE. 

Nuttallii. 

8. 

CE. 

UETEUANTHA. 

9. 

a?. 

OVATA. 

10. 

CE. 

GRACILIFLORA. 

(Enothera.  ONAGRACE^.  223 

Canescently  puberulent,   slender  t  leaves  nearly  entire  :   capsule 

very  slender,  not  attenuate  upward.  17.   CE.  ALYSSOIDES. 

Viscidly  pubescent :  leaves  denticulate  :   capsule  attenuate  from 

the  base.  18.  (E.  BoOTHll. 

Glabrous  :  stem  white  and  shining :  spike  nearly  erect  :  capside 

attenuate  from  the  base.  19.  (E.  gaur^floka, 

*  «  *  Nc  Capsule  pedicellate,   linear  or  somewhat  clavate,  obtuse,  not  contorted :  otherwise  as 

in  the  preceding. 
Flowers  in  a  nearly  naked  raceme  :  calyx-tube  funnelfomi. 
Leaves  all  near  the  base,  usually  lyrate. 

Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  calyx-tips  not  free  :  capsule  an 

inch  long  or  less.  20.  OH.  SCAPOIDEA, 

Villous  :  calyx-tips  free,  stout  :  capsule  1  to  3  inches  long.  21.  (E.  brevipes. 

Leaves  scattered,  cordate  or  ovate  :  calyx-tube  long-funnelfonn  ; 

tips  not  free.  22.  (E.  cardiophylla. 

Flowers  with  leafy  bracts,  very  small  :  calyx-tube  obconic  :    seeds 

with  involute  margins  :  dwarf,  slender.  23.  (E.  pterosperma. 

§  1.   Calyis  much  prolonged  heyond  the  ovary :  stamens  nearly  equal;  anthers  linear 
or  linear-oblong :  stigma-lobes  linear:  capside  coriaceous. — Eucenothera. 

*  Tall,  erect :  floivers  yellow,  in  a  leafy  spilce,  erect  in  the  bud,  opening  at  evening : 
tips  of  the  calyx-lobes  free :  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  sessile,  straight :  seeds  in  2 
roivs  in  each  cell.  —  Evening  Primrose. 

1.  CG.  biennis,  Linn.  Biennial,  stout  and  usually  simple,  1  to  5  feet  high, 
canescently  puberulent  and  more  or  less  hirsute  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-  or 
rarely  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2  to  6  inches  long,  repandly  denticulate, 
mostly  sessile  :  calyx-ttibe  1  to  2|  inches  long  :  petals  6  to  9  lines  long  :  capsule 
about  an  inch  long  or  less  :  seeds  oblong,  with  somewhat  margined  angles. 

Var.  grandiflora,  Lindl.  Petals  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube :  capsule  more  or 
less  pubescent.  —  Bot.  Peg.  t.  1604.     (E.  grandiflora.  Ait.  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2068. 

Var.  hirsutissima,  Gray.  Flowers  as  in  the  last,  hut  the  ovary  especially  more 
hirsute.  —  PI.  Eendl.  43.     (E.  Hooheri,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  493. 

From  Oregon  to  the  Atlantic  and  from  British  America  to  Mexico  ;  forms  of  it  are  also  widely 
naturalized  in  Europe  (where  it  has  long  been  cultivated),  as  well  as  in  S.  Africa,  India,  and 
Australia.  The  var.  hirsutissima  is  the  more  common  form  in  California,  ranging  to  New  Mexico, 
the  others  being  more  prevalent  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

*  *  Usually  low :  stems  white :  flowers  large,  ivhite  becovdng  pinkish,  axillary,  nod- 
ding in  bud,  opening  by  day :  capsules  long  and  narrow,  sessile,  often  curved:  seeds 
in  a.  single  row  in  each  cell,  ascending. 

2.  CE.  albicaulis,  I^utt.  Glabrous  or  puberulent :  stems  herbaceous,  from  a 
perennial  subterranean  running  rootstock,  erect,  |  to  4  feet  high,  simple  or  branched  : 
leaves  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or  attenuate  at  base  or  abruptly  petioled, 
entire  or  repand-denticulate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid  toward  the  base,  1  to  3  inches 
long  :  tips  of  the  calyx-lobes  free  in  the  bud  ;  the  tube  an  inch  long  or  less  :  petals 
about  as  long  as  the  tube,  entire  or  emarginate  :  capsule  an  inch  or  two  long,  not 
broader  at  base:  seeds  narrowly  oblong,  terete,  a  line  long. — Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  2  ser.  xxxiv.  334.      (E.  pallida,  Dougl. ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Peg.  t.  1142. 

A  variable  species,  common  eastward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ranging  from  Washington  Territory 
to  the  Saskatchewan  and  southward  to  the  Mexican  boundary. 

3.  QB.  Californica,  "Watson.  Hoary-pubescent  and  more  or  less  villous :  stems 
herbaceous  from  a  running  rootstock,  decumbent,  about  a  span  long  :  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  acuminate,  mostly  petioled,  sinuately  tootbed  or  irregularly  pinnatifid, 
2  to  4  inclies  long  :  flowers  as  in  the  last  but  often  larger ;  the  ovary  and  calyx  vil- 
lous, and  the  petals  lobed  with  a  rounded  sinus  :  capsule  2  inches  long,  not  thick- 
ened at  base  :  seeds  oblong,  turgid,  somewhat  obtusely  angled.  —  CE.  albicaulis,  var. 
Californica,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  582. 


224  ONAGRACE^.  Oenothera. 

■it 

Central  and  Southern  California  :  at  Larken's  station,  east  of  San  Diego  (Palmer) ;  Fort  Mo- 
have {Cooper)  ;  also  by  Wallace,  and  others.     Flowers  flagrant. 

4.  CE.  trichocalyx,  Nutt.  A  very  similar  species  in  appearance,  glabrous  or 
canescently  pubenilent  or  somewhat  yillous  :  root  annual  :  stem  mostly  erect,  often 
stout,  a  span  high  :  calyx  very  villous,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  not  free  in  the  bud  : 
petals  large,  usually  with  a  deep  sinus:  capsule  thickened  toward  the  base:  seeds 
ovate-oblong,  somewhat  compressed.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  494.  (E.  deltoidea, 
Torr.  in  Fremont  Eep.  315  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Rep.  107. 

Chiefly  eastward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Northern  California  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  ; 
Fort  Mohave  {Cooper)  ;  also  in  Corral  Hollow  and  Tulare  Plain^  'Brewer. 

*  *  *  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so:  floicers  large,  axillary,  erect  in  hud,  opening  hy  day: 
capsule  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  mostly  sessile:  seeds  large,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

5.  CE.  caespitosa,  Nutt.  Glabrous  or  usually  more  or  less  villous  with  spread- 
ing hairs  :  root  apparently  biennial  :  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  on 
long  petioles,  usually  irregularly  sinuate-toothed  or  repand-denticulate,  often  some- 
what pinnatifid  :  calyx-tube  2  to  7  inches  long,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  not  free  in  the 
bud  :  petals  white  or  rose-color,  broadly  obcordate,  f  to  If  inches  long :  capsules 
ovate-oblong,  attenuate  above,  usually  sessile,  1  to  1|  inches  long,  strongly  ribbed 
on  the  sides  and  with  a  thick  more  or  less  tuberculate  crest  on  each  side  of  the 
sutures  :  seeds  \\  lines  long,  oval-oblong,  with  a  narrow  groove  along  the  ventral 
side,  minutely  tuberculate  on  the  back. — Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1593.  GE.  montana  & 
CE.  marginata,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  500 ;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  :Mag.  t.  5828. 

Near  Carson  City  {Anderson,  Stretch)  ;  Oregon  {Nevius) ;  and  frequent  eastward  to  the  Upper 
Missouri,  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico. 

6.  CTi.  triloba,  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous  :  root  annual  or  biennial :  leaves  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  often  large,  usually  irregularly  pinnatifid  with  narrow  lobes  : 
calyx-tube  2  to  4  inches  long,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  free  in  the  bud  :  petals  yellow, 
broadly  obovate,  |^  to  1|^  inches  long,  somewhat  3-5-nerved:  capsule  sessile,  ob- 
long to  obovate  with  more  or  less  broadly  winged  angles,  9  to  15  lines  long,  i;sually 
somewhat  beaked  above,  the  sides  ribbed  and  at  length  net-veined  :  seeds  a  line 
long,  angled  and  minutely  tuberculate.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2566. 

Sierra  Valley  {Mrs.  Ames,  Lemmon)  ;  Triickee  Valley  ( Watson)  ;  Oregon  (Nevius) ;  and  east- 
ward to  the  Saskatchawan,  Colorado  and  Texas. 

§  2.  Calyx-tube  filiform  above  the  ovary,  somewhat  persistent :  stamens  opposite  to  the 
petals  shorter  ;  anthers  oval  or  oblong :  stigma  capitate :  capsule  sessile,  ovate- 
oblong  to  linear,  somewhat  mejnhranaceous :  seeds  ascending,  in  2  rows  in  each 
cell :  flowers  yellow,  erect  in  hud  and  the  tips  of  the  lobes  not  free:  acaulescent. 
—  Taraxia. 

7.  Qj.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Canescently  pubescent :  root  biennial  or  peren- 
nial :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  2  to  6  inches  long,  petioled,  deeply  sinuate-pin- 
natifid ;  the  numerous  very  unequal  segments  usually  rounded  or  obtuse  :  calyx- 
tube  1  to  2|  inches  long  :  petals  about  half  an  inch  (5  to  9  lines)  long  :  capsules 
rarely  developed,  narrow,  attenuate  upward,  6  to  10  lines  long,  obtusely  4-sided  : 
seeds  oblong,  terete,  a  line  long,  obscurely  lined.  —  Fl.  i.  506.  (E.  tanacetifolia, 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  ii.  121,  t.  4;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  110. 

At  the  eastern  base  of  the  SieiTa  Nevada,  from  Cai-son  City  {Anderson,  Stretch,  &c.)  to  the 
Columbia  River. 

CE.  BREViFLORA,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  similar  species,  but  nearly  glabrous,  flowers  smaller  and 
shorter,  and  segments  of  the  leaves  acute  or  acutish  :  seeds  more  numerous,  half  a  line  long.  — 
Oregon  {Nevius)  to  W.  Wyoming  and  Colorado  ;  may  be  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

8.  CE.  heterantha,  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous  :  root  biennial  or  perennial :  leaves 
oblong-lauceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  slightly  repand-denticulate,  6  inches 


(Enothera.  ONAGRACE.E.  225 

long :  calyx-tube  1  to  3  inches  long  :  petals  3  to  6  lines  long  :  capsules  ovoid- 
oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  nearly  an  inch  long,  rather  acutely  angled,  sometimes 
shortly  pedicellate  :  seeds  minutely  pitted. — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  507. 

Vai".  taraxacifolia,  Watson.  Leaves  larger,  more  or  less  lyrately  pinnatifid,  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  589. 

East  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  moist  meadows,  from  N.  Nevada  to  Idaho  and  Utah  ;  the  variety 
in  Plumas  and  Sierra  counties  {Mrs.  Ames,  Lcmmon),  and  near  Austin,  Nevada,  Watson. 

9.  CE.  ovata,  Nutt.  Resembling  the  last :  leaves  ovate-  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire  or  denticulate,  ciliate  with  short  hairs  :  calyx-tube  1  to  4  inches  long  :  petals 
3  to  10  lines  long  :  capsules  obtusely  angled,  strongly  torulose,  short :  seeds  ovoid- 
oblong,  few,  smooth,  a  line  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  507. 

Near  the  coast,  from  about  San  Francisco  to  Monterey. 

10.  CTi.  graciliflora,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Canescently  villous  :  root  annual :  leaves 
linear,  short,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate :  calyx-tube  nearly  equalling  the  leaves, 
^  to  1 1  inches  long  :  petals  obcordate,  3  to  5  lines  long,  turning  greenish :  capsule 
somewhat  coriaceous,  half  an  inch  long  or  less,  angled  at  base  and  4-winged  above 
the  middle;  the  wings  obliquely  truncate  and  hairy:  seeds  smooth. — Bot.  Beechey, 
341 ;  Hook.  Ic.  PL  t.  338. 

Dry  hillsides  and  valleys  near  the  coast,  from  the  Sacramento  River  to  Monterey, 

§  3.  Cab/x-tube  obcnnic  or  shortly  funnelform :  stamens  someiohat  unequal ;  anthers 
oblong :  stigma  capitate :  capsules  narrow,  sessile,  terete  or  angled,  membrana- 
ceous, often  contorted :  seeds  ascending  in  1  row  in  each  cell.  Caulescent  an- 
nuals or  biennials :  fioivers  usually  spicate :  the  tips  of  the  calyx-lobes  not  free 
in  the  bud.  —  Sphjerostigma. 

*  Flowers  axillary,  yelloiv,  often  turning  greenish,  mostly  showy :  calyx-tube  obconic : 
capsides  linear-oblong  to  linear,  sharply  4:-angled,  often  much  contorted:  seeds  ovate- 
oblong  :  stem  leafy  throughout  or  early  specimens  acaulescent. 

11.  CE.  cheiranthifolia,  Hornemann.  Canescently  pubescent :  stems  decumbent 
or  ascending,  often  2  feet  long  or  more  :  leaves  thick,  oblong  or  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late,  sometimes  broadly  ovate  and  cordate,  ^  to  2^  inches  long,  mostly  entire ;  the 
lower  petiolate,  the  upper  sessile  and  often  clasping:  ovary  and  calyx  villous;  calyx- 
tube  a  line  or  two  long,  about  half  the  length  of  the  petals  :  capsules  stout,  linear- 
oblong,  4  to  8  lines  long  :  seeds  oblong-ovate,  compressed,  smooth,  nearly  half  a 
line  long.  — Liudl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1040.     (E.  spiralis.  Hook.  Fl.  i.  214. 

Var.  sufi&uticosa,  Watson.  Woody  at  base  and  very  leafy,  densely  hoary- 
pubescent  with  short  appressed  hairs,  rarely  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong, 
mostly  small  and  sessile  :  flowers  larger,  the  petals  4  to  9  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  592.     CE.  viridescens.  Hook.  Fl.  i.  214. 

Near  the  sea  on  dry  drifting  sands,  often  abundant,  from  San  Francisco  southward  ;  the  variety 
from  Monterey  to  San  Diego.     The  typical  form  is  said  also  to  be  Chilian. 

12.  Qi.  bistorta,  Nutt.  Somewhat  hirsute,  the  leaves  sometimes  appressed- 
pubescent  :  stems  rather  stout,  decumbent  or  ascending,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
thinner,  narrowly  lanceolate  to  ovate,  the  upper  mostly  sessile  and  rounded  or  cor- 
date at  base,  all  denticulate  or  dentate :  petals  4  to  7  lines  long,  usually  with  a  dark 
brown  spot  at  base  :  capsule  4  to  9  lines  long,  a  line  or  more  wide,  attenuate  up- 
ward :  seeds  nearly  black.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  508. 

Var.  (1)  Veitchiana,  Hook.  More  slender  :  capside  more  elongated  and  nar- 
rowed (1  to  \^  inches  long  and  less  than  a  line  broad),  attenuate  into  a  narrow 
beak.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5078. 

On  sand-hills  near  the  sea,  San  Diego ;  the  variety  from  Los  Angeles  southward.  Early  flower- 
ing specimens  are  often  very  small  and  nearly  or  quite  acaulescent,  much  resembling  (E.  gracili- 
fiora,  from  which  they  are  leadily  distinguished  by  the  linear  ovary. 


226  ONAaRACE^.  .^  CEnothera. 

13.  CE.  micrantha,  Hornemann.  A  very  variable  species  closely  resembling 
the  last :  flowers  very  small :  the  petals  a  line  or  two  long,  not  spotted  at  the  base, 
entire  or  emarginate  or  sometimes  3-lobed  at  the  summit :  capsules  8  to  18  lines 
long,  about  a  line  wide,  usually  much  contorted,  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  509. 

From  the  Lower  Sacramento  to  San  Diego.     Probably  a  mere  variety  of  CE.  bistorta. 

*  *  Flowers  axillary,  yellow,  often  reddish  or  turning  red,  mostly  very  small :  calyx- 

tube  ohconic,  very  short. 

•4-  Capsule  elongated,  very  narrowly  linear,  obtusely  angled,  slightly  curved :  slender 

leafy  annuals. 

14.  CE.  dentata,  Cavanilles,  Usually  diffusely  branched,  a  span  high  or  less, 
more  or  less  hirsute  with  short  spreading  hairs  especially  below,  the  pubescence 
above  often  shorter  and  somewhat  glandular  or  wanting  :  leaves  linear,  sessile,  usu- 
ally narrowed  at  base,  denticulate,  |  to  1|^  inches  long  :  petals  rounded,  entire,  2  to 
4  lines  long,  rarely  reddening  :  capsules  an  inch  long  or  more,  less  than  half  a  line 
broad,  somewhat  attenuate  at  the  summit.  —  Icon.  iv.  67,  t.  398;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  511. 

Var.  cruciata,  Watson.  Petals  narrowly  obovate  to  oblong,  often  emarginate, 
2  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  594. 

From  San  Francisco  southward  ;  also  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  less  frequent  than 
the  following.     A  Chilian  species  ;  perhaps  also  Australian. 

1 5.  CB.  Strigulosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Like  the  last :  nearly  glabrous,  the  ovary 
and  calyx  usually  somewhat  appressed-puberulent :  leaves  entire  or  sparingly  dentic- 
ulate :  petals  a  line  or  two  long,  usually  reddening  :  capsules  sessile  or  upon  a  very 
short  pedicel  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  leaf,  abruptly  obtuse  or  scarcely  attenuate  at 
the  summit. — Fl.  i.  512.  (E.  contorta.  Hook.  Fl.  i.  214.  (E.  parvula,  Nutt.  in 
Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Var.  pubens,  Watson,  1.  c.  Pubescence  hirsute  and  spreading  as  in  CE.  dentata, 
especially  below,  often  somewhat  glandular  above  and  shorter. 

From  the  Columbia  River  to  San  Diego,  frequent ;  the  variety  also  ranging  eastward  through 
Northern  Nevada  to  the  Wahsatch  Mountains. 

-H  -i-  Capsule  shorter,  attenuated  upward  from  the  base  :  dtvarf  annuals. 

16.  Qj.  andina,  Nutt.  Canescently  puberulent,  only  1  to  3  inches  high, 
braiTched :  leaves  linear-spatulate,  entire,  attenuate  into  slender  petioles,  a  half  to 
an  inch  long  :  spikes  leafy,  many-flowered  :  petals  a  line  long  or  less  :  capsules  3  to 
6  lines  long,  obtusely  angled,  somewhat  curved.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  512. 

From  Oregon  and  N.  W.  Nevada  to  Colorado  ;  probably  in  Northeastern  California. 

(E.  GuADALUPENSis,  Watsou,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  137,  collected  by  Palmer  on  Guadalupe 
Island,  is  stouter,  with  larger  oblanceolate  leaves,  few  flowers,  and  the  capsule  oblong-pyramidal, 
half  an  inch  long,  rather  acutely  angled. 

*  *  *  Flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  in  a  nodding  spike:  calyx-tube  short-funnelform: 
capsule  narrowly  linear,  terete  or  obtusely  angled,  much  contorted :  seeds  linear- 
oblong  :  annuals. 

17.  CB.  alyssoides,  Hook.  &  Am.  Slender,  canescently  puberulent:  stems 
simple  or  branching  from  the  base,  erect  or  ascending,  3  to  12  inches  high  :  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  slender  petiole,  entire  or  repand- 
denticulate,  1  to  2|  inches  long ;  the  floral  leaves  much  smaller  but  similar :  spike 
often  many-flowered,  becoming  elongated  :  calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long,  equalling 
the  rounded  petals  :  capsules  an  inch  long  or  less,  very  slender,  not  attenuate 
upward  from  the  base,  puberulent :  seeds  ash-colored,  very  minutely  pitted.  —  Bot. 
Beechey,  340 ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  339. 


(Enothera.  ONAGRACE^.  227 

Var.  villosa,  Watson,  1.  c.     More  or  less  villous  throughout. 
Var.  minutiflora,  Watson.     Flowers  much  reduced,  scarcely  more  than  a  line 
long.  —  Eot.  Iviug  Exp.  111. 

Through  the  inteiior  from  the  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  to  Utah. 

18.  CB.  Boothii,  Dougl.  Like  the  last,  but  viscidly  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  to 
lanceolate  :  capsules  somewhat  broader :  seeds  brownish,  angled,  very  minutely 
tuberculate.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  213.     CE.  i^ygmcea,  Dougl.  1.  c. 

Eastward  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  S.  Oregon  to  N.  W.  Nevada. 

19.  CE.  gauraeflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Often  stout,  erect,  |  to  2  feet  high,  gla- 
brous or  the  inflorescence  and  younger  leaves  sparingly  puberulent ;  the  bark  loose, 
white,  and  shining :  leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  attenuate  into  the 
petiole,  usually  denticulate  :  spike  often  many-llowered,  nearly  erect :  calyx-tube 
and  the  obovate  petals  1|^  to  3  lines  long:  capsules  attenuate  from  the  base  to  a 
narrow  beak,  8  to  15  lines  long  :  seeds  dark,  a  line  long,  angled.  —  Fl.  i.  510, 

From  the  Lower  Sacramento  to  the  Colorado  Desert  and  eastward  to  S.  Utah. 

§  4.  Capsule  pedicellate,  linear  or  somewlmt  clavate,  obtuse,  not  contorted :  otiierwise 
as  in  ^  \.  Caulescent  annuals :  tips  of  the  calyx-lobes  sometimes  free  in  the 
bud.  —  Chylismia. 

*  Racemes  usually  few-flowered,  loose  and  with  minute  bracts  :  calyx-tube  funnelform : 
seeds  narroivly  oblong,  smooth  :  leaves  mostly  lyrate  or  pinnatifid. 

20.  GB.  scapoidea,  Nutt.  Erect,  usually  branching  from  near  the  base,  |  to  1^ 
feet  high,  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  mostly  near  the  base,  with  long 
petioles,  lyrately  pinnate;  the  terminal  leaflet  much  the  largest,  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  cuneate  or  cordate  at  base,  sinuate-toothed,  the  prominent  veins  often 
darker  colored ;  lateral  leaflets  few  or  many,  sometimes  wanting,  very  irregular : 
raceme  at  first  nodding  ;  bracts  very  small  or  none  :  calyx-tube  a  line  or  two  long  ; 
tips  not  free  :  petals  yellow,  1  or  2  lines  long  :  capsules  glabrous,  clavate,  4  to  12 
lines  long  :  pedicels  spreading,  2  to  8  lines  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  506. 

Var.  purpiirascens,  Watson.  Usually  stouter  :  flowers  larger  and  rose-colored 
or  purplish,  rarely  yellow  :  calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long  :  petals  3  or  4  lines  long.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  595.  (E.  clavaeformis,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  ii.  121. 
(E.  cruciformis,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  227,  fig.  71.  (E.  scapoidea,  var. 
clavceformis,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  109. 

Var.  aurantiaca,  Watson,  1.  c.  Low  :  inflorescence  puberulent :  flowers  of  the 
size  of  tlie  last,  but  the  calyx-tube  tinged  more  or  less  deeply  with  orange  :  petals 
light  rose-color  or  orange  :  capsule  usually  puberulent.  —  (E.  clavceformis,  Torrey  in 
Fremont  Eep.  314. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Oregon  to  Mono  Lake,  W.  Wyoming  and  Utah ; 
the  var.  aurantiaca  from  Southeastern  California  to  Southern  Utah. 

21.  Qi.  brevipes,  Gray.  Like  (E.  scapoidea,  but  usually  stouter,  more  or  less 
villous  with  stitt"  hairs,  not  puberulent :  calyx-tube  obconic  to  funnelform,  1  to  3 
lines  long ;  the  lobes  strongly  nerved  and  their  stout  tips  free  :  petals  apparently 
pale  yellow  or  whitish,  3  to  6  lines  long  :  capsules  1  to  3  inches  long,  1;^  lines 
Isroad  :  pedicels  2  to  12  lines  long.  — Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  87. 

Near  the  Colorado  River  and  eastward  to  Southern  Utah. 

22.  CTi.  cardiophylla,  Torr.  Canescently  hirsute  with  short  spreading  hairs: 
stems  leafy,  often  rather  slender,  3  to  10  inches  high,  simple,  erect  or  ascending  : 
leaves  simple,  cordate  or  ovate,  repandly  serrate,  long-petioled,  an  inch  long  or  less  : 
calyx-tube  rather  narrowly  funnelform,  3  to  8  lines  long,  usually  tinged  with  red ; 
tips  of  the  lobes  not  free  :  petals  yellow  becoming  reddish,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  cap- 
sule I  to  1  inch  long  :  pedicel  only  1  to  3  lines  long.  —  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  v.  360. 

Near  the  Colorado  River,  and  eastward  in  Arizona. 


228  ONAGRACEiE.  ^  (Enothera. 

*  *  Floivers  few,  vrith  leafy  bracts :  calyx-tuhe  short,  ohconic :  leaves  simple :  tips  of 

the  calyx  not  free  in  the  bud. 

23.  CB.  pterosperma,  Watson.  Slender,  erect,  2  or  3  inches  high,  simple  or 
branched,  more  or  less  hispid  or  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire, 
6  to  9  lines  long  :  flowers  very  small :  petals  obcordate,  rose-colored,  a  line  long  or 
less  :  capsule  linear-clavate,  6  to  9  lines  long,  on  a  spreading  pedicel  half  as  long  : 
seeds  nearly  a  line  long,  with  thin  incurved  margins,  minutely  cellularly  papillose. 
—  Bot.  King  Exp.  112,  t.  14. 

Foot-hills  of  tlie  Trinity  Mountains,  N.  W.  Nevada  (Watson) ;  S.  Utah,  Parry.  Very  peculiar 
in  the  character  of  its  seeds. 

8.   GODETIA,  Spach. 

Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconic  or  shortly  funnelform,  deciduous ;  lobes 
reflexed.  .  Petals  4,  broad  and  sessile,  entire  or  emarginate  or  very  rarely  2-lobed, 
lilac-purple  or  rose-colored.  Stamens  8,  unequal,  the  filaments  opposite  to  the 
petals  shortest ;  anthers  perfect,  oblong,  attached  at  the  base  and  erect  or  arcuate. 
Ovary  4-celled,  many-ovuled  :  style  filiform  :  stigma-lobes  short,  linear  or  roundish. 
Capsule  ovate  to  linear,  4-sided,  somewhat  coriaceous,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
ascending  or  horizontal,  in  1  or  2  rows,  obliquely  angled,  the  upper  surface  with 
a  thin  tuberculate  margin.  —  Annuals,  simple  or  branched,  erect ;  leaves  alternate, 
denticulate  or  entire ;  flowers  mostly  showy,  in  usually  leafy  racemes  or  spikes.  — 
(Enothera  §  Godetia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  502 ;  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  596. 

A  genus  confined  to  the  western  coast  of  North  and  South  America,  chiefly  Californian.  Sev- 
eral of  the  species  are  ornamental  and  have  been  introduced  into  cultivation. 

»  Flowers  in  a  strict  mostly  compact  spike  :  capsule  ovate  to  oblong  :  stems  leafy. 

Calyx-tips  not  free  in  the  bud  :  sides  of  the  capsule  not  2-costate  : 
seeds  in  2  rows. 
Flowers  very  large  :  stigma-lobes  3  lines  long  :  capsule  puberulent. 
Petals  ^  inch  long  or  less  :  stigma-lobes  very  short  :  capsule  villous. 
Calyx-tips  slightly  free  :   capsule   somewhat   2-costate  on   alternate 
sides  :  seeds  in  1  row. 
Flowers  in  a  short  simple  spike  :  petals  1  inch  long  or  less. 
Flowers  in  lateral  mostly  crowded  spikelets  :  petals  half  an  inch 
long  or  less. 

*  *  Flowers  in  a  simple  usually  loose  spike  or  raceme,  mostly  nodding  in  bud  :  capsule  linear 

seeds  in  1  row  :  leaves  distant. 

Capsule  sessile  :  calyx-tips  slightly  free. 

Calyx-tube  funnelform  and  villous  ;  lobes  villous  :  capsule  short, 

puberulent,  attenuate  from  the  base.  5.  G.  Williamsoni. 

Ovary  and  short  capsule  villous  :  flowers  small.  6.  G.  quadrivulneea. 

Capsule  puberulent,  8  to  14  lines  long,  not  costate  :  flowers  small.        7.  G.  tenella. 
Capsule  smoother,  8  to  18  lines  long;  sides  2-costate  :  flowers  large.     8.  G.  VIMINEA. 
Capsule  pedicellate,  not  costate  :  calyx-tips  not  free. 
Capsule  attenuate  at  each  end. 

Anthers  purple  :  stigma-lobes  linear  :  petals  8  to  15  lines  long  : 
capsule  1  to  1^  inches  long  :  leaves  mostly  entire.     Cen- 
tral and  Northern  California.  9.  G.  AMffiNA. 
Stigma-lobes  mostly  short :  petals  6  to  12  lines  long  :  capsule  10 
to  15  lines  long,  long- pedicellate  :  leaves  often  dentate  : 
nearly  glabrous.     Southern  California.                                      10.  G.  BoTT^. 
Tomentose-puberulent :  stigma-lobes  short  ;  petals  3  to  6  lines 
long  :  capsule  6  to  14  lines  long  :  pedicels  short. 
Capsule  abruptly  narrowed  at  base. 

Calyx  and  ovary  with  short  spreading  pubescence  :  stigma-lobes 

linear  :  capsule  4  to  9  lines  long. 
Puberulent  :  pedicels  short  :  petals  2-lobed. 


1. 

G. 

GRANDIFLORA, 

2. 

G. 

PURPUREA. 

3. 

G. 

LEPIDA. 

4. 

G. 

ALBESCENS. 

11.    G. 

EPILOBIOIDES. 

12.    G. 

HISPIDULA. 

13.  G. 

BILOBA. 

Godetia.  ONAGRACE.E.  229 

*  Flowers  in  a  strict  mostly  c(ftnpact  spike :  stems  leafy :  capsule  ovate  to  oblong. 

-J-  Tips  of  the  calyx-lohes  not  at  all  free  in  the  hud :  sides  of  the  capsule  not  2-costate  : 

seeds  in  2  7'ows  in  each  cell. 

1.  G-.  grandiilora,  Lindl.  Puberulent :  stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  stout,  simple 
or  with  a  few  short  branches  near  the  top  :  leaves  lanceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  acute 
at  each  end,  shortly  petioled,  obscurely  repand-denticulate  or  entire :  spike  dense, 
leafy  :  calyx-tube  broadly  obconical,  4  to  6  lines  long :  petals  an  inch  or  two  long, 
emarginate,  light  purple  with  often  a  large  crimson  spot  in  the  centre  :  stigma-lobes 
linear,  3  lines  long  :  capsule  puberulent,  oblong  to  linear,  8  to  15  lines  long,  a  line 
or  two  broad  or  more,  4-toothcd  at  the  apex  :  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  Bot. 
Eeg.  xxvi,  t.  61.  CEnothera  Whitneyi,  Gray,  Proc.  Am,  Acad.  vii.  340  &  400; 
Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5867.      (E.  grandijiora-,  Watson,  1.  c.  596. 

On  hillsides,  Humboldt  and  Mendocino  counties,  Bolander,  Kellogg  &  Harford.  "With  larger 
flowei-s  than  any  other  species  ;  in  cultivation. 

2.  Gr.  purpurea  Watson.  Mostly  very  leafy,  a  foot  or  two  high,  puberulent, 
the  ovary  densely  villous  :  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  usually  an  inch  or 
two  long,  entire,  sessile  with  an  obtuse  or  narrowed  base  :  flowers  mostly  in  a  leafy 
terminal  cluster :  calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  deep  purple 
petals  :  style  shorter  than  the  stamens  ;  stigma-lobes  very  short,  purple  :  capsules 
ovate  to  linear-oblong,  6  to  9  lines  long,  2  to  2^  lines  broad,  acute,  obtuse  at  base, 
hairy ;  the  sides  nearly  flat,  with  a  strong  mid  vein.  —  CEnothera  purpurea,  Curtis, 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  352  ;  Watson,  1.  c.     Godetia  Willdenowiana,  Spach. 

From  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  to  Monterey. 

+-   +-   Tips  of  the  calyx-lobes  slightly  free  in  the  bud:  capsule  2-costate  on  at  least  the 
alternate  sides :  seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell. 

3.  G.  lepida,  Lindl.  Canescently  puberulent,  the  stem  usually  white  and 
shining,  |^  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  mostly 
obtuse,  sessile  and  scarcely  narrowed  at  base,  sparingly  denticulate  :  flowers  in  a 
short  simple  spike  :  calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long  :  petals  rose-colored  with  a  dark 
spot  near  the  summit,  9  to  12  lines  long  :  stigmas  very  short,  purple :  capsule  short- 
hairy,  5  to  8  lines  long,  2  lines  broad  near  the  base  and  attenuate  to  the  apex.  — 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1 849.      CEnothera  lepida,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  342. 

Var.  parviflora,  Watson,  1.  c.  Flowers  and  capsules  somewhat  smaller ;  the 
petals  3  to  8  lines  long,  purple  to  rose-colored  :  stems  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  3 
inches  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  linear  to  oblong,  a  half  to  an  inch  long.  —  CE.  decum- 
bens,  Dougl. ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2889;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1221  ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  504. 

Var.  Arnottii,  Watson,  1.  c.  Nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  puberulent :  leaves 
linear  to  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  1  to  1|^  inches  long: 
petals  4  to  8  lines  long  :  capsules  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  CEnothera  Arnottii,  Torr. 
&  Gray,  1.  c. 

From  the  Columbia  Eiver  to  Monterey  and  San  Simeon. 

4.  Gr.  albescens,  Lindl.  Canescently  puberulent :  stem  erect,  simple  or  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish, 
sparingly  denticulate,  an  inch  long  :  flowers  small,  in  numerous  short  lateral  mostly 
crowded  spikelets  :  calyx-tube  2  lines  long  :  petals  purplish-blue,  3  to  5  lines  long : 
stigmas  greenish  to  purple:  capsules  oblong,  3  to  6  lines  long,  1|  lines  broad, 
shortly  hirsute  or  pubescent.  —  Bot.  Reg.  xxviii,  t.  9.  CEnothera  albescens,  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  597. 

In  woods  near  Monterey  {Hartwcg)  ;  Napa  Valley  and  near  Borax  Lake  {Torrey)  :  rarely  col- 
lected.    Said  to  have  been  first  received  from  the  Columbia  Valley. 


230  ONAaRACE^.  *?  Godeiia. 

*  *  Flowers  in  a  simple  spike  or  raceme,  usually  scattered  and  mostly  nodding  in 
hud :  capsules  linear :  seeds  in  one  row  :  stems  slender,  ivith  leaves  rather  distant. 

"t-   Caj)sides  sessile  :  calyx-tips  slightly  free.     Exceptions  in  No.  8. 

5.  G-.  Williamsoni,  Watson.  Canescently  piiberuleiit,  the  calyx-tii"be  and 
lobes  villous  :  steiu  erect,  a  foot  high  :  leaves  linear,  sessile,  entire,  1  to  1 1-  inclies 
long  :  calyx-tube  funneltbrm,  3  to  5  lines  long;  tips  of  the  lobes  free:  petals  yellow 
at  base  and  with  a  deep  purple  spot  in  the  centre,  6  to  12  lines  long  :  stigma-lobes 
short,  oblong,  yellow  :  capsules  attenuate  upward  from  the  base,  6  to  8  lines  long, 
puberulent,  2-costate  on  the  sides.  —  CEnothera  Williamsoni,  Durand  &  Hilgard, 
Pacif.  E.  Kep.  v.  7,  t.  5  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  597. 

In  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Millerton  {Ueermann)  to  Placer  Co.,  Rattan. 

6.  Gr.  quadrivulnera,  Spach.  Puberulent,  ovary  and  capsule  more  or  less 
villous  :  stem  usually  very  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear  to  linear-lance- 
olate, sessile  or  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole,  entire  or  slightly  denticulate,  an  inch  or 
two  long  :  calyx-tube  obconic,  2  (rarely  3)  lines  long  :  petals  deep  purple  or  pur- 
plish, 3  to  6  lines  long  :  stigma-lobes  short,  purple  :  capsules  5  to  10  lines  long, 
usually  short,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  2-costate  at  the  alternate  angles.  —  CEnothera 
quadrivulnera,  Dough;  LindL  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1119  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  598. 

Near  the  coast  from  Puget  Sound  to  San  Diego. 

7.  Cr.  tenella,  Watson.  Puberulent,  erect  and  slender,  G  to  18  inches  high, 
very  rarely  decumbent :  leaves  linear,  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  more  or  less 
attenuate  at  base,  ^  to  2  inches  long  :  calyx-tube  shortly  obconic,  1  to  3  lines  long ; 
tips  of  the  lobes  rarely  not  free  :  petals  deep  purple,  3  to  5  lines  long  :  style  shorter 
than  the  stamens  ;  stigma-lobes  purplish  :  capsules  puberulent,  attenuate  at  the 
apex,  8  to  14  lines  long,  nearly  flat  upon  the  sides.  —  (Enothera  tenella,  Cav.  Icon, 
iv.  t.  396,  fig.  2  ;  Euiz  &  Pavon,  PI.  Peruv.  iii.  t.  316 ;  Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  t. 
167.      Godetia  Cavanillesii,  Spach,  Monog.  Onagr.  71. 

Near  the  coast  from  Oregon  to  San  Diego ;  also  in  Chili  and  Peru. 

8.  Gr.  viminea,  Spach.  Like  the  last :  sometimes  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high :  leaves 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  narrowed  at  base,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  calyx-tube 
2  to  4  lines  long  :  petals  deep  purple  or  purplish,  sometimes  yellowish  at  base  with 
a  dark  spot  in  the  centre,  9  to  15  lines  long:  capsules  smoothish,  8  or  18  lines 
long,  2-costate  on  the  sides,  occasionally  shortly  pedicellate.  —  Monog.  Onagr.  69. 
CEnothera  viminea,  Dougl.  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2873;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1220. 

From  the  Columbia  southward  to  the  Sacramento,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Yoseniite 
Valley. 

G.  RoMANZOVii,  Spach  {CEnothera,  Ledebour),  is  known  only  from  cultivated  specimens,  origi- 
nally from  seeds  collected  by  Chamisso  on  the  "Northwest  Coast."  It  is  rather  stout,  puberu- 
lent, the  ovaiy  white  with  a  silky  pubescence  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  j^tioled  :  calyx-tube  very 
short,  and  tips  not  free  :  filaments  stout,  the  alternate  anthers  nearly  sessile  ;  stigmas  included 
within  the  calyx-tube  :  capsule  attenuate  at  each  end,  sometimes  shortly  pedicellate,  the  sides 
2-costate. 

-J-  +■  Capsules  pedicellate,  not  costate :  stigma-lobes  mostly  yellow :  calyx-tips  not  free 
in  the  bud,  or  rarely  so  in  the  first  species. 

9.  G-.  amcena,  Lilja.  Minutely  puberulent,  usually  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high : 
leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  sometimes  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so, 
petiolate,  1  to  3  inches  long:  calyx-tube  obconic,  2  to  4  lines  long:  petals  frequently 
rather  villous  (as  also  the  purple  anthers),  varying  from  nearly  white  to  rose-color, 
with  more  or  less  of  purple,  8  to  15  lines  long:  filaments  rather  stout  :  stigma-lobes 
linear,  1|  lines  long:  capsules  1  to  1|  inches  long,  attenuate  to  each  end:  pedicel 
2  to  6  lines  long. —  Linnaea,  xv.  265.  (Enothera  amoenn,  Lehm.  Nov.  Act.  Leop. 
xiv.  811,  t.  45  ;  Eegel,  Gartenfl.  xiii.  t.  443.    (E.  roseo-alba,  Hornem.    (E.  Lindleyi, 


aarkia.  ONAGRACE^.  231 

Dougl.;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  28^;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1405.      Godetia  rubicunda 
&  G.  vinma,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1856  &  t.  1880. 

From  Vancouver  Island  and  Fraser  River  to  Santa  Cruz  ;  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Ames. 

10.  Gr.  Bottce,  Spach.  Canescently  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  erect  or 
somewhat  decumbent,  1  to  1|  feet  high:  leaves  narrowly  linear  to  lanceolate,  entire 
or  sparingly  toothed,  an  inch  or  two  long,  on  slender  petioles  :  calyx-tube  short : 
petals  light  purple,  6  to  1 2  lines  long :  filaments  usually  slender  and  style  elongated : 
stigma-lobes  yellow  or  purple,  a  line  or  two  long  :  capsule  attenuate  at  each  end, 
10  to  15  lines  long  :  pedicel  3  to  9  lines  long. — (Enothera  Bottce,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl. 
1.  505. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Monterey  to  San  Diego. 

11.  Gr.  epilobioides,  Watson.  Tomentosely  puberulent,  erect,  1  to  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  an  inch  or 
two  long,  petioled  :  calyx-tube  a  line  or  two  long  :  petals  light  purple  or  rose-color, 
3  to  6  lines  long  :  stigma-lobes  short :  capsules  acuminate,  attenuate  to  a  short 
pedicel  or  rarely  nearly  sessile,  6  to  14  lines  long.  —  (Enothera  epilobioides,  Nutt. ; 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  511  ;  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  599. 

Frequent  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  upon  both  sides,  and  ranging  from  Oregon  to 
Mariposa  County  and  southward  ;  San  Diego,  Nuttall,  Thurber,  Cleveland. 

1 2.  Gr.  hispidula,  Watson.  Hispid  with  short  spreading  pubescence,  especially 
above,  erect,  mostly  simple  and  often  1-flowered,  about  a  span  high  :  leaves  very 
narrowly  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long :  calyx-tube  2  or  3  lines  long :  petals  purple, 
6  to  12  lines  long:  filaments  rather  slender :  style  elongated  and  stigma-lobes  linear: 
capsules  attenuate  at  top,  abruptly  contracted  at  base,  4  to  9  lines  long,  perhaps 
costate  :  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long.  —  (Enothera  hispidula,  Watson,  1.  c.  599. 

Sacramento  and  Tulare  Valleys,  Fremont,  Pratten,  Rattan. 

1 3.  G-.  biloba,  Watson.  Minutely  puberulent,  erect,  a  span  or  two  high  :  leaves 
nearly  glabrous,  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  obscurely  den- 
ticulate, the  lower  on  long  slender  petioles  :  calyx-tube  a  line  or  two  long  :  petals 
light  purple,  cuneate-obovate,  more  or  less  deeply  2-lobed,  4  to  9  lines  long  :  cap- 
sules puberulent,  6  to  9  lines  long,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  contracted  at 
base  into  a  pedicel  about  a  line  in  length.  —  (Enotliera  biloba,  Durand,  PI.  Pratten. 
87  ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

In  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Tuolumne  to  Nevada  counties. 

9.  CLARKIA,  Pursh. 

Calyx-tube  obconical  above  the  ovary,  deciduous;  the  4-cleft  limb  reflexed. 
Petals  4,  with  claws,  lobed  or  entire,  purple  or  violet.  Stamens  8,  those  opposite 
to  the  petals  often  sterile  or  rudimentary ;  anthers  oblong  or  linear,  attached  by  the 
base.  Ovary  4-celled  :  style  elongated  :  stigma  with  4  broad  lobes,  sometimes  un- 
equal, at  length  spreading.  Capsule  linear,  attenuate  above,  coriaceous,  erect,  some- 
what 4-angled,  4-celled,  and  4-valved  to  the  middle.  Seeds  numerous,  angled  or 
margined.  —  Annuals,  with  erect  brittle  stems  and  alternate  leaves  on  short  slender 
petioles,  the  uppermost  sessile;  flowers  showy,  nodding  in  the  bud,  in  terminal 
racemes. 

A  genus  confined  to  our  Pacific  coast,  some  of  the  species  well  known  in  cultivation. 

1.  C.  pulchella,  Pursh.  Stem  (|  to  2  feet  high)  and  inflorescence  puberulent: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear,  1  to  3  inches  long,  nearly  glabrous,  entire  :  petals 
6  to  9  lines  long,  3-lobed,  attenuate  to  a  long  claw  which  has  a  spreading  tooth  on 


232  ONAGRACE^.  ^  Clarlda. 

each  side  :  perfect  stamens  with  a  linear  scale  on  each  side  at  base,  the  alternate 
stamens  rudimentary  and  filiform  :  stigma-lobes  equal,  dilated  :  capsule  8  to  1 2 
lines  long,  8-angled,  on  a  spreading  pedicel  2  to  3  lines  long:  seed  obliquely  cubical, 
minutely  tuberculate,  two  thirds  of  a  line  long.  —  Fl.  260,  t.  11. 

Washington  Territory,  Oregon  and  Idaho  ;  not  yet  collected  in  California.  Frequent  in  culti- 
vation, in  several  A'arieties,  and  often  figured. 

2.  C.  Xantiana,  Gray.  8tem  glabrous,  about  a  foot  high  :  leaves  linear  or 
narrowly  lanceolate,  entire,  ashy-puberulent,  as  also  the. inflorescence:  petals  2-lobed 
with  a  subulate  tooth  in  the  sinus ;  the  claw  short  and  broad,  not  hairy  nor  appen- 
daged  at  base  :  stamens  8,  all  perfect,  without  scales  at  the  base  :  stigma-lobes 
broadly  oval,  short :  capsule  nearly  sessile,  9  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.  vii.  145. 

Near  Fort  Tejon,  Xantus. 

3.  C.  elegans,  Dougl.  Glabrous  or  puberulent,  |  to  6  feet  high,  simple  or 
branched  :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  linear,  repandly  toothed  :  petals  entire,  rhom- 
boidal ;  the  long  slender  claw  without  teeth  :  anthers  all  perfect ;  filaments  with  a 
densely  hairy  scale  at  each  side  of  the  broader  base  :  stigma- lobes  equal :  capsule 
nearly  sessile,  6  to  9  lines  long,  obtusely  4-angled,  rather  stout  and  often  curved, 
somewhat  villous.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1575.  C.  Mrt^?acM/a^a,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg. 
under  t.  1981.     Phceostoma  Douglasii,  Spach,  Monog.  Onagr.  74. 

Valleys  and  hillsides,  fi'om  Mendocino  Co.  to  Los  Angeles  and  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada.     Common  in  cultivation. 

4.  C.  rhomboidea,  Dougl.  Puberulent  or  nearly  glabroiis,  1  or  2  feet  high  : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  -ovate,  2  inches  long,  the  upper  narrower,  all  on  slender 
petioles,  entire  :  petals  entire,  rhomboidal,  with  a  short  broad  claw  Avhich  is  often 
broadly  toothed:  anthers  all  perfect;  filaments  with  hairy  scales  at  the  base:  stigma- 
lobes  short:  capsules  8  to  12  lines  long,  4-angled,  nearly  glabrous,  on  pedicels  about 
a  line  long.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  214  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1981.  C.  ganroides,  Don  in 
Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2  ser.  t.  379.      Opsianthes  gatiroides,  Lilja,  Linnaja,  xv.  2G1. 

Of  wider  range  than  the  preceding,  but  not  frequent.  San  Diego  {Cleveland)  ;  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  northward  to  Washington  Territory,  and  in  the  mountains  eastward  through  Nevada  to 
the  Wahsatch. 

10.  EUCHARIDIUM,  Fischer  &  Meyer. 

Calyx- tube  linear-elongated  above  the  ovary.  Stamens  4,  opposite  to  the  sepals, 
not  appendaged  at  base.  Otherwise  as  Clarkia,  to  which  it  should  probably  be 
referred.  —  Only  the  following  species. 

1.  £!.  concinnum,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Glabrous  or  puberulent,  closely  resembling 
Clarkia  rhomboidea  in  habit  and  foliage  :  calyx-tube  nearly  filiform,  an  inch  long : 
petals  3-lobed,  without  teeth  upon  the  claw,  6  to  9  lines  long  :  filaments  filiform  : 
stigma-lobes  unequal :  capsules  8  to  1 2  lines  long,  sessile  :  seeds  imbricated,  papil- 
lose, concave  and  margined  on  the  upper  side.  —  Ind.  Sem.  Petr.  ii.  11;  Lindl. 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1962 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3589.  E.  grandiflorum,  Fisch.  k  Mey.  1.  c. 
vii.  40;  C.  A.  Meyer,  Sert.  Petr.  t.  13. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Mendocino  County,  and  especially  about  the  Bay 
of  San  Francisco. 

2.  £j.  Breweri,  Gray.  A  foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  an  inch  long 
or  more,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole  :  calyx-tube  12  to  18  lines  long  :  petals  large, 
cuneate-obcordate,  with  a  narrow  subulate  lobe  in  the  deep  sinus  :  filaments  clavate  : 
stigma-lobes  linear:  capsule  stout,  sessile,  15  to  18  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vi.  532. 

On  the  dry  summit  of  Mount  Oso,  Stanislaus  Co.,  Brewer. 


Gaura.  ONAGRACE^.  233 

11.   BOISDUVALIA,  Spach. 

Calyx-tube  fuunelform  above  the  ovary,  deciduous;  the  lobes  erect.  Petals  4, 
obovate-cuneiform,  sessile,  2-lobed,  purple  to  white.  Stamens  8,  those  opposite  to 
the  petals  shorter ;  hlaments  very  slender,  naked  at  base ;  anthers  all  perfect,  ob- 
long, attached  near  their  base.  Ovary  4-celled,  several-ovuled  :  style  filiform : 
stigma-lobes  short,  somewhat  cuneate.  Capsule  membranaceous,  ovate-oblong  to 
linear,  nearly  terete,  acute,  sessile,  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  ascending,  few 
(3  to  8)  in  one  row  in  each  cell;  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  angled,  smooth.  —  Erect 
leafy  annuals ;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  simple ;  flowers  small,  in  leafy  simple  or 
compound  spikes.  —  (Enoth&ra  §  Boisduvalia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  505 ;  Watson, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  600. 

A  small  genus  confined  to  \Yestem  America,  there  being  two  Chilian  species  in  addition  to  the 
following. 

1.  B.  densiflora,  Watson.  Canescently  pubescent  and  more  or  less  villous, 
often  stout,  |  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
mostly  denticulate,  1  to  3  inches  long ;  the  floral  leaves  usually  much  shorter  and 
broader :  flowers  in  a  usually  close  terminal  spike  or  numerous  short  lateral  spike- 
lets  :  calyx  1  ^  to  3  lines  long,  about  half  the  length  of  the  petals  :  capsules  ovate- 
oblong,  smooth  or  slightly  villous,  2  to  4  lines  long ;  cells  3  -  6-seeded,  the  parti- 
tions wholly  separating  from  the  valves  and  adherent  to  the  placenta  :  seeds  nearly 
or  quite  a  line  long.  —  (Enothera  densijtora,  Lindl.  Bot.  lieg.  t.  1593,  Boisduvalia 
Douglasii,  Spach,  Monog.  Onagr.  80,  t.  31,  tig.  2. 

From  Washington  Territory  to  Monterey  {Nutlall),  near  Fort  Tejon  {Rothrock),  and  in  the 
foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Tuolumne  County  :  near  Carson  City,  An(Ursmi.  Very 
variable. 

2.  B.  Torreyi,  Watson.  Villous  throughout  "with  short  stiffish  spreading  hairs, 
rather  slender,  a  span  or  two  high  :  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  usually  narrow  at 
base,  entire  or  somewhat  denticulate,  4  to  9  lines  long ;  the  floral  leaves  similar 
and  scarcely  smaller :  flowers  in  a  loose  simple  spike,  very  small  (a  line  or  two 
long),  purplish  :  capsules  linear,  acuminate,  4  to  6  lines  long ;  cells  6  -  8-seeded, 
the  partitions  adherent  to  the  valves  :  seeds  more  ovate  and  smaller,  half  a  line 
long  or  less.  —  Gaynphytum  strictum,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  340.  (Enothera 
Torreyi,  Watson,  1.  c. 

Oregon  {Hall)  and  southward  in  the  Coast  Ranges  ;  New  Almaden,  Tcrrrey. 

3.  B.  glabella,  Walpers.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  slender,  a  foot  high  : 
leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  a  half  to  an  inch  long ;  the  floral 
bracts  scarcely  smaller :  flowers  in  a  simple  spike,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  petals 
deep  purple,  less  than  a  line  long  :  capsules  ovate-oblong,  2  to  4  lines  long ;  parti- 
tions adherent  to  the  valves  :  seeds  4  to  6  in  each  cell,  linear-lanceolate,  a  line  long. 
—  (Enothera  glabella,  Nutt. ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  505. 

Valley  of  the  Columbia  {Nuttall,  Hall) ;  Truckee  and  Carson  River  valleys,  Nevada,  Bailey, 
Watson. 

12.   GAURA,  Linn. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  obconic  or  clavate  ovary ;  the  4-parted  limb 
deciduous.  Petals  4,  with  claws.  Stamens  8,  nearly  equal ;  filaments  furnished 
with  a  scale-like  appendage  on  the  inside  next  the  base ;  anthers  oval,  versatile. 
Ovary  4-celled  :  ovules  1  to  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous  :  style  filiform,  hairy  be- 
low :  stigma  4-lobed,  surrounded  by  an  obscure  ring  or  indusium.  Fruit  nut-like, 
indehiscent  or  splitting  at  the  apex,  obtusely  4-angled  and  ridged  upon  the  sides.  — 


234  ONAGRACE^.  -^  Gaura. 

Herbs,  with  mostly  sessile  alternate  leaves ;  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  white  or 

rose-colored,  turning  to  red. 

A  genus  of  about  20  species,  belonging  chiefly  to  the  wanner  portions  of  N.  America  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  extending  into  Mexico. 

1.  Gr.  parviflora,  Dougl.  Annual,  usually  with  a  dense  soft  spreading  pubes- 
cence, erect,  1  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  repand-denticulate  :  flowers 
very  small,  in  rather  dense  strict  spikes  :  petals  spatulate-oblong,  scarcely  unguicu- 
late,  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes  :  fruit  3  to  4  lines  long,  obscurely  4-angled  at  the 
summit,  4-nerved,  about  2-seeded,  indehiscent.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  519;  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  3.506  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  1 1 3.  Schizocarya  micrantha,  Spach, 
Monog.  Onagr.  62. 

Fort  Mohave  {Cooper) ;  Oregon  {Douglas,  Hull) ;  Salt  Lake  (  Watson)  ;  more  common  eastward 
from  Colorado  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 

13.  HETEROGATJRA,  Rothrock. 

Calyx-tube  with  a  short  obconic  prolongation  above  the  small  ovary ;  limb  4-cleft, 
spreading,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  entire,  with  claws.  Stamens  8  ;  filaments  naked ; 
anthers  ovate-cordate,  attached  by  the  base  and  not  versatile ;  those  opposite  to  the 
petals  on  shorter  filaments,  lanceolate,  acute,  sterile.  Ovary  4-celled,  with  a  solitary 
pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell:  style  long:  stigma  discoid,  entire.  Fruit  nut-like, 
indehiscent,  obovoid,  2-4-celled,  1- 2-seeded. — Rothrock,  Proc.  Am.  A.cad.  vi.  354. 

A  single  species  :  a  Clarkia  in  every  respect  but  the  fruit  and  stigma. 

1.  H.  Californica,  Rothr.  1.  c.  Smooth  or  sparingly  puberulent,  1  to  1|  feet 
high  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  1  or  2  inches  long,  tapering  to  a  slender  petiole  : 
petals  purple,  narrowly  spatulate,  2  lines  long  :  anthers  very  small :  fruit  2  lines 
long,  obovate,  4  angled,  1^  lines  long,  smooth,  on  a  short  spreading  pedicel. — 
Gaura  heterantha,  Torrey,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv,  87. 

In  the  mountains  from  Fort  Tejon  to  Placer  Co. 

14.  CIRC^A,  Linn.        Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged  above  the  ovoid  ovary,  the  base  nearly  filled  by 
a  cup-shaped  disk ;  the  limb  2-parted,  deciduous.  Petals  2,  obcordate.  Stamens 
2,  alternate  with  the  petals ;  anthers  small,  nearly  round.  Ovary  1  -  2-celled  : 
ovule  solitary  in  each  cell,  ascending.  Fruit  indehiscent,  pear-shaped,  covered  with 
hooked  bristles.  —  Low  slender  erect  perennial  herbs ;  leaves  thin,  opposite,  petio- 
late ;  flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  and  lateral  racemes  ;  fruit  on  slender  spread- 
ing or  deflexed  pedicels. 

A  genus  of  3  or  4  species,  inhabiting  cool  damp  woods  throughout  the  northern  poition  of  the 
hemisphere. 

1.  C.  Pacifica,  Ascherson  &  Magnus.  Mostly  glabrous  :  stem  usually  simple, 
^  to  1  foot  high,  from  a  perennial  slender  running  rootstock :  leaves  ovate,  rounded 
or  cordate  at  base,  somewhat  acuminate,  repandly  denticulate,  1  to  2 J  inches  long; 
the  slender  petioles  about  as  long :  racemes  without  bracts :  flowers  half  a  line  long : 
calyx  white,  with  a  very  short  tube :  fruit  a  line  long,  rather  loosely  covered  with 
soft  hairs  curved  above,  1 -celled,  1 -seeded.  —  Bot.  Zeit.  xxix.  392.  C.  alpina,  var. 
intermedia,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  113. 

In  the  mountains  from  Washington  Territory  to  the  Yosemite  Valley,  and  eastward  to  Colorado 
and  the  Saskatchewan.  Distinguished  from  C.  alpina  by  its  less  toothed  leaves,  and  more  clearly 
from  C.  Lutetiana  by  its  smaller  less  acuminate  leaves,  smaller  flowers,  and  smaller  less  bristly 
1 -celled  fruit. 


Mentzelia.  LOASACE^.  235 

Order  'XL.    LOASACE^. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  either  stinging  or  jointed  and  rough-barbed  hairs,  no 
stipules,  calyx-tube  adnate  to  a  1 -celled  ovary,  parietal  placentae,  or  sometimes  a 
solitary  suspended  ovule,  a  single  style,  and  anatropous  seeds  with  a  straight  em- 
bryo, mostly  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Stamens  usually  very  numerous,  rarely 
few  and  definite,  some  of  the  outer  occasionally  petaloid  or  intermediate  between 
stamens  and  petals.     Flowers  perfect,  often  showy. 

An  American  order  (with  one  African  exception),  of  about  100  species,  many  in  ornamental 
cultivation,  especially  species  of  Loasa  and  Bbimcnbachia  of  S.  America  (which  twine  and  sting), 
and  of  our  first  two  genera.     Of  no  other  economical  importance. 

1.  Mentzelia.     Stamens  many,   inserted  below  the  petals.     Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.     Seeds 

few  to  many,  on  3  parietal  placentsE. 

2.  Eucnide.     Stamens  many,  adnate  to  the  united  bases  of  the  petals  and  deciduous  with  them 

in  a  ring.     Style  5-cleft.     Seeds  minute,  very  numerous,  covering  5  expanded  placentae. 

3.  Petalonyx.     Stamens  5.     Style  entire.     Seed  solitary. 

1.   MENTZELIA,  Linn. 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  to  ovoid  or  turbinate ;  the  limb  5-lobed,  persistent.    Petals 

5  or  10.     Stamens  numerous,  inserted  below  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx 

and  not  adnate  to  them  :  filaments  free  or  in  clusters  opposite  the  petals,  filiform, 

or  the  outer  more  or  less  dilated  or  sometimes  petaloid  and  barren.     Ovary  truncate 

at  the  summit,  1 -celled  :  style  3-cleft,  the  lobes  often  twisted  :  ovules  pendulous  or 

horizontal,  few  to  many  in  one  or  two  rows  on  the  three  linear  parietal  placentae. 

Capsule  short-oblong  to  cylindrical,  few  -  many-seeded,  opening  by  valves  or  usually 

irregularly  at  the  truncate  apex.     Seeds  flat  or  angled.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs, 

erect,   more  or  less  rough  with  rigid  tenacioiis  barbed  hairs,  the  stems  becoming 

white  and  shining ;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  flowers 

cymose  or  solitary,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  orange,  golden  yellow,  yellowish,  or  white. 

About  30  species,  nearly  all  confined  to  western  North  and  South  America  ;  forming  several  well- 
marked  subgenera.     Confined,  like  the  other  genera,  to  dry  hillsides  and  valleys. 

§  1.  Seeds  feiv,  peyididous,  oblong  {\  to  2  lines  long),  somewhat  flattened,  not  winged, 
minutely  flexuous-striate  longitudinally :  petals  5,  not  large  :  filaments  all 
filiform :  leaves  petioled,  serrately  toothed.  —  Eumextzelia. 

M.  ASPERA,  Linn.  Annual,  slender  :  leaves  hastately  3-lobed,  on  slender  petioles  :  flowers 
axillary,  sessile  :  petals  about  3  lines  long,  but  little  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes  :  capsule  narrowly 
linear-clavate,  an  inch  long.  —  A  tropical  species  reaching  to  Lower  California  {Xantica),  Sonora 
(Thurber),  and  Arizona  (Eothrock),  and  to  be  looked  for  in  Southeastern  California.  This  is  the 
only  species  of  true  Menzelia  that  approaches  the  borders  of  the  State. 

§  2.  Seeds  pendulous,  few  to  rather  many,  small,  in  \  to  Z  rows,  irregxdarly  angled 
or  somewhat  cubical,  not  ivinged,  opaque,  minutely  tuberculate  :  fiowers  in  ter- 
minal cymes,  mostly  small:  calyx- limb  5-parted :  petals  5  :  filaments  all  fili- 
form or  the  5  outer  more  or  less  dilated  :  capsule  linear :  leaves  sessile,  flat, 
sinuately  tootJied  or  pinnatifid :  annuals.  —  Tkachyphytum,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
{Trachyphytum,  Nutt.) 

1.  M.  albicaulis,  Dougl.  Slender,  ^^  to  1  foot  high  or  more  :  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  nunierous  narrow  lobes,  the  upper  leaves  broader  and 
often  lobed  or  toothed  at  base  only  :  flowers  mostly  approximate  near  the  ends  of 
the  branches  :  calyx-lobes  1  i  to  2  lines  long,  a  little  shorter  than  the  spatulate  or 
obovate  petals  :  filaments  not  dilated  :  capsule  linear-clavate,  6  to  9  lines  long : 
seeds  numerous,  rather  strongly  tuberculate,  irregularly  angled  with  obtuse  margins, 


236  LOASACE^.  ^  Mentzdia. 

less  than  half  a  line  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  534;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp. 
113,  excl.  vars.     M.  Veatchiana,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  99,  lig.  28. 

Dry  valleys  and  foot-hills  in  early  spring.  Southeastern  California  (Fort  Tejon,  Xantus  ;  Mo- 
have Creek,  Bigelow,  Cooper),  and  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Oregon  ;  also  east- 
ward to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.     The  tuberculate  seeds  distinguish  it  from  the  next  two. 

2.  M.  dispersa,  Watson.  Very  similar  to  the  last,  but  the  leaves  sinuate- 
toothed,  sometimes  entire,  rarely  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  often  ovate  :  calyx-lobes 
a  line  long:  capsule  narrowly  linear-clavate:  seeds  very  often  in  a  single  row,  some- 
what cubical,  more  or  less  grooved  upon  the  angles,  very  nearly  smooth.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  137.     M.  albicaulis,  var.  integrifoUa,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  114. 

Washington  Territory  and  Oregon  to  Colorado ;  Yosemite  Valley  {Bolanclcr)  ;  Guadalupe 
Island,  Pahncr.     Apparently  confined  to  lather  higher  altitudes  than  the  last. 

3.  M.  micrantha,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leafy,  branched,  1  to  2|  feet  high  :  leaves 
ovate,  an  inch  long  or  less,  somewhat  sinuately  toothed  :  flowers  clustered,  shorter 
than  the  broad  floral  leaves  :  calyx-lobes  a  line  long ;  the  ovate  petals  a  half  longer : 
outer  fllaments  more  or  less  dilated:  capsule  broadly  linear,  3  to  5  lines  long:  seeds 
few,  irregularly  angled,  a  line  long,  very  nearly  smooth.  —  Fl.  i.  o35.  Bartonia 
micrantha,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  343,  t.  85. 

Rarely  collected.  Qsliiorma.  {Douglas,  fFallace)  ;  Clear  Lake  (Torrei/)  ;  Ojai,  Peck/iam.  Dis- 
tinguished from  the  last  by  its  foliage  and  habit,  and  especially  by  its  shorter  broader  and  few- 
seeded  capsules  and  larger  seeds. 

4.  M.  congesta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Habit  and  foliage  of  M.  albicaulis ;  a  foot 
high  :  flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  conspicuously  bracted  with 
broad  toothed  bracts,  which  are  membranaceous  at  base  :  calyx-lobes  1 1  to  2  lines 
long  :  petals  bright  orange,  3  to  6  lines  long  :  filaments  all  filiform  :  capsule  clavate, 
half  an  inch  long  :  seeds  irregularly  angled,  minutely  tuberculate,  nearly  a  line 
long.  —  Fl.  i.  534  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  114. 

A  rare  species,  on  dry  hillsides.  Interior  of  Oregon  (Nuttall)  ;  Sierra  County  {Lemmon)  ; 
near  Austin,  Nevada,   Watson. 

5.  M.  gracilenta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  often  simple,  1  to  H  feet  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  many  narrow  lobes  or  sometimes  Only  coarsely 
sinuate-toothed  :  flowers  usually  clustered  at  the  summit :  calyx-lobes  2  to  5  lines 
long :  petals  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  rounded  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  4  to  8  lines 
long  :  capsule  linear-clavate,  |  to  1  inch  long  ;  seeds  in  3  rows,  irregularly  angled, 
very  minutely  tuberculate,  two  thirds  of  a  line  long.  —  Fl.  i.  534.  M.  albicaulis, 
var.  gracilenta,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  114. 

From  Los  Angeles  northward  to  the  Sacramento  ;  also  in  Northwestern  Nevada,  Watson.  Pos- 
sibly a  small  form  of  the  next  species. 

6.  M.  Lindleyi,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Slender,  1  to  3  feet  high,  branched  :  leaves 
ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  pectinately  pinnatifid  or  only 
coarsely  sinuate-toothed  :  flowers  axillary  and  terminal  :  calyx-lobes  5  to  9  lines 
long,  lanceolate  :  petals  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  an  inch  long :  filaments  all 
very  slender:  capsule  linear-clavate,  12  to  15  lines  long:  seeds  as  in  the  last. — 
Fl.  i.  533.      Bartonia  aurea,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  3649  ;  etc. 

Rarely  collected  ;  first  found  by  Douglas,  probably  in  Central  California,  and  introduced  into 
British  gardens,  and  afterward  by  Bridges ;  Corral  Hollow,  Breiver.  It  is  also  rei)orted  as  found 
by  Bigelow  on  gravelly  hills  near  the  Colorado  River,  but  this  locality  is  somewhat  uncertain. 

§  3.  Seeds  numerous  in  double  rows  upon  the  3  broad  placentce,  horizontal,  flattened, 
suborbicular-winged,  minutely  tuberculate  or  nearly  smooth :  flotvers  often 
large  and  showy:  calyx-limb  5-cleft  nearly  to  the  base:  jMals  5  or  10: 
filaments  numerous,  the  outer  often  more  or  less  dilated  or  petaloid :  capside 
broad,  oblong :  leaves  sessile  {or  petioled  in  No.  8),  sinuately  toothed  or  pin- 
natifid:  biennials.  —  Bartonia,  Torr.  &  Gray.     [Bartonia,  Nutt.) 


Eucnide.  LOASACE^.  237 

7.  M.  laevicaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  branching  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  2  to  8  inclies  long  :  flowers  sessile  on  short  branches,  very  large,  light 
yellow,  opening  in  sunshine  :  calyx-tube  naked,  the  lobes  1  to  1 1  inches  long  : 
petals  acute  at  each  end,  2  to  2i  inches  long,  the  filaments  and  slender  style  a  little 
shorter:  capsule  1^  inches  long,  3  to  4  lines  in  diameter:  seeds  very  minutely 
tuberculate,  U  lines  in  diameter. — Fl.  i.  535;  Watson,  Bot,  King  Exp.  114. 
Bartoiiia  Icevicaulis,  Dougl. ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  221,  t.  69. 

From  Santa  Barbara  ( Torrey)  to  the  Columbia  River,  and  more  frequent  east  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  in  tlie  valleys  and  on  dry  foot-hills,  to  Salt  Lake  and  Western  Wyoming.  Other  spe- 
cies of  this  section  are  common  in  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

8.  M.  tricuspis,  Gray.  Apparently  annual,  6  inches  high  or  more,  rather  stout : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  sinuate- 
toothed,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  petiole,  the  upper  ovate  and  sessile  :  flowers  sessile 
on  the  short  branches  :  calyx-limb  half  an  inch  long  :  petals  broadly  spatulate, 
light  yellow,  12  to  15  lines  long  :  fllaments  very  numerous,  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
linear,  somewhat  dilated  above  and  marked  by  a  transverse  orange  band,  and  pro- 
longed into  two  lateral  linear  cusps  nearly  equalling  the  oblong-linear  anther :  style 
stout  and  rigid,  3-cleft,  equalling  the  stamens  :  capsule  half  an  inch  long.  —  Am, 
Naturalist,  ix.  271. 

Only  two  specimens  have  been  collected,  one  at  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper),  the  other  in  S.  Utah, 
Parry.  The  mature  fruit  and  seed  are  unknown,  and  the  species  is  probably  to  be  excluded  from 
this  section. 

§  4.  Seeds  few,  oblong,  pointed  at  base,  obscurely  angled,  smooth  and  shining,  some- 
what rugose :  calyx-limh  b-cleft  to  below  the  middle :  petals  5  :  filaments  all 
filiform :  capsule  nrceolate :  leaves  sessile,  coarsely  pinnatifid,  with  revolute 
margins :  a  cespitose  perennial,  very  densely  and  tenaciously  hispid. 

9.  M.  Torreyi,  Gray.  Stems  several  from  a  perennial  root,  much  branched 
and  densely  tufted,  3  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  oblong,  an  inch  long,  acuminate, 
attenuate  at  base,  deeply  pinnatifid  with  about  2  (1  to  3)  lobes  on  each  side,  which 
are  acuminate  by  the  strong  revolution  of  the  margin  :  flowers  solitary,  axillary, 
shorter  than  the  leaves  :  calyx-limb  3  lines  long  :  petals  oblanceolate,  5  lines  long, 
pubescent  on  the  outside  :  style  cleft  to  the  middle,  not  twisted  :  capsule  ovate,  con- 
tracted below  the  broad  summit,  2|  lines  long  :  seeds  a  line  long.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  72. 

A  veiy  peculiar  species,  collected  by  Dr.  Torrey  in  the  dry  valleys  of  Humboldt  County, 
Nevada,  and  also  by  Lemmon  in  similar  localities  in  Washoe  County. 

2.   EUCNIDE,  Zuccarini. 

Calyx-tube  oblong  ;  the  limb  5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  5,  united  at  base  and 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  numerous ;  filaments  all  filiform, 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petals  and  deciduous  with  them  in  a  ring.  Ovary  short- 
conical  at  the  summit,  1-celled  :  style  5-angled,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  often  twisted : 
ovules  very  numerous,  covering  the  5  prominent  expanded  placentae.  Capsule 
obovate,  very  many-seeded,  opening  by  5  valves  at  the  short-conical  summit.  Seeds 
minute,  longitudinally  striate.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  armed  with  stinging 
hairs  and  barbed  pubescence ;  leaves  alternate,  cordate  or  ovate,  petioled,  lobed  and 
serrately  toothed ;  flowers  yellow,  pedicelled,  in  terminal  cymes. 

A  genus  of  three  species  (or  more),  confined  to  Northern  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  region ;  made 
a  section  of  Mentzelia  by  Bentham  &  Hooker. 

1.  E.  urens,  Parry.  Stout,  low,  very  hairy  and  pubescent  :  leaves  broadly 
ovate,   1  or  2  inches  long,  cordate  or  rounded  at  base,  obscurely  lobed,  coarsely 


238  CUCURBITACE^.  ^^         Petalonyx. 

toothed,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  on  rather  short  petioles  :  flowers  large,  on 
pedicels  3  to  6  lines  long,  in  terminal  bracteate  cymes  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  6  to 
10  lines  long;  petals  twice  longer,  broadly  spatulate,  abruptly  acuminate,  hairy  at 
the  apex,  united  at  base  into  a  tube  3  lines  long  :  lilaments  equalling  the  calyx- 
lobes  :  style  stout,  cleft  to  the  middle  :  capsule  broadly  obovoid,  half  an  inch  long, 
opening  by  5  erect  valves  as  in  the  other  species;  the  seeds  also  exceedingly  numer- 
ous, linear-oblong,  about  a  hfth  of  a  line  long,  marked  by  a  few  longitudinal  striaj. 
—  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  144.  Mentzelia  urens,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  71,  Aiu. 
Naturalist,  ix.  271. 

Collected  by  Bigelow  in  rocky  arroyos  near  the  confluence  of  the  Williams  River  with  the  Colo- 
rado, and  eastward  to  Southern  Utah,  Parry. 

3.  PETALONYX,  Gray. 

Calyx-tube  very  small,  cylindrical,  with  5  linear  deciduous  lobes  as  long  as  the 
ovary.  Petals  5,  with  long  connivent  claws  and  ovate-spatulate  blade.  Stamens  5, 
with  free  filiform  filaments,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  outer  edge  of  an  epigy- 
nous  disk  ;  anthers  small,  didymous.  Ovary  1-celled  :  style  simple,  elongated  : 
stigma  entire  :  ovule  solitary,  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  cell.  Capsule  very 
small,  oblong,  bursting  irregularly.  Seed  oblong,  smooth.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs, 
or  shrubby  at  base,  pubescent  or  rough  with  short  barbed  hairs;  leaves  alternate, 
entire  or  toothed ;  flowers  small,  yellowish,  in  terminal  heads  or  short  leafy  spikes. 
Three  species,  of  Arizona  and  the  adjacent  region. 

1.  P.  Thurberi,  Gray.  Stems  1  to  2  feet  high  from  a  somewhat  woody  base, 
branching :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  an  inch  long  or  less,  smaller  and  becoming  bract- 
like (2  to  3  lines  long)  on  the  branches,  sessile,  acute,  entire  or  rarely  few-toothed ; 
the  floral  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  toothed  at  base  :  flowers  in  short  and  dense 
spikes,  sessile :  calyx  2  lines  long :  petals  light  yellow,  2  lines  long  or  more,  slightly 
hispid  :  filaments  and  style  half  an  inch  long  :  capsule  a  line  long,  not  angled  or 
winged.  — PI.  Thurb.  319  ;  Torrcy,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  22. 

San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino  counties,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona  to  S.  Nevada,  Thur- 
ler,  Cooper,  Schott,  Palmer,  &c. 

P.  NiTiDUS,  Watson,  is  found  in  S.  Nevada  and  probably  extends  into  S.  E.  California  ;  dis- 
tinguished by  its  ovate  petioled  coarsely  toothed  leaves,  rounded  at  base,  not  greatly  reduced  on 
the  branches,  and  with  a  somewhat  vitreous  and  shining  surface. 

P.  Parkyi,  Gray,  is  a  more  eastern  species,  of  S.  Utah,  decidedly  shrubby,  the  leaves  rliom- 
boidal-ovate,  cuneate  into  a  short  petiole,  scarcely  smaller  above. 

Order  XLI.    CUCURBITACE^. 

Herbs,  mostly  tendril-bearing  and  climbing,  rather  succulent,  with  alternate  and 
palmately  veined  or  lobed  leaves,  no  proper  stipules ;  the  flowers  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious, with  petals  more  commonly  united  into  a  cup  or  tube  and  also  blended  with 
the  calyx.  Sterile  flowers  with  2^  stamens,  that  is,  two  complete,  with  2-celled 
anthers,  and  one  with  a  1-celled  anther;  the  cells  usually  long  and  contorted.  Fer- 
tile flowers  with  calyx-tube  adnate  to  a  1-celled  or  2  -  3-celled  ovary ;  the  placentae 
either  parietal,  or  confluent  in  or  projecting  from  the  axis.  Seeds  anatropous,  with- 
out albumen. 

A  peculiar  but  familiar  family,  of  great  diversity  as  to  the  fruit,  &c.,  yet  easy  to  recognize, 
widely  distributed  over  the  world,  but  mainly  indigenous  to  warm  regions.  Chiefly  imj)ortant 
for  the  esculent  fruits  it  produces  (Melon,  Watermelon,  Cucumber,  Pumpkin,  Sijuash,  &c.),  and 


Cucurbita.  CrCURBITACE^.  239 

for  the  hard-rinded  Gourd,  used  for  f  essels.  But  the  fleshy  fruits  of  several  are  acid  and  i)urgative 
(as  in  Elaterium  and  Colocynth,  valuable  in  medicine),  and  so  are  the  roots  of  all  the  perennial 
species.  The  ilegarrhiza-roots  of  California  in  this  respect,  as  in  size,  are  like  those  of  Bryony  in 
Eurojie. 

*  Seeds  flattened  :  cotyledons  thin,  rising  out  of  the  ground  and  foliaceous  in  germination  :  fmit 
fleshy  :  united  calyx  and  corolla  tubular-campanulate. 

1.  Cucurbita.     Flowers  all  solitary,  large,  yellow.    Filaments  distinct,  but  the  flexuous  anthers 

continent. 

2.  Melothria.     Sterile  flowers  racemose,  small,  yellowish.    Filaments  and  anthers  distinct ;  the 

cells  of  the  latter  straight.      Berry  small  and  juicy. 

*  *  Seeds  large,  turgid  :  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  remaining  under  gi'ound  in  germination. 

3.  Megarrhiza.     Flowers  small,  white  ;  the  sterile  racemose.      Corolla  rotate.     Fruit  becoming 

dry  and  fibrous,  few-seeded. 

1.  CUCURBITA,  Linn. 

Flowers  monoecious,  solitary.     Calyx-tube  cainpanulate ;  lobes  5.     Corolla  cam- 

panulate,  5-cleft  to  the  middle  or  lower ;  lobes  recurved.     Sterile  flowers  with  the 

stamens  at  the  base  :  filaments  free ;  anthers  linear,  confluent,  flexuous.     Fertile 

flowers  with  3  rudimentary  stamens  :  ovary  oblong,  with  3  placentas  and  numerous 

horizontal  ovules  :  style  short :  stigmas  3,  2-lobed.     Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent,  often 

with  a  hard  rind.     Seed  ovate  or  oblong,  flattened. — Annual  or  perennial,  mostly 

prostrate  and  rooting  at  the  joints  ;   leaves  cordate,  lobed ;   tendrils  compound ; 

flowers  large,  yellow;  fruit  often  large. 

A  genus  of  half  a  dozen  or  more  species,  from  some  of  which  have  come  by  cultivation  all  the 
many  difl"erent  varieties  of  Pumpkin  and  Squash. 

1.  C.  perennis,  Gray.  Root  perennial,  very  large  and  fusiform:  stems  long, 
trailing  :  leaves  thick  and  scabrous,  slightly  tomentose  beneath,  triangular-cordate, 
6  to  12  inches  long,  4  to  8  wide,  acute,  the  basal  lobes  rounded  or  angled,  usually 
mucronately  denticulate,  rarely  sinuate ;  petioles  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  tendrils 
3  —  5-cleft :  flowers  violet-scented,  3  or  4  inches  long,  with  obtuse  mucronate  lobes  : 
calyx-tube  half  an  inch  long,  equalling  the  linear  lobes  :  ovary  pubescent :  fruit 
globose  or  obovoid,  2  or  3  inches  in  diameter,  smooth,  yellow,  on  a  slender  pedicel 
an  inch  or  two  long ;  shell  filled  with  bitter  fibrous  pulp  :  seed  thin,  obovate,  4  or 
5  lines  long,  obtusely  margined.  —  PI.  Lindh.  193.  Cucumis  if)  perennis,  5 woxqb', 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  543. 

Temescal  {Brewer),  San  Diego  {Cleveland,  Palmer),  and  thmugh  Arizona  and  Northern  Mexico 
to  Texas.  The  root  sometimes  descends  4  to  6  feet  in  the  ground,  with  a  circumfeience  nearly 
as  great.  In  Southern  California  the  plant  is  known  as  Chili  Cojole  and  Calabazil/a,  and  the 
pulp  of  the  green  fruit  is  used  with  soap  in  washing  and  to  remove  stains  from  clothing.  The 
macerated  root  is  also  used  as  a  remedy  for  piles,  and  the  seeds  are  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

2.  C.  digitata,  Gray.  Root  perennial,  fleshy :  stems  slender,  elongated,  usually 
prostrate  and  rooting  :  tendrils  short  and  delicate,  3  -  5-cleft :  leaves  scabrous,  pal- 
mately  3  -  5-parted  ;  the  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  entire  or 
somewhat  sinuate-toothed,  or  the  lower  lobed  at  base,  about  equalling  the  petioles  : 
flowers  2  or  3  inches  long,  acutely  lobed,  on  slender  pedicels  1  to  4  inches  long  : 
calyx-tube  |  to  1  inch  long,  the  narrow  teeth  only  a  line  or  two  long  :  fruit  subglo- 
bose,  2  or  3  inches  in  diameter,  yellow,  long-pedicelled  :  seeds  thin,  oval.  —  PL 
Wright,  ii.  60. 

Lower  Colorado  Valley  to  New  Mexico  ;  authentic  specimens  have  not  been  collected  within 
the  limits  of  the  State. 

3.  C.  palmata,  Watson.  Canescent  with  short  rough  pubescence,  appressed  on 
the  leaves  :  stems  leafy  :  leaves  thick,  cordate  in  outline,  2  or  3  inches  broad,  pal- 


240  CUCURBIT  ACE^.  Cucurbita. 

mately  5 -cleft  to  the  middle  with  lanceolate  acuminate  lobes,  which  are  often  ob- 
tusely toothed  near  the  base,  usually  exceeding  the  petioles  :  flowers  3  inches  long, 
on  stout  pedicels,  lobes  acutish  :  calyx-tube  an  inch  long,  the  teeth  broader  and 
three  lines  long  or  more  :  fruit  globose  :  seeds  5  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi. 
137. 

San  Diego  County  ;  Cajon  Valley  (Cleveland)  ;  Laiken's  Station,  near  the  Jacumba  Mountains, 
Palmer. 

4.  C.  Californica,  Torrey  in  herb.  Canescent  with. a  short  white  rigid  pubes- 
cence :  leaves  thick,  5-lobed,  two  inches  broad,  the  triangular  lobes  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, mucronate  :  tendrils  slender,  parted  to  the  base :  flowers  an  inch  long  or  more, 
on  pedicels  |  to  1  inch  long ;  calyx  4  or  5  lines  long,  the  linear  teeth  2  lines  long. 
—  Watson,  1.  c.  138. 

Imperfect  specimens  of  this  evidently  distinct  species  were  collected  by  Dr.  Pickering  on  the 
Wilkes  Exploring  Expedition,  in  Sacramento  Valley,  and  what  is  apparently  the  same  was  also 
found  by  Emoiy  on  Cariso  Creek  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

2.  MELOTHRIA,  Linn. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  sterile  in  axillary  racemes ;  the  fertile  solitary.  Calyx 
campanulate,  shortly  5-toothed.  Corolla  5-parted  into  oblong  or  linear-oblong  seg- 
ments. Sterile  flowers  with  the  stamens  on  the  calyx-tube  :  filaments  short,  free ; 
anthers  free,  short  and  ovoid,  rarely  all  2-celled ;  the  cells  straight  and  connective 
usually  produced.  Pistillate  flower  on  a  long  and  slender  pedicel,  with  3  abortive 
or  rarely  perfect  stamens  :  ovary  ovoid,  constricted  below  the  flower,  with  3  pla- 
centas and  numerous  horizontal  ovules  :  style  short,  on  an  annular  disk  :  stigmas 
2-lobed.  Fruit  small,  baccate,  juicy.  Seed  ovate,  flattened.  —  Slender  herbs,  with 
simple  tendrils,  and  small  yellow  or  white  flowers. 

About  30  sjjecies,  in  the  wanner  regions  of  the  world. 

1.  M.  pendula,  Linn.  Steins  very  slender,  climbing  :  leaves  rather  thin,  cor- 
date, an  inch  or  two  broad,  repand-toothed,  or  acutely  5-angled  or  lobed,  scabrous 
or  nearly  smooth  :  sterile  flowers  few,  in  small  racemes,  2  lines  long,  yellowish  ; 
calyx-teeth  minute  :  fertile  flowers  on  filiform  pedicels  at  length  as  long  as  the 
leaves:  ovary  oblong:  fruit  subglobose,  half  an  inch  long,  blackish  when  ripe:  seed 
numerous,  1^  lines  long.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  541. 

From  the  southern  Atlantic  States  westward  across  the  continent.  In  Southeastern  California, 
on  the  Colorado  River,  Bigelow. 

3.   MEGAERHIZA,  Torrey.        Big-Root. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  sterile  racemose  or  panicled ;  the  fertile  solitary,  from 
the  same  axils.  Calyx-tube  broadly  campanidate  :  teeth  obsolete  or  very  small. 
Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5  -  7-lobed,  with  oblong  papillose  segments.  Sterile  flowers 
with  the  stamens  at  the  base:  filaments  short  and  connate :  anthers  free  or  somewhat 
adherent ;  the  cells  somewhat  horizontal,  flexuous.  Pistillate  flowers  pedicelled  : 
abortive  stamens  present  or  none  :  ovary  oblong  to  globose,  usually  more  or  less 
echinate,  2-celled  or  more  :  cells  1  -  several-ovuled  :  ovules  ascending,  horizontal,  or 
pendulous,  the  attachment  mostly  parietal :  style  short :  stigma  2  -  3-lobed  or  parted. 
Fruit  mostly  echinate,  more  or  less  fibrous  within,  becoming  dry,  at  length  bursting 
irregularly  1  Seed  large,  turgid,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  smooth,  not  margined ;  hilum 
linear,  acute  :  cotyledons  thick,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination.  —  Stems 


MegarrUza.  CUCURBITACE^.  241 

elongated  and  climbing,  from  lafge  fusiform  perennial  roots ;   leaves  cordate,  pal- 

mately  5  -  7-lobed  or  angled  ;  tendrils  2— 5-cleft;    flowers  small,  white.     Flowering 

in  early  spring.  — \Yatson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  138. 

A  genus  confined  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  the  species  not  well  known,  nearly  allied  to  the  Echino- 
cystis  of  the  Atlantic  States,  to  which  it  has  been  referred,  but  from  which  it  is  sejjarated  by  its 
thick  perennial  roots,  its  large  turgid  immarginate  seeds,  and  its  thick  fleshy  cotyledons,  which 
remain  under  ground  in  germination.    The  fruit  in  some  species  appears  to  be  wholly  indehiscent. 

1.  M.  Californica,  Torr.     Nearly  glabrous,  with  short  scattered  curved  hairs  : 

stem  20  to  30  feet  long  :  leaves  2  to  6  inches  broad,  with  a  deep  closed  sinus,  more 
or  less  deeply  5 -7-lobed,  but  rarely  to  the  middle ;  lobes  broad-triangular,  abruptly 
acute,  mucronate,  the  sinuses  obtuse :  sterile  flowers  (5  to  20)  in  slender  racemes  3  to 
5  inches  long,  somewhat  pubescent,  on  slender  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long ;  corolla 
3  or  4  lines  broad  :  fertile  flowers  5  or  6  lines  broad,  without  abortive  stamens  : 
ovary  globose,  densely  echinate,  2- (rarely  3-4)- celled,  the  cells  1-2-ovuled  ;  lower 
ovule  ascending,  the  upper  horizontal,  attached  to  the  outer  side  of  the  cell :  fruit 
globose  or  ovoid,  2  inches  long,  densely  covered  with  stout  almost  pungent  spines 
(^  to  1  inch  long),  1-4-seeded:  seed  obovoid,  10  lines  long,  6  in  diameter,  sur- 
rounded by  a  shallow  groove  or  darker  line,  the  hilum  at  the  narrow  base.  —  Pacif. 
K.  Rep.  vi.  74.  Echinocystis  fabacea,  Naudin,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4  ser.  xii.  154,  t,  9, 
and  xvi.  188. 

Near  the  coast  from  San  Diego  to  Punta  de  los  Reyes.    A  specimen  from  Knight's  Ferry  on  the 

Stanislaus  (Biijclow)  has  the  ripe  fruit  much  less  strongly  armed.  Specimens  from  Cocomungo 
{Bigeloic)  may  also  belong  here,  though  having  the  leaves  more  deeply  divided  with  narrower 
lobes,  and  the  4-celled  fruit  with  4  or  5  seeds  in  each  cell. 

2.  M.  Marah,  Watson,  1.  c.  Scabrous  or  nearly  smooth  :  stems  10  to  30  feet 
long  :  leaves  cordate  or  reniform,  3  to  6  inclies  broad,  lobed  nearly  as  in  the  last : 
sterile  flowers  a  half  to  an  inch  broad,  in  simple  or  panicled  loosely  flowered 
racemes,  4  to  1 2  inches  long ;  pedicels  slender,  2  to  6  lines  long  :  fertile  flowers 
with  abortive  stamens  :  ovary  oblong-ovate,  more  or  less  covered  with  soft  spines, 
2  —  3-celled ;  ovules  1  to  4  or  more  in  each  cell,  ascending  or  horizontal,  attached 
to  the  outer  side  of  the  cell :  fruit  ovate-oblong,  4  inches  long,  somewhat  attenuate 
at  each  end,  more  or  less  muricate  all  over  with  weak  spines  :  seeds  horizontally 
imposed,  flattish,  suborbicular  or  irregularly  elliptical,  an  inch  in  diameter,  about 
half  as  thick,  with  an  obscure  marginal  furrow  and  prominent  lateral  hilum.  — 
Mnrah  muricatus,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  38. 

Conmion  around  and  near  San  Francisco  Bay.    Catalina  Island  {Baker),  but  sterile  flowers  only. 

3.  M.  Oregona,  Torr.  ;Much  resembling  the  last :  fertile  flowers  without  abor- 
tive stamens  :  young  fruit  similar  in  shape,  sparingly  muricate  with  soft  spines, 
3 -4-celled,  the  cells  imbricated  above  each  other,  1 -seeded  :  mature  fruit  (so  far  as 
known)  an  inch  or  two  long,  unarmed,  with  very  thin  walls  :  seeds  as  in  the  last, 
or  somewhat  smaller  (8  to  11  lines  broad),  attached  to  the  outer  side  of  the  cell.  — 
Pacif.  Pt.  Rep.  vi.  74. 

Common  in  Washington  Territory  and  said  to  range  from  Puget  Sound  to  Klamath  Lake. 

4.  M.  muricata,  Watson,  1.  c.  Nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  scabrous,  often 
more  or  less  glaucous  :  stems  6  to  8  feet  long :  leaves  2  to  4  inches  broad,  orbicular- 
cordate  with  a  nearly  closed  sinus  or  broadly  reniform,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  divisions 
all  broader  above  and  sharply  sinuate-toothed  or  -lobed  :  sterile  racemes  slender,  often 
very  few-flowered  :  fertile  flowers  3  to  4  lines  broad,  without  abortive  stamens,  on 
slender  pedicels  an  inch  or  two  long :  ovary  smooth  or  sparingly  muricate,  oblong, 
acute  at  each  end  :  fruit  nearly  globose,  an  inch  in  diameter,  naked  or  with  a  few 
short  Aveak  spines  near  the  base,  2-celled,  2-seeded  :  seed  nearly  globose,  half  an 
inch  in  diameter,  ascending,  attached  to  the  outer  side  of  the  cell  near  the  base,  the 
margin  smooth. —  Echinocystis  muricata,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  i.  57. 


242  DATISCACE.E.  .^         Megarrhiza. 

Angels  Camp,  Calaveras  County  (Rich,  Bigelow)  ;  near  Placerville,  Kellogg,  Bolanider.  Speci- 
mens collected  by  Fremont,  Hulse,  and  others,  in  the  same  region  (from  the  Mokelumne  River  to 
the  Upper  Sacramento),  may  belong  here  though  with  the  ovary  3-  or  4-celled,  and  in  some  other 
minor  respects  dirterent. 

5.  Ad.  Gruadalupensis,  \Yatson,  1.  c.  Nearly  glabrous,  the  inflorescence  some- 
what pubescent :  leaves  thin,  3  to  8  inches  broad,  3-  5-lobed  to  the  middle,  the 
lower  lobes  quadrangular,  the  upper  acuminate,  with  few  short  teeth :  racemes 
nearly  simple,  4  to  6  inches  long  :  calyx-teeth  hliform  :  corolla  6  to  8  lines  broad : 
fertile  flowers  without  abortive  stamens  :  ovary  on  a.  slender  pedicel  an  inch  long, 
ovoid,  densely  covered  with  short  soft  spines,  2-celled  ;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell, 
ascending  :  fruit  ovoid,  1^  to  2  inches  long,  acute  above,  somewhat  pubescent  and 
with  short  scattered  stiff"  spines,  usually  2-seeded  :  seeds  subglobose,  an  inch  in 
diameter,  attached  to  the  inner  side  of  the  cell,  the  margin  smooth. 

Guadalupe  Island,  on  high  rocks  near  the  centre  of  the  island,  Palmex,  1875. 


Order  XLII.    DATISCACE^. 

A  very  small  and  peculiar  order,  chiefly  represented  by  the  following  genus  of 
only  two  species. 

1.  DATISCA,  Linn. 

Flowers  dioecious,  sometimes  perfect.  Calyx  of  sterile  flowers  very  short,  with  4 
to  9  unequal  lobes  :  stamens  10  to  25  ;  filaments  short :  rudimentary  ovary  none. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  calyx-tube  ovoid,  somewhat  3-augled,  3-toothed  :  stamens 
three,  when  present,  alternate  with  the  teeth  :  styles  3,  bifid,  opposite  the  teeth,  the 
linear  lobes  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side.  Capsule  oblong,  coriaceous,  1 -celled,  open- 
ing at  the  apex  between  the  styles.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  small,  in  two  to 
several  rows  upon  the  3  parietal  placentae  :  embryo  cylindrical,  in  the  axis  of  small 
albumen.  —  Smooth  stout  perennial  lierbs ;  leaves  unequally  pinnatifid,  with  coarsely 
toothed  lanceolate  segments,  the  upper  scarcely  lobed  ;  flowers  axillary,  fascicled, 
nearly  sessile. 

Only  two  species  known,  one  native  of  W.  Asia,  the  other  of  California. 

1.  D.  glomerata,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Erect,  2  or  3  feet  high  or  more,  branching  : 
leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate  in  outline,  acuminate,  6  inches  long,  the  numerous  floral 
ones  shorter  and  more  narrowly  lanceolate  :  flowers  4  to  7  in  each  axil  of  the  elon- 
gated leafy  raceme,  the  fertile  mostly  perfect :  anthers  nearly  sessile,  2  lines  long  : 
styles  longer  than  the  ovary  :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  3  or  4  lines  long,  slightly  nar- 
rowed toward  the  truncate  triangular  3-toothed  summit.  —  Gen.  PI.  i.  845.  Tri- 
cerastes  glomerata,  Presl,  Eel.  Hsenk.  ii.  88,  t.  64;  Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  316,  fig. 

On  stream-banks  from  Napa  County  to  San  Bernardino,  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
from  Amador  to  Tuolumne  County. 


Order  XLIII.    CACTACEiE.   (By  Dr.  George  Engelmann.) 

Green  fleshy  and  thickened  persistent  mostly  leafless  plants,  of  peculiar  aspect : 
globular  or  columnar,  tuberculated  or  ribbed,  or  jointed  and  often  flattened,  usually 
armed  with  bundles  of  spines  from  the  "  areolce,"  which  constitute  the  axils  of  the 
(mostly  absent)  leaves.     Flowers  with  numerous  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  usually 


MamUlaria.  CACTACE^.  243 

in  many  series,  the  cohering  bases  of  all  of  which  coat  the  inferior  1 -celled  many- 

ovuled  ovary,  and  above  it  form  a  tube  or  cup,  nectariferous  at  base.     Style  1, 

with  several  or  numerous  stigmas.      Fruit  a  pulpy  or  rarely  dry  l-ceUed  berry, 

with  numerous  campylotropous  seeds  (without  or  with  some  albumen)  on  several 

parietal  placentae. 

An  order  of  few  genera,  comprising  a  large  number  of  species,  peculiar  to  the  warmer  parts  of 
America,  and  confined  in  California  to  the  southern  and  southeastern  districts. 

Suborder  I.     CACTEyE. 

No  leaves  proper :  spines  never  barbed.  Flower-bearing  and  spine-bearing  areolas 
distinct.  Tube  of  the  sessile  solitary  flowers  well  developed,  often  long.  Seeds 
brown  or  black,  mostly  small.  —  The  limits  between  the  genera  are  arbitrary. 

1.  Mamillaria.     Globose  or  oval  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  tubercles.    Flowers  (usually 

small)  from  between  the  tubercles.     Ovary  naked.     Seeds  without  albumen. 

2.  Echinocactus.     Globose  or  oval  plants,  stouter  than  the  last,  usually  ribbed  ;  bundles  of 

spines  on  the  ribs.    Flowers  mostly  larger,  from  the  youngest  part  of  the  ribs  close  above 
the  nascent  bunches  of  spines.     Ovary  covered  with  sepals.     Seeds  albuminous. 

3.  Cereus.     Oval  or  columnar  plants,  sometimes  tall,  ribbed  or  angled  ;  bundles  of  spines  on  the 

ribs.     Flowers  usually  larger,  close  above  bundles  of  full  grown  (older)  spines.     Ovary 
covered  with  sepals.     Seeds  without  albumen. 

Suborder  II.     OPUNTIE^. 

Leaves  small,  subulate,  early  deciduous.  Sessile  and  solitary  flowers  from  the 
same  areolae  as  the  always  barbed  spines  :  tube  of  the  flowers  short,  cup-shaped. 
Seeds  larger,  whitish,  covered  with  a  bony  arillus. 

4.  Opuntia.     Branching  or  jointed  plants  :  joints  flattened  or  cylindrical. 

Suborder  III.  PEIRESCIEiE,  with  flat  persistent  leaves,  spines  never  barbed,  flowers 
usually  peduncled  and  often  paniculate,  with  a  very  short  tube,  and  large  black  albuminous  seeds, 
includes  the  genus  Pcirescia  of  the  tropics,  in  aspect  very  unlike  the  rest  of  the  order.  No  species 
have  been  found  in  California,  but  they  may  be  expected  in  the  Peninsula. 

1.  MAMILLAEIA,  Haworth. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide  ;  the  tube  campanulate  or  funnel-shaped.  Ovary, 
often  hidden  between  the  bases  of  the  tubercles,  as  well  as  the  exsert  succulent 
berry,  naked.  Seeds  yellowish-brown  to  black,  exalbuminous  or  nearly  so.  Embryo 
mostly  short  and  straight,  with  extremely  short  cotyledons  parallel  to  the  sides  of 
the  seed.  —  Small  more  or  less  globose  or  oval  simple  or  cespitose  plants,  the  spine- 
bearing  areolae  borne  on  cylindric,  oval,  conic,  or  angular  tubercles,  which  cover  the 
body  of  the  plant.  Flowers  from  a  distinct  woolly  or  bristly  areola  at  the  base 
of  these  tubercles,  fully  open  in  sunlight,  mostly  only  for  a  few  hours. 

§  1.  Flowers  usually  small,  lateral  from  the  axils  of  older  or  full-grown  tubercles. 
Our  species  have  limpid  juice  and  exsert  ovaries.  —  Eumamillaria. 

1.  M.  GrOOdridgii,  Scheer.  Oval  to  subcylindrical,  mostly  single,  covered  with 
crowded  ovate  tubercles  and  a  dense  mass  of  gray  and  dusky  thin  spines ;  axils  of 
the  younger  tubercles  woolly  and  bristly  :  the  10  to  15  outer  spines  radiating  and 
whitish ;  the  1  to  3  inner  ones  longer,  stouter  and  dark  brown,  of  which  the  stout- 
est is  strongly  hooked  :  lower  sepals  fringed  :  petals  about  8,  ovate,  awned  :  stigmas 
5  to  6  :  club-shaped  berry  scarlet :  seeds  obovate,  minute,  black,  delicately  pitted.  — 
Salm.  Cact.  1849,  91  ;  Engelm.  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  8,  t.  8,  fig.  9-14. 


244  CACTACE^.  >  Mamillaria. 

Common  on  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  or  among  rocks  about  San  Diego  {Parry,  Agassiz,  Hitchcock), 
and  on  the  neighboring  islands,  and  southward  through  the  Peninsula,  IV.  Guhh.  From  2  or  3 
to  6  or  7  inches  high,  1  to  1|  thick  ;  tubercles  2^  to  3  lines  long  ;  radial  spines  2\  to  5,  and  cen- 
tral ones  5  to  7  lines  long  ;  flowers  9  to  12  lines  in  diameter,  dirty  yellowish  tinged  with  red. 

2.  M.  Grrahanii,  Engelm.  Similar  to  the  last :  smaller,  with  smaller  less  closely 
pitted  seeds,  but  longer  and  more  numerous  (15  to  30)  spines,  and  without  axillary 
bristles.  —  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  7,  t.  6,  tig.  1-8. 

Common  on  the  most  ragged  rocks  on  both  sides  of  the  Colorado  (SchoU,  Newberry),  and  east- 
ward into  New  Mexico.     Heads  1  to  3  inches  high,  1  to  1^  tiijck. 

3.  M.  phellosperma,  Engelm.  Ovate  to  cylindrical,  usually  simple  :  tubercles 
long-oval,  with  wool  and  bristles  in  their  axils,  and  30  to  60  spines  at  the  apex,  in 

2  or  3  series ;  the  outer  thinner  and  paler ;  the  inner  stouter  and  often  darker ;  the 

3  or  4  central  spines  stouter,  dark  brown,  and  one  or  several  hooked  :  flowers  with 
ciliate  sepals  and  12  to  13  acuminate  petals  :  stigmas  5  :  berry  obovate  or  clavate, 
crimson,  containing  rather  few  large  globose  reticulated  and  warty  brown  seeds,  with 
a  large  spongy  appendage.  —  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  6,  t.  7. 

From  the  eastern  slope  of  the  mountains  near  San  Felipe  to  the  Mohave  country,  and  through- 
out Western  Arizona.  Heads  2  to  5  inches  high,  1^  to  2  inches  thick  ;  tubercles  4  to  7  lines  long, 
not  as  much  crowded  as  in  the  last  two  species,  but  with  a  much  larger  number  of  spines,  4  to  9 
lines  in  length  ;  flower  dirty  yellowish  red,  about  an  inch  wide.  The  seed  is  partially  imbedded  in 
a  curious  spongy  mass,  an  aril-like  enlargement  of  the  funiculus. 

§  2.  Flowers  larger,  vertical,   from  the  base  of  a  groove  on  the  young  or  nascent 

tubercles.  —  Coryphantha. 

4.  M.  Arizonica,  Engelm.  n.  sp.  Globose  or  ovate ;  tubercles  long-cylindrical, 
ascending,  deeply  grooved,  bearing  numerous  straight  rigid  spines:  the  15  to  20 
exterior  spines  whitish  ;  the  3  to  6  interior  ones  stouter,  deep  brown  above  :  flowers 
large,  rose-colored  :  sepals  30  to  40,  linear-subulate,  fimbriate  :  petals  40  to  50, 
lance-linear,  awned:  stigmas  8  to  10,  white:  berry  oval,  green,  with  obovate  com- 
pressed pitted  light  brown  seeds. 

On  sandy  and  rocky  soil  in  Northern  Arizona,  from  the  Colorado  eastward  (Coiccs,  Palmer,  F. 
Bischof),  and  into  Southern  Utah  {J.  E.  Johnson)  ;  probably  in  Southeastern  California.  Larger 
in  all  its  parts  than  the  foregoing  species  ;  3  or  4  inches  thick  ;  tubercles  an  inch  long  ;  spines  5 
to  15  lines  long  ;  flowers  2  to  2^  inches  wide,  very  showy. 

2.  BCHINOCACTUS,  Link  &  Otto. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide.  Ovary  covered  with  sepaloid  scales,  naked  or 
woolly  in  their  axils.  Fruit  succulent  or  sometimes  dry,  covered  with  the  persistent 
calyx-scales,  sometimes  enveloped  in  copious  wool,  and  usually  crowned  with  the 
persistent  remnants  of  the  flower.  Seed  obliquely  obovate,  black.  Embryo  curved 
over  the  small  albumen  ;  cotyledons  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  seed.  —  Mostly 
larger,  sometimes  gigantic,  globose  or  depressed,  or  ovate,  or  rarely  subcylindric, 
simple  or  very  rarely  cespitose ;  bunches  of  spines  on  the  more  or  less  vertical  ribs. 
Flowers  contiguous  to  and  above  the  spines,  on  the  latest  growth  of  the  plant,  often 
from  the  nascent  woolly  areolae  and  therefore  more  or  less  vertical,  open  only  in 
sunlight. 

*  Scales  of  the  ovary  ovate,  orbicular,  or  cordate,  and  mostly  fringed,  their  axils 
almost  naked:  fruit  scaly,  never  woolly.  —  Leiocarpi. 

•¥-  Spines  smooth. 

1.  Xi.  "Whipple!,  Engelm.  &  Big.  Heads  solitary,  globose  or  ovate,  middle-sized, 
with  13  (to  15)  compressed  and  interrupted  ribs  :  of  the  7  to  11  outer  and  4  inner 
spines,   the  ivory-white  upper  ones  are  the  longest  and  broadest  and  recurved  or 


Echinocadus.  CACTACE^.  245 

twisted  ;  the  lower  are  shorter,  darker,  and  terete,  and  the  lowest  middle  one  hooked  : 
flowers  1  to  1|  inches  long,  yellow:  few  (2  to  5)  rounded  fringed  sepals  on  the 
ovary,  10  to  15  oblong  ones  on  the  tube  :  petals  about  8  :  stigmas  5  to  7,  short : 
seeds  large,  minutely  tuberculated.  —  Cact.  of  Pacif,  R.  Rep.  iv.  28,  t.  1  ;  Bot.  Ives 
Colorado  Ex^x  12. 

On  the  lower  Colorado,  on  the  confines  of  California,  Arizona,  and  Utah  (Bigelow,  Newberry, 
H.  Engclmann),  and  to  Southern  Colorado,  Brandegee.  Heads  3  to  5  inches  high  ;  spines  3  to  20 
or  24  lines  long,  on  prominent  tubercles,  which  give  the  ribs  a  wavy  or  interrupted  appearance  : 
seeds  1^  to  1^  lines  long. 

2.  E.  polyancistnis,  Engelra.  &  Big.  Heads  solitary,  middle-sized,  ovate  to 
cylindrical,  with  1 3  (to  1 7)  interrupted  ribs  :  outer  spines  20  or  more,  white,  the 
uppermost  broader  and  longer;  central  spines  5  to  10,  the  upper  one  broadest,  long- 
est, recurved,  white,  the  others  brown,  terete,  and  mostly  hooked  :  flowers  yellow, 
2  to  2h  inches  long,  Avith  about  8  rounded  fringed  sepals  on  the  ovary  :  seeds  as  in 
the  last  —Cact.  of  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  29,  t.  2,  tig.  1,  2. 

From  the  head-waters  of  the  Mohave  River  {Bigelow)  to  the  sage  plains  of  Southwestern  Nevada, 
Gabb.  Perhaps  too  near  the  last,  fi'om  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  more  numerous  spines, 
many  of  the  inner  ones  being  hooked,  the  larger  flowers,  and  more  numerous  sepals  and  petals. 
Heads  3  to  10  inches  high,  2  to  4  thick  ;  larger  spines  of  the  Mohave  form  3  to  5,  of  the  Nevada 
plant  only  1  or  2  inches  long. 

-«-   -(-  Spines,  at  least  the  larger  ones,  transversely  ribbed  or  annulated. 

3.  E.  viridescens,  Nutt.  Heads  solitary,  middle-sized,  globose  or  depressed, 
with  about  1 3  obtuse  tuberculated  ribs  and  a  woolly  depressed  summit :  spines 
stout,  reddish,  straight  or  recurved,  all  annulated,  about  12  radiating  and  4  (to  6) 
stouter  central  ones  :  flowers  greenish  (1^  inches  long),  with  numerous  (25  or  more) 
roundish  denticulate  imbricated  sepals  on  the  ovary,  as  many  on  the  tube,  and  about 
the  same  number  of  oblong  obtuse  denticulate  petals  :  stigmas  12  to  15,  linear  :  berry 
pulpy,  green,  scaly,  with  numerous  small  pitted  seeds.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  554  ; 
Engelm.  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  24,  t.  29. 

About  San  Diego,  from  the  sea-beach  to  the  arid  hills  and  ridges  inland  ;  cultivated  in  Europe 
imder  the  name  of  E.  Cah'fornicics.  Heads  4  to  7  inches  in  diameter,  3  to  5  inches  high,  more 
rarely  glolwse  ;  woolly  vertical  area  (the  youngest  growth,  where  the  spines  are  not  yet  developed) 
an  inch  wide,  surrounded  by  the  numerous  flowers. 

4.  E.  cylindraceus,  Engelm.  Heads  middle-sized  or  large,  oval  or  cylindrical, 
often  proliferous  at  base,  with  21  (to  27)  obtuse  somewhat  tuberculate  ribs,  and  a 
woolly  spineless  depressed  top  :  reddish  spines  all  stout  and  annulated,  recurved  or 
flexuous,  12  to  18  exterior,  the  lowest  usually  hooked,  and  4  very  stout  central  ones  : 
yellowish  flowers  2  inches  long,  with  40  to  50  rounded  fringed  sepals  on  the  ovary, 
and  about  25  fringed  petals  :  stigmas  and  fruit  as  in  the  last.  —  Cact.  Mex.  Bound. 
25,  t.  30.  E.  viridescem,  var.  (?)  /3.  cylindraceus,  Engelm.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser. 
xiv.  338. 

Colorado  desert  {Palmer,  Bischqff),  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  mountains  near  San  Felipe,  Pan-y. 
Closely  allied  to  the  last,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  higher  gi-owth,  more  numerous 
ribs,  larger  and  more  numerous  spines,  and  larger  flower  and  fruit.  Young  plants  globose,  with 
fewer  ribs  ;  older  ones  much  higher  than  thick,  2  or  3  feet  high,  a  foot  in  diameter,  with  20  to 
nearly  30  ribs  ;  radial  spines  1  or  2,  the  central  2  inches  or  over  in  length  ;  green  beny  about  an 
inch  thick.  * 

5.  E.  Emoryi,  Engelm.  Heads  solitary,  large,  globose  or  oval,  with  13  to  20 
obtuse  tuberculated  ribs :  on  the  ovate  areolae  8  or  9  robust  reddish  spines,  angled 
and  annulated  and  slightly  recurved,  a  stouter  and  longer  one  in  the  centre,  turned 
downward  or  more  or  less  hooked  :  flowers  large,  purple.  Math  numerous  (25)  reni- 
form  ciliate  sepals  on  the  ovary  and  as  many  spatulate  ones  on  the  tube  :  petals 
about  the  same  number,  lanceolate,  laciniate-toothed  towards  the  acuminate  tip  : 
stigmas  18  to  20,  erect,  almost  as  long  as  the  very  robust  style.  —  Emory  Rep.  156  ; 
Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  23,  t.  28, 


246  CACTACE^.  *        Echinocactus. 

Arizona  and  Sonora  to  the  Mohave  region  {Emory,  BUjelow,  Schott),  and  into  Lower  California, 
Gabb.  Plants  1  or  2  and  even  3  feet  high,  1  or  2  feet  thick  ;  all  the  spines  very  stout  and 
strongly  cross  ribbed,  1^  to  3  inches  long  ;  flowers  3  inches  long,  purplish  brown  outside  ;  petals 
red,  with  yellow  margin  ;  seeds  much  like  those  of  the  next  species. 

6.  E.  Wislizeni,  Engelra.  Very  large,  oval,  at  last  cylindrical  or  often  club- 
shaped,  with  21  to  30  compressed  crenate  ribs:  oblong  areolae  bearing  various 
spines  ;  in  the  centre  4  stout  cross-ribbed  ones,  the  lower  one  flattened  and  curved 
or  hooked;  above  and  below  6  to  10  slightly  ribbed,  and  laterally  10  to  20 
long  slender  often  flexuous  ones  :  flowers  greenish  yellow,  2  to  2^  inches  long  : 
ovary  and  fruit  imbricately  covered  with  30  or  40  to  60  or  100  roundish  cordate 
sepals ;  inner  sepals  spatulate,  20  to  30  :  petals  as  many,  lanceolate,  crenulate  :  style 
divided  to  the  middle  into  12  to  20  stigmas  :  yellowish  berry  at  last  hard  and  dry ; 
seeds  over  a  line  long,  reticulated.  —  Wislizenus  Rep.  1848,  note  14;  Cact.  Max. 
Bound.  23,  t.  25,  26. 

From  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  Colorado,  northward  into  Utah  and  west  into  California  ;  flower- 
ing throughout  the  summer  and  autumn.  Often  3  and  even  4  feet  high  and  1  or  2  in  diameter, 
■with  a  woolly  spineless  top  ;  spines  1^  to  2 J  inches  long,  grayish  red,  the  thinner  ones  whitish. 
E.  Lecontei,  Engelm.,  seems  to  have  been  founded  on  weaker  plants  of  this,  with  the  seeds  of  per- 
haps No.  4. 

*  *   Scales  of  the  ovary  subulate,  often  spinescent,  copiously  woolly  in  their  axils  ;  fruit 
enveloped  in  wool.  —  Eriocarpi. 

7.  E.  polycephalus,  Engelm.  &  Big.  Middle-sized  or  large,  globose,  at  last 
cylindric,  sprouting  from  the  base;  ribs  13  to  21,  acute  :  circular  areolae  bearing  8  to 
1 2  stout  compressed  annulated  curved  reddish  gray  spines  :  flowers  enveloped  in  a 
mass  of  dense  white  wool :  petals  about  30,  lance-linear,  yellow  :  stigmas  8  to  11, 
linear:  dry  berry  full  of  large  angular  seeds.  —  Cact.  of  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  31,  t.  3, 
fig.  4-6. 

Gravelly  or  stony  soil  on  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  rivers,  and  in  the  Californian  desert  {Bigc- 
Imc)  ;  flowering  in  February,  fruiting  in  March.  Heads  sometimes  20  or  30  from  a  single  base, 
^  to  IJ  feet  high,  the  larger  cjdindric  ones  2  to  2|  feet  high  ;  spines  either  all  radial,  or  6  to  8 
outer  ones  surrounding  4  stouter  central  ones  ;  flowers  H  inches  long  ;  about  100  rigid  dark  pointed 
sepals  upon  the  ovary  are  hidden  in  the  wool,  those  of  the  tube  similar  and  about  as  many  ;  pt'tals 
about  30,  narrow,  yellow,  just  emerging  from  the  wool  ;  seeds  2  lines  long,  wrinkled  and  minutely 
tuberculate. 

3.   CEREUS,  Haworth. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide  or  elongated.  Scales  of  the  ovary  distinct,  with 
naked  or  woolly  axils,  or  almost  obsolete  and  the  axils  spiny.  Berry  succulent, 
covered  with  spines  or  scales  or  almost  naked.  Seeds  black,  without  albumen. 
Embryo  short  and  straight  or  curved  or  hooked ;  cotyledons  usually  contrary  to  the 
sides  of  the  seed.  —  Plants  of  all  sizes,  low  or  climbing  or  erect,  sometimes  enor- 
mous ;  spine-bearing  areolae  on  vertical  ribs.  Flowers  from  the  older  or,  at  least, 
fully  formed  parts  of  the  plant,  not  from  any  preformed  areola,  but  bursting  through 
the  epidermis  just  above  the  bunches  of  spines;  some  open  only  in  sunlight,  others 
only  at  night,  others  again  are  not  thus  influenced.  Fruit  often  edible,  sometimes 
of  very  large  size. 

§  1.  Low  and  usually  cespitose  plants,  mostly  with  numerous  oval  or  cylindric  heads, 
short  flowers,  green  stigmas,  and  spin y  fruit :  seeds  subglohose,  covered  with  con- 
fluent tubercles :  embryo  straight,  with  very  short  cotyledons.  —  Echinocereus. 

1.  C.  Engelmanni,  Parry.  Heads  several  from  a  single  base,  oval  or  cylin- 
drical, with  11  to  13  interrupted  ribs  :  radial  spines  about  13,  whitish,  often  some- 
what angled,  straight  or  curved,  the  lateral  ones  the  longest ;  central  ones  4,  longer, 


Opuntia.  CACTACE^.  247 

angular,  variously  colored :  large  purple  flowers  open  only  in  sunlight :  ovary  and 
fruit  -with  25  to  30  spiny  areolae,  15  to  20  upper  sepals,  and  as  many  lance-oblong 
petals:  stigmas  about  12,  erect. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xiv.  338;  Cact.  of  Pacif. 
E.  Eep.  iv.  35,  t.  5,  fig.  4-10. 

From  the  eastern  slopes  of  tlie  Soutbera  Sierra  Nevada,  at  San  Felipe,  into  Arizona  and  Utah, 
appajently  abundant,  Parry,  Newberry,  Palmer,  and  others.  Heads  usually  4  to  6  together,  5  to 
10  inches  high,  2  or  3  thick  ;  outer  spines  ^  to  f,  inner  1  or  2  inches  long ;  flowers  2^  to  3  inches 
long  and  wide,  appearing  in  June. 

§  2.  Prismatic  or  cylindric,  mostly  branching :  flowers  usually  longer  than  wide : 
stigmas  whitish :  seeds  obovate,  usually  smooth  or  pitted :  embryo  with  foli- 
aceous  mrved  cotyledons.  —  Eucereus. 

*    Ovary  and  fruit  spiny. 

2.  C.  £!moryi,  Engelm.  Stems  erect,  branching  from  the  base,  cylindric,  with 
16  to  20  ribs,  closely  set  with  prominent  hemispherical  areolae  bearing  numerous 
(30  to  50)  thin  straight  yellow  spines  ;^  to  1  or  If  inches  long;  the  3  to  6  inner 
ones  longer  and  deflexed :  flowers  short,  greenish  yellow,  crowded  on  one  side  of  the 
top  of  the  stems  :  ovary  with  few  short  spines,  which  become  formidable  upon  the 
subglobose  fruit.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c. ;  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  40,  t.  60,  fig.  1-4. 

On  the  gravelly  mesas  near  the  sea-shore  at  San  Diego  {Parry,  Agassiz,  Hitchcock),  and  quite 
abundant  on  rocky  hills  I'rom  Los  Angeles  to  the  Salinas  Valley  {Brewer),  and  into  the  Peninsula 
to  Kosario,  Gahb.  Stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  \h  to  2  inches  thick,  often  from  a  prostrate  rooting 
base,  and  forming  dense  thickets  ;  areolae  2  lines  wide  and  3  or  4  lines  apart,  densely  covered 
with  the  thin  shai-p  and  very  brittle  spines  ;  flowers  usually  on  one  side  only,  like  those  of  §  Pilo- 
cereus,  1^  to  1^  inches  long  and  a  little  less  wide  ;  fruit  about  an  inch  long  ;  seeds  over  a  line 
long,  shining,  minutely  tuberculate. 

*    *    Ovary  and  fruit  scaly. 

C.  GIGANTEUS,  Engelm.,  15  to  30  or  even  40  feet  high,  very  stout,  with  few  erect  branches 
towards  the  upjier  part,  cream -white  short-tubed  flowers,  and  large  oval  edible  fmit,  which  at 
maturity  bursts  irregularly,  and 

C.  Thurberi,  Engelm.,  10  to  15  feet  high,  more  slender,  with  many  equally  high  ascending 
branches  from  the  base,  similar  flowers,  and  larger  globose  delicious  fnxits,  are  found  in  the 
adjoining  territories  of  Arizona  and  Lower  Caliioruia,  and  may  be  looked  for  in  this  State. 

§  3.  Tall,  cylindric,  mostly  unhranched ;  tipper  flower-bearing  portion  toith  more 
crowded  areolae  and  longer  denser  thinner  bristly  or  hairy  sjnnes :  flowers 
short :  seeds  as  in  the  last.  —  Pilocereus. 

C.  ScHOTTir,  Engelm.,  4  to  10  feet  high,  the  lower  part  5-angled,  with  distant  areolae  and  few 
very  short  and  stout  spines  ;  the  upper  flowering  portion  deeply  5-ribbed,  with  close-set  areolae 
bearing  numerous  setaceous  spines,  almost  hiding  the  small  flowers  and  small  berries,  —  from 
the  same  localities  as  the  last  two  sj^ecies,  —  may  also  be  found  in  Southern  California. 

4.    OPUNTIA,  Tourn.,  Miller. 

Tube  of  the  flower  very  short,  cup-shaped.  Petals  spreading  or  rarely  erect. 
Ovary  with  bristle-bearing  areolae  in  the  axils  of  small  terete  deciduous  sepals. 
Berry  succulent  or  sometimes  dry,  marked  with  bristly  or  spiny  areolae,  truncate 
with  a  wide  umbilicus.  Seeds  large,  white,  compressed,  with  the  embryo  coiled 
around  the  albumen  :  cotyledons  large,  foliaceous.  —  Articulated  much-branched 
plants,  of  various  shapes,  low  and  prostrate,  or  erect  and  shrub-like ;  young  branches 
with  small  terete  subulate  early  deciduous  leaves,  and  in  their  axils  an  areola  with 
numeroTis  short  easily  detached  bristles  and,  usually,  stouter  spines,  all  barbed. 
Flowers  on  the  joints  of  the  previous  year,  on  the  same  areolae  with  the  spines, 
mostly  large,  open  only  in  sunlight.     Fruit  often  edible,  often  large. 


248  CACTACE^.  .*  Opuntia. 

§  1.  Joints  compressed :  rJiapTie  forming  a  prominent  hony  margin  around  the  seed : 
embryo  completing  a  little  more  than  one  circle  arotmd  the  scanty  albumen ; 
cotyledons  contrary  to  the  sides  of  the  seed,  —  Platopuntia. 

*    Fruit  pulj)y. 

1.  O.  Engelmanni,  Salm,  Bushy,  erect-spreading,  luuch  branched  :  obovate 
joints  2^  to  1  toot  long,  sparsely  armed  with  bundles  of  1  to  3  or  sometimes  even  5 
spines,  the  stouter  ones  angled,  yellow,  sometimes  witira  red-brown  basej  old  trunks 
losing  their  spines  :  flowers  yellow,  about  3  inches  wide  :  petals  broadly  obovate, 
truncate  :  the  purple  oval  juicy  berry  about  2  inches  long,  with  a  large  flat  um- 
bilicus, and  with  20  to  25  brown-woolly  and  slightly  bristly  areolte.  —  Salm.  Cact. 
cult.  1849,  235  ;  Engelm.  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  47,  t.  75,  lig.  1-4. 

Var.  /3.  OCCidentaliS,  Engelm.  Spines  fewer,  stouter,  farther  apart  :  seeds 
larger.  —  0.  occideutaiis,  Engelm.  &  Big.  in  Cact.  of  Pacif.  E.  Kep.  iv.  38,  t.  7. 

Var.  {l,)y.  littoralis,  Engelm.  Joints  often  larger,  1  to  1^  feet  long:  bunches 
of  longer  and  more  slender  spines  closer  together  :  fruit  similar,  but  with  40  to  50 
areolae  :  seeds  smaller. 

Apparently  a  iwlyniorphous  species,  extending  fiom  Southern  Texas  to  the  Pacific,  which  will 
probably  be  identified  with  some  older  Mexican  species  when  these  plants  come  to  be  better 
understood.  The  two  ibrms  of  Calitbrnia  are  easily  distinguished  by  the  characters  given  above. 
The  var.  occiden talis  has  been  found  on  the  western  slope  of  the  mountains  east  of  Los  Angeles 
and  southAvard  to  San  Isabel,  etc.,  at  an  elevation  of  1,000  to  2,000  feet,  Parry,  SchoLt.  The 
areolae  of  the  joints  are  IJ  to  2  inches  apart  ;  spines  ^  to  1^  inches  long  ;  flowers  3  to  3^  inches 
wide,  yellow  with  orange  centre  ;  fruit  often  1^-  inches  thick  ;  seeds  2i  to  2f  lines  wide.  The 
second  fomi,  var.  Httoralis,  extends  on  the  coast  from  Santa  Barbara  and  the  islands  in  its  gulf 
{0.  Tittmann)  to  San  Diego,  and  southward,  G.  N.  Hitchcock.     Seeds  2  to  2^  lines  in  diameter. 

—  The  limits  of  the.se  species  are  difficult  to  circumsciibe,  esi)ccially  because  complete  speci- 
mens are  so  hard  to  preserve  and  extensive  observations  in  the  field  have  not  yet  been  made.  Of 
the  three  following  no  more  is  known  now  than  there  was  twenty  years  ago. 

2.  O.  chlorotica,  Engelm.  &  Big.  Erect,  bushy ;  old  trunks  covered  with 
large  areohu  which,  retaining  their  vitality,  constantly  produce  new  spines ;  joints 
large,  pale  green,  orbicular-obovate,  with  close-set  areolae,  each  bearing  1  to  5  slender 
deflexed  yellow  spines  :  flowers  yellow,  2|  to  3  inches  wide,  with  spatulate  petals. 

—  Cact.  of  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  38,  t.  6,  flg.  1  -  3. 

From  Mohave  Creek  eastward  to  Bill  Williams  Mountain  in  Arizona  {Bigeloiv)  ;  4,  5,  or  even  7 
feet  high,  readily  recognized  by  the  very  spiny  trunk  and  very  pale  broad  joints  |  to  1  foot  long. 

3.  O.  angustata,  Engelm.  &  Big.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  with  obovate  elon- 
gated joints  :  large  oblong  areolae  sparse,  bearing  brown  bristles  and  few  (1  to  3) 
deflexed  spines  :  fruit  rather  small,  deeply  umbilicate,  with  few  large  seeds.  —  Cact. 
1.  c.  39,  t.  7,  flg.  3,  4. 

From  Cajon  Pass  eastward  into  Arizona,  Bigclow.  Joints  10  inches  long  or  more,  not  half  as 
wide  above,  narrowed  downward  ;  berry  \\  inches  long,  narrow ;  seeds  3  lines  wide. 

4.  O.  Mohavensis,  Engelm.  &  Big.  Prostrate,  with  large  nearly  orbicular 
joints,  and  more  numerous  (2  to  6)  stout  and  long  often  curved  brown  spines.  — 
Cact.  1.  c.  40,  t.  9,  fig.  6-8. 

On  Mohave  Creek,  BigcJov).  A  doubtful  form,  of  which  flowers  and  fruit  are  unknown.  It 
seems  to  approach  0.  pliccacanthi  of  New  Mexico,  and  perhaps  even  the  stouter  western  forms 
of  0.   Rdfnesqiiii.     It  is  indicated  here  merely  for  the  attention  of  future  explorers. 

0.  Tuna  and  0.  Ficus-Indica,  Mill.,  are  probably  both  naturalized  about  the  old  missions; 
one  with  stout  yellow  spines  and  insipid  fruit,  the  last  with  weaker  whitish  spines,  fruit  delicious. 

*  *  Fruit  dry. 

-1—  Joints  and  fruit  spiny. 

5.  O.  rutila,  Nutt.  Prostrate,  with  thick  obovate  or  elongated  joints  :  areole 
close,  armed  with  numerous  slender  reddish  or  gray  flexible  spines  :  large  flowers 
purple  :  stigmas  green  :  berry  deeply  umbilicate,  with  large  flat  broadly  margined 


Opuntia.  CACTACE^.  249 

ivory-white  seeds. — Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  155.     0.  erinacea,  Engelm.  & 
Big.  Cact.  1.  c.  47,  t.  13,  fig.  8-11. 

From  the  Mohave  region  (Bigelow)  to  Southern  Utah  {Palmer),  and  up  the  Colorado  Valley, 
Nuttall.  This  plant  seems  to  be  Nuttall's  long-lost  0.  rutila,  and  also  0.  erinacea  of  the 
Mohave,  the  flower  of  which  is  unknown.  Joints  2  to  4  inches  long,  1^  to  3  wide,  and  often, 
especially  in  young  plants,  thick  and  almost  terete,  thus  approaching  to  0.  fragilis:  seeds  3 
Hues  wide. 

+-  -i-  Joints  aiid  fruit  pubescent,  vdthout  spines. 

6.  O.  basilaris,  Engelm.  &  Big.  Low,  with  obovate  often  retuse  or  fan-shaped 
joints,  brandling  only  from  the  base  :  areohe  very  close,  densely  covered  with  short 
brown  bristles  :  flowers  large,  rose-purple  :  fruit  subglobose,  with  deep  umbilicus, 
and  rather  few  large  and  thick  seeds.  —  Cact.  1.  c.  43,  t.  13,  fig.  1  -  5. 

Fiom  the  eastern  base  of  the  mountains  near  San  Felipe  through  the  desert  and  into  Arizona, 
Bii/efmc,  Neivbcrry,  Palmer,  &c.  Joints  5  to  8  inches  long,  and  often  as  wide  near  the  top  ;  dis- 
tinct from  all  other  species  of  this  region  in  its  mode  of  growth,  its  pubescence,  absence  of  spines 
proper,  and  its  very  large  seeds  (3^  to  5  lines  wide),  which  have  a  thicker  but  less  prominent  rim 
than  any  other  of  this  section. 

§  2.  Joints  cylindrical,  more  or  less  tuherculated :  rhaphe  usually  not  prominent, 
therefore  seed  not  margined:  embryo  forming  less  than  one  circle  around  the 
more  copious  albumen  ;  cotyledons  inconstant,  contrary,  oblique,  or  parallel  to 
the  sides  of  the  seed.  —  Cylindropuntia. 

*  Low  plants  with  clavate  joints,  without  a  firm  ligneous  skeleton :   larger  spines 

angular-compressed,  vdthout  sheaths  :  bei'ries  dry  and  very  bristly. 

7.  O.  Emoryi,  Engelm.  Joints  long,  clavate-cylindrical,  with  linear-oblong  and 
very  prominent  tubercles  :  spines  numerous  (15  to  30)  in  the  upper  bundles,  the 
5  to  9  inner  ones  stouter,  angular-compressed  :  seeds  large,  irregular,  the  rhaphe  in- 
distinct. —  Cact.  Mex.  Bound.  53,  t.  70,  71. 

Colorado  desert  from  San  Felipe  {Parry,  Bigelow)  eastward,  and  into  Aiizona  {Schotf,  Palmer) 
and  the  Peninsula,  Gabb.  Joints  5  to  9  inches  long,  1  to  1^  thick  ;  tubercles  1  to  1^  inches 
long  ;  fruit  2  to  2i  inches  long  ;  seeds  2^  to  3  lines  wide. 

8.  O.  Parryi,  Engelm.  Joints  short,  ovate-clavate  with  oblong  tubercles  :  spines 
12  to  20,  reddish  gray,  the  3  or  4  inner  ones  stouter,  triangular-compressed  :  seeds 
smaller,  regularly  circular,  with  a  broad  and  distinct  rhaphe.  —  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser. 
xiv.  339  ;  Cact.  of  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  48,  t.  22,  fig.  4-7. 

Gravelly  plains  near  the  Mohave  River  {Bigelow),  and  through  the  desert  to  the  base  of  the 
mountains,  Parry.     Joints  3  or  4  inches  long,  1^  thick  ;  tubercles  about  f  inch  long. 

9.  O.  pulchella,  Engelm.  Joints  smaller,  .slender  :  tubercles  small:  spines  15 
to  25,  of  which  usually  one  only  is  stouter,  flattened,  deflexed  :  flowers  purple  : 
ovary  and  fruit  with  long  flexuous  bristles  :  seeds  small,  with  a  broad  rhaphe.  — 
Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis,  ii.  201  ;  Bot.  King  Exp.  119  ;  fig.  in  Simpson  Rep.  ined. 

Sandy  deserts  of  Southeastern  California  and  Nevada,  and  among  the  sage-bushes  of  the  moun- 
tains, H.  Engelnmnn,  IF.  Gnbb,  Watson.  The  prettiest  and  smallest  of  the  clavate  Ojyuntias, 
the  only  one  with  purple  flowers  ;  joints  rarely  longer  than  1  or  2  inches  ;  flowers  1^  to  1^  inches 
wide  ;  seeds  2  lines  in  diameter. 

*  *    More  or  less  erect,  much  branched :  joints  cylindric :  ligneotis  skeleton  solid  or 

tubular  and  reticulated :  larger  spines  terete,  coated  with  a  loose  sheath. 

-H  Fruit  dry  and  spiny :  flowers  yelloio. 

10.  O.  tessellata,  Engelm.  Much  branched,  bushy,  from  a  stout  ligneous 
trunk  :  joints  slender,  covered  with  angular  flattened  ashy-gray  tubercles,  bearing 
above  long  single  loosely  sheathed  spines  :  flowers  small,  yellow  :  small  oval  fruit 
covered  with  long  brown  bristles  :  seeds  with  a  very  broad  flat  rhaphe.  —  Cact.  of 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  52,  t.  21. 


250  FICOIDE^.  Opuntia. 

Throughout  the  Californian  desert  from  the  mountains  to  the  Colorado,  and  into  Arizona. 
Bushes  4  to  6  feet  high  ;  trunk  solid,  sometimes  2  inches  in  diameter  ;  joints  only  ^  or  J  inch 
thick  ;  spines  an  inch  or  two  long  ;  flowers  6  to  9  lines  wide  ;  fruit  9  lines  long  ;  seeds  2  lines 
wide. 

11.  O.  echinocarpa,  Engelm.  &  Big.  A  low  much-branched  and  spreading 
shrub  :  joints  ovate-clavate,  densely  covered  with  numerous  spines  (3  or  4  stouter, 
8  to  16  weaker  ones  in  a  bunch),  which  are  loosely  coated  with  a  whitish  gHstening 
sheath  :  flowers  pale  greenish  yellow,  about  \h  inches  wide  :  fruit  depressed,  deeply 
umbilicate,  very  spiny  :  seeds  few  (2  lines  wide),  with  a  broad  flat  rhaphe.  —  Cact. 
1.  c.  51,  t.  18,  flg.  5  -  10  ;  Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  14. 

Common  in  the  desert  from  the  mountains  to  the  Colorado  River,  and  into  Arizona.  Usually 
only  1  to  1^  feet  high,  very  showy  from  its  conspicuous  shining  spines,  an  inch  or  two  long. 

1 2.  O.  serpentina,  Engelm.  A  large  straggling  densely  branched  shrub :  joints 
elongated,  covered  with  oblong  prominent  tubercles,  which  bear  bunches  of  numer- 
ous short  spines,  very  soon  losing  their  inconspicuous  sheaths  :  flowers  clustered, 
greenish  yellow,  reddish  externally  :  petals  spatulate,  obtuse  :  stigmas  8,  whitish  : 
fruit  broadly  oval,  deeply  umbilicate  :  seeds  thick,  irregular,  with  a  narrow  rhaphe. 
—  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2  ser.  xiv.  338. 

Common  near  the  coast,  at  San  Diego,  Parry,  Hitxihcock.  Bushes  3  to  5  feet  high  ;  spines 
8  to  15  in  a  bunch,  3  to  6  lines  long  ;  flowers  IJ  inches  wide  ;  fi-uit  about  9  lines  long. 

++  Fruit  green,  fleshy,  and  without  spines  :  flowers  red. 

13.  O.  prolifera,  Engelm.  An  arborescent  shrub  with  elongated  joints,  covered 
with  oblong  obtuse  tubercles,  which  bear  3  to  6  or  8  spines,  obsciirely  sheathed  : 
flowers  densely  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  small,  brick-red  :  fruit  clavate, 
obovate,  or  subglobose,  strongly  tubercled,  deeply  umbilicate,  almost  always  sterile 
and  often  proliferous  :  seeds  large,  regular,  with  a  broad  prominent  rhaphe.  —  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  1.  c. 

San  Diego  {Parry,  Schott,  Agassiz),  up  the  coast  to  San  Buenaventura,  and  southward 
into  the  Peninsula,  Gahh.  Larger  than  the  last,  with  stouter  more  strongly  tubercled  joints, 
and  fewer  and  shorter  spines,  and  easily  distinguished  from  it  in  flower  and  fruit  :  longest  spines 
1  to  1^  inches  long  ;  flowers  1^  inches  wide.;  seeds  3  lines  in  diameter,  with  a  more  j)rominent 
and  broader  rhaphe  than  its  allies. 

Several  other  Opuntice,  belonging  to  this  last  section,  all  with  red  flowers  and  fleshy  fruit,  are 
found  in  \Yestern  Arizona  and  may  also  be  expected  on  the  western  side  of  the  Colorado.  They 
are  all  erect  much-branched  bushes,  covered  with  shining  sheathed  spines.     The  more  northern 

0.  BiOELOvn,  Engelm.,  has  short  tubercles. 

0.  FULGIDA,  Engelm.  &  Big.,  and  0.  mamillata,  Schott,  both  south  of  the  Gila  (perhaps 
forms  of  a  single  species),  have  very  prominent  tubercles,  and  small  curiously  irregular  seeds 
1^  to  2  lines  long,  with  a  linear  rhaphe. 

0.  LEPTOCAULis,  DC,  including  0.  frutescens,  Engelm.,  0.  vaginata,  Engelm.,  and  several 
other  synonyms,  is  the  slenderest  of  all  Opuntice,  with  long  branches  scarcely  thicker  than  a 
goose-quill,  small  yellow  flowers,  and  a  small  pulpy  scarlet  fruit  ;  common  throughout  all 
Northern  Mexico,  ranging  into  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Western  Arizona,  and  may  also  be 
found  west  of  the  Colorado  River. 

Order  XLIV.    PICOIDEiE. 

A  miscellaneous  group,  chiefly  of  fleshy  or  succulent  plants,  with  mostly  opposite 
leaves  and  no  stipules ;  differing  from  Caryophyllacece  and  Portulacaceoe  by  having 
distinct  partitions  to  the  -ovary  and  capsule  (which  are  therefore  2  -  many-celled) ; 
the  petals  and  stamens  sometimes  numerous  in  the  manner  of  Cactaceoe  (but  the 
former  wanting  in  most  of  the  genera) ;  agreeing  with  all  these  orders  in  the  campy- 
lotropous  or  amphitropous  seeds ;  the  slender  embryo  curved  partly  or  completely 
round  a  mealy  albumen. 


Sesuvium.  FICOIDE^.  251 

i 

It  is  mainly  a  tropical  and  subtropical  family,  of  the  Old  World.  Our  Pacific  Coast  has  only 
two  indigenous  representatives,  both  insignificant,  and  as  many  naturalized  ones,  which  appear  as 
if  wild  on  the  sea-shore. 

*  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  :  petals  and  stamens  very  numerous. 

1.  Mesembryanthemum.    Capsule  5-valved  or  more.     Very  fleshy. 

*  *  Ovary  free  :  petals  none  ;  stamens  few  or  many. 

2.  Sesuvium.     Calyx-lobes  5,  petaloid.     Stamens  5  to  60.     Capsule  circumscissile.    Succulent. 

3.  MoUugo.     Sepals  5.     Stamens  3  or  5.     Capsule  3-valved.     Not  succulent 

1.  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  Linn.        Ice-Plant.     Fig-Marygold. 

Calyx-tube  atlnate  to  the  ovary;  the  lobes  usually  5,  unequal,  foliaceous.     Petals 

very  numerous,  linear.     Stamens  innumerable,  with  slender  filaments,  inserted  with 

the  petals  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx.     Styles  4  to  20,  usually  5.     Capsule  4  -  20- 

celled,  dehiscing  in  a  star-like  manner  at  the  depressed  summit.     Seeds  minute, 

very  numerous.  —  Fleshy  herbs  or  shrubs,  rarely  annual ;  leaves  mostly  opposite, 

without  stipules  ;  flowers  mostly  showy,  terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the  branches. 

A  genus  of  about  300  species,  principally  S.  African,  but  a  few  found  in  the  Mediterranean 
region,  Western  S.  America,  and  Australia.     The  Caliiomian  species  are  probably  introduced. 

1.  M.  aequilaterale,  Haworth.  Perennial,  with  stout  prostrate  or  ascending 
stems  and  short  ascending  flowering  branches  :  leaves  very  fleshy,  opposite  and 
clasping,  linear,  acutely  triangular,  1  to  3  inches  long,  smooth  :  flowers  solitary, 
red,  pedicellate  or  nearly  sessile,  about  I  ^  inches  in  diameter  :  calyx-tube  turbinate, 
half  an  inch  long  or  more,  angled  or  terete ;  the  larger  lobes  often  as  long  :  stigmas 
6  to  10.  —  DC.  Prod.  iii.  429. 

On  the  sea-shore  and  in  saline  soils  from  San  Diego  to  Pimta  de  los  Eeyes.  Also  in  Chili  and 
abundant  in  Australia  and  Tasmania,  and  very  similar  to  M.  acinaciforme  of  S.  Africa.  Fruit 
edible  and  pleasant,  and  the  flowers  very  fragrant. 

2.  M.  crystallinum,  Linn.  Annual  or  biennial,  diff"usely  procumbent,  covered 
with  large  white  glistening  papillae  :  leaves  flat,  fleshy,  often  alternate  on  the 
branches,  clasping,  ovate  or  spatulate,  undulate  :  flowers  axillary,  nearly  sessile, 
white  or  rose-colored  :  calyx-tube  campanulate,  terete,  4  or  5  lines  long  ;  lobes  ovate, 
retuse  or  acute  :  stigmas  5.  —  DC.  Prodr.  iii.  448. 

San  Diego  {Cleveland)  ;  Santa  Cruz  Island  {Rolhrock)  ;  collected  also  by  Fremont.  Apparently 
identical  with  S.  African  specimens. 

2.  SESUVIUM,  Linn.        Sea  Pukslane. 

Calyx-tube  turbinate,  free  from  the  ovary ;  the  lobes  5,  oblong-lanceolate,  apic- 
ulate  on  the  back  near  the  top,  membranously  margined,  often  colored  within. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes,  or  many,  inserted  at  the  top  of 
the  calyx-tube.  Styles  3  to  5.  Capsule  ovate-oblong,  membranaceous,  3  —  5-celled, 
circumscissile  at  the  middle,  many-seeded.  —  Succulent  smooth  branching  mostly 
prostrate  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  base ;  leaves  opposite,  linear  to  spatulate, 
entire,  without  stipules  or  united  by  a  stipule-like  membrane ;  flowers  axillary  and 
terminal,  solitary  or  clustered. 

About  4  species  are  known,  frequenting  the  sea-coast  and  saline  localities  through  the  tropics 
and  warmer  regions  of  the  globe. 

1.  S.  Fortulacastrum,  Linn.  Perennial :  stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  herba- 
ceous, often  a  foot  long  or  more:  leaves  linear-  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  ^  to  1| 
inches  long,  acute  or  obtuse  :  flowers  sessile  or  pedicellate  :  calyx  3  to  5  lines  long ; 


252  UMBELLIFERJE,  "^         Mollugo. 

the  lobes  more  or  less  purple  :  stamens  many,  —  Eohrbach  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  xiv^. 
310,  t.  70. 

A  very  variable  species,  widely  distributed  around  the  globe.  It  has  been  collected  near  Fort 
Mohave  {Coo2)er),  and  is  frequent  in  saline  or  alkaline  valleys  through  the  interior  from  N.  Nevada 
to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  often  with  much  broader  leaves  than  is  usual  in  the  sea-coast  forms. 

3.   MOLLUGO,  Linn.         Carpet-weed. 

Calyx  5-cleft  nearly  to  the  base ;  the  lobes  herbaceous,-  membranously  margined. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  3  or  5,  rarely  twice  as  many,  hypogynous.  Styles  3.  Cap- 
sule free,  thin-membranaceous,  3  -  5-celled,  loculicidally  3  -  5-valved,  the  partitions 
breaking  away  from  the  persistent  central  placenta.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell, 
longitudinally  sulcate  on  the  back.  —  Annuals,  low  and  much  branched,  glabrous, 
not  succulent ;  leaves  linear  to  obovate-spatulate,  entire,  opposite  and  apparently 
verticillate  ;  stipules  obsolete  ;  flowers  mostly  on  long  pedicels  and  axillary. 

About  a  dozen  species  in  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe.  The  following  is  the  only  one  in- 
digenous to  N.  America. 

1.  M.  verticillata,  Linn.  Prostrate,  covering  the  ground,  slender  :  leaves  sjDat- 
ulate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  an  inch  long  or  less  :  pedicels  umbellately  fascicled  at 
the  nodes,  slender,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  sepals  and  oblong-ovoid  capsule  about  \^  lines 
long  :  seeds  reniform,  shining.  —  Kohrbach,  1.  c.  240,  t.  55. 

On  light  sandy  soils  from  the  Columbia  River  southward  ;  at  Eagle  Creek,  near  Shasta,  and 
at  McCumber's  Flat  {Brewer,  Newberry) ;  from  Arizona  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  fre- 
quent in  the  Atlantic  States  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  grounds  :  thence  southward  to  the  W.  Indies 
and  Brazil. 

Order  XLV.    UMBELLIPER^. 

Herbs  with  small  flowers  in  umbels  (sometimes  contracted  into  heads),  five  epi- 
gynous  stamens  and  petals,  and  two  styles ;  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  2-celled  ovary, 
which  contains  a  solitary  ovule  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell ;  and  the 
fruit  splitting  into  a  pair  of  dry  seed-like  indehiscent  carpels.  Seed  with  a  minute 
embryo  in  hard  albumen.  Petals  mostly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stem  commonly 
hollow.  Leaves  mainly  alternate,  mostly  compound,  often  decompound  :  the  petiole 
expanded  or  sheathing  at  base.  Umbels  usually  themselves  umbellate,  forming  a 
compound  umbel :  this  is  then  usually  called  the  umbel,  and  the  partial  umbels  are 
called  umhellets.  The  bracts  under  the  general  umbel,  when  present,  form  an  invo- 
lucre ;  those  under  the  umbellets,  an  involucel.  The  enlarged  base  of  the  styles,  or 
the  common  base  of  the  two,  takes  the  name  of  stylopodium  :  it  is  often  surrounded 
by  or  confluent  with  an  epigynous  disk.  Each  of  the  two  carpels  is  commonly 
traversed  by  5  longitudinal  ribs  :  in  the  intervals  between  them  are  usually  lodged 
one  or  more  longitudinal  canals  containing  aromatic  oil,  the  vittce  or  oil-tubes.  The 
face  by  which  the  two  carpels  cohere  is  the  commissure :  a  slender  prolongation  of 
the  axis  between  them  is  the  carpophore :  it  is  apt  to  split  into  two  branches,  a 
carpel  suspended  for  some  time  from  the  tip  of  each. 

A  family  of  almost  200  genera  and  much  above  a  thousand  species,  dispersed  over  all  parts  of 
the  world,  but  abundant  only  in  warm,  temperate,  or  cooler  regions.  Many  are  poisonous  (Hem- 
lock, Water- Hemlock,  &c.)  :  others  afford  esculent  roots  (Parsnip,  Carrot),  or  their  herbage  may 
be  eaten  after  blanching  (Celery)  ;  several  are  innocent  and  aromatic  (Dill,  Fennel),  at  least  the 
fruits  (Caraway,  Anise,  &c.). 


rMBELLIFER^E.  253 

The  genera  are  difficult,  as  tlie/have  to  rest  mainly  on  the  fruit  and  seed  :  these  are  best  ex- 
amined in  tiansverse  slices.  The  whole  order  is  divided  into  numerous  tribes.  These,  being 
somewhat  recondite,  are  here  dispensed  with. 

I.  Umbels  simple,  or  irregularly  or  imperfectly  compound,  the  flowers  sessile  or  slightly  pedi- 

cellate.    Oil-tubes  none  or  obscure. 

*  Leaves  simple,  not  strongly  lobed  nor  toothed  :  umbels  simple  or  proliferous  :  flowers  white, 

without  bracts  :  oil-tubes  none. 

1.  Hydrocotyle.     Leaves  peltate  or  orbicular.    Fruit  rounded,  laterally  compressed,  smooth  : 

ribs  filitorm.     Creeping,  aquatic  or  subaquatic. 

2.  Bowlesia.     Leaves  reniform,  opposite  !     Fruit  ovate,  turgid  and  ribless,  pubescent. 

*  *  Leaves  spinosely  toothed,  or  palmately  lobed  or  pinnatifid  :  oil-tubes  obscure. 

3.  Eryngium.     Leaves  rigid,  spinosely  toothed.     Flowers  perfect,  bracteate,  sessile  in  dense 

heads,  bluish.     Fruit  covered  with  hyaline  scales. 

4.  Sanicula.     Leaves  lobed  and  incised.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  irregularly  compound  um- 

bels, mostly  yellow.     Fruit  covered  with  hooked  prickles  or  tubercles. 

II.  Umbels  regularly  comjMjund.     Fruit  witliout  prominent  secondary  ribs  and  not  furnished 
with  hooked  or  barbed  prickles.     Oil-tubes  rarely  wanting. 

*  Fruit  more  or  less  compressed  laterally,  broadly  ovate  or  subglobose  to  elliptic-oblong,  not 

broadly  winged. 
HI-  Seed  terete,  with  involute  margins  :  oil-tubes  conspicuous  :  carpophore  entire  :  flowers  yellow. 

5.  Deweya.     Fruit  oblong  or  nearly  orbicular  ;  ribs  filiform  or  prominent :  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in 

the  intervals. 

-1-  -1-  Seed  deeply  sulcate  on  the  face  :  oil-tubes  wanting  :  carpophore  2-pai-ted  :  flowers  white. 

6.  Conium.     Fruit  broadly  ovate,  with  prominent  equal  obtuse  ribs. 

-*-+■+-  Seed  nearly  terete  or  but  slightly  concave  on  the  face  :  flowers  white. 

++  Fruit  small,  not  prominently  ribbed  :    oil-tubes  solitary  ;   stylopodium  depressed  :   umbels 

naked,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

7.  Apium.     Fruit  broadly  ovate  :  seed  not  concave  :  carpophore  entire.     Biennial. 

8.  Apiastrum.   Fruit  cordate  :  seed  concave  and  longitudinally  incurved  :  carjwphore  2-parted. 

Aimual. 

++  ++  Fruit  not  prominently  ribbed  :  stylopodium  more  or  less  prominent :  carpophore  bifid  or 

2-parted. 

9.  Carum.     Fniit  ovate  or  oblong  :  rilw  filiform  :  oil-tubes  solitary.     Involucre  and  involucels 

usually  present.     Leaflets  linear,  entire. 

10.  Fimpinella.     Fruit  ovate,  with  a  broad  commissure  :   ribs  slightly  prominent :   oil-tubes 

numerous.     Umbels  nearly  naked.     Leaflets  cuneate-ovate,  pinnatifid. 

11.  Berula.     Fruit  nearly  globose,  emarginate  at  base,  with  thickened  epicarp:  oil-tubes  numer- 

ous and  contiguous.     Involucre  and  involucels  present.     Leaflets  ovate-oblong  to  linear, 
laciniately  toothed. 

++  ++  ++  Fruit  with  prominent  coiky   wings,  didymous  :    stylopodium  depressed  :    cai-pophore 
2-parted.     Stout  perennials,   with  involucels  and  often  involucres  also. 

12.  Cicuta.     Fruit  broadly  ovate,  with  thick  obtuse  wings  :  oil-tubes  solitary. 

13.  Slum.     Fruit  oblong  or  ovate  :  ribs  wing-like  :  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals. 

*  *  Fruit  somewhat  compressed  laterally,  linear-oblong,  with  broad  commissure,  not  winged  ; 

seed  sulcate  or  reniform  in  section  :  carirophore  2-parted,  persistent  :  flowere  white. 

14.  Osmorrhiza.    Fruit  narrowly  attenuate  at  base,  hispid  on  the  acuti.sh  angles :  oil-tubes  very 

obscure  :  seed  sulcate  on  the  face  or  somewhat  involute.     Umbels  nearly  naked.     Leaf- 
lets ovate,  cleft  and  toothed. 

15.  Glycosma.     Similar  ;  fruit  not  attenuate  at  base,  veiy  rarely  hispid  :  seed  broadly  sulcate. 

16.  Podosciadium.     Fruit  not  attenuate  at  base,  glabrous  :  ribs  filiform  :  oil-tubes  solitary  or 

in  pairs  :  seed  reniform  in  section  and  longitudinally  ridged  on  the  face.     Involucre  and 
involucels  present.     Leaflets  linear. 

*  ♦  *  Fruit  not  compressed,  or  more  or  less  compressed  dorsally,  oblong  to  orbicular. 
+-  Fruit  not  compressed  :  flowers  white. 

17.  CSnanthe.     Fruit  oblong  to  globose  :  ribs  corky  and  rounded,  with  very  narrow  intervals 

and  solitary  oil-tubes. 


254  UMBELLIFER^.  ^.Hydrocotyle. 

-i-  4-  Fruit  somewhat  compressed  dorsally  ;  the  dorsal  ribs  rather  narrowly  winged  ;  the  lateral 
wings  broader,  distinct  :  stylopodium  somewhat  prominent  :  seed  sulcate  or  concave  :  tall 
herbs,  with  white  flowers. 

18.  Ligusticum.    Dorsal  ribs  narrowly  winged :  oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals,  obscure  :  seed 

renit'orm  in  section. 

19.  Selinum.     Dorsal  wings  broader  :  oil-tubes  solitary  :  seed  nearly  flat  on  the  face. 

+-  -I-  -i-  Fruit  much  flattened  dorsally. 

++  Lateral  wings  broad,  distinct,  the  dorsal  more  or  less  prominent :  seed  concave  on  the  face  or 

nearly  flat. 

20.  Angelica.     Dorsal  wings  narrower  than  the  lateral  :  oil-tubes  solitaiy.     Stout  herbs,  with 

white  flowers  and  naked  or  nearly  naked  umbels. 

21.  Cymopterus.     Dorsal  wings  as  broad  as  the  lateial  ones  :  oil-tubes  one  to  several  in  the 

intervals.     Low  perennial  herbs  ;  flowers  yellow  or  white  ;  involucres  present. 

++  ++  Lateral  wings  coherent  till  maturity  ;  dorsal  ribs  filiform  :  seed  nearly  flat  on  the  face. 

22.  Peucedanum.     Lateral  wings  thin  :  oil-tubes  as  long  as  the  fruit.     Involucre  none.     Low 

perennials  ;  flowers  yellow  or  white,  not  radiate. 

23.  Heracleum.     Lateral  wings  thin  :  oil-tubes  solitaiy,  clavate,  not  reaching  the  base  of  the 

fruit.     Stout  j)ubescent  perennials,  with  white,  often  ladiate  flowers. 

24.  Ferula.     Lateral  wings  corky,  as  thick  as  the  fmit :  oil-tubes  numerous,  mostly  obscure, 

III.  Umbels  regularly  compound.  Secondary  ribs  most  prominent,  aimed  with  barbed  or 
hooked  prickles  :  oil-tubes  solitary  under  the  wings  or  ribs,  conspicuous.  Hispid  herbs, 
with  white  flowers. 

25.  Daucus.     Seed  flat  on  the  face.     Biennial  or  annual. 

26.  Caucalis.     Seed  furrowed  on  the  face  or  involute.     Annuals. 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE,  Touin.        Marsh  Pennywort. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  slightly  concave,  valvate.  Fruit  flattened  laterally, 
suborbicular,  acutely  margined,  and  with  2  or  3  more  or  less  prominent  nerve-like 
ribs  on  each  side  ;  oil-tubes  none  ;  carpels  not  separating.  —  Smooth  herbaceous 
perennials,  growing  in  or  near  water,  with  slender  creeping  stems ;  leaves  orbicular- 
peltate  or  reniform,  with  scale-like  stipules ;  flowers  inconspicuous,  appearing 
through  the  summer,  the  umbels  simple  or  proliferous  one  above  the  other,  on 
slender  peduncles, 

A  genus  widely  dispersed  over  the  globe,  of  about  70  species,  the  larger  number  belonging  to 
the  southeiTi  hernisphere  ;  sparingly  represented  in  the  United  States. 

1.  H,  prolifera,  Kellogg.  Leaves  peltate,  emarginate  at  base,  simply  crenate, 
on  petioles  1  to  3  inches  long  :  peduncles  about  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves : 
whorls  1  to  4,  about  8-flowered  (12-20-flowered,  Kellogg),  with  numerous  bractlets, 
the  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  (3  to  6  lines,  Kellogg) :  fruit  a  line  broad,  slightly 
emarginate  at  base ;  ribs  two  on  each  side,  prominent ;  commissure  narrow.  — 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.   15, 

A  slender  species,  growing  about  San  Francisco  and  elsewhere,  first  collected  by  Chaniisso  ; 
collected  also  by  Coulter  in  "Sonora  Alta,"  and  by  others  in  Mexico.  It  has  been  referred  to 
H.  viilgaris  of  the  Old  World,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  much  longer  peduncles  and 
pedicels,  the  fruit  in  H.  vulgaris  being  nearly  sessile. 

2.  H.  ranunculoides,  Linn.  fil.  Stouter,  usually  floating  :  leaves  not  peltate, 
orbicular,  with  3  to  7  crenate  lobes,  on  petioles  2  to  9  inches  long:  peduncles  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  |  to  3  inches  long,  reflexed  in  fruit  :  flowers  5  to  10  in  a 
capitate  umbel:  fruit  1  to'li  lines  broad,  with  thickened  scarcely  angled  margins, 
rather  obscurely  3-nerved  on  each  side,  longer  than  the  pedicels. 

About  San  Francisco  ;  San  Diego  Co.  {Palmer)  ;  and  probably  elsewhere.  Common  also  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  and  from  Florida  westward  through  Mexico, 


Sanicula.  UMBELLIFER^.  256 

2.   BOWLESIA,  Euiz  &L  Pavon. 

Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent.  Petals  elliptical,  obtusish.  Fruit  broadly  ovate 
in  outline,  with  a  narrow  commissure,  turgid,  becoming  depressed  on  the  back, 
Avithout  ribs  or  oil-tubes.  Seed  flat  on  the  face,  slightly  hollowed  on  the  back,  not 
filling  the  calyx.  —  Slender  herbs,  with  scattered  stellate  pubescence ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, simple,  with  scarious  and  lacerate  stipules ;  flowers  white,  minute,  in  simple 
few-flowered  umbels  on  axillary  peduncles. 

A  dozen  species,  chiefly  South  American,  one  ranging  northward  to  Mexico,  Arizona,  and 
CaUfornia. 

1.  B.  lobata,  Kuiz  &  Pavon.  Annual,  weak  and  slender,  thinly  pubescent,  the 
stems  (lichotomously  branched,  a  foot  or  two  long :  leaves  thin,  reniform  to  cordate, 
^  to  1|  inches  broad,  shorter  than  the  slender  petioles,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  acutish 
lobes  entire  or  1  -2-toothed:  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles;  the  umbels 
1  -  4-flowered  :  fruit  a  line  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  pubescent,  the  inflated  calyx 
not  adherent  to  the  carpels,  which  are  at  first  but  partially  occupied  by  the  seed.  — 
PL  Peruv.  iii.  28,  t.  251 ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  PL  i.  601. 

In  damp  shady  places,  from  the  Sacramento  Valley  southward,  rather  rare.  The  species 
doubtless  includes  £.  tencra,  Sprengel. 

3.  ERYNGIUM,  Toum.        Button  Snakeroot. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  rigid  and  persistent.  Fruit  ovoid  or  obovoid,  scarcely  com- 
pressed, covered  with  hyaline  scales  or  vesicles ;  the  ribs  obsolete,  and  oil-tubes  (in 
our  species)  wanting  ;  carpels  and  seeds  semi-terete.  —  Herbs,  chiefly  perennial ; 
leaves  rigid,  coriaceous,  spinosely  toothed  or  divided ;  flowers  white  or  blue,  sessile 
in  dense  heads,  bracteate,  the  outer  bracts  forming  an  involucre. 

A  genus  of  100  or  more  species,  of  the  warm  and  temperate  regions  of  the  globe.  The  15  to 
18  American  species  are  mostly  confined  to  the  Southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States. 

a 

1.  E.  petiolatum,  Hook.  Erect,  1  to  5  feet  high,  dichotomously  branched 
above,  glaucous  :  radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  spinosely  and  unequally  serrate,  atten- 
uate into  an  elongated^  fistulous  petiole,  the  cauline  mostly  sessile :  heads  globose, 
half  an  inch  in  diameter,  peduncled ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  spinosely  tipped,  at 
least  the  outer  ones  much  exceeding  the  bluish  flowers  :  calyx-teeth  a  line  long, 
exceeding  the  fruit,  which  is  covered  with  subulate  at  length  rigid  scales.  —  PI.  i. 
250;  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  315.  U.  articulatum,  Hook,  in  Lond.  Jour.  Bot. 
vi.  232. 

Var.  armatum,  Watson.  Bracts  broader,  entire,  all  similar  and  much  exceed- 
ing the  flowers,  scarcely  dilated  at  base,  rigid  and  with  a  thickened  margin  :  style 
shorter  than  the  calyx  :  usually  less  glaucous. 

In  marshes  from  San  Diego  to  the  Columbia  ;  or  in  drier  places,  a  dwarf  state  but  2  or  3 
inches  high.  The  submerged  leaves  consist  only  of  the  terete  jointed  petiole  without  lamina. 
The  usual  form  has  the  bracts  more  or  less  toothed,  the  inner  ones  but  little  exceeding  the  flowers 
or  rarely  as  long  as  the  outer  ones,  the  styles  exceeding  the  calyx-teeth.  The  variety  is  men- 
tioned by  Dr.  Torrey,  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  315,  as  perhaps  distinct.  It  has  been  collected  from 
Monterey  to  Humboldt  County,  Brewer,  Samuels,  Kellogg,  &c. 

4.    SANICULA,  Toum.        Sanicle. 

Calyx-teeth  somewhat  foliaceous,  persistent.  Fruit  subglobose  or  obovoid,  densely 
covered  with  hooked  prickles  or  tuberculkte ;  ribs  obsolete ;  oil-tubes  numerous. 
Seed  hemispherical.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  nearly  naked  stems  ;  leaves  pal- 
mately  divided,  the  lobes  more  or  less  pinnatifid  or  incised ;    flowers  unisexual^ 


256  rMBELLIFER^E.  -^         Sanicula. 

in  irregularly  compound  few-rayed  umbels,  involucrate  with  sessile  leafy  usually 

toothed  bracts,  the  bracts  of  the  involucels  small  and  entire. 

A  genus  of  a  few  scattered  species,  more  than  lialf  of  them  native  of  North  America,  and  of 
these  only  two  are  confined  to  the  region  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  Californian  species 
are  chiefly  Umited  to  the  Coast  Ranges  and  are  peculiar  in  their  habit,  small  fruit,  &c. 

*  Leaves  palmately  divided,  the  lobes  toothed,  or  lacerate,  or  pinnatifid  with  decur- 
rent  segments :  rootstocks  thickened. 

•*-  Mature  fruit  shortly  pedicellate  :  flowers  yellow. 

1.  S.  arctopoides,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stems  very  short,  with  several  divergent 
scape-like  branches,  often  much  exceeding  the  leaves  (3  to  6  inches  long),  each  bear- 
ing an  umbel  of  1  to  3  elongated  rays  :  leaves  deeply  3-lobed,  the  cuneate  divisions 
once  or  twice  laciniately  cleft,  with  lanceolate  acute  spreading  segments  :  involucre 
of  1  or  2  similar  leaflets  :  heads  large,  3  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  with  conspicuous 
involucels  of  8  to  10  narrowly  oblanceolate  mostly  entire  bracts  :  fruit  shortly 
pedicellate,  H  lines  long,  naked  at  base,  strongly  armed  above.  —  Bot.  Beechey. 
141  ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  258,  t.  91. 

About  San  Francisco  and  eastward  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  in  the  plains  and  on  dry  hillsides. 
Strongly  marked  by  its  low  scape-like  branches,  large  involucels,  and  laciniately  lobed  leaves  ; 

{)lant  yellowish  gi'een.     The  figure  in  Hook.  Fl.  represents  the  species  poorly,  and  but  for  the 
arge  solitary  head  might  be  supposed  to  be  from  a  low  fonn  of  S.  laciniata. 

2.  S.  Menziesii,  Hook.  &  Am.  Stem  solitary,  erect,  1  to  2i  feet  high,  branch- 
ing: leaves  rounded-cordate,  2  or  3  inches  broad,  very  deeply  3-5-lobed  ;  the  broad 
lobes  sharply  toothed  or  somewhat  cleft  and  the  teeth  tipped  with  slender  bristles ; 
upper  leaves  more  narrowly  lobed  and  laciniately  toothed  :  umbel  of  3  or  4  slender 
rays ;  involucre  often  small,  of  2  or  3  narrow  leaflets,  the  involucels  of  6  to  8  lan- 
ceolate entire  bracts  a  line  or  two  long  :  sterile  flowers  nearly  sessile  :  fruit  4  to  8 
in  each  head,  becoming  distinctly  pedicellate  and  divergent,  obovate,  a  line  long  or 
more,  covered  with  hooked  prickles.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  142;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  258,  t.  90. 

In  shaded  woods  from  Santa  Clara  County  to  the  British  boundary. 

-K  +■'  Fruit  sessile. 

3.  S.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  Stem  very  short,  the  peduncles  mostly  from  the 
base,  1  to  6  inches  long  :  leaves  ternate,  the  divisions  oblong-ovate,  3-5-lobed;  the 
segments  lobed  or  toothed  :  involucre  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  a  half  to  an  inch  long  : 
rays  about  5,  sometimes  branched,  2  to  5  lines  long  in  flower,  becoming  ^  to  1| 
inches  long ;  involucels  somewhat  one-sided,  of  several  oblong  acute  bracts  more  or 
less  united  at  base  :  flowers  yellow,  the  sterile  equalling  the  pedicels  :  fruit  covered 
with  stout  hooked  prickles.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  139. 

Indian  Valley,  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  M.  E.  P.  Ames,  1874  ;  Lemmon. 

4.  S.  laciniata,  Hook.  &  Arn.  With  the  habit  of  S.  Menziesii :  leaves  cordate 
or  triangular,  3-parted,  the  divisions  laciniately  1  -  2-pinnatifid  and  the  segments 
laciniately  toothed  ;  the  teeth  spinosely  pointed  :  flowers  yellow  :  mature  heads 
small,  globose  ;  the  numerous  fruit  naked  at  base,  hooked-bristly  above.  —  Bot. 
Beechey,  347.     S.  nudicaulis.  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c. 

From  San  Diego  to  Humboldt  County.  A  form  is  collected  at  San  Diego  and  on  the  Buena- 
ventura with  larger  heads  of  flowers  and  the  divisions  of  the  leaves  more  oblong  ;  perhaps  dis- 
tinct, but  the  fruit  is  unknown. 

5.  S.  bipinnatifida,  Dougl.  Erect,  a  foot  high  or  less,  with  usually  a  pair  of 
opposite  leaves  at  base  and  1  to  3  leav^  above  :  leaves  long-petioled,  triangular  to 
oblong  in  outline,  2  or  3  inches  long,  pinnately  3  -  5-lobed ;  the  segments  distant, 
incisely  toothed  or  lobed,  decurrent  on  the  toothed  rachis ;  teeth  spinose-pointed  or 
only  acute  :  umbel  with  usually  3  or  4  elongated  rays,  the  cleft  involucre  lateral : 


Deweya.  UMBELLIFER^.  257 

lieads  dense,  3  lines  in  diameter  :  flowers  purple  or  sometimes  yellowish ;  iuvolucels 
very  short  :  fruit  covered  with  hooked  bristles.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  258,  t.  92  ;  Torrey, 
Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  314. 

From  the  Sacramento  Valley  to  the  Columbia  ;  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon. 

*  *  Leaves  Uvice  or  thrice  pinnate,  the  segments  small  and  not  decarreni :  flowers 
yellow :  fruit  sessile :  erect,  very  slender,  branching. 

6.  S.  bipinnata,  Hook.  &  Am.  Eoot  fusiform,  slender :  stems  a  foot  high  or 
more  :  ultimate  segments  of  the  leaves  3  or  4  lines  long,  acutely  toothed  :  umbels 
about  3-i"ayed,  with  a  leafy  involucre ;  heads  small,  two  lines  in  diameter,  with  a 
small  membranaceous  6  -  8-parted  involucel :  fruit  tuberculate  at  base,  armed  above, 
1|  lines  long.  — Bot.  Beechey,  347. 

From  Monterey  to  the  Upper  Sacramento  Valley. 

7.  S.  tuberosa,  Torrey.  Stem  3  inches  to  a  foot  high,  from  a  small  tuberous 
root :  leaves  usually  very  finely  divided,  the  segments  less  than  a  line  in  length : 
rays  1  to  4  ;  involucres  leafy ;  involucels  small,  of  unequal  lobed  segments  :  heads 
small,  the  sterile  flowers  on  long  pedicels  :  fruit  few,  depressed,  strongly  tuberculate, 
unarmed.  — Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv.  91. 

Dry  hills,  Mendocino  County,  to  the  Sacramento  Valley.  In  the  Sierra  Nevada  (DufReld's 
Ranch,  Bic/elow,  and  Plumas  County,  Mrs.  Ames)  there  is  found  a  low  form  with  less  finely 
divided  leaves. 

6.   DEWEYA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Disk  and  stylopodium  depressed  or  wanting. 
Fruit  oblong-elliptical  or  orbicular,  compressed  laterally  ;  ribs  somewhat  prominent, 
and  with  2  or  3  obscure  secondary  lines  between  each  pair ;  oil-tubes  2  to  3  in  the 
intervals,  conspicuous.  Seed  terete,  involute,  often  enclosing  a  central  cavity. 
Carpophore  entire.  —  Smooth  erect  perennial  herbs,  1  or  2  feet  high ;  leaves  pin- 
nate or  bipinnate,  mostly  radical ;  flowers  yellow,  in  large  umbels  ;  involucre  none 
or  partial,  the  involucels  1 -sided. 

An  exclusively  Californian  genus,  distinguished  from  Conium  by  the  conspicuous  oil-tubes, 
from  Arrncacia  (to  which  it  is  referred  by  Benth.  &  Hook,  in  Gen.  PI.  i.  885)  by  the  depressed 
stylopodium  and  terete  seed,  and  from  both  by  the  undivided  carpophore  and  more  involute 
seed. 

1.  D.  argllta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  simply  pinnate ;  leaflets  7,  ovate  to  oblong- 
ovate,  the  lowest  shortly  petiolulate  and  often  subcordate,  1  to  IJ  inches  long, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate  with  mucronate  teeth,  the  terminal  one  often  3-lobed  : 
peduncle  elongated:  mys  about  12,  without  involucre,  2  or  3  inches  long:  invo- 
lucels of  2  or  3  linear  acuminate  entire  or  toothed  bracts  :  pedicels  two  lines  long  : 
fruit  oblong,  three  lines  long,  acutely  ribbed,  with  rather  broad  commissure  and 
somewhat  prominent  erect  calyx-teeth.  — Fl.  i.  641  ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  26. 

Southern  California,  near  the  coast,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego.  In  woods  and  on  dry 
hillsides,  rarely  collected  :  root  large  and  fusiform. 

2.  D.  Hartivegi,  Gray.  Eather  stout  :  leaves  biternate  and  quinate,  the  leaf- 
lets more  deeply  lobed  and  less  sharply  toothed  than  in  the  last  :  umbels  similar; 
involucre  none  or  of  1  or  2  leaflets :  fruit  broader,  3  lines  long ;  calyx-teeth  obso- 
lete ;  ribs  prominent,  and  oil-tubes  marked  by  intervening  ridges  :  seed  involute, 
enclosing  a  central  cavity. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  342. 

Hills  bordering  the  lower  Sacramento  {Hartweg)  ;  near  San  Francisco,  Kellogg. 

3.  D.  Kelloggii,  Gray.  More  slender,  leafy  at  base  :  leaves  3-temate,  the  leaf- 
lets a  half  to  an  incli  long,  mostly  3-lobed,  mucronately  toothed  :  involucre  none : 
rays   10  to   12,  an  inch  long  or  more;  involucels  of  very  small  subulate  bracts  : 


258  UMBELLIFER^.  -#  Conium. 

fruit  two  lines  long  and  broad,  with  narrow  commissure  and  no  calyx-teeth,  the  ribs 
filiform  :  seed  involute,  enclosing  a  central  cavity.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  343. 
About  San  Francisco  and  Bolinas  Bay,  Kellogg,  Bolander. 

6.   CONIUM,  Linn.        Poison  Hemlock. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.     Fruit  broadly  ovate,  laterally  compressed,  the  carpels  with 

5  prominent  obtuse  equal  ribs ;  oil-tubes  none.     Seed  terete,  with  a  deep  narrow 

groove  on  the  inner  face.     Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Tall  smooth  biennials  ;  leaves 

large,  decompound  ;  involucres  and  involucels  small,  3  -  5-bracted  ;  flowers  white. 

A  genus  of  only  2  or  3  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World,  with  virulently  poisonous  but  valu- 
able medicinal  properties. 

1.  C.  maculatum,  Linn.  Stem  2  to  5  feet  high,  from  a  white  fusiform  root, 
branching,  often  spotted  with  purple  :  leaves  bright  green,  the  segments  half  an 
inch  long,  pinnatitid,  with  acute  lobes:  umbels  12-20-rayed,  the  rays  1  to  1| 
inches  long :  petals  obtuse  or  with  a  very  short  inflexed  point  :  fruit  1^  lines  long, 
shorter  than  the  pedicels. 

Sparingly  introduced  in  waste  places  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  older  towns.  The  bruised 
leaves  exhale  a  sickly  disagieeable  odor.  The  extract  of  the  plant  has  powerful  narcotic  and 
alterative  properties,  and  is  a  valuable  remedial  agent  in  the  hands  of  competent  physicians.  The 
root  ignorantly  eaten  by  children  and  others  has  not  rarely  proved  fatal  in  its  effects. 

7.  APIUM,  Linn.        Celery. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  broadly  ovate,  laterally 
compressed,  the  carpels  nearly  straight,  somewhat  ribbed  obtusely ;  oil-tubes  solitary 
in  the  intervals.  Seed  nearly  terete,  not  channelled  nor  concave  on  the  face.  Carpo- 
phore entire.  —  Smooth  ;  leaves  decompound  ;  umbels  terminal,  often  nearly  sessile 
opposite  the  leaves  ;  flowers  white ;  involucre  and  involucels  small  or  none. 

Including  about  a  dozen  species,  as  limited  by  Bentham  &  Hooker,  some  widely  distributed,  but 
half  of  them  confined  to  the  Southern  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  only 
species  found  in  California  is  a  native  of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  widely  naturalized,  under  cultiva- 
tion much  changed  and  improved,  becoming  the  garden  Celery.  The  cultivated  Parsley  is  another 
member  of  the  genus  {A.  Petrosclinum). 

1.  A.  graveolens,  Linn.  Biennial,  with  a  fibrous  root,  erect,  branching  and 
rather  leafy,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  pinnate  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  broadly  cuneate- 
obovate  or  rhomboidal  leaflets,  3  -  5-lobed  and  sparingly  toothed,  an  inch  or  two 
long,  the  upper  ternate  with  nearly  entire  oblanceolate  leaflets  :  umbels  sessile  or 
very  shortly  pedunculate,  naked  ;  rays  6  to  12  or  fewer,  slender,  an  inch  long  or 
less  :  fruit  two  thirds  of  a  line  long. 

Rare  in  California,  but  has  been  collected  in  salt  marehes  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  and 
also  at  Fort  Tejon. 

8.  APIASTRUM,  Kutt. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  ovate,  concave,  obtuse.  Stylopodium  depressed ; 
styles  short.  Fruit  cordate  in  outline,  laterally  compressed  with  a  narrow  commis- 
sure ;  carpels  incurved  when  mature,  with  5  often  obscure  rugulose  ribs ;  oil-tubes 
broad  and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  and  a  narrow  one  under  each  rib.  Seed  con- 
cave and  somewhat  incurved  longitudinally.  Carpophore  2-parted,  rigid.  —  A 
smooth  slender  branching  Californian  annual;  leaves  dissected,  with  linear  seg- 
ments ;  umbels  sessile,  naked,  few-rayed,  in  the  forks  or  opposite  to  the  leaves ; 
flowers  small,  white. 


Pimpinella.  UMBELLIFERJE.  259 

1.  A.  angustifolium,  Xutt.  A  span  or  two  high  ;  branches  somewhat  dichoto- 
mous  :  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  biteruately  or  triternately  divided,  with  linear  or 
nearly  tiiiforui  segments  :  umbels  and  umbellets  very  unequally  3  -  4-rayed,  the 
slender  pedicels  at  length  spiuosely  pointed  with  the  persistent  carpophore  :  fruit 
half  a  line  long,  somewhat  broader,  variable  in  the  curvature  of  the  carpels  and  in 
the  prominence  of  the  ribs,  which  are  sometimes  nine,  the  primary  and  intermediate 
ones  being  nearly  equally  developed.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  644 ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound,  t.  28.  A.  latifolimn,  Kutt.  1.  c,  the  more  coarsely  dissected  form.  Helo- 
sciadium  leptophyllum,  var.  (?)  latifolium,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  347. 

Frequent  in  spring  in  the  western  portion  of  the  State,  from  San  Diego  to  Mendocino  County, 
on  hillsides.     In  the  figure  cited,  some  of  the  characters  of  the  fruit  are  incoiTectly  shown. 

9.   CARUM,  Linn. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Stylopodium  conical.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  laterally  com- 
pressed; ribs  obtuse,  scarcely  prominent  or  nerve-like;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals. Seed  subterete  or  somewhat  dorsally  compressed,  convex,  flat,  or  slightly 
concave  on  the  face.  Carpophore  2-parted.  —  The  American  species  form  the  sec- 
tion Edosmia,  —  smooth  erect  slender  biennial  herbs,  with  tuberous  or  fusiform 
fascicled  roots ;  leaves  mostly  simply  pinnate  with  few  linear  leaflets ;  involucre 
and  involucels  of  few  to  many  entire  leaflets ;  flowers  white ;  calyx-teeth  rather 
prominent ;  section  of  the  seed  very  variable  in  outline. 

The  genus  as  limited  by  Bentham  &  Hooker  includes  about  50  species  in  temperate  and  sub- 
tropical regions,  chiefly  of  the  Old  Workl,  one  species  (C  Carvi,  the  garden  Carroway)  being 
often  cultivated  and  extensively  naturalized.  The  roots  of  both  the  Califomian  species  are  a 
prominent  article  of  food  among  the  Indians. 

1.  C.  Grairdneri,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Stem  1  to  4  feet  high,  from  a  tuberous  root : 
leaves  few,  usually  simply  pinnate,  with  3  to  7  linear  leaflets  2  to  6  inches  long,  the 
lower  leaflets  rarely  pinnate  with  entire  or  toothed  divisions ;  upper  leaves  usually 
simple  :  umbels  on  long  peduncles,  6  to  12  rayed  ;  the  involucre  of  a  single  linear 
leaflet,  or  often  wanting ;  rays  an  inch  or  two  long;  involucels  of  several  linear 
acuminate  bracts  equalling  the  flowers  :  fruit  1  to  1^  lines  long,  ovate  to  oblong, 
the  styles  usually  half  as  long  as  the  fruit.  —  Atenia  Gairdneri,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot. 
Beechey,  349.     Edosmia  Gairdneri,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  612. 

Frequent  from  Washington  Territoiy  and  Idaho  to  Southern  California  (chiefly  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada)  and  Utah,  on  hillsides  and  in  the  mountains  ;  flowering  in  June  and  July.  The  most 
southern  locality  is  Julian,  San  Diego  Co.,  Palmer.  A  broader  leaved  fomi  (leaflets  2  to  8  lines 
wide)  is  the  var.  latifoliiun  of  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  344. 

2.  C.  Kelloggii,  Gray.  Root  tuberous  and  fascicled  :  stem  2  to  5  feet  high : 
lower  leaves  ternate  or  biternate  with  pinnate  divisions  and  linear  segments ;  upper 
leaves  becoming  linear :  involucre  and  involucels  of  1  to  9  linear-subulate  leaflets  : 
fruit  ovate  to  oblong,  1|^  to  2|  lines  long,  with  prominent  stylopodium  and  very 
short  styles,  the  ribs  flliform.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  344. 

Central  California,  near  the  coast.    A  rather  stouter  plant  with  larger  flowers  and  fruit. 

10.   PIMPINELLA,  Linn. 

Calyx-teeth  minute  or  obsolete.  Stylopodium  cushion-like  or  conical.  Fruit 
ovate  or  broader  than  long,  laterally  compressed,  with  a  broad  commissure ;  carpels 
5-angled,  with  distant  usually  slender  ribs  and  several  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals. 
Seed  subterete  or  dorsally  compressed,  nearly  flat  on  the  face,  often  free  from  the 
loose  epicarp.  Carpophore  divided.  —  Mostly  smooth  perennials ;  leaves  decom- 
pound ;  umbels  nearly  naked;  flowers  white  or  yellow. 


260  UMBELLIFER^.  ^     Pimpinella. 

A  large  genus  in  the  Old  World  of  60  to  70  species,  the  following  almost  its  only  representa- 
tive in  America. 

1.  P.  apiodora,  Gray.  Smooth,  erect,  2  or  3  feet  high,  rather  stout :  leaves 
mostly  radical,  2  -  3-ternate,  the  cuneate-ovate  leaflets  laciniately  pinnatifid  and 
toothed,  an  inch  long:  umbels  long-peduncled ;  rays  6  to  15,  hispidly  puberulent, 
an  inch  or  two  long ;  involucre  and  involucels  of  1  or  2  bracts,  or  wanting  :  flowers 
white  or  pinkish  :  fruit  broadly  ovate,  1|  lines  long,  the  carpels  5-angled  with 
slightly  prominent  ribs  :  oil-tubes  numerous  (4  to  5  in  the  dorsal  intervals,  6  in  the 
lateral,  and  8  or  more  in  the  commissure)  :  styles  shdrt :  carpophore  2-parted.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  345,  &  viii.  385  j  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  121. 

San  Francisco  and  northward  ;  Mendocino  County  (Bolandcr) ;  Oregon  (Hall) ;  Eastern  Ne- 
vada, Watson.  Perfectly  mature  fruit  has  not  yet  been  collected.  The  plant  has  a  strong 
pleasant  odor,  like  that  of  Celery. 

11.  BERULA,  Koch. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.    Stylopodium  conical  and  styles  short.    Fruit  nearly  globose, 

with  a  broad  commissure,  emarginate  at  base,  the  ribs  nerve-like,  not  raised  above 

the  thick  epicarp ;  oil-tubes  numerous  and  contiguous,  surrounding  the  terete  seed. 

Carpophore  2-parted,  very  slender.  —  A  smooth  perennial  aquatic  ;  leaves  pinnate 

and  serrate ;  involucres  and  involucels  of  several  leaflets  ;  flowers  white. 

A  single  species  (often  refen-ed  to  the  genus  Siiwi)  common  in  Europe,  and  widely  though 
sparingly  distributed  through  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

1 .  B.  angllStifolia,  Koch.  Erect  but  usually  low,  |  to  3  feet  high,  the  stem 
stout  and  angled  :  leaflets  about  6  pairs,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  |  to  2  inches  long, 
often  laciniately  lobed  at  base,  and  the  upper  ones  especially  more  or  less  deeply 
cut-toothed  :  peduncles  1  or  2  inches  long:  rays  an  inch  long  or  less;  involucre  and 
involucels  of  6  to  8  entire  linear-lanceolate  leaflets  :  fruit  two  thirds  of  a  line  long. 
—  Sium  angustifolium,  Linn. 

Collected  at  Fort  Tejon  {Xantus,  Rothrock)  though  without  fruit,  and  reported  from  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon.  The  Helosdadium  (?)  Calif ornicum  of  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey, 
142,  has  been  doubtfully  referred  to  tins  species,  but  is  described  as  procumbent,  the  lower  leaflets 
I)innatifid  or  pinnate,  and  the  styles  long.  Benth.  &  Hook.  (Gen.  PI.  i.  893)  speak  of  the  fruit 
of  the  specimen  in  herb.  Kew  as  having  the  epicarp  thin  over  the  intervals  as  in  species  of  Sunn. 
The  reference  is  therefore  probably  incorrect  and  the  species  remains  uncertain. 

12.   CICUTA,  Linn.        Water  Hemlock. 

Calyx-teeth  small,  acute.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  broadly  ovate  or  sub- 
orbicular,  slightly  compressed  laterally  but  the  commissure  narrow ;  ribs  broad  and 
obtuse,  corky  ;  the  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  Seed  subterete,  flat  or 
rounded  on  the  face.  Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Smooth  tall  branching  marsh  peren- 
nials, with  stout  hollow  stems ;  leaves  pinnate  or  pinnately  decompound ;  umbels 
of  white  flowers  many-rayed,  the  involucre  small  or  none,  and  involucels  of  several 
small  bracts  :  roots  thick  and  fascicled,  very  poisonous  :  flowering  in  summer. 

A  small  genus  of  about  half  a  dozen  species,  growing  in  damp  or  wet  places,  two  of  them  very 
widely  distributed  round  the  world  in  the  northern  hemis[)here.  The  aromatic  roots  of  the  first 
species  have  often  proved  fatal  to  those  eating  them,  and  the  others  are  probably  as  dangerous. 

1.  C.  maculata,  Linn.  Stout,  3  to  6  feet  high  :  lower  leaves  on  petioles  1  or 
2  feet  long,  bipinnate ;  the  leaflets  (1  or  2  inches,  sometimes  4  inches,  long)  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate  with  the  veinlets  running  to  the  sinuses, 
occasionally  lobed,  the  lower  petiolulate  :  rays  an  inch  or  two  long,  rather  slender ; 
involucre  usually  wanting ;  involucels  of  G  to  8  narrow  lanceolate  leaflets :  fruit 


Osmorrhiza.  UMBELLIFER^.  261 

nearly  1 1  lines  long,  broadly  ovate ;  ribs  and  broad  oil-tubes  conspicuous  :  seed 
nearly  terete  or  somewhat  hollowed  on  the  face. 

Across  the  continent  from  New  England  and  Florida  to  "Washington  Tenitory  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada  ;  Mono  Pass  (Bolmider),  and  reported  from  Fort  Tejon,  Xantiis.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
it  extends  to  the  coast,  most  of  the  specimens  reported  from  that  region  belonging  apparently  to 
C  Califomica.     The  species  is  also  native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.  C.  Bolanderi,  Watson.  Leaves  bipinnate,  the  leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate, 
sharply  long-acuminate,  two  inches  in  length,  very  acutely  serrate,  the  veinlets 
passing  to  the  sinuses ;  the  lower  leaflets  petiolulate  and  often  deeply  lobed  :  in- 
volucre of  several  linear  leaflets  :  fruit  two  lines  long,  nearly  orbicular,  strongly 
ribbed  and  with  broad  oil-tubes,  which  are  sunk  in  the  channelled  seed.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  139. 

At  Suisun,  in  salt  mai-shes,  Bolander. 

3.  C.  Califomica,  Gray.  Very  stout,  3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  pinnate,  or  the 
lower  bipinnate  at  base ;  the  leaflets  2  to  4  inches  long,  lanceolate,  shortly  acumi- 
nate, rounded  at  base,  serrate  with  the  veinlets  running  to  the  teeth,  often  deeply 
lobed  on  the  lower  side  :  involucre  none,  or  a  narrow  leaflet ;  involucels  of  several 
lanceolate  bracts  :  fruit  broadly  ovate,  \\  lines  long,  strongly  ribbed  :  seed  not 
channelled  under  the  oil-tubes,  rhomboidal  or  ovate  in  section,  thinnest  at  the 
commissure.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  344. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco  and  southward  to  Santa  Cruz  {Hartweg)  and  Monterey, 
Brewer. 

13.  SIUM,  Linn.        Water  Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Stylopodium  depressed  and  styles  short.  Fruit  oblong  or 
ovate,  laterally  compressed  with  a  narrow  commissure,  the  ribs  prominent  and  wing- 
like, corky ;  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals.  Carpophore  2-parted,  slender  and 
usually  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  —  Smooth  perennial  aquatics,  with  angled  stems  ; 
leaves  piiniate  and  leaflets  serrate  or  pinnatifid  ;  involucre  and  involucels  of  several 
bracts ;  flowers  white. 

Half  a  dozen  species  are  found  in  the  northern  temperate  zone  and  a  single  one  in  South 
Africa.     The  following  species,  also  Asiatic,  is  the  only  one  indigenous  in  California. 

1.  S.  cicutaefolium,  Gmelin.  Stout,  3  to  6  feet  high,  branching:  lower  leaves 
long-petioled,  the  cauline  with  a  short  dilated  base ;  leaflets  6  to  8  pairs,  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  linear,  2  to  4  inches  long,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  or  rarely  pinnat- 
ihd,  the  upper  ones  shorter  and  narrower:  rays  1  to  1|  inches  long;  involucre 
and  involucels  of  6  to  8  linear  bracts  :  fruit  oblong,  1|  lines  long,  very  strongly 
ribbed.  —  S.  Uneare,  Michx. 

Reported  from  Pose  Creek,  and  mentioned  by  Torrey  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  and  by  Bolander 
as  growing  near  San  Francisco.  It  is  certainly  found  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
in  Sierra  and  Truckee  Valleys,  and  thence  ranges  to  Washington  Territory,  Colorado,  the  Sas- 
katchewan, and  the  Atlantic.  It  is  also  identical  with  the  plant  of  Siberia,  the  older  name  of 
which  is  here  adopted.  Bentham  &  Hooker  refer  both  this  species  and  the  eastern  S.  Carsoni  to 
the  genus  Apium,  but  they  are  certainly  not  to  be  separated  from  the  typical  species  S.  lati- 
Joliuin  and  land/olium  of  tlie  Old  World.  In  all,  the  carpophore  though  delicate  is  always 
2-parted,  and  the  oil-tubes  are  2  or  3  (perhaps  rarely  solitary)  in  the  intervals. 

14.   OSMOBBHIZA,  Eafinesque.        Sweet  Cicely. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  narrowly  attenuate  at  base,  acute 
above  and  tipped  by  the  erect  style,  compressed  laterally  and  narrowed  at  the  com- 
missure ;  carpels  5-angled,  with  somewhat  prominent  slightly  corky  wings,  hispid 
with  short  ascending  bristles  ;   oil-tubes  numerous  and  very  obscure.     Seed  terete, 


262  UMBELLIFER^.  >    Osmorrhiza. 

sulcate  on  the  face  or  with  margins  contiguous  and  enclosing  a  central  cavity. 
Carpophore  2-cleft.  —  Perennials,  with  thick  aromatic  roots,  more  or  less  hirsute ; 
leaves  large,  2-3-ternately  compound;  involucre  small  or  none;  umbels  few,  few- 
rayed  and  few-fruited ;  flowers  white. 

A  genus  of  half  a  dozen  species.  The  two  species  of  Eastern  America  extend  to  Asia,  while 
the  two  of  California  are  conlined  to  the  western  coast. 

1.  O.  nuda,  Torrey.  Rather  slender,  2  or  3  feet  high,  more  or  less  pubescent 
with  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  twice  ternate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  an  inch  or  two  long, 
acute  or  obtusish,  rather  deeply  cleft  and  toothed  :  umbel  long-peduncled,  3-5- 
rayed,  naked  or  with  small  caducous  involucre  and  involucels ;  rays  2  or  3  inches 
long :  pedicels  3  to  9  lines  long :  fruit  slender,  6  or  7  lines  long  and  a  line  broad  or 
less,  acutely  ribbed ;  the  style  and  stylopodium  very  short ;  the  attenuated  base  2 
lines  long  :  seed  terete,  sulcate  on  the  inner  face.  —  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv,  93.  0.  bre- 
vistylis,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  272  in  part,  t.  97. 

In  the  mountains  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  Alaska  and  eastward  to  Colorado.  It  is  doubtful  if 
the  allied  0.  brevistylis  extends  so  far  west  as  the  Rocky  Mountains.  That  species  is  distinguished 
by  its  larger  and  more  acuminate  leaflets,  involucrate  umbels,  and  larger  fniit,  and  the  seed  more 
angular  and  involute. 

2.  O.  brachypoda,  Torrey.  About  a  foot  high  :  leaves  2  -  3-ternate  ;  leaflets 
ovate,  an  inch  long  or  less,  acute,  laciniately  lobed  and  toothed :  rays  rather  shorter; 
involucre  of  one  or  few  and  involucels  of  4  to  6  linear-acuminate  bracts,  the  latter 
equalling  the  flowei-s  ;  pedicels  very  short :  fruit  strongly  and  acutely  ribbed,  6 
lines  long  by  1 1  broad,  the  stout  base  but  a  line  long  ;  stylopodium  depressed  and 
styles  very  short :  seed  strongly  5-angled,  the  margins  contiguous  and  closing  the 
deep  central  sulcus.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  93. 

A  strongly  marked  sj)ecies,  seemingly  confined  to  Central  California  ;  Nevada  Co.  (Bigclow, 
Pratten),  Santa  Clara  Valley  (Goodale),  and  Monterey,  Parry. 

15.  GLYCOSMA,  Nutt. 

Characters  as  in  Osmorrhiza  except-as  regards  the  fruit,  which  is  linear  but  not 
attenuate  to  a  narrow  base,  and  usually  glabrous ;  stylopodium  depressed  and  styles 
very  short :  seed  semiterete  or  angled,  with  a  rather  broad  sulcus  on  the  face.  In- 
volucre and  involucels  wanting. 

A  group  of  plants  of  Western  America,  more  nearly  allied  to  Osmorrhiza  than  to  Myrrhis  of 
the  Old  World,  to  which  it  is  referred  by  Bentham  &  Hooker.     The  species  are  very  much  alike. 

1.  Gr.  OCCidentale,  J^utt.  Rather  stout,  2  feet  high  or  more,  finely  puberulent 
throughout,  excepting  the  inflorescence :  leaves  2-temate,  the  leaflets  oblong-lanceo- 
late, 1|  to  2|  inches  long,  serrate  :  rays  somewhat  erect ;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long, 
exceeding  the  sterile  flowers  :  fruit  7  or  8  lines  long,  rather  acutely  angled.  —  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  639 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  386.  Myrrhis  occidentalis,  Benth. 
&  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  i.  897 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  346. 

In  the  mountains  from  Oregon  to  Mono  Pass,  and  eastward  to  the  Wahsatch  ;  S.  Utah,  Parry. 

2.  Qr.  ambiguum,  Gray.  Glabrous,  or  somewhat  hairy  near  the  nodes :  leaflets 
rather  smaller  and  more  deeply  gash-toothed,  an  inch  or  two  long,  ovate-oblong, 
acute  :  rays  more  spreading ;  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long,  not  exceeding  the  barren 
flowers  :  fruit  6  or  7  lines  long,  rarely  bristly  on  the  ribs  at  base.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  386. 

Collected  by  Kellogg  &  Harford  in  shady  woods  at  Cahto,  California,  and  by  Hall  at  the  foot  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon. 

3.  Gr.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Stout,  somewhat  puberulent :  leaflets  ovate,  acute, 
rather  deeply  gash-toothed  and  lobed  :  rays  spreading ;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long, 


CEnanthe.  UMBELLIFER^.  263 

shorter  than  the  sterile  flowers:  fruit  9  or  10  lines  long,  1|  lines  broad. — Proc.  Am. 
Acad,  vii.  346  &  viii.  386. 

Shady  woods  of  Humboldt  and  Mendocino  counties,  Bolander,  Kellogg. 

16.  PODOSCIADIUM,  Gray. 

Calyx-teeth  small,  scarious,  subulate.  Stylopodium  short,  conical.  Fruit  linear- 
oblong,  laterally  compressed,  with  a  rather  broad  commissure,  somewhat  contracted 
at  the  apex ;  ribs  narrow  and  filiform ;  oil-tubes  1  or  2  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the 
commissure.  Seed  reniform  in  section,  ^lightly  channelled  on  the  back  under  the 
oil-tubes,  broadly  furrowed  on  the  face,  with  a  central  longitudinal  ridge.  Car- 
pophore 2-parted.  —  Smooth  branching  Californian  perennials  ;  leaves  pinnately  or 
somewhat  ternately  decompound,  with  linear  leaflets ;  umbels  long-peduncled,  with 
involucres  and  involucels  of  several  lanceolate  acuminate  subscarious  bracts;  flowers 
white,  polygamous. 

1.  P.  Californicum,  Gray.  Stem  3  or  4  feet  high :  segments  of  the  leaves 
linear,  entire  or  toothed,  the  terminal  one  elongated,  an  inch  or  two  long ;  upper- 
most leaves  simple  :  umbels  9  -  12-rayed,  the  primary  umbel  fertile,  with  rays  two 
inches  long ;  the  others  sterile,  with  rays  an  inch  long  and  very  slender  pedicels 
exceeding  the  bracts  :  petals  shortly  acuminate  :  fruit  4  lines  long,  shorter  than  the 
pedicels,  H  lines  broad,  with  obtuse  ribs  :  oil-tubes  and  seeds  as  described  in  the 
generic  character.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  346.  Choerophyllum  (?)  Californicum, 
Torrey,  Pacif.  E.  Pep.  iv.  93. 

Collected  only  by  Bigelow  at  Knight's  FeiTy  ;  May. 

2.  P.  Bolanderi,  Gi-ay.  Two  feet  high  :  leaflets  pinnate,  the  segments  more 
narrowly  linear  :  umbels  many-rayed ;  rays  5  to  9  Hnes  long  ;  the  conspicuous 
scarious  involucels  exceeding  the  pedicels  :  petals  very  long-acuminate,  with  the 
mid  vein  strongly  impressed  :  fruit  1|  lines  long,  oblong,  the  narrow  ribs  becoming 
elevated  and  undulate ;  oil-tubes  more  numerous  and  obscure,  2  or  3  in  the  inter- 
vals :  seed  more  compressed  dorsally,  and  broader  in  proportion,  not  grooved  on  the 
back,  the  facial  sulcus  broad  and  shallow  and  but  slightly  raised  in  the  centre.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  346. 

Mariposa  Trail,  among  rocks,  Bolander. 

A  closely  allied  plant,  but  differing  from  any  of  the  preceding  genera,  has  been  collected  in 
the  Yosemite  Valley  by  both  Dr.  Torrey  and  Dr.  Gray,  with  the  fruit  however  too  immature  for 
its  satisfactory  determination.  The  fruit  as  found  is  narrowly  oblong,  4  lines  long,  laterally  com- 
pressed with  a  rather  wide  commissure,  slightly  ribbed  on  the  back ;  disk  evident,  but  stylopodium 
depressed  ;  oil-tubes  obscure,  probably  solitary  in  the  intervals  ;  seed  subterete,  with  a  deep  tri- 
angular facial  sulcus  ;  carpophore  2-parted.  The  plant  is  a  foot  high  or  less,  glabrous,  slender, 
shortly  caulescent ;  leaves  ternate  or  bipinnate,  with  linear  acute  segments,  1  to  3  lines  long  ; 
umbels  few-rayed,  the  rays  very  unequal,  an  inch  long  or  less  ;  involucre  none  ;  involucels  of  1 
or  2  small  bractlets  ;  flowers  yellow,  the  calyx-teeth  obsolete. 

17.  CENANTHE,  Linn. 

Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent,  acute.  Stylopodium  short-conical,  the  styles  at 
length  elongated.  Fruit  oblong  to  globose,  not  compressed,  with  a  broad  commis- 
sure, the  ribs  rounded  and  corky,  with  very  narrow  intervals ;  oil-tubes  solitary. 
Seed  somewhat  compressed  dorsally,  flat  on  the  face.  Carpophore  none.  —  Gla- 
brous herbs,  mostly  aquatic ;  leaves  pinnate  or  decompound ;  umbels  usually  in- 
volucrate  ;  flowers  white. 

The  following  are  our  only  representatives  of  this  genus,  of  which  there  are  20  or  more  s^jecies 
in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  Old  World. 


264  '  UMBELLIFER^.  *         (Enanthe. 

1.  QEi.  Californica,  Watson.  Biennial  or  perennial ;  stems  succulent,  usually 
weak,  2  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  teruate  and  bipinnate,  the  pinnai  nearly  sessile ; 
leaflets  approximate,  ovate,  acute  or  acutish,  toothed,  often  lobed  at  base,  a  half  to 
an  inch  long  :  umbels  many-rayed,  with  one  or  two  linear  involucral  bracts  or 
naked ;  rays  an  inch  long  or  less ;  pedicels  numerous,  short :  fruit  crowded,  nearly 
1^  lines  long,  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  tipped  with  the  long  spreading  styles ; 
ribs  and  commissure  very  corky  :  seed  somewhat  dorsally  compressed,  usually 
angled  ;  oil-tubes  at  the  angles.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.   1 39. 

In  marshes  at  Point  Lobos,  and  southward  to  San  Diego  County. 

2.  CTi.  sarmentosa,  Nutt.  Very  similar  :  leaves  usually  broader  and  more 
open;  leaflets  acuminate,  mostly  smaller.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  617.  Phellan- 
drium  aquaticum,  Pursh. 

Washington  Territoiy  and  Oregon  ;  Plumas  Co.,  Lemmon.  The  succulent  stems  have  the  taste 
of  Celery  and  are  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

18.  LIGUSTICUM,  Linn. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  usually  conical ;  margin  of  the  disk  undu- 
late. Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  broad  commissure,  somewhat  dorsally  com- 
pressed ;  ribs  somewhat  prominent  and  acute  or  narrowly  winged,  the  lateral  ones 
usually  broadest;  oil-tubes  obscure.  Seed  dorsally  flattened,  somewhat  concave  on 
the  face.  Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Smooth  perennials,  usually  tall;  leaves  pinnately 
or  temate  and  pinnately  decompound ;  umbels  many-rayed,  naked  or  involucrate ; 
flowers  white. 

A  genus  of  about  20  or  25  species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World  and 
most  of  them  rather  obscurely  characterized. 

1.  L.  apiifolium,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Eather  stout,  2  to  4  feet  high,  branching 
above  :  leaves  ternate  or  biternate,  the  divisions  pinnate  or  bipinnate  ;  segments 
ovate,  f  to  1|^  inclies  long,  laciniately  pinnatitid,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate  :  um- 
bels long-peduncled,  without  involucre  or  rarely  with  1  or  2  slender  bracts,  the  rays 
1  or  2  inches  long,  scabrous-puberulent  above;  involucels  of  several  narrowly  linear 
entire  bractlets ;  pedicels  slender,  2  or  3  lines  long  :  fruit  oval,  2  lines  long,  with  a 
conical  stylophore ;  carpels  somewhat  quadrangular ;  ribs  narrow,  acute ;  oil-tubes 
3  to  5  in  the  intervals,  4  to  8  on  the  commissure  :  seed  reniform  in  section,  with 
a  medial  longitudinal  ridge.  —  Gen.  i.  912.  Cynapium  apiifolium,  Nutt.  in  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  641. 

In  the  mountains  from  the  Columbia  River  southward  ;  Yosemite  Valley  {Bolandcr)  \  Big  Tree 
road  and  Ebbett's  V?iss{Brewer)  ;  Donner  Lake,  Torrcy.  The  Califoniian  plant  agrees  with  that 
of  Oregon  in  all  its  characters.  Specimens  collected  at  Tamalpais  by  Bigclow  were  referred  here 
by  Dr.  Torrey,  probably  con-ectly,  but  they  were  only  in  flower.  What  appears  to  be  the  same 
is  also  found  in  Colorado,  but  the  segments  of  the  leaves  are  smaller,  the  involucels  wanting, 
and  the  fruit  (immature)  somewhat  larger. 

A  doubtful  fonn,  var.  minus,  Gray  in  herb.,  is  found  at  Ostrander's  Meadows  {Bolandcr),  and 
Ebbett's  V&ssiBreiixr)  ;  stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  with  1  or  2  umbels  ;  leaves  all  nearly  radical, 
ternate-pinnate  ;  the  still  immature  fruit  2^  lines  long,  rather  strongly  ribbed,  the  seed  more 
depressed  and  without  the  central  ridge. 

L.  scopui-ORUM,  Gray,  the  more  prevalent  species  in  the  Eocky  Mountains,  may  perhaps  be 
found  in  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada,  distinguished  by  the  more  depressed-reniform  seed  and 
by  the  oval  more  broadly  winged  fruit. 

19.   SELINUM,  Linn. 

Characters  of  Ligusticum,  but  the  fruit  rather  more  prominently  winged,  the  oil- 
tubes  solitary  and  conspicuous  in  the  intervals,  and  the  seed  nearly  flat  on  the  face. 
—  Tall  stout  branching  perennials,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves. 


Angelica.  UMBELLIFER^E.  265 

A  genus  of  about  25  species  (according  to  Benth.  &  Hook.),  almost  exclusively  of  the  northern 
hemisphere  ;  perhaps  half  a  dozen  in  North  America. 

*  Involvcel.s  conspicuous :  pedicels  slender  :  fruit  smooth,  ivith  thin  wings. 

1.  S.  Faciiicuin,  Watson.  Leaves  ternate-bipinnate,  the  ovate  acutish  seg- 
ments an  inch  long,  laciniately  tootlied  and  lobed  :  umbels  on  stout  peduncles, 
about  15-rayed,  with  an  involucre  of  2  or  3  lobed  and  toothed  leaflets,  an  inch 
long,  equalling  the  rays ;  involucels  of  several  narrowly  linear  entire  or  3-toothed 
bracts  equalling  the  flowers ;  pedicels  2  or  4  lines  long  :  fruit  oblong,  3  or  4  lines 
long,  1|  lines  broad;  stylopodium  slightly  prominent  above  the  disk;  the  wings 
rather  narrow ;  oil-tubes  conspicuous,  very  rarely  in  pairs  :  seed  channelled  under 
the  dorsal  oil-tubes. — -Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  140. 

Saucelito  Hills,  near  San  Francisco,  Kellogg  &  Harford. 

*  *   Umbels  naked  ;  pedicels  very  short  or  none,  the  flowers  and  hirsute  fruit  croioded 
or  in  globose  heads  :  urings  cork?/. 

2.  S.  capitellatuni,  Benth.  <fe  Hook.  Very  stout,  2  to  5  feet  high,  smooth  : 
leaves  large,  with  much  dilated  petioles,  bipinnate,  the  few  leaflets  oblong-  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  coarsely  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed :  umbels  2  or  3, 
tomentose,  6  —  8-rayed ;  umbellets  globose,  3  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  the  pubescent 
flowers  sessile  on  a  dilated  receptacle  :  disk  prominent,  the  stylopodium  depressed  : 
fruit  cuneate-obovate,  3  lines  long,  strongly  ribbed,  the  lateral  Avings  broader  than 
the  3  upright  dorsal  ones  :  seed  reniform,  with  shallow  grooves  for  the  dorsal  oil- 
tubes. — Gen.  i.  915;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  126.  Sphcenosciadium  capitellatum, 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  536. 

Stream-banks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mono  to  Conner  Pass,  especially  on  the  eastern  sloi>e. 
Another  closely  allied  species  is  found  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  Nevada,  S.  Kingii,  Watson, 
1.  c,  with  less  tomentose  inflorescence,  the  fruit  oblong-oval,  on  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long. 

20.  ANGELICA,  Linn. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  minute.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  ovate,  strongly 
flattened  dorsally  with  a  very  broad  commissure,  margined  by  the  broad  membra- 
nous distinct  lateral  wing ;  dorsal  ribs  prominent  but  narrower ;  oil-tubes  solitary 
in  the  intervals,  or  the  lateral  in  pairs.  Seed  flattened,  the  face  flat  or  slightly  con- 
cave. Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Usually  tall  and  stout  perennials  ;  leaves  pinnate  or 
compound,  the  toothed  segments  usually  broad  and  the  petioles  much  dilated ;  um- 
bels many-rayed,  naked  or  nearly  so  ;  flowers  white  or  purple. 

About  30  species  in  the  north  temperate  and  Arctic  zones  ;  ten  or  more  North  American. 

1 .  A.  Brevreri,  Gray,  Glabrous  or  somewhat  puberulent,  3  or  4  feet  high  : 
leaves  ternate  or  quinate  and  pinnate ;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, 2  or  3  inches  long,  sharply  serrate  with  cuspidate  teeth,  the  lower  some- 
times lobed  at  base:  peduncles  long,  often  with  1  or  2  entire  dilated  somewhat 
membranous  bracts  :  umbels  naked  ;  rays  2  inches  long  :  fruit  pubescent,  oblong, 
4  lines  long  and  2  broad,  the  lateral  wings  narrow  and  corky,  as  thick  as  the  seed, 
the  dorsal  obtuse  and  little  prominent ;  oil-tubes  usually  6,  besides  2  to  4  on  the 
commissure,  the  lateral  or  dorsal  in  pairs  :  seed  more  or  less  concave  on  the  face, 
with  sometimes  a  longitudinal  medial  ridge,  the  oil-tubes  sunk  in  deep  depressions 
on  the  back.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  348;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  126. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Plumas  Co.  {Mrs.  Ames)  to  Ebbett's  Pass  and  the  Big  Tree  road 
{Bolancler,  Torrey,  Brewer)  ;  N.  W.  Nevada,   Watson. 

2.  A.  toxnentosa,  Watson.  Very  stout,  hoary-tomentose  throughout  or  the 
stem  glabrous  :  leaves  quinately  bipinnate,   the  leaflets  thick,  ovate,  acute,   very 


266  UMBELLIFERiE.  jj       Angelica. 

oblique  at  base,  2  to  4  inches  long,  the  lower  sometimes  lobed,  unequally  serrate 
with  acutish  teeth  :  umbels  naked,  often  dense,  the  rays  1  to  3  inches  long  :  fruit 
broad-elliptical,  3  lines  long  by  2  to  2 1  broad,  the  lateral  wings  thin  and  the  dorsal 
acutish  :  seed  thin,  flat  on  the  face,  the  solitary  oil-tubes  in  channels  on  the  back. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  141. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  San  Francisco  to  Mendocino  County. 

3.  A.  lineariloba,  Gray.  Glabrous,  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  twice  to 
thrice  quinate,  the  leaflets  linear,  1  or  2  inches  long,  cu§pidately  acuminate,  entire 
or  the  lower  ones  3-parted  with  the  decurrent  sometimes  coarsely  toothed  lobes 
divaricate :  umbels  naked,  the  rays  an  inch  or  two  long  :  fruit  smooth,  4  lines  long 
by  two  wide ;  lateral  wings  a  little  narrower  than  the  seed,  rather  corky :  oil-tubes 
solitary,  the  lateral  in  pairs :  seed  nearly  flat  on  the  face,  channelled  under  the  dorsal 
oil-tubes. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  347. 

Mono  Pass  {Bolandcr)  ;  in  the  Southern  Sierra  Nevada,  Eothrock.  The  thick  root  is  said  not 
to  be  sweet-scented. 

21.  CYMOPTERUS,  Raf. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent  or  often  small  or  obsolete.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit 
ovate  or  elliptical,  obtuse  or  retuse,  dorsally  flattened,  the  lateral  ribs  and  some  or 
all  of  the  dorsal  ones  expanded  into  more  or  less  thickened  and  corky  wings ;  oil- 
tubes  narrow,  one  to  several  in  the  intervals.  Seed  dorsally  flattened,  and  more  or 
less  concave  on  the  face.  Carpophore  2-parted.  —  Perennials,  mostly  low  and  often 
cespitose,  with  a  thickened  root ;  leaves  pinnately  and  finely  decompound,  with 
small  narrow  segments ;  umbels  usually  both  involucrate  and  involucellate,  few- 
rayed  ;  flowers  white  or  yellow. 

Natives  of  Western  North  America,  about  15  species,  most  of  them  confined  to  the  region 
between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  roots  are  extensively  used  by  the 
Indians  for  food. 

*  Shortly  caulescent :  flowers  yellow. 

1.  C.  terebinthinus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Erect,  6  to  18  inches  high,  smooth,  leafy 
at  base  :  leaves  rather  rigid,  thrice  pinnate  ;  leaflets  a  line  long  or  less,  linear-oblong, 
acute,  entire  or  1  -  2-toothed  :  fertile  rays  4  to  6,  unequal,  ^  to  2  inches  long  ;  invo- 
lucre a  single  linear  leaflet  or  wanting,  the  involucels  of  several  short  linear  bracts ; 
pedicels  1  to  2  lines  long :  fruit  3  or  4  lines  long,  2  or  3  broad,  the  rather  thin 
corky  ribs  a  line  broad ;  calyx-teeth  evident  :  oil-tubes  2  to  4  in  the  intervals,  4  to 
10  on  the  commissure:  carpophore  persistent.  —  Fl.  i.  624.  Selinum  terebinthinum, 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  266,  t.  95.  C.  foeniculaceus,  C.  albiflorus,  &  C.  thapsoides,  Nutt.  in 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  624. 

One  of  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the  species,  ranging  from  the  Cascade  Mountains  in 
Washington  Territory  to  Ebbett's  Pass  {Brewer,  at  9,000  feet  alt.),  and  the  Yosemite  Valley 
{Gray),  and  in  the  mountains  eastward  to  Colorado.  As  in  other  species  the  number  of  developed 
dorsal  wings  is  variable. 

*  *  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so :  flowers  white. 

-i~   Not  alpine. 

2.  C.  montanus,  Nutt.  Xearly  acaulescent :  leaves  clustered  at  the  summit  of 
the  very  short  stem,  smooth  and  glaucous,  pinnate  or  bipinnate,  the  oblong  seg- 
ments pinnatifid  with  oblong  obtuse  entire  or  toothed  lobes  :  peduncles  1  to  4 
inches  high,  rather  stout :  involucre  and  involucels  of  broad  and  membranaceous 
bracts,  united  at  base,  the  involucre  often  short  and  cup-like  :  rays  about  half  an 
inch  long  or  less  ;  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long  :  fruit  3  to  6  lines  long,  with  thin  flat 
wings  1  or  2  lines  broad  ;  calyx-teeth  small ;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  intervals,  6  to  8  on 


Peucedanum.  UMBELLIFER^.  267 

the  commissure :  seed  concave.  —  Ton.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  624  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  123,  excl.  var. 

Var.  purpurascens,  Gray.  Involucres  and  involucels  very  broad  and  conspic- 
uous, nearly  enclosing  the  flowers,  obtuse,  tinged  or  veined  with  purple  and  green  : 
fruit  nearly  sessile,  large  and  very  broadly  winged.  —  Ives  Colorado  Kep.  15. 

One  of  the  earliest  spping  flowers  in  the  Great  Basin,  from  Western  Nevada  and  Northern  Ari- 
zona to  Utah  ;  doubtless  in  Eastern  California.  The  typical  form  seems  to  be  mostly  confined  to 
the  vicinity  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

3.  C.  globosus,  Watson.  With  the  habit  of  the  last,  the  segments  of  the  leaves 
somewhat  broailer  in  outline  :  involucre  and  involucels  apparently  none,  and  the 
rays  and  ])edicels  obsolete,  the  flowers  and  fruit  being  in  dense  globose  heads,  ^  to 
1  inch  in  diameter  ;  fruit  3  or  4  lines  long,  the  thin  flat  wings  a  line  broad,  narrower 
at  base  :  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure  :  seed  slightly  con- 
cave on  the  face.  —  Proc,  Am.  Acad.  xi.  141. 

Northern  Nevada  ;  near  Cai-son  City  (Stretch,  Watsmi) ;  Goshoot  Mountains,  Bcckivith.  Re- 
ferred to  by  Dr.  Torrey,  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  120,  under  C.  montanus  as  an  abnormal  form,  and 
made  a  variety  of  the  same  species  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  124,  the  true  fruit  not  having  been 
examined. 

-f-  -t-  Dwarf  and  alpine. 

4.  C.  cinerarius,  Gray.  Acaulescent,  with  a  subterranean  creeping  rhizoma : 
scape  (2  or  3  inches  high)  and  petioles  glabrous  :  leaves  somewhat  cordate  in  out- 
line, bipinnate  with  toothed  segments,  glaucous-cinereous  with  a  flne  rough  puber- 
ulence  :  rays  few,  short  or  almost  none ;  involucre  of  numerous  united  somewhat 
membranous  long-acuminate  segments  :  flowers  purplish  ;  calyx-teeth  small :  fruit 
3  lines  long,  the  undulate  wings  less  than  a  line  broad ;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  inter- 
vals, several  on  the  commissure  :  seed  narrow,  strongly  curved  with  a  deep  central 
channel.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  535. 

At  Sonora  Pass  and  above  Mono  Lake  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Brewer),  at  9,000  to  10,000  feet 
altitude. 

5.  C.  Nevadensis,  Gray.  Cespitose,  leafy,  roughish  puberulent :  leaves  rather 
rigid,  half  an  inch  long,  on  short  petioles,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  3  -  5-parted  with  lan- 
ceolate-subulate segments  :  scape  less  than  an  inch  high,  terminated  by  an  umbel  of 
3  to  5  nearly  sessile  umbellets,  involucrate  by  several  broad  3  -  5-cleft  herbaceous 
acute  bracts  :  calyx-teeth  lance-subulate ;  styles  long ;  ovary  obscurely  winged.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  536. 

On  the  summit  of  Mt.  Dana,  at  over  13,000  feet  altitude,  Brewer.  Ripe  fruit  is  wanting,  and 
the  determination  of  the  plant  is  therefore  in  some  measure  uncertain. 

22.  PEUCEDANUM,  Linn. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  slightly  prominent.  Disk  and  stylopodium  small  and 
depressed  (in  western  species).  Fruit  suborbicular  to  oblong,  strongly  compressed 
dorsally,  the  dorsal  ribs  filiform  or  slightly  prominent,  the  lateral  borders  thin  and 
coherent  till  maturity ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  or  in  pairs,  or  in  a  few 
species  still  more  numerous.  Seed  flattened,  scarcely  concave  on  the  face,  not  chan- 
nelled under  the  oil-tubes.  —  Perennials,  with  fusiform  or  tuberous  roots,  caulescent 
(usually  shortly  so)  or  acaulescent ;  umbels  without  involucres  (in  western  species), 
mostly  involucellate ;  leaves  pinnate  to  decompoundly  dissected ;  flowers  yellow  or 
white. — Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  121. 

A  comprehensive  genus  of  100  or  more  species,  restricted  in  America  to  the  region  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  where  20  species  are  found.  They  differ  in  general  habit  from  most  of  those  of  the 
Old  World,  but  there  seems  no  good  ground  for  a  separation.  The  roots  of  nearly  all,  as  in 
the  last  genus,  are  an  important  article  of  food  among  the  Indians. 


5. 

P. 

CARUIFOLIUM. 

6. 

P. 

UTRICULATUM. 

7. 

P. 

VILLOSUM. 

8. 

P. 

MACROCARPUM, 

9. 

P. 

DASYCARPUM. 

10. 

P. 

Nevadense. 

268  UMBELLIFER^.  ■  ^  Peucedanum. 

*  Leaves  not  decompound,  the  segments  large  or  broad  or  elongated  :  flowers  yellow  :  fruit  gla- 

brous ;  oil-tubes  solitary. 

Acaulescent,  glabrous  :  leaflets  ovate  to  naiTowly  lanceolate,  entire  or 

toothed  at  the  apex  :  involucels  none  :  fruit  oblong.  1.   P.  LEIOCARPUM. 

Mostly  caulescent,  puberulent  :  leaflets  linear,  entire  :  involucels  small : 

fruit  oblong.  2.  P.  triternatitm. 

Shortly  caulescent,  glabrous  :  leaflets  ovate,  toothed  :  involucels  pres-    ■ 
ent  :  fruit  orbicular. 
Leaves  ternate  :  leaflets  cordate  :  fruit  large,  eniarginate  at  each  end.      3.  P.  Euryptera. 
Leaves  biternate  :  leaflets  oval,  laciniate  or  pinnatifid  :  fruit  smaller, 

scarcely  emarginate  :  calyx-teeth  prominent.  4.  P.  parvifolium. 

♦  *  Leaves  decompound  ;  segments  narrowly  linear  ;  petioles  broadly  dilated  :  involucels  con- 

spicuous :  flowers  yellow  :  fruit  glabrous,  elliptical  :  caulescent,  puberulent. 

Segments  ^  to  2  inches  long  :  bractlets  often  lanceolate  ;  ribs  obsolete  : 
oil-tubes  indistinct. 

Segments  rarely  J  inch  long  :  bractlets  usually  much  dilated  :  ribs  dis- 
tinct :  oil-tubes  broad. 

*  *  *  Leaves  much  dissected  :  low,  pubescent. 

Segments  narrow  :  flowers  yellow  :  fiiiit  pubescent,  oval  :  acaulescent. 
Segments  small  :  flowers  white  :  somewhat  caulescent. 

Pubescent :  fruit  glabrous,   oblong  or  broadly  elliptical  :  involucels 
conspicuous. 

Villous-tomentose  :  fniit  tomentose,  orbicular  or  ovat«. 

Glaucous,  puberulent :  fruit  somewhat  pubescent,  roundish  to  ovate. 

§  1.  Leaves  not  finely  dissected,  ternate  or  biternate,  sometimes  quinate  or  vuith  pin- 
nate divisions,  the  segments  large,  broad,  or  elongated:  involucels  small  or 
none :  flowers  yellow;  calyx-teeth  obsolete,  except  in  No.  ^  :  fruit  glabrous; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 

*  Acatdescent,  glabrous :  fruit  oblong :  involucels  none. 

1.  P.  leiocarpum,  Nutt.  Scape  often  very  stout,  |  to  1|  feet  high,  from  a 
thick  elongated  root :  leaves  biternate  or  ternate-quinate  ;  leaflets  usually  thick, 
ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  acute,  sharply  few-toothed  near  the 
apex  or  the  narrower  form  entire  :  base  of  the  umbel  and  umbellets  often  dilated  ; 
rays  usually  few,  unequal,  2  to  8  inches  long ;  pedicels  1  to  5  lines  long,  usually 
short :  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long,  2  lines  broad,  narrowed  below,  the  ribs  rather  promi- 
nent, and  the  wing  half  as  wide  as  the  seed ;  oil-tubes  distinct,  the  lateral  sometimes 
in  pairs,  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  626 ;  Seseli  leiocarpum, 
Hook.  Fl.  i.  262,  t.  93. 

From  Puget  Sound  to  the  Sacramento  River,  and  in  the  mountains  eastward  from  Idaho  to 
Sierra  County,  Lemmon.  The  Californian  specimens  are  the  broader-leaved  form,  approaching 
P.  NuTTALLii,  Watson  (P.  lafifolium,  Nutt.),  which  appears  not  to  have  been  collected  within 
the  State.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  more  ovate,  very  narrowly  winged  and  more  obscurely  ribbed 
fruit  (3  to  4  lines  long  and  2  wide),  with  3  or  4  obscure  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals  and  4  to  6  on 
the  commissure  ;  leaves  biternate  and  leaflets  ovate  to  orbicular. 

*  *   Caulescent,  except  sometimes  in  No.  2  :  involucellate. 
+-  Fruit  oblong :  leaflets  linear,  entire  :  puberulent. 

2.  P.  triternatTim,  Nutt.  Finely  puberulent  :  stems  1  to  2|  feet  high,  with 
rarely  more  than  a  single  cauline  leaf,  often  acaulescent  :  leaves  biternate  or  ternate- 
quinate,  the  divisions  rarely  pinnate;  the  segments  linear,  or  rarely  oblong,  acute,  1 
to  4  inches  long :  rays  few,  unequal,  1  to  4  inches  long ;  involucels  of  a  few  narrow 
bractlets,  usually  small ;  pedicels  very  short :  fruit  rarely  pubescent,  3  or  4  lines 
long,  1  to  IJ  lines  wide,  narrowest  below,  very  narrowly  winged,  distinctly  ribbed; 
oil-tubes  distinct,  2  broad  ones  on  the  commissure.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  626. 
Seseli  triternatum,  Pursh ;  Hook.  Fl.  i.  204,  t.  94. 


Feucedanvm.  ITMBELLIFER^.  269 

From  Puget  Sound  and  Idaho  to  Mendocino  and  Placer  counties.  The  acaulescent  form 
(P.  leptocarpiini,  Nutt.)  is  the  more  frequent  in  California,  and  may  perhaps  be  found  to  differ  in 
the  form  of  the  fruit,  which  sometimes  at  least  is  broadest  near  the  base,  narrowing  upward. 

P.  SIMPLEX,  Nutt.,  of  Utah,  is  very  similar,  but  with  leaves  only  ternate  or  biternate,  fruit 
orbicular,  5  or  6  lines  long,  emarginate  at  each  end,  the  wings  broader  than  the  body,  and  the 
ribs  prominent. 

P.  AMBIGUUM,  Nutt.,  which  includes  P.  Icevigatum,  Nutt,  extends  from  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton Territory  to  Western  Montana,  and  probably  also  occurs  in  Northern  Calitornia.  It  is  gla- 
brous, a  foot  high  or  often  much  less  :  leaves  with  much  dilated  petioles,  at  least  the  lower  ones 
1  -  2-pinnate  with  long  linear  entire  leaflets,  the  upper  often  more  dissected  :  involucels  very 
small  or  none  ;  rays  an  inch  or  two  long  :  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  4  lines  long,  a  line  wide,  the 
wing  half  the  width  of  the  seed  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  broad  and  thin  ones  on  the 
commissure. 

P.  FAUixosuM,  Geyer,  Hook.  Jour.  Bot.  vi.  235,  is  a  dwarf  .species  of  Oregon  and  Idaho, 
which  has  not  yet  been  collected  in  mature  fruit.  The  short  stems  are  slender,  from  a  small 
round  tuber  ;  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  with  linear  entire  leaflets  ;  flowers  white,  in  small 
open  few-rayed  umbels  ;  involucels  of  one  or  few  small  linear  bracts. 

There  is  apparently  at  least  another  allied  species  among  those  used  extensively  by  the  Oregon 
Indians,  and  which  may  extend  into  Northern  California,  but  of  which  the  fruit  has  not  been  col- 
lected. It  is  low  and  acaulescent,  with  a  very  thick  root,  glabrous,  the  leaflets  linear ;  flowers 
white  (?),  nearly  sessile  in  the  umbellets,  with  often  a  quite  conspicuous  involucel. 

+-  +■  Fruit  orbicular :  leaflets  ovate,  toothed :  glabrous. 

3.  P.  Euryptera,  Gray.  Shortly  caulescent,  6  to  10  inches  high,  rather  stout : 
leaves  ternate ;  leatiets  broadly  cordate,  somewhat  lobed,  coarsely  and  ruucronately 
toothed,  i  to  1  inch  long  :  rays  10  to  15,  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  the  pedicels  short ; 
involucels  unilateral,  of  'several  lanceolate  bractlets  :  fruit  5  lines  in  diameter,  emar- 
ginate at  each  end,  the  wings  broader  than  the  body;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals and  on  each  side  of  the  commissure.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  348.  Euryptera 
lucida,  Js^utt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  629  ;  Torrey,  Bot.  Max.  Bound.  70,  t.  27. 

Gravelly  hills  near  San  Diego,  Nuttall,  Parry. 

4.  P.  parvifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Very  shortly  caulescent,  slender,  6  to  10 
inches  high  :  leaves  biternate,  deltoid  in  outline,  2  inches  long,  the  divisions  ovate, 
laciniately  lobcd  and  acutely  toothed  or  pinnatifid  :  rays  about  ten,  a  half  to  an 
inch  long ;  pedicels  3  or  4  lines  long ;  involucels  of  a  few  linear  bractlets  :  calyx- 
teeth  acute,  one  or  two  usually  prominent :  fruit  orbicular  to  broadly  elliptical,  3  to 
3i  lines  long,  scarcely  emarginate,  the  wings  broader  than  the  body ;  ribs  rather 
prominent ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Fl.  i.  628. 
Ferula  parvifolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  348. 

Pine  woods  near  Monterey  {Douglas,  Coulter,  Parry)  ;  probably  from  the  Sacramento  to  Santa 
Barbara. 

A  somewhat  similar  species,  P.  Hallit,  Watson,  occurs  in  Oregon,  but  •with  leaves  more  oblong 
in  outline,  pinnate,  with  deeply  toothed  or  finely  pinnatifid  divisions  ;  fruit  broadly  elliptical,  the 
wing  half  as  broad  as  the  body  ;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  intervals,  4  or  6  on  the  commissure. 

§  2.  Leaves  decompound  with  narrowly  linear  segments  and  very  broadly  dilated  peti- 
oles :  involucels  conspicuous,  of  usually  dilated  scariously  margined  spatulate 
or  lanceolate  bracts  :  flowers  yellow ;  calyx-teeth  obsolete  :  fruit  broadly  ellip- 
tical, glabrous:  caulescent, finely puberulent. 

5.  P.  caruifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  short,  with  elongated  peduncles, 
^  to  1 1  feet  high  :  segments  of  the  leaves  |  to  2  inches  long :  rays  ^  to  3  inches 
long  ;  bractlets  of  the  involucels  often  lanceolate  :  fruit  3  or  4  lines  long,  2  lines 
broad,  the  ribs  obsolete  ;  wings  half  as  wide  as  the  body  :  oil-tubes  indistinct,  2  or 
3  in  the  intervals,  none  on  the  commissure.  —  Fl.  i.  628.  P.  marginatum,  Benth. 
PI.  Hartw.  312. 

Central  California,  valleys  and  hillsides  ;  from  Sacramento  Valley  to  Santa  Barbara,  frequent. 

6.  P.  utriculatum,  Nutt.  More  caulescent  :  leaves  more  finely  divided,  the 
segments  1  to  6  lines  long :  bractlets  rarely  lanceolate,  usually  much  dilated :  fruit 


270  UMBELLIFERJE.  ^  Peucedanum. 

similar  but  distinctly  ribbed ;  the  broad  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  4  to  6  on 
the  commissure.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  628. 

From  Washington  Territory  and  Idaho  to  Southern  California,  frequent ;  Los  Angeles  (Etch)  ; 
Ojai,  Goodale, 

§  3.  Leaves  very  finely  dissected  voiih  narroio  segments :  flowers  yelloiv :  acaulescent, 

pubescent. 

7.  P.  villosum,  Nutt.  More  or  less  densely  pubescent,  3  to  6  inches  high  : 
leaves  witli  very  numerous  somewhat  crowded  small  harrow  segments  :  flowerinfr 
umbels  dense ;  involucels  of  several  small  linear  bractlets  :  fruit  oval,  pubescent ; 
oil-tubes  probably  several  in  the  intervals.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  131. 

The  mature  fruit  is  not  known.  The  range  appears  to  be  from  the  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in 
"Western  Nevada  to  Northern  Arizona  and  eastward  to  Nebraska  and  S.  Utah.  The  si>eeies  nearly 
resembles  P.  foeniculaeeum,  Nutt.,  of  the  eastern  plains,  which  is  taller,  with  ample  leaves  and 
nearly  filiform  segments,  the  fiiiit  smooth,  with  prominent  ribs  and  1  to  3  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals. 

Another  species,  allied  to  P.  foeniculaeeum,  ranging  from  N.  Utah  to  Idaho  and  possibly  to 
N.  E.  California,  is  P.  millefolium,  Watson.  This  is  glabrous  throughout,  with  ample  finely 
dissected  leaves,  lai-ge  broadly  winged  glabrous  fruit,  and  solitary  oil-tubes. 

§  4.  Leaves  much  dissected  with  small  segments :  flowers  white ;  calyx-teeth  present  : 
somewhat  caulescent  or  nearly  acaulescent,  2?ubescent. 

*  Fruit  glabrous,  oblong  or  broadly  elliptical. 

8.  P.  macrocarpum,  Nutt.  More  or  less  pubescent :  stems  usually  tufted,  \ 
to  1  foot  high  :  fertile  rays  nearly  equal,  an  inch  or  two  long ;  involucels  conspic- 
uous, of  several  somewhat  foliaceous  lanceolate  or  linear  bracts,  often  united  and 
unilateral:  fruit  oblong,  4  to  10  lines  long,  2  or  3  lines  wide,  exceeding  the  pedi- 
cels ;  ribs  filiform  ;  wings  half  as  wide  as  the  seed  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  or  rarely  2  or 
3  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the  commissure.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  627  ;  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  130. 

Var.  eurycarpum,  Gray.  Fruit  4  or  5  lines  wide,  but  slightly  narrower  at  the 
ends,  the  wings  broader  than  the  seed  :  leaves  usually  rather  more  coarsely  divided. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  385.  P.  nvdicaide,  var.  (?)  ellipticum,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Pacif  R  Eep.  ii.  121. 

Frequent  from  Washington  Territoiy  to  the  Saskatchewan,  southward  to  N.  California  and  N. 
Nevada.  The  variety  is  apparently  the  more  prevalent  form  in  California,  ranging  from  Oregon 
to  the  Sacramento,  and  scarcely  occurring  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

-Y:   *   Fruit  tomentose  or  puberulent,  oval-orbicular. 

9.  P.  dasycarpum,  Torr.  &  Gray.      More  or  less  densely  villous-toraentose, 

;J  to  1  foot  high  :  leaves  finely  dissected  with  narrow  or  filiform  segments  :  fertile 
rays  nearly  equal,  an  inch  or  two  long ;  involucels  of  several  linear  to  lanceolate  or 
oval  bractlets,  free  or  united  at  base  :  fruit  orbicular  or  ovate,  often  acutish  above, 
tomentose,  4  to  7  lines  long,  3  to  5  broad ;  ribs  prominent ;  oil-tubes  usually  3 
(rarely  solitary)  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissure. — Fl.  i.  628.  J\  tomentosum, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  312. 

Central  CaliTomia,  from  Mendocino  and  Placer  counties  to  San  Luis  Obispo,  on  dry  hillsides. 

10.  P.  Nevadense,  Watson.  Glaucous,  puberulent :  leaves  less  compoundly 
dissected,  the  segments  coarser  :  rays  often  unequal,  1  or  2  inches  long ;  involucels 
smaller,  of  several  linear-lanceolate  bractlets,  usually  distinct :  fruit  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, nearly  orbicular  to  ovate,  3  to  5  lines  long,  2  to  4  wide ;  ribs  prominent ; 
calyx-teeth  obsolete  ;  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals,  or  4  in  the  lateral  ones  (per- 
haps very  rarely  solitary),  4  to  6  on  the  commissure.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  143. 
F.  nudicaule,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  130,  and  others,  not  Nuttall. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  SieiTa  Nevada  from  Northeastern  California  to  Sonora  and  New 
Mexico.  This  much  resembles  P.  nudicaule,  Nutt.,  to  which  it  has  been  ordinarily  referred,  a 
more  northern  and  eastern  species,  ranging  from  Nebraska  and  Northern  Colorado  to  Idaho. 


Ferula.  UMBELLIFER.E.  271 

23.  HERACLEUM,  Linn.        Cow  Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth   small   or   obsolete.     Disk    undulate;    stylopodium    conical.     Fruit 

strongly  flattened,  orbicular  or  elliptical,  the  broad  wings  coherent  till  maturity ; 

dorsal  ribs  filiform  or  obscure ;  oil-tubes  obclavate,  extending  downward  from  the 

apex  rarely  to  the  base,  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure.     Seed  flat 

and  thin.  —  Perennials  or  biennials,  mostly  stout  and  pubescent ;    leaves  ample, 

lobed  or  compound  ;  umbels  many-rayed  ;  involucre  usually  few-leaved,  caducous  j 

involucels  many-leaved  ;   flowers  white. 

About  50  species  are  found  in  the  north  temperate  zone  of  the  Old  World,  a  single  one  extend- 
ing to  America  and  langing  through  much  of  British  America  and  the  United  States. 

1.  H.  lanatum,  Miclix.  Very  stout,  4  to  8  feet  high,  pubescent :  petioles 
greatly  dilated;  leaves  ternate;  the  divisions  petiolulate,  round-cordate,  4  to  10  inches 
broad,  unequally  lobed ;  lobes  acuminate,  toothed  :  rays  3  to  6  inches  long :  flowers 
large,  the  outer  petals  often  dilated :  fruit  broadly  obovate,  4  to  6  lines  long,  slightly 
pubescent. 

Wet  soils  in  the  mountains,  from  Monterey  northward,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  a  height 
of  6,000  to  8,000  feet. 

24.  FERULA,  Linn. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Disk  small  and  stylopodium  depressed.  Fruit  oblong- 
elliptical  or  nearly  orbicular,  strongly  compressed  dorsally,  the  corky  marginal  wings 
(in  American  species)  as  thick  as  the  seed,  coherent  till  maturity ;  the  dorsal  ribs 
filiform ;  oil-tubes  very  numerous,  obscure,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Seed  flattened. 
Carpophore  bifid.  —  Smooth,  nearly  acaulescent  perennials,  with  thick  fusiform 
roots ;  leaves  pinnately  decompound ;  flowers  yellow,  in  many-rayed  umbels. 

Nuttall's  genus  Leptotcenia,  of  the  western  coast,  kept  distinct  by  Bentham  &  Hooker,  is  re- 
ferred by  Dr.  Gray  to  this  large  Old  World  genus.  Polytcenia,  of  the  Eastern  States,  is  separated 
only  by  its  manifest  calyx-teeth  and  more  acuminate  and  impressed  petals.  In  addition  to  the 
following  western  species  a  fourth  is  found  in  S.  Utah  and  New  Mexico,  F.  Newberryi  {Pence- 
danum  A'eivhcrryi,  Watson,  in  Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  301),  of  dwarfer  habit,  strictly  acaulescent, 
and  with  less  divided  leaves. 

%  Leaves  finely  divided. 

1.  F.  dissoluta,  Watson.  A  stout  coarse  plant,  the  short  stems  numerous  from 
a  very  thick  root,  leafy  at  base  :  leaves  broad,  ternate  and  thrice  pinnate,  the  ovate 
or  oblong  segments  a  half  to  an  inch  long,  pinnatifidly  laciniate-lobed  and  toothed, 
puberulent  on  the  veins  beneath  :  peduncles  stout,  1  or  2  feet  long ;  rays  2  to  5 
inches  long,  involucrate  with  a  few  linear  entire  or  lobed  bracts  ;  involucels  of 
several  linear  bractlets  :  flowers  yellow  or  purplish,  numerous  :  fruit  8  or  9  lines 
long,  3 1  broad,  almost  sessile,  the  thickened  margin  |  of  a  line  broad;  dorsal  ribs 
filiform  ;  oil-tubes  very  obscure  and  much  interrupted,  wanting  on  the  commissure. 
—  LejMt^enia  dissecta,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  630.  Cynapium  {V)  Bigelovii, 
Torrey,  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  94.  Ferula  dissecta,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  348, 
not  Ledebour. 

Valleys  and  hillsides,  flowering  in  early  spring,  from  Mendocino  County  north  to  Puget  Sound ; 
Klaniath  Lake  {Fremont)  ;  Murphy's  Camp,  Bic/elow.  A  specimen  from  Borax  Lake  (Torrey), 
having  broad  regularly  elliptical  fruit  only  5  lines  long,  is  no  otherwise  different. 

2.  F.  multifida,  Gray,  1.  c.  Like  the  last,  but  with  more  finely  divided  leaves, 
the  umbels  without  involucre,  flowers  less  densely  crowded,  and  the  pedicels  of  the 
fruit  2  to  12  lines  long. — Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  127.  Leptotaenia  multifida, 
Xutt.  1.  c. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Carson  City  northward  to  Oregon,  and  east  to 
Utah.     The  root  is  often  very  large. 


272  UMBELLIFER^.  -|f  Ferula. 

*  *  Leaves  more  coarsely  divided. 

3.  F.  Californica,  Gray.  Habit  of  the  preceding  :  leaves  ternate  and  pinnate, 
or  twice  ternate,  the  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  -oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long,  usu- 
ally 3-lobed,  coarsely  toothed  above,  smooth  :  rays  2  to  4  inches  long ;  involucre  of 
1  or  2  narrow  elongated  bracts ;  involucels  wanting :  fruit  5  to  7  lines  long,  3  or  4 
wide,  a  little  narrower  below,  on  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long ;  dorsal  ribs  indistinct 
except  at  the  ends ;  oil-tubes  distinct,  somewhat  anastomosing ;  wing  thinner  than 
in  the  preceding.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  348.  Leptotoenia  Californica,  Nutt.  1.  c. ; 
Torrey,  Pacif.  K.  Eep.  iv.  92. 

Napa  Valley  to  Mendocino  County. 

25.  DAUCUS,  Toum.        Carrot. 

Calyx  5-toothed.     Disk  and  stylopodium  mostly  small  and  depressed.      Fruit 

ovate  or  oblong,  the  carpels  semiterete  or  somewhat  dorsally  flattened;  primary  ribs 

filiform  and  bristly,  the  intermediate  more  prominent  and  winged  with  a  row  of 

more  or  less  united  barbed  prickles ;  oil-tubes  solitary  under  the  wings.     Seed  flat 

on  the  face  or  nearly  so.  —  Annual  or  biennial,  setosely  hispid ;  leaves  pinnately 

decompound  with  very  small  segments ;  involucral  bracts  foliaceous  and  divided, 

those  of  the  involucels  entire  or  3-lobed  ;  outer  rays  of  the  umbels  often  longest  and 

conuivent  over  the  inner  ones  in  fruit ;  flowers  mostly  white. 

Some  30  or  more  species  inhabit  the  northern  temperate  regions  of  the  Old  World,  of  which 
the  cultivated  Carrot,  D.  Carota,  is  in  many  places  naturalized,  becoming  a  noxious  weed.  The 
only  recognized  native  species  of  the  United  States  is  the  following. 

1.  D.  pusillus,  Michx.  Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  retrorsely 
hispid  :  leaves  bipinnate,  the  segments  pinnatifid,  with  short  narrowly  linear  lobes  : 
rays  2  to  6  lines  long,  nearly  equal ;  involucre  bipinnatitid,  as  long  as  the  small 
umbel ;  involucels  equalling  the  yellowish  floAvers  :  fruit  1  ^  to  2  lines  long,  shortly 
pedicellate,  the  prickles  usually  equalling  or  exceeding"  the  width  of  the  body  :  seed 
somewhat  concave  on  the  face. 

Widely  distributed,  ranging  from  the  S.  Atlantic  States  to  the  Pacific,  and  on  the  western 
coast  from  Nootka  Sound  to  Mexico.  It  has  also  been  found  in  N.  Patagonia  and  the  Sandwich 
Islands.  A  peculiar  form  was  collected  by  Dr.  Torrey  near  San  Francisco,  very  low  and  scarcely 
caulescent,  the  stout  peduncles  2  or  3  inches  long  ;  fruit  1  to  1^  lines  long,  in  dense  subglobose 
heads,  the  rays  being  obsolete. 

26.   CAUCALIS,  Linn. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Stylopodium  thick  and  conical.  Fruit  as  in  Daucus,  but 
somewhat  more  laterally  compressed,  and  the  seed  involute  or  deeply  channelled.  — 
Annuals,  mostly  hispid ;  leaves  dissected  ;  umbels  few-rayed,  often  opposite  the 
leaves  or  sessile  ;  flowers  white  or  purplish. 

About  20  species,  chiefly  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  one  or  two  widely  naturalized. 

1.  C.  nodosa,  Hudson.  Decumbent,  branching  only  at  base,  the  stems  1  or  2 
feet  long,  retrorsely  hispid :  leaves  pinnate  with  pinnatifid  divisions :  umbels  naked, 
opposite  to  the  leaves,  nearly  sessile,  of  2  or  3  very  short  rays :  fruit  ovate-oblong,  a 
line  long,  entirely  covered  with  rough  tubercles  or  usually  with  stout  prickles  barbed 
or  bent  at  the  point :  seed  involute. 

Native  of  Europe  and  N.  Africa,  inti'oduced  into  Chili  and  Peru,  and  thence  into  California  : 
seen  only  from  around  San  Francisco,  Holder,  Kellogg. 

2.  C.  microcarpa,  Hook  &  Arn.  Erect,  slender,  6  to  15  inches  high,  nearly 
glabrous  :  leaves  much  dissected,  slightly  hispid  :  umbels  apparently  sessile  at  the 


Aralia.  ARALIACE^.  273 

ends  of  the  stem  and  branches,  Subtended  by  2  or  more  foliaceous  dissected  bracts, 
3  -  6-rayed  ;  rays  slender,  1  to  3  inches  long  ;  umbellets  few-flowered,  with  unequal 
pedicels  ;  involucels  of  short  entire  bracts,  rarely  more  foliaceous  and  divided  :  fruit 
oblong-oval,  2  lines  long,  armed  with  rows  of  hooked  prickles  :  seed  deeply  chan- 
nelled. —  Bot.  Beechey,  348. 

Dry  liillsides,  Sacramento  Valley.  Of  reputed  efficacy,  applied  in  poultice,  as  a  remedy  for  the 
bite  of  rattlesnakes.  This  plant  is  peculiar  in  habit,  but  has  a  seed  similar  to  that  of  several  of 
the  species  of  C'aucalis.  It  has  been  referred  to  Daacus  brachiatus  of  Australia,  which  however 
has  the  prickles  always  barbed  and  is  a  true  Daucus. 


Order  XLVI.    ARALIACEiE. 

Like  Umhelliferce,  but  the  umbels  not  regularly  compound,  stems  apt  to  be  woody, 

petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  styles  and  carpels  more  than  two,  and  the  fruit  fleshy 

(berry-like  or  drupaceous). 

A  rather  large  order  in  the  warm  parts  of  the  world,  represented  in  Europe  and  in  cultivation 
by  the  Ivy,  and  in  North  America  and  Northern  Asia  mainly  by  the  following  genus. 

1.   AHAIiIA,  Linn.        Spikenard. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or   entire.     Petals   5,    ovate,  slightly   imbricate.     Stamens  5. 

Disk  depressed  or  rarely  conical.     Ovary  2  —  5-celled  :  styles  free  or  connate  at 

base,  at  length  divaricate  :  stigmas  terminal.     Fruit  laterally  compressed,  becoming 

3  -  5-angled,  fleshy  externally  ;  endocarp  chartaceous.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs ; 

leaves  alternate,  digitate  or  compound,  with  serrate  leaflets  :  umbels  mostly  simple, 

solitary,  racemed,  or  panicled  ;  pedicels  jointed  ;  bracts  small. 

About  30  species,  of  which  8  belong  to  North  America,  chiefly  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
the  remainder  to  Eastern  Asia.  Probably  the  only  Californian  representative  of  the  order  is  the 
following  species. 

1.  A.  Californica,  Watson.  Herbaceous,  unarmed  and  nearly  glabrous,  8  to 
10  feet  high,  from  a  large  thick  root :  leaves  bipinnate,  or  the  upper  pinnate  with  1 
or  2  pairs  of  leaflets,  which  are  cordate-ovate,  4  to  8  inches  long  or  more,  shortly 
acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate  with  short  acute  teeth ;  uppermost  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  :  umbels  in  loose  terminal  and  axillary  compound  or  simple  racemose 
panicles,  which  are  a  foot  or  two  long  and  more  or  less  gland ular-tomentose;  rays 
numerous,  4  to  6  lines  long;  involucres  of  several  linear  bractlets  :  flowers  1|  to  2 
lines  long ;  disk  and  stylopodium  obsolete ;  styles  united  to  the  middle  :  fruit  (im- 
mature) 1|  lines  long.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  144. 

In  shaded  mountain  ravines  and  moist  places  ;  Gavilan  Mountains  {Breioer)  ;  Bolinas  Bay 
{Bigelow)  ;  Sierra  County,  Levfimon.  Much  resembling  the  eastern  A.  racemosa,  but  differing  in 
its  much  greater  size,  fewer  umbels,  larger  and  with  more  numerous  rays,  and  larger  flowers  and 
invohicres.  It  has  not  been  collected  in  mature  fruit.  A.  humilis,  of  Mexico  and  New  Mexico, 
is  distinguished  especially  by  its  large  pulvinate  stylopodium. 

A.  SPINOSA,  another  eastern  species,  known  as  Hercules'  Club,  has  become  somewhat  common 
in  cultivation. 

Fatsia  nouRiDA,  Benth.  &  Hook.  (Echinopanax,  Decaisne  &  Planch.),  is  reported  in  Hook. 
Fl.  as  having  been  collected  in  California  by  Douglas.  It  is  frequent  in  shady  fir  woods  in  the 
Cascade  and  Coast  Ranges,  from  the  Columbia  northward  to  Sitka,  and  also  extends  southward 
in  the  Coast  Range,  but  it  is  doubtful  as  belonging  to  tliis  State.  It  has  a  stout  woody  stem  6  to 
12  feet  long,  creeping  at  base,  leafy  at  the  summit,  and  very  prickly  throughout,  making  the  for- 
ests in  places  almost  impas.sable ;  the  very  large  leaves  palmately  lobed,  and  the  capitate  umbels 
in  a  long  raceme.  The  genus  is  distinguished  by  valvate  petals,  2-3-celled  fruit,  pedicels  not 
jointed,  and  palmatifid  leaves. 

Hedera  Helix,  the  European  Ivy,  is  very  frequently  cultivated,  and  near  the  coast  is  already 
half  wild. 


274  CORNACEiE.  Cornus. 


Order  XLVII.    CORNACEiE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  and  entire  mainly  opposite  leaves,  no 

stipules,  and  flowers  in  cymes  (or  capitate  clusters)  or  spikes  ;  the  valvate  petals  and 

stamens  4  and  epigynous  in  fertile  flowers  (the  former  sometimes  wanting) ;  calyx 

adnate  to  the  1  -  2-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  1  -  2-seeded  drupe  or  berry  in 

fruit.     Seed  suspended,  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  in  hard  albumen. 

An  order  of  a  dozen  genera  and  less  than  a  hundred  species,  widely  distributed,  but  mainly  in 
the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  ;  most  related  to  the  first  tribe  of  Caprifoliacece, 
but  with  distinct  petals  valvate  in  the  bud.  Many  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  The  bark  of 
Cornus  is  bitter,  and  has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  Cincliona. 

1.  Cornus.     Flowers  perfect,  in  cymes  or  a  head-like  cluster.     Petals  4.     Style  1  :  stigma  ter- 

minal.    Ovary  2-eelled. 

2.  Garry  a.     Flowers  dioecious,  in  catkin-like  spikes.     Petals  none.     Styles  2,  stigmatic  down . 

the  inner  side.     Ovary  1 -celled,  2-ovuled. 

1.  CORNUS,  Linn.        Dogwood.     Cornel. 

Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.     Petals  4,  oblong  or  ovate,  valvate 

in  the  bud.     Stamens  4,  with  slender  filaments.     Style  slender  :  stigma  capitate  or 

truncate.     Drupe  ovoid  or  oblong,  with  a  2-celled  2-seeded  stone.     Cotyledons  foli- 

aceous.  —  Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,   rarely  arborescent ;   leaves  opposite,  entire ; 

flowers  small,  in  dichotomous  cymes   or   involucrate  heads,  white,   yellowish   or 

greenish. 

Mostly  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  a  single  species  giowing  in  Peru  ;  about  25  species,  of 
which  15  are  found  in  the  United  States. 

*  Flmvers  greenish,  in  a  close  cyme  or  head,  surrounded  hy  a  consjncuous  involucre  of 

4  to  6  white  petal-like  bracts :  fruit  red. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  Linn.  Stem  simple,  herbaceous,  3  to  8  inches  high,  from  a 
slender  creeping  subterranean  rootstock  :  leaves  mostly  in  an  apparent  whorl  of  6  at 
the  summit,  slightly  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs,  nearly  sessile,  ovate  to  oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  1  to  2^  inches  long ;  in  the  middle  of  the  stem  a  pair  of  smaller 
leaves,  and  scale-like  bracts  below  :  ]:)eduncle  about  an  inch  long :  involucral  bracts 
4,  ovate,  4  to  8  lines  long  :  ovary  silky  :  fruit  globular,  2  lines  in  diameter. 

Mendocino  County  {BolaiuLer),  in  swamps  ;  north  to  Sitka  and  across  the  continent, 

2.  C.  Nuttallii,  Audubon.  Usually  a  small  tree,  sometimes  becoming  50  to  70 
feet  high  :  bark  smooth  :  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent,  obovate,  3  to  5  inches  long, 
acute  at  each  end  :  involucre  of  4  to  6  obovate  to  oblong  bracts,  1 1  to  3  inches 
long,  abruptly  acute  to  acuminate,  yellowish  or  white,  often  tinged  with  red  :  flow- 
ers numerous,  in  dense  heads  6  to  9  lines  broad  :  fruit  crowded  among  the  large 
abortive  ovaries,  5  to  6  lines  long,  crowned  by  the  broad  limb  of  the  calyx.  —  Nut- 
tall,  Sylva,  iii.  51,  t.  97  ;  Newberry,  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  vi.  24. 

From  Monterey  and  Mendocino  to  Plumas  counties,  and  northward  to  Fraser  Eiver.  A  showy 
tree,  or  large  shrub,  flowering  in  May,  the  flowers  followed  by  large  clusters  of  crimson  berries. 
Much  resembling  the  eastern  C.  fiorida,  and  apparently  even  more  worthy  of  cultivation.  Wood 
close-grained  and  very  hard. 

*  *  Flowers  yellowish,  in  sessile  umbels,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  involucrate  with 

4  small  caducous  bracts. 

3.  C.  sessilis,  Torr.  A  shrub,  10  to  15  feet  high,  with  green  bark  :  leaves 
approximate,  ovate,  shortly  acuminate,  pale  beneath  and  appressed  silky-pubescent  : 
umbel  terminal,  becoming  lateral  by  the  development  of  the  shoot ;  pedicels  numer- 


Oarrya.  CORNACEiE.  275 

ous,  slender,  silkj^,  3  to  4  lines  long  :  involucre  nearly  as  long,  membranaceous,  soon 
deciduous  :  petals  narrow,  acuminate :  fruit  oblong,  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  94,  t.  7. 

Moist  ravines  and  foot-hills,  Placer  County.  Mature  fruit  has  not  been  collected.  The  Amer- 
ican representative  of  an  Old  World  group  of  two  species,  C.  mas  and  C.  officinalis. 

*  *  *  Flowers  white  or  cream-colored,  cymose,  not  mvolucrate :  fruit  white,  lead- 
colored,  or  blue. 

4.  C.  Califomica,  C.  A,  iMeyer.  A  shrub,  6  to  15  feet  high,  with  smooth 
purplish  branches  :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  lighter  colored  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  with  loose  silky 
hairs  (not  straight  and  appressed)  :  flowers  in  small  dense  round-topped  cymes  : 
fruit  small,  2  lines  broad,  subglobose,  but  little  fleshy,  slightly  pubescent,  blue  {V) : 
stone  broader  than  high,  somewhat  compressed,  furrowed  on  the  edges.  —  Mem. 
Acad.  Petr.  v.  30,  and  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3  ser.  iv.  72.  C.  cirdnatus  (]),  Cham,  in 
Linntea,  iii.  139.     C.  alba.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beecliey,  142. 

From  San  Francisco  southward  to  San  Diego  County  ;  on  stream-banks. 

5.  C.  pubescens,  Nutt.  Resembling  the  last  and  with  a  similar  pubescence  : 
leaves  oblong-elliptical  or  rarely  ovate,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate,  shortly  cune- 
ate  at  base  :  flowers  in  a  somewhat  larger  and  more  spreading  round-topped  cyme  : 
fruit  white,  larger  and  more  fleshy,  becoming  glabrous;  the  stone  similar,  2|  lines 
broad.  —  Sylva,  iii.  34.     C.  sericea,  var.  (])  occidentalis,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  652. 

Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Yosemite  Valley  ;  also  in 
the  Cuiamaca  Jits.,  San  Diego  Co. ,  Palmer.  These  two  species  have  always  been  confounded, 
but  seem  to  be  separated  by  good  characters.  The  Gomel  of  the  Kocky  Mountains  and  Utah, 
which  has  been  referred  to  this  species,  is  the  eastern  C.  slolonifera,  which  also  extends  westwaixl 
to  the  Columbia.  It  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  straight  appressed  hairs,  attached  by  the 
middle,  and  has  not  been  found  in  California. 

6.  C.  glabrata,  Benth.  A  shrub,  5  to  12  feet  high,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  ; 
bark  gray  :  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  ovate,  acute  at  each  end  or  somewhat  acumi- 
nate above,  an  inch  or  two  long,  alike  green  on  both  sides,  on  short  slender  petioles  : 
flowers  in  numerous  small  open  flat  cymes ;  ovaries  silky  :  fruit  white,  globose ; 
stone  broader  than  high,  2  lines  wide  or  more,  scarcely  compressed,  not  furrowed.  — 
P>ot.  Sulph.  18. 

In  the  Coast  Ranges  from  Lake  County  to  the  southern  part  of  Monterey ;  also  on  the  Cosumnes 
Kiver,  Rattan. 

7.  C.  Torreyi,  Watson.  Shrubby  :  leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  abruptly 
acute  or  sliortly  acuminate,  on  rather  long  slender  petioles,  lighter  colored  and  some- 
wliat  pubescent  beneath  with  loose  silky  hairs  :  cyme  loose  and  spreading :  fruit 
white  ;  the  stone  obovoid,  2^  to  3|  lines  long,  somewhat  compressed,  acute  at  base, 
ridged  on  the  edges,  tubercled  at  the  summit.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  145. 

Collected  by  Dr.  Torrcy  in  Central  California,  but  the  locality  not  noted.  The  characters  of 
the  fruit  are  very  i)eculiar. 

2.   GABRYA,  Dougl. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary  aments,  solitary  or  in  threes  between  the  decussately 
connate  bracts,  without  petals.  Calyx  of  sterile  flowers  4-parted,  with  linear  val- 
vate  segments  :  stamens  4,  with  distinct  filaments  :  disk  and  ovary  none.  Fertile 
flowers  with  the  calyx-limb  shortly  2-lobed  or  obsolete  :  disk  and  stamens  none  : 
ovary  1-celled,  with  2  pendent  ovules  :  styles  2,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side,  per- 
sistent. Berry  ovoid,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seed  oblong,  compressed :  embryo  minute,  with 
oblong  cotyledons.  —  Evergreen  shrubs,  with  4-angled  branchlets ;  leaves  opposite, 
entire,  coriaceous,  the  short  petioles  connate  at  base ;  fruit  blue  or  purple. 


276  CORNACE^.  -ff  Garrya. 

A  genus  of  about  a  dozen  species,  peculiar  to  the  region  from  California  to  Texas  and  southward, 
with  a  single  one  in  the  West  Indies. 

1.  Gr.  elliptica,  Dougl.  A  stout  shrub  or  small  tree,  usually  only  5  to  8  feet 
high  :  leaves  elliptical.  1|  to  3  inches  long,  rounded  or  acute  and  niucronate  at  the 
apex,  mostly  truncate  or  rounded  at  base,  undulate  on  the  margin,  densely  tomen- 
tose  beneath,  smooth  above  :  aments  solitary  or  chistered ;  the  sterile  2  to  5  inches 
long,  with  bracts  truncate  or  acute,  silky,  as  also  the  calyx-lobes ;  fertile  aments 
stouter,  1  to  3  inches  long,  with  acuminate  or  acute  bracts  :  ovary  densely  silky- 
tomentose,  sessile:  fruit  globose,  4  lines  in  diameter. —=- Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1686; 
Maout  &  Decne,  Traite  Bot.  256,  tigs. 

From  Monterey  northward  to  the  Columbia  near  the  coast  ;  dry  soil  and  hillsides,  flowering  in 
winter  and  early  spring  ;  the  staminate  plant  then  very  ornamental. 

2.  G".  Fremontii,  Torr.  Shrub,  5  to  10  feet  high,  becoming  glabrous  :  leaves 
ovate  to  oblong,  not  undulate,  1^  to  2|  inches  long,  acute  at  each  end,  on  petioles  4 
to  6  lines  long  :  aments  solitary,  2  or  3  inches  long,  with  acute  somewhat  silky 
bracts  ;  the  fertile  aments  rather  slender  :  ovaries  nearly  glabrous  :  fruit  globose,  2 
to  2^  lines  in  diameter,  shortly  pedicellate.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  136. 

From  the  Upper  Sacramento  to  the  Yosemite  Valley  and  in  the  Coast  Ranges  to  Mount  Hamil- 
ton, Breivcr.     Leaves  lighter  green  and  less  pubescent  than  in  the  last. 

3.  Gr.  buxifolia,  Gray,  A  small  shrub,  2  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  oblong-elliptical, 
1  to  1^  inches  long,  4  to  8  lines  broad,  acute  at  each  end,  smooth  above,  densely 
white  appressed-silky  beneath  ;  petioles  1  to  3  lines  long :  fertile  aments  an  inch 
long,  the  short  bracts  acute,  more  or  less  silky  :  fruit  globose,  glabrous,  nearly  ses- 
sile, 2|  to  3  lines  in  diameter.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  349. 

Eed  Mountains,  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander,  Kellogg. 

4.  Gr.  flavescens,  Watson.  A  rather  spreading  shrub,  6  to  8  feet  high,  pubes- 
cent with  closely  appressed  silky  hairs  :  leaves  coriaceous,  elliptic-ovate  to  -oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  scarcely  mucronate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  flat,  entire,  at  length 
nearly  glabrous  above,  on  petioles  3  to  6  lines  long  :  aments  pendulous ;  bracts  6  to 
10  pairs,  broad,  connate,  acute  or  the  lower  acuminate,  silky  ;  sterile  aments  1  or  2 
inches  long,  loose,  the  pedicels  (1  to  3  together)  equalling  or  exceeding  the  bracts  ; 
fertile  aments  an  inch  long,  dense,  with  solitary  se.ssile  flowers  :  fruit  densely  silky, 

ovate,  3  lines  long.  — Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  301.     G. 1,  Watson,  Bot.  King 

Exp.  421. 

Var.  Falmeri,  Watson.  Pubescence  densely  tomentose  :  leaves  smooth  above, 
mucronate,  on  shorter  petioles  :  fruit  globose,  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter. 

Frequent  from  Southern  Nevada  and  Utah  into  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  The  variety  at  Mil- 
quatay,  60  miles  from  San  Diego,  on  the  Fort  Yuma  road,  Palmer.  Branches  and  leaves  yellow- 
ish ;  the  pulp  upon  the  seed  stains  a  bright  violet  color. 


Sambucus.  CAPRIFOLIACE^.  277 


Division  II.     GAI^IOPETAL^.     (By  A.  Gray.) 

Floral  envelopes  both  present ;  the  petals  more  or  less  united  into  a  gamopeta- 
lous  (otherwise  called  monopetalous)  corolla. 

Order  XLVIII.    CAPRIPOLIACEiE. 

Distinguished  generally  by  having  opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  an  inferior 
2  -  5-celled  ovary,  and  4  or  5  equal  stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  coroUa,  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  latter  (in  a  single  instance  one  fewer)  and  alternate  with 
them.  —  Flowers  perfect.  Corolla  4  -  5-cleft,  sometimes  irregular ;  the  lobes  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Stamens  distinct.  Ovary  2  -  5-celled,  or  not  rarely  by  abor- 
tion becoming  one-celled :  ovules  either  solitary  and  suspended  or  more  numer- 
ous, anatropous.  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule.  Embryo  small,  commonly 
minute,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  a  colorless  juice  and 
no  very  active  sensible  properties,  normally  destitute  of  stipules,  but  in  several 
species  these,  or  appendages  resembling  them,  appear  :  the  inflorescence  generally 
cymose. 

A  family  of  about  a  dozen  genera  and  200  species,  of  small  economical  importance  (except  as 
affording  Honeysuckles  and  some  other  plants  for  ornamental  cultivation),  mainly  indigenous  to 
the  northern  temperate  zone,  rather  feebly  represented  in  California, 

Tribe  I.  SAMBUCE^E.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  open  bell-shaped,  regular.  Style  short  and 
2  -  5-parted,  or  as  many  sessile  stigmas.  Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells,  suspended.  Fruit  a 
beiTv-Iike  drupe. 

1.  Sambucus.     Leaves  pinnate.     Seed-like  nutlets  of  the  berry-like  fruit  3  to  5. 

2.  Viburnum.     Leaves  simple.     Nutlet  of  berry-like  drupe  only  one,  flattened. 

Tribe  II.  LONICEREtE.  Corolla  from  bell-shaped  to  tubular,  often  irregular.  Style  elon- 
gated, entire  :  stigma  capitate.  Leaves  simple,  mostly  entire,  but  occasionally  sinuate- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  on  some  vigorous  shoots. 

3.  Linnaea.     Corolla  obscurely  irregular,  5-lobed.     Stamens  4,  unequal.    Ovary  3-celled,  two  of 

the  cells  containing  several  imperfect  ovules,  the  third  a  solitary  fertile  ovule.     Fruit 
dry,  1 -seeded. 

4.  Symphoricarpus.     Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so,  4  -  5-lobed.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes. 

Ovary  4-celled  ;  but  the  berry-like  fruit  only  2-seeded. 
6.  Lonicera.     Corolla  more  or  less  irregular,  commonly  2-lipped  (f ).     Stamens  5,     Ovary  and 
berry  2  -  3-celled,  several-seeded. 

1.   SAMBUCUS,  Toum.     Elder. 

Calyx  with  5  minute  teeth.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  open  urn-shaped,  regularly 
5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  3  to  5.  "Benies,"  really 
drupes,  small  and  globose,  juicy,  containing  usually  3  (rarely  4  or  5)  separate  seed- 
like nutlets,  each  filled  by  a  single  seed.  —  Shrubs,  or  even  small  trees,  or  some 
nearly  herbaceous,  their  rank  and  thick  shoots  filled  by  a  large  pith,  the  herbage 
with  a  heavy  odor.  Leaves  pinnately  5-  11-foliolate  :  leaflets  serrate,  occasionally 
incised  or  even  divided,  acuminate,  sometimes  stipellate.  Flowers  small  and  very 
numerous,  in  compound  cymes,  in  ours  white. 


278  CAPRIFOLIACE^.  '^      Samhucus. 

1.  S.  glauca,  Xutt.  Arborescent,  glabrous,  or  often  somewhat  pubescent  with 
short  and  stitt'  spreading  hairs  :  leaflets  3  to  9,  of  firm  texture,  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate  with  rigid  spreading  teeth  :  cyme  flat,  5-parted  :  fruit  black,  but  very 
glaucous,  so  appearing  to  be  white  :  nutlets  obscurely  rugose  :  pith  of  shoots  white. 
—  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  13. 

Common  throughout  the  State,  and  north  and  east  of  it  ;  6  to  1 8  feet  high,  sometimes  with 
trunk  6  to  12  inches  in  diameter.  Not  easy  to  distinguish  from  <S'.  nigra  of  Europe  except  by  the 
whitened  fruit.  It  well  may  be  S.  Mcxicaiui,  Presl,  to  which  it  was  refeiTed  by  Torrey  in  Pacif. 
R.  Eep.  iv.  95,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  71,  and  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  330,  but  with  doubt. 

2.  S.  racemosa,  Linn.  Shrubby,  mostly  glabrous  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  thin,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  much  acuminate,  very  sharply  serrate  :  cyme  ovate  or  pyriform  :  fruit 
bright  red;  its  nutlets  obscurely  rugose  :  pith  of  shoots  brown.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  279. 

Along  the  mountain  ranges,  in  woods,  extending  far  north.  The  Califomian  and  Rocky 
Mountain  specimens  are  as  glabrous  as  the  European  plant  ;  in  British  America  and  Alaska  it  is 
commonly  pubescent,  as  in  the  Atlantic  States  variety  pubens,  S.  pubcns,  Michx. 

2,  VIBURNUM,  Linn.     Arrow-wood,  &c. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  open  campanulate,  deeply  and  regu- 
larly 5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  exserted.  Stigmas  1  to  3.  "  Berries,"  really  drupes, 
containing  a  single  flat  or  flattish  hard  seed-like  stone.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees, 
with  simple,  but  commonly  toothed,  and  sometimes  deeply  lobed  leaves,  and  white 
flowers  in  a  compound  terminal  cyme. 

A  genus  represented  by  a  dozen  species  in  the  Eastern  United  States,  only  two  of  which  ex- 
tend, well  northward,  to  the  Pacific.  One  of  these  is  the  Cranberry-tree,  as  well  as  the  Snowball- 
tree  or  Guelder  Rose  of  ornamental  cultivation  :  in  this  the  cyme  is  radiate  in  the  manner  of 
Hydranrjea,  the  marginal  flowers  being  neutral  and  greatly  enlarged.  There  is  one  peculiar  spe- 
cies on  the  coast  of  Oregon,  which  extends  into  California,  viz.  :  — 

1.  V.  ellipticum,  Hook.  Shrub  2  to  5  feet  high,  with  scaly  buds  :  leaves 
broadly  oval  or  elliptical,  roundish  or  very  obtuse  at  both  ends,  3  -  5-ribbed  from 
the  base,  coarsely  dentate  above  the  middle,  the  lower  surface  and  petioles  with  the 
young  shoots  hairy  :  cyme  dense,  pedimcled  :  flowers  all  perfect :  fruits  oval,  bluish- 
black  (half  an  inch  long) ;  the  stone  grooved  on  both  sides.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  280. 

In  woods,  Mendocino  Co.  {Kellogg)  ;  extending  to  the  Columbia  River.  Related  to  F.  pubes- 
ccns  and  F.  dentatum  of  the  Atlantic  side. 

3.  LINN^A,  Gronov.     Twin-flower, 

Calyx  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  subulate,  deciduous.  Corolla  obscurely  irregular,  fun- 
nelform,  5-lobed.  Stamens  one  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  i.  e.  4,  inserted 
low  down  on  the  corolla,  included,  two  of  them  shorter.  Ovary  and  the  small 
dry  fruit  3-celled,  one  cell  with  a  suspended  fertile  ovule  and  seed,  the  two  others 
with  several  abortive  ovules.  Style  slender  :  stigma  somewhat  capitate.  —  Con- 
tains a  single  species. 

1.  L.  borealis,  Gronov.  A  low  and  almost  herbaceous  little  evergreen,  with 
slender  and  creeping  or  trailing  stems  :  leaves  round-oval,  sparingly  crenate,  nar- 
rowed at  base  into  short  petioles  :  peduncles  erect,  slender,  forking  into  two  pedi- 
cels at  the  top,  each  bearing  a  single  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding  floAver  :  corolla 
tinged  with  purple  or  rose-color,  hairy  inside. 

Moist  mossy  woods,  Mendocino  Co. ;  common  in  Oregon  and  eastward,  extending  all  round  the 
northern  cool -temperate  zone.  The  California  locality  rests  on  Dr.  Bolander's  authority.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  know  if  the  specimens  are  of  the  ordinary  type,  or  of  the  variety  longi- 
fiora,  Torr.  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.,  which  is  the  usual  form  in  Oregon,  and  is  remarkable  for  its 
larger  flowers,  the  tube  of  the  corolla  with  a  long  tapering  base,  and  the  slender  calyx-lobes  three 
times  longer  than  the  ovary.     In  Colorado  the  ordinary  form  only  is  found. 


Symphoricarpus.  CAPRIFOLIACE^.  279 

4.  SYMPHORICARPUS,  Dill.,  Juss.  Snowberry. 
Calyx  5 -toothed,  occasionally  4-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  nearly  or  wholly 
regular,  from  open  campanulate  to  salverform,  5-4-lobed.  Stamens  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  inserted  on  its  throat.  Ovary  4-celled  ;  two  of  the  cells 
few-ovuled  but  sterile ;  the  two  alternate  cells  each  with  a  solitary  suspended  ovule, 
which  ripens  into  a  seed :  style  slender :  stigma  capitate,  entire  or  2  -  4-lobed. 
Fruit  globular  and  berry-like,  ripening  two  little  bony  seed-like  nutlets,  each  filled 
with  a  seed.  —  Low  and  branching  shrubs,  with  scaly  buds,  oval  or  oblong  leaves 
(entire,  or  occasionally  some  of  them  sinuate-pinnatifid),  and  2-bracteolate  flowers  in 
axillary  and  terminal  spikes  or  clusters,  rarely  solitary ;  the  corolla  white  or  pink. 

—  Gray  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv.  9. 

A  North  American  genus,  of  several  species,  at  least  one  of  them  in  the  mountains  of  Mexico. 
S.  racemosiis,  the  common  Snowberry  of  cultivation,  and  all  the  California  species  have  snow- 
white  fruit. 

§  1.    Corolla  short-campanulate. 

1.  S.  racemosus,  Michx.  Shrub  erect,  2-4  feet  high,  smooth,  or  the  lower 
face  of  the  oblong  or  ovate-oval  leaves  pubescent  :  flowers  in  commonly  terminal 
short  and  loose  interrupted  spike-like  racemes,  which  are  often  leafy  at  base,  or  some 
solitary  in  upper  axils  :  corolla  very  villous  within  at  base  of  the  lobes,  which  are 
rather  shorter  than  the  tube  :  style  and  mostly  stamens  included. 

Hillsides,  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  Oregon,  thence  eastward  to  the  Northern  Atlantic  States. 

—  The  marked  variety  pmidfloms,  Robbins  in  Gray  Man.,  is  not  known  from  California: 
it  approaches  the  following  species.  S.  occidentalis,  K.  Br.,  if  on  the  Pacific  side  of  the  continent, 
is  only  at  the  north  :  it  may  be  known  by  the  deeper-cleft  corolla  with  stronger  beard,  exserted 
stamens  and  style,  and  greater  robustness. 

2.  S.  mollis,  Nutt.  Low,  difl'use  or  decumbent,  softly  and  usually  densely 
pubescent :  leaves  oval,  small  (half  an  inch  or  less  than  an  inch  long) :  flowers  few, 
in  terminal  clusters  or  in  upper  axils  :  corolla  short  and  broad,  inconspicuously 
bearded  or  pubescent  inside  :  stamens  equalling  the  corolla  :  style  shorter.  —  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  4.     A  less  downy  form  is  aS*.  ciliatus,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Woods,  &c.,  common  on  the  Coast  Range,  and  not  rare  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  5,000  feet. 

§  2.    Corolla  from  campanulate-oblong  to  tubular :  stamens  included :  style  glabrous. 

3.  S.  rotundifolius,  Gray.  Low,  soft-pubescent,  sometimes  minutely  so : 
leaves  orbicular  or  oblong,  thickish  :  corolla  between  oblong-campanulate  and  fun- 
nelform,  its  tube  only  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  lobes  and  a  little  longer  than 
the  style  :  nutlets  of  the  fruit  oval,  turgid,  very  obtuse  at  both  ends.  —  PI.  Wright. 
ii.  66,  &  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  1.  c. 

Near  Carson  City,  Nevada  (Anderson),  and  in  Oregon  (Kellogg  <fc  Harford)  ;  therefore,  doubt- 
less, within  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  State  ;  thence  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  —  Leaves  6  to 
10  lines  long.     Corolla  not  over  4  lines  long,  broad  from  the  base. 

4.  S.  oreophilus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Low,  glabrous,  or  in  western  forms  commonly 
as  pubescent  as  the  foregoing,  and  the  leaves  similar  :  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  its 
tube  4  or  5  times  longer  than  the  lobes  and  twice  the  length  of  the  style  :  nutlets 
of  the  fruit  oblong,  tapering  to  a  point  at  base.  —  S.  montanus,  Gray,  in  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  xxxiv.  249,  not  of  HBK. 

Eastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mono  Pass  (Bolandcr)  to  Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon)  ; 
thence  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado.  Corolla  5  or  even  6  lines  long,  and  narrow  ; 
but  in  the  ambiguous  and  more  or  less  pubescent  form  which  prevails  on  the  borders  of  California, 
only  4  or  5  lines  long  and  rather  broader.  The  nutlets  of  the  fruit,  when  seen,  mark  a  strong 
difference. 

5.  LONGIFLORUS,  Gray,  1.  c,  from  S.  E.  Nevada  and  Utah,  has  a  still  longer  corolla,  with 
oblong  lobes  and  a  bearded  style,  which  well  distinguish  it. 


280  CAPRIFOLIACEJE.  "        Lonicera. 

5,  LONICERA,  Linn.     Honeysuckle.    Woodbine. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  funnelform,  or  oblong-campanulate ; 
the  tube  commonly  gibbous  at  base  ;  the  limb  irregularly  or  sometimes  almost  regu- 
larly 5-lobed,  often  bilabiate  (f,  i.  e.  4  lobes  in  the  upper,  1  in  the  lower  lip).  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  Avith  numerous 
ovules  in  each  cell  :  style  filiform  :  stigma  capitate.  Berry  several-seeded.  Twin- 
ing or  erect  shrubs,  with  scaly  buds,  and  spicate  or 'geminate  flowers.  Leaves 
entire,  or  occasionally  sinuate-pinnatifid  on  vigorous  young  shoots. 

Genus  widely  dispersed  over  the  northern  hemisphere,  several  cultivated  for  ornament  and 
fragrance,  especially  the  European  Honeysuckles,  L.  Caprifolium  and  L.  Etrusca ;  the  American 
Trumpet  H.,  L.  sempervirens,  which  has  an  almost  regular  corolla  ;  Chinese  or  Japan  H.,  L,  Ja- 
ponica,  etc.  ;  and,  among  the  upright  species,  L.  Tartarica,  the  Tartarean  Honeysuckle. 

L.  CILIOSA,  Poir.,  a  common  Oregon  species  with  corolla  slightly  bilabiate,  may  occur  in  Cali- 
fornia. Apparently  a  form  of  it,  with  rather  smaller  leaves  and  flowers,  was  collected  on  San 
Francisco  Mountain,  in  Arizona,  by  Dr.  Palmer. 

§  1.  Stems  or  branches  more  or  less  twining  or  disjjosed  to  twine :  flowers  sessile  in  a 
terminal  interrupted  spike  or  head,  or  some  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  {and  com- 
monly connate)  leaves,  usually  rather  large  and  showy :  calyx-teeth  persistent 
on  the  {red  or  orange)  berry :  corolla  in  all  the  Calif ornian  species  decidedly 
bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  ^-lobed,  the  lower  narrow  and  entire.  {Sometimes 
there  are  foliaceous  stipules  or  what  seem  to  be  such  between  the  leaves.)  — 
Caprifolium,  DC. 

1.  L.  hispidula,  Dougl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  Foliaceous  stipular  appendages  between 
the  leaves  often  present  :  leaves  mostly  oval,  the  lower  short-petioled ;  uppermost 
pairs  commonly  connate  :  spikes  naked,  slender  :  corolla  pink  or  yellowish  ;  its  tube 
hairy  inside,  not  longer  than  the  limb  :  stamens  and  especially  the  long  style  ex- 
serted,  more  or  less  hairy  at  base.  —  All  the  Californian  specimens  seem  to  belong 
to  one  species,  of  which  this  is  the  oldest  name.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  627. 
The  leading  forms  are  :  — 

Var.  Douglasii,  the  first  described  form,  from  Oregon  :  leaves  (^  -  1^  inches  long) 
at  least  beneath  and  their  margins  and  slender  brauches  hirsute  or  pubescent  with 
spreading  hairs  :  inflorescence  and  pink  flowers  glabrous.  —  L.  microphylla,  Hook. 
Fl.  i.  283.      Caprifolium  hispidulum,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1761. 

Var.  subspicata:  a  bushy  form,  along  the  coast  from  Monterey  Bay  to  San 
Diego,  seldom  climbing,  with  small  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  uppermost 
often  distinct ;  the  branchlets,  inflorescence,  and  flowers  glandular-pubescent.  —  L. 
subspicata.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  349  ;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  71,  t.  29. 

Var.  intemipta:  resembling  the  preceding,  but  glabrous  throughout,  often 
glaucous  :  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  base.  — L.  interrupta,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  313. 

Var.  vacillans :  mostly  climbing,  larger,  either  glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  or 
without  hirsute  hairs  :  inflorescence  and  flowers  glandular-hirsute  or  pubescent, 
varying  to  glabrous.  —  L.  Californica,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  7.  L.  ciliosa.  Hook.  & 
Arn.,  not  of  Poir.     L.  pilosa,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  i.  62. 

Common  throughout  the  State,  on  hillsides,  &c.     Corolla  about  half  an  inch  long. 

§  2.  Stems  in  the  American  species  erect,  never  twining  :  all  the  leaves  distinct :  flowers 
a  pair  {sessile  or  their  bases  united)  at  the  summit  of  an  axillary  peduncle.  — 
Xylosteum,  DC. 

2.  L.  involucrata,  Banks.  Pubescent,  leafy  :  leaves  varying  from  ovate- 
oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  thin,  petioled  :  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaf :  bracts  4  to  6,  forming  a  conspicuous  foliaceous  involucre  :  corolla 
tubular,  with  short  lobes,   viscid-pubescent,   yellowish :   ovaries  and  black-purple 


Cephalanthus.  EUBIACE^.  281 

berries  distinct.  — L.  Ledehouri,  Esch.,  published  a  year  later  than  Banks's  name  by 
Sprengel.     L.  intermedia,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  154,  fig.  47. 

Common  in  shady  places,  reaching  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  British  Columbia,  and  Lake  Supe- 
rior. Shrub  2  to  10  feet  high  :  leaves  3  to  6  inches  long.  Involucre  a  pair  of  foliaceous  outer  ovate 
bracts,  which  become  half  an  inch  long,  and  4  interior  and  thinner  rounded  bracts  which  are 
commonly  united  in  pairs,  all  becoming  yellowish  or  purplish  in  age.  Corolla  from  half  to  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long,  obscurely  bilabiate. 

3.  L.  conjugialis,  Kellogg.  Shrub  slender,  straggling,  soft-pubescent,  or 
smoother  when  old  :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  thin,  sliort-petioled ;  the  lower  obtuse ; 
the  upper  acute  or  acuminate  :  peduncles  long  and  slender :  bracts  nearly  wanting 
or  minute  at  base  of  the  partly  or  wholly  united  ovaries  :  corolla  broadly  gibbous  at 
base,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  outside,  dark  and  dull  purple,  bilabiate  to  below  the 
middle  ;  the  broad  upper  lip  barely  4-toothed ;  its  throat,  with  the  base  of  the  style 
and  filaments,  hairy:  berry  red.  —  Kellogg,  1.  c.  67,  fig.  15.  L.  Breweri,  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  537,  &  vii.  349. 

Woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward,  and  in  adjacent  parts  of  Ne- 
vada. Peduncle  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  and  shorter  than  well-developed  leaves,  or  rarely  longer 
and  exceeding  the  leaf,  as  described  by  Dr.  Kellogg.     Corolla  hardly  half  an  inch  long. 

4.  L.  caerulea,  Linn,  Low,  pubescent :  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  at  both 
ends,  almost  sessile  :  peduncles  very  short :  bracts  a  single  pair,  linear- subulate,  longer 
than  the  united  ovaries,  which  form  a  single  globular  blue  berry  :  corolla  yellowish- 
white,  funnelform,  little  gibbous  and  bilabiate  ;  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube. 

Sierra  Nevada,  at  7,000  feet,  Mariposa  Co.  (Bolander) ;  thence  northward,  into  Asia,  &c.  :  the 
form  with  villous-pubescent  leaves  and  corolla  :  the  Atlantic  form  has  a  glabrous  corolla. 

Order  XLIX.     RUBIACE^. 

Known  by  having  opposite  entire  leaves  with  intervening  stipules  (or  one  tribe 
with  whorled  leaves  without  stipules),  along  with  an  inferior  ovary  and  regular 
4-5androus  flowers.  Flowers  generally  perfect.  Calyx  and  corolla  4-5-lobed 
or  toothed ;  the  limb  of  the  former  above  the  union  with  the  ovary  sometimes 
obsolete.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  borne  on  its  tube 
or  throat,  distinct.  Ovary  2-5-celled.  Ovules  amphitropous  or  anatropous. 
Embryo  in  fleshy  or  horny  albumen.  —  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  in  the  tropics  trees, 
with  colorless  juice.  Where  the  leaves  are  whorled  and  unaccompanied  by  ap- 
parent stipules,  the  supernumerary  leaves  are  supposed  to  ansAver  to  stipules. 

A  vast  order,  of  over  4,000  species  and  340  genera,  mainly  tropical  .and  subtropical,  although 
the  tribe  or  division  Stellatoe  (with  whorled  leaves)  is  prevailingly  of  the  northern  temperate  zone, 
in  no  part  of  which  is  the  whole  family  more  feebly  represented  than  in  California. 

The  order  yields  important  products  ;  but  Rubia  tinctoria,  the  Madder  plant,  is  the  only  one 
cultivated  for  economical  use  out  of  the  tropics.  The  Coffee-plant  and  species  of  Cinchmia  (yield- 
ing Peruvian  Bark)  are  the  most  important  representatives  of  the  family.  —  The  three  following 
are  all  the  Californian  or  even  Pacific  North  American  genera  ;  but  one  of  them  is  peculiar. 

1.  Cephalanthus.     Shrub,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves  and  stipules  within  the  petioles  : 

flowers  in  a  dense  head. 

2.  Kelloggia.     Slender  herb,  with  opposite  leaves  and  stipules  between  the  petioles  :  the  flowers 

cymose.     Fruit  2-lobed,  2-seeded. 

3.  Galium.     Herbs  with  whorled  leaves  and  no  apparent  stipules.     Fruit  2-lobed,  2-seeded. 

1.  CEPHALANTHUS,  Linn.     Button-bush. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  spherical  head.  Calyx  inversely  pyramidal,  4-toothed. 
Corolla  with  a  long  and  slender  tube  and  a  small  4-cleft  limb.  Stamens  4,  short, 
borne  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla.     Style  very  long  and  slender,  much  exserted ; 


282  RUBIACEiE.  ^ephalanthus. 

stigma  capitate.  Ovary  2-4-celled,  with  a  solitary  ovule  suspended  from  the 
summit  of  each  cell,  ripening  into  a  dry  inversely  pyramidal  fruit,  which  splits  from 
the  base  upwards  into  2  to  4  closed  one-seeded  portions.  —  Leaves  ample,  short- 
petioled,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  three  or  four  :  a  short  scale-like  stipule  between 
and  within  the  petioles.     Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  bearing  single  heads. 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  Linn.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  with  ovate  or  lanceolate 
leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  smooth  or  pubescent :  heads  au  inch  in  diameter,  termi- 
nating slender  peduncles  :  flowers  white. 

Along  streams,  common  in  California  as  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  extending  into  Mexico. 
The  Californian  shrub  (var.  Californicus,  Benth.  PI.  Hartweg),  like  other  southern  forms,  is  com- 
monly short-petioled.     All  the  forms  vary  from  smooth  to  soft-pubescent.     Ovary  2-celled. 

2.  KELLOGGIA,  Torr. 

Calyx-tube  obovoid,  somewhat  flattened  laterally,  thickly  clothed  with  stiff 
short  bristles  ;  the  4  teeth  very  small,  subulate,  persistent.  Corolla  funnelform,  with 
4  narrow  oblong  lobes,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  : 
filaments  flattish,  short :  anthers  linear.  Style  very  slender  :  stigmas  2,  filiform, 
papillose.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  rising  from  the  base  of 
each  cell.  Fruit  small,  oblong,  coriaceous,  2-coccous,  hispid  with  hooked  bristles, 
splitting  at  maturity  into  2  closed  carpels,  to  the  walls  of  which  the  seed  adheres. 
Embryo  large  in  the  fleshy  albumen,  straight.  — Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  t.  6  (1862) ; 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  539;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  137;  Torr.  1.  c.  332 
(1874). 

1.  K.  galioides,  Torr.  1.  c.  Slender  perennial-rooted  herb,  about  a  foot  high, 
rather  dift'use,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent :  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  sessile  : 
interposed  stipules  small  and  scarious  :  flowers  small,  in  a  loose  forking  cyme  ter- 
minating the  stem  or  few  branches ;  the  long  pedicels  thickened  at  the  apex  and 
articulated  with  the  flower :  corolla  duH  greenish-yellow,  3  lines  long,  pubescent 
outside. 

Damp  places,  commonly  under  the  shade  of  trees  or  shrubs,  along  the  foot-hills  and  in  the  Si- 
erra from  Mariposa  Co.  northward,  extending  to  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  Arizona  {Palmer) 
and  Wyoming  {Parry)  ;  first  discovered  on  the  Walla- Walla  River,  by  Dr.  Pickering  and  Mr. 
Brackcnridcje,  in  Wilkes'  Expedition,  when  crossing  from  Oregon  to  California.  The  geims  was 
dedicated  to  Dr.  Albert  Kellogg  of  San  Francisco,  in  fitting  recognition  of  the  arduous  endeavors 
of  the  earliest  botanist  resident  in  the  State  of  California,  whose  botanical  labors,  prosecuted  for 
many  years  under  abounding  difl[iculties,  entitle  him  to  the  gratitude  of  those  who  are  engaged  in 
the  preparation  of  this  work,  and  of  those  who  will  use  it.  The  plant  is  modest  and  unpretend- 
ing, but  peculiar.  In  the  foliage  and  stipules  it  recalls  Hoitstonia,  in  the  flower  an  Asperula, 
and  the  fruit  is  like  that  of  Asperula,  and  Galium,  except  that  the  embryo  was  found  by  Dr. 
Torrey  to  be  nearly  straight. 

3.   GALIUM,  Linn.     Bedstraw.    Cleavers. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-part.ed,  rarely  3-parted. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  short.  Styles  2,  short :  stignms  capitate. 
Ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled  :  ovules  solitary.  Fruit  twin,  biglobular,  dry,  or  some- 
times fleshy  when  ripe,  separating  into  two  closed  one-seeded  carpels.  —  Herbs  or 
sometimes  woody  at  base,  with  slender  square  stems,  whorled  leaves,  destitute  of 
any  apparent  stipules  (the  stipules  being  supposed  to  be  developed  into  leaves  or 
blades),  and  small  flowers  usually  cymose.  Roots  of  many  species  red,  containing 
a  coloring-matter  like  madder,  which  is  from  a  nearly  related  genus. 


Galium.  RUBIACE^.  283 

A  large  genus,  dispersed  through  all  temperate  regions.  When  the  uppermost  leaves  are  re- 
duced to  a  single  pair,  they  occasionally  show  some  rudiments  of  the  proper  stipules  of  tht  order. 
In  several  Californian  species  the  flowers  are  dioecious.  —The  species,  being  rather  numerous, 
may  be  more  readily  determined  by  the  aid  of  the  following  artificial  key. 

Leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  eight.  ^-  ^-  Aparine. 

Leaves  all  in  sixes  :  fruit  not  hairy.  5.  G.  asperrimum. 

Leaves  in  fives  and  sixes  ;  fruit  hairy.  6.  G.  tuiflorum. 

Leaves  mostly  in  fives  or  sixes  on  the  stem,  in  fours  on  the  branches.  7.  G.  trifidum. 

Leaves  in  fours,  or  some  only  in  pairs. 
Fruit  berry-like,  not  haiiy. 

Low,  hispid  :  leaves  ovate  :  root  fibrous.  !•  G.  Californiccm. 

Taller,  with  thick  or  woody  root  :  leaves  small,  narrow.  2.  G.  Nuttallii. 

Perennial-tufted,  dwarf  :  flowers  perfect,  white  :  leaves  crowded,  awl- 
shaped.  1^-  ^-  Andrewsii. 
Fruit  dry. 

Low  annual  :  leaves  lanceolate  :  flowers  perfect,  white.  3.  G.  bifolium. 

Perennials,  with  dull  purple  flowera. 

Leaves  oblong-linear,  minutely  hirsute  or  nearly  glabi-oua.  8.  G.  Bolanderi. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  cinereous-pubescent.  9.  G.  pubens. 

Perennial  herb,  erect,  white-flowered  :  leaves  3-nei-ved,  lanceolate.      10.  G.  BOREALE. 
Perennial,  or  woody  at  base  :  flowers  dull  yellowisa  or  whitish,  dioe- 
cious :  fruit  long-hairy. 
Tall  :  leaves  linear.  11-  G.  angtjstifolium. 

Low  :  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate  :  fruit  very  long-haired. 

Glabrous  and  smooth.  12.  G.  Bloomeri. 

Cinereous-puberulent.  13.  G.  multiflorum. 

§  1.  Frnit  berry-like  at  maturity,  ow  in  Madder.  — Relbunium,  Endl.,  Benth.  &  Hook. 

1.  G.  Califomicum,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Low,  much  branched  from  an  annual  (?) 
reddish  librous  root,  hispid  with  widely  spreading  stiff  hairs  :  leaves  in  fours,  thin- 
nish,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  cuspidately  acute  or  mucronate  :  flowers  dioeciously 
polygamous  ;  the  fertile  ones  solitary  on  short  naked  peduncles  at  the  end  of  the 
branches  or  on  npper  forks,  recurved  in  fruit ;  the  sterile  ones  terminal  in  threes  : 
corolla  yellowish  ;  its  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous  :  fruit  purple,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so.  —  Bot.  Beech,  p.  349  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  20,  excl.  var. 

Common  from  San  Francisco  southward  towards  the  coast.  The  larger  forms  with  less  rigid 
hairiness  resemble  the  S.  American  G.  Relbun  (and  like  it  are  apt  to  have  a  minutely  hirsute 
or  pubescent  ovary) ;  but  that  is  well  distinguished  by  a  small  4-leaved  involucel  at  the  apex  of 
the  peduncle,  within  which  the  flower  is  sessile. 

2.  Gr.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Stem  rising  from  a  thick  and  firm  or  woody  root  or 
rootstock,  1  to  3  feet  high,  or  climbing  higher  on  bushes,  and  much  branching  : 
branchlets  minutely  aculeolate-scabrous  on  the  angles  :  leaves  in  fours  or  the  upper- 
most often  only  in  pail's  (3  to  5  or  on  branchlets  only  2  or  3  lines  long),  thickish, 
varying  from  ovate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  smooth  except  the  spinulose- 
ciliate  margins :  flowers  solitary,  minute  :  lobes  of  the  white  corolla  ovate  :  pedicels 
naked,  reflexed  in  fruit :  ovary  glabrous  :  fruit  small,  decidedly  baccate.  —  PI. 
Wright,  i.  80,  in  note.     G.  suffruticosum,  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Hills  and  low  grounds,  Marin  Co.  to  San  Diego.  Apparently  varies  greatly.  Often  "forms 
thickets,"  or  is  supported  on  shrubs,  in  the  manner  of  the  eastern  O.  asprellum. 

§  2.    Fruit  dry  at  maturity. 

*  Annuals  :  fruit  minutely  hispid  urith  hooked  bristles  :  flowers  perfect. 

3.  Or.  bifolium,  Watson.  Smooth  and  glabrous,  small  (3  to  6  inches  high),  at 
length  branched  :  leaves  in  depauperate  specimens  only  a  single  pair,  with  bases 
connected  by  a  scarious  stipular  line  ;  in  vigorous  specimens  4  in  the  whorls,  lance- 
olate, the  alternate  pair  (answering  to  stipules)  from  half  to  three  quarters  smaller : 
peduncles  solitary,  lateral  and  terminal,  naked,  1 -flowered,  about  equalling  the 
leaves  when  in  fruit,  spreading  :  corolla  minute,  white  :  fruit  recurved  on  the  apex 
of  the  peduncle.  —  Bot.  King.  134,  t.  14,  fig.  8. 


284  RUBIACE^.  -tt        Galium. 

Mai-shes  near  Peregoy's,  Mariposa  Co.,  at  7,000  feet  {A.  Gray)  ;  Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon)  ;  dis- 
covered by  3fr.  Watson  in  the  mountains  of  Nevada.  Fruit  proportionally  large,  a  line  or  a  line 
and  a  half  in  diameter. 

4.  Gr.  Aparine,  Linn.  Stem  weak  and  spreading  :  leaves  mostly  in  eights, 
linear-oblanceolate ;  the  margins,  midrib,  and  angles  of  the  branches  armed  Avith 
spreading  or  retrorse  spinulose  bristles  :  peduncles  elongated,  1  —  2-flowered  :  corolla 
greenish-white  :  fruit  rather  large. 

Moist  grounds,  apparently  throughout  the  State,  and  without  doubt  a  native  plant ;  but  only 
in  the  smaller  form  (var.  minor,  Hook.)  :  the  leaves  barely  an  inch  or  thereabouts  in  length, 
whereas  in  the  ordinary  eastern  and  European  plants  they  are  of  twice  that  length,  and  the  fruit 
larger. 

*  *  Annual  (?)  with  perfect  flowers  :  fruit  granulate-scabrous. 

5.  Gr.  asperrimum,  Gray.  Diffusely  much  branched,  weak  :  the  branches 
slender,  minutely  and  retrorsely  spinulose  :  leaves  in  sixes,  lanceolate  or  the  lower 
oblanceolate  verging  to  oblong,  tipped  with  a  slender  cuspidate  point,  smooth  and 
shining  both  sides,  the  margins  and  midrib  beneath  thickly  and  retrorsely  spinu- 
lose-ciliate  :  flowers  numerous,  in  naked  cymes  terminating  the  branchlets  :  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  filiform  :  lobes  of  the  apparently  greenish-white  corolla  ovate  and 
acute  :  immature  fruit  muricate- granulate.  —  PI.  Fendl.  60,  &  PI.  Wright,  ii.  67. 
(New  Mexico  and  Arizona.) 

Var.  asperulum:  leaves  thinner,  duller,  all  more  lanceolate,  their  margins  and 
midrib  much  less  strongly  ciliate,  the  bristles  sometimes  obscure  and  not  retrorse  : 
peduncles  and  pedicels  fewer  and  not  divaricate  :  corolla  apparently  purplish  :  fruit 
not  seen.  —  G.  asperrimum,  Watson,  Bot.  King.  1 34. 

In  Mariposa  Sequoia  Grove  {Bolandcr),  Sierra  Valley  {Lemmon),  and  Ruby  Valley,  Nevada 
( Watson).  If  a  variety  of  G.  asperrimum,  it  must  be  a  form  growing  in  more  shady  places. 
Leaves  ^  to  |  of  an  inch  long,  those  near  the  flowers  smaller,  almost  awn-pointed.  Corolla  a  line 
and  a  half  in  diameter.     Perhaps  the  root  is  perennial. 

*  *  *   Perennials, 

-f-  Wiih  diffuse  or  decumbent  wholly  herbaceous  stems  :  fruit  not  long-villous :  leaves 
with  more  or  less  prominent  midrib,  but  no  lateral  nerves. 

6.  Gr.  triflorum,  Michx.  Slightly  and  sparsely  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous,  bright 
green  :  stems  procumbent  or  reclining,  minutely  spinulose  backwards  on  the  angles 
(or  rarely  smooth)  :  leaves  in  sixes  or  sometimes  in  fives,  thin,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  or  cuspidate-acuminate,  the  margins  and  often  the  midrib 
beneath  beset  with  very  short  commonly  retrorse  and  hooked  bristles  :  peduncles  once 
or  twice  3-forked ;  the  pedicels  divergent :  corolla  greenish  :  fruit  hirsute  with 
slender  hooked  bristles,  or  when  mature  merely  roughened. 

Rather  common  in  woods  and  thickets,  from  San  Francisco  northward  and  to  the  Sierra,  ex- 
tending through  the  northern  parts  of  the  continent.  The  foliage  when  drying  exhales  the 
sweet  scent  of  the  European  Asperula  odorata.  Leaves  one  or  two  inches  or  less  in  length,  3  or  4 
lines  wide. 

7.  G.  trifidiim,  Linn.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  slender,  ascending  or 
erect,  diffusely  branched,  mostly  roughened  on  the  angles  :  leaves  4-6  in  the 
whorl,  commonly  5  or  6  on  the  stem  and  4  on  the  branches,  varying  from  linear  to 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  the  midrib  and  margins  more  or  less  scabrous  :  peduncles  soli- 
tary or  in  threes,  not  longer  than  the  leaves  :  flowers  very  small :  lobes  of  the  white 
corolla  and  the  stamens  often  only  3  :  fruit  smooth  and  naked. 

Wet  and  shady  places,  same  range  as  the  preceding.  Stems  5  to  15  inches  high.  Leaves  3  to  9 
lines  long.     Corolla  barely  a  line  broad. 

8.  Gr.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Apparently  erect,  diffusely  and  paniculately  branched, 
minutely  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  all  in  fours,  thickish,  oblong-lin- 
ear, short,  the  margins  and  midrib  beneath  minutely  hispid-ciliate  :  cymes  sev- 
eral-flowered,  paniculate  :  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  flowers  :   corolla  dull 


Galium.  RUBIACEJE.  285 

purple,  its  lobes  ovate  and  acute  :  ovary  glabrous  but  granulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  350. 

Sierra  Nevada  (on  the  Mono  trail,  Bolander ;  Sierra  Valley,  Lenimon).  Apparently  of  the 
same  species  is  a  plant  in  Rattan's  collection,  with  similar  (sterile  0  flowers,  but  branches  and 
foliage  minutely  hii-sute.  Plants  apparently  one  or  two  feet  high  :  base  of  stem  not  seen.  Leaves 
3  to  6  lines  long.     Corolla  a  line  and  a  half  broad. 

9.  G-.  pubens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Cinereous-pubescent  throughout  with  short  and 
rather  soft  spreading  hairs,  diffusely  much  branched  :  leaves  in  fours,  thickish, 
ovate,  or  on  the  branchlets  oblong  or  even  oblong-linear,  acute  or  mucronate- 
pointed  :  flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  the  sterile  in  several-flowered  close  cymes,  the 
fertile  fewer  :  peduncles  and  pedicels  short :  corolla  dull  purple,  its  lobes  ovate  and 
acute  :  fruit  minutely  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous  and  smooth. 

Var.  scabridum,  with  shorter,  less  copious,  and  rather  scabrous  pubescence : 
ovary  glabrous. 

Yosemite  Valley  {Bolander,  Torrey,  Gray).  Stems  about  2  feet  long.  Leaves  4  lines  long. 
Corolla  2  lines  broad,  sometimes  3  -  5-cleft.     Fruiting  pedicels  little  over  a  line  in  length. 

-i-  -H   With  erect  and  wliolly  herbaceous  smooth  stems :  fruit  smooth  or  merely  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  3  —  5-nerved. 

10.  Gr.  boreale,  Linn.  Glabrous  and  smooth,  or  nearly  so,  strictly  erect,  leafy  : 
leaves  in  fours,  lanceolate  or  almost  linear,  bluntish  :  cymes  many-flowered,  in  a 
thyrsiform  panicle  :  corolla  white  :  fruit  very  minutely  hairy  or  smooth. 

Shaded  or  open  banks  of  streams,  towards  Oregon  ;  thence  northward  and  eastward  to  the  At- 
lantic.    (The  plant  of  Xantus  from  Fort  Tejon,  No.  40,  belongs  to  the  next  species.) 

4-  -H  -f-  With  erect  or  ascending  stems  more  or  less  woody,  and  polygamo-dioecious 
(yellowish-ivhite)  Jiowers :  sterile  ovaries  glabrous  or  naked  :  the  fruit  clothed  with 
long  white  hairs,  ivhich  are  not  hooked  at  the  tip. 

11.  G.  angustifolium,  Nutt.  Shrubby  at  base,  1  to  4  feet  high,  glabrous  :  the 
branches  rigid  or  strict,  smooth  on  the  angles  :  leaves  in  fours,  linear,  mucronate- 
acute,  rigid,  1 -nerved,  veinless,  with  barely  scabrous  margins  :  cymes  small  and  nu- 
merous in  a  narrow  panicle  :  flowers  very  small,  greenish-white  :  fruit  hispid  or 
hirsute,  with  straight  bristles  not  longer  than  itself.  —  G.  trichocarpum  &  angustifo- 
lium (under  trichocarpum),  Nutt.  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  22. 

Near  the  coast,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  and  east  to  Fort  Tejon.  Rising  to  3  or  4  feet  high 
when  supported  on  bushes.  Leaves  from  3  to  8  lines  long.  The  male  plant,  which  has  smooth 
and  glabrous  abortive  ovaries,  was  taken  for  G.  suffruticositm  in  the  Botany  of  the  Mexican  Boun- 
dary, and  for  G.  boreale  in  the  Tejon  collection  by  Xantus.  The  female  plant  does  not  accord 
with  any  Chilian  species,  neither  with  the  G.  eriocarpum  of  Bartling  (whether  that  be  Hooker 
and  Arnott's  species  of  that  name,  or  G.  Gilliesii),  nor  with  G.  tridiocarpum,  DC,  which  by 
the  character  answers  to  G.  Chamissonis,  Hook.  &  Am.  Wherefore  Nuttall's  name  for  one  of 
the  forms  may  be  adopted  for  this  species. 

12.  Gr.  Bloomeri,  Gray.  Low,  3  to  12  inches  high,  wholly  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, much  branched  from  the  suflfrutescent  base  :  leaves  in  fours,  and  some  of  the 
uppermost  only  in  pairs,  ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  rigid,  1  —  3-nerved  :  flowers 
yellowish-white,  somewhat  panicled  ;  the  sterile  ones  very  short-pedicelled  ;  the  fer- 
tile mostly  longer  than  the  long  villous  hairs  of  the  fruit,  and  erect.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  538  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King.  135. 

Var.  hirsutum,  Gray.  Stems  and  leaves  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs  :  leaves 
thinner  :  otherwise  like  a  small  form  of  G.  Bloomeri. 

Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  dry  eastern  slopes,  towards  Virginia  City  and  to  Lassen  Peak,  &c. 
Hairs  of  the  fruit  a  line  or  rather  more  in  length.  In  this  and  the  next  the  substerile  or  imper- 
fectly fertile  ovary  is  apt  to  develop  a  few  long  hairs  ;  but  the  truly  fertile  fruit  is  mostly  cov- 
ered with  long  hairs.  —  The  variety,  from  SieiTa  Valley,  Lemmon. 

1 3.  G-.  multiflonim,  Kellogg.  Low,  3  to  1 2  inches  high,  cinereous-puberulent 
or  minutely  scabrous,  branched  from  the  suffrutescent  base  :  leaves  in  fours,  or  some 


286  VALERIANACE^.  If      Galium. 

of  the  floral  ones  in  pairs  (or  even  alternate),  varying  from  roundish-ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  apiculate,  rigid,  mostly  3-nerved  :  flowers  yellowish-white,  soli- 
tary or  in  threes  at  the  end  of  short  branches  :  fruit-bearing  pedicels  mostly  longer 
than  the  long  villous  hairs  of  the  fruit,  at  length  recurved.  —  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii. 
97  (1861);  Watson,  1.  c.     G.  hypotrichium,  Gray,  1.  c.  (1865), 

Dry  eastern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  near  Donner  Pass  {Torrey)  ;  Sonera  Pass  {Brewer) ; 
Sierra  Valley,  &c.  ;  and  in  Nevada. 

G.  STELLATUM,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  (to  which  is  evidently  to  be  referred  G.  acutissimum,  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  3u0),  extends  from  New  Mexico  through'  Arizona  (Palmer)  to  Cerros 
Island,  off  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  and  may  be  found  within  the  State.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  ovate-lanceolate  rigid  leaves,  tapering  to  a  pungent  point. 

-i-  -f-  -f-  -f-  With  low  and  depressed  stems  thickly  set  with  persistent  leaves,  forming 
cushion-like  tufts  on  the  ground :  flowers  perfect. 

14.  Gr.  Andrcwsii,  Gray.  Caespitose  on  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  glabrous  : 
leaves  crowded  in  fours  and  in  axillary  fascicles,  subulate  or  acerose,  rigid,  shining, 
pungent,  1-nerved,  or  rather  with  a  stout  midrib,  either  naked  or  spinulose-ciliate 
on  the  margins  :  flowers  solitary  or  in  threes,  terminating  the  branchlets,  very  small, 
on  short  or  slender  pedicels  :  corolla  white,  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi.  538. 

Dry  hills  near  the  coast,  from  the  Bay  of  Monterey  south  to  Fort  Tejon,  &c.  Plant  forming 
tufts  from  2  inches  to  a  span  in  height  ;  leaves  2  to  5  lines  long,  half  a  line  or  less  in  width. 
[The  fruit,  recently  collcL-ted  by  Palmer,  proves  to  be  baccate  and  glabrous,  showing  that  the 
species  is  most  nearly  allied  to  G.  Nuttallii  of  the  Relbunium  section.] 

Order  L.    VALERIANACE^. 

These  are  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules ;  the  distinct  stamens  (1  to 
4)  almost  always  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  borne  on  its  tube ;  the 
inferior  ovary  with  two  abortive  or  empty  cells,  and  a  single  fertile  one  containing 
a  soHtary  pendulous  ovule,  ripening  into  a  kind  of  akene.  —  Flowers  perfect  or  by 
abortion  dioecious.  Calyx  sometimes  obsolete,  except  its  tube  consolidated  with  the 
ovary,  sometimes  with  a  limb  composed  of  teeth,  chafi",  or  bristles.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar or  funnelform,  often  irregular ;  its  limb  3  -  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Style  filiform  :  stigmas  1  to  3  :  ovule  anatropous.  Fruit  dry  and  indehis- 
cent,  either  one-celled,  the  two  other  cells  having  disappeared,  or  more  or  less 
3-celled,  two  of  the  cells  empty  or  mere  vestiges.  Seed  destitute  of  albumen,  filled 
by  the  large  and  straight  embryo  :  radicle  superior.  —  Inflorescence  cymose. 

A  family  of  nine  genera  and  about  300  species,  of  small  economical  importance,  except  as  yield- 
ing the  ofiicinal  Valerian  (the  peculiar  odor  and  properties  of  which  prevail  in  the  roots  of  most 
of  the  perennial  species),  mainly  belonging  to  the  temperate  and  frigid  parts  of  the  world,  spar- 
ingly represented  in  North  America.  Only  one  Valerian  has  thus  far  been  detected  in  California, 
but  there  is  a  peculiar  genus. 

Com  Salads  (Fedia  or  Valerianella)  are  likely  to  occur  in  grain-fields,  introduced  from  Europe, 
but  are  not  yet  met  with. 

1.  Valeriana.     Limb  of  the  calyx  inrolled  and  concealed   in  flower,  evolute  and  pappus-like 

in  fruit,  of  plumose  bristles.     Corolla  spurless.     Stamens  3.     Perennials. 

2.  Plectritis.     Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete.     Tube  of  the  corolla  bearing  a  spur.     Stamens  3. 

Annuals, 

1.  VALERIANA,  Toum.     Valerian. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  involute  and  concealed  in  the  flowering  state,  evolute  in  fruit, 
formed  of  numerous  plumose  bristles,  resembling  a  pappus,  deciduous.  Corolla  with 
more  or  less  cylindrical  or  obconical  tube,  which  is  often  gibbous  but  not  spurred  at 


Plectritis.  VALERIANACE^.  287 

the  base  :  the  limb  about  eqifiiUy  5-lobed.  Stamens  3.  Abortive  cells  of  the  ovary- 
small  or  obscure,  obliterated  in  the  akene-like  fruit.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  strong- 
scented  mostly  thickened  rootstocks  or  roots,  simple  or  pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or 
flesh-colored  flowers  in  a  terminal  often  panicled  cyme.  The  flowers  in  some  species 
are  either  dimorphous  or  polygamo-dioecious.  —  The  roots  of  several  are  used  in 
medicine.     The  only  species  yet  detected  in  this  State  is, 

1.  V.  sylvatica,  Richardson.  Minutely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  root- 
stock  creeping  :  root-leaves  entire  and  spatulate  or  oval,  or  sometimes  3-parted  : 
stem-leaves  mostly  pinnately  divided  into  3  to  1 1  broadly  lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate 
unequal  entire  or  toothed  leaflets  :  flowers  all  perfect :  corolla  short  and  broad  : 
stigma  almost  entire. 

Wet  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  &c.,  from  the  Yosemite  to  Donner  Lake,  thence  eastward 
and  northward  through  the  Continent.  This  has  been  thought  to  be  the  European  V.  dioica,  or 
too  near  it ;  but  the  stigma  is  not  3-cleft,  and  no  form  is  known  with  included  stamens  and  long 
style.  At  the  north  it  sometimes  has  smaller  flowers  with  less  protruded  stamens  ;  but  then  the 
style  also  is  short. 

V.  EDULis,  Nutt.,  is  common  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward  ;  and  it  may  be  found  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  California.  It  is  well  marked  by  the  long  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  or 
lobes  of  the  leaves,  with  minutely  downy  margins ;  and  the  flowei-s  are  dioecious. 

2.  PLECTRITIS,  (Liudl.,)  DC. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  none.  Tube  of  the  corolla  very  gibbous,  spurred 
at  the  base ;  the  short  limb  more  or  less  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  3-cleft. 
Stamens  3.  Ovary  triangular,  with  empty  cells  at  two  of  the  angles  :  style  slender  : 
stigma  somewhat  capitate.  Fruit  winged  on  each  side  of  the  fertile  cell  by  the 
remains  of  the  open  and  enlarged  sterile  cells,  the  wings  incurved,  making  the  fruit 
saucer-shaped. — Annuals,  nearly  glabrous  (except  that  the  fruit  is  often  puberu- 
lent),  with  slender  erect  stems,  oblong  or  spatulate  entire  or  barely  sinuate-toothed 
leaves,  the  cauline  ones  sessile ;  the  dense  contracted  cymes  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
small  leaves  and  terminal,  forming  an  interrupted  spike  or  head.  Flowers  small, 
rose-color,  subtended  by  pairs  of  subulate  bracts,  perfect.  Stamens  and  style  some- 
times exserted,  sometimes  more  or  less  included  in  the  same  species. 

There  is  a  Chilian  species  referred  to  this  genus  by  Bentham  and  Hooker,  which  has  wingless 
fruit.  The  two  genuine  species,  confined  to  the  western  side  of  North  America,  are  just  alike  in 
herbage,  and  to  be  distinguished  only  by  the  flowers. 

1.  P.  congesta,  DC.  Corolla  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long;  its  spur  much 
shorter  and  smaller  than  the  tube ;  the  limb  distinctly  bilabiate. 

Moist  soil,  less  abundant  than  the  next ;  common  in  Oregon  and  extending  into  Utah.  Vary- 
ing from  a  span  to  a  foot  or  two  in  height. 

2.  P.  macrocera,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Corolla  considerably  smaller  ;  its  thick  spur 
about  the  length  of  the  body,  so  that  it  appears  as  if  attached  at  the  middle ;  the 
limb  smaller  and  less  evidently  bilabiate.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  50.  P.  hrachy- 
stemon,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petersb.  1835. 

Common  in  low  grounds,  towards  the  coast  and  in  the  valleys.  —  Fischer  &  Meyer's  name  is 
the  older,  but  is  misleading,  as  the  length  of  the  stamens  is  not  a  specific  character,  and  they 
omitted  all  mention  of  the  real  distinctions  of  the  species. 

Order  DIPSAC£j.Si,  the  Teasel  or  Scabious  Family,  has  no  indigenous 
representatives  in  America,  and  no  truly  naturalized  species  in  California.  But 
DiPSACUS  FULLONUM,  the  Fuller's  Teasel,  has  been  met  with  in  waste  grounds 
near  old  settlements.    It  is  proper  to  mention  it,  but  it  hardly  needs  to  be  described. 


288  COMPOSITE. 

Order  LI.     COMPOSITE. 

Known  by  having  the  flowers  in  a  head,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (forming 
the  compound  flower  of  the  older  botanists),  and  syngenesious  anthers.  —  Flowers 
either  perfect,  polygamous,  or  monoecious,  or  rarely  difficious,  or  some  neutral. 
CoroUa  gamopetalous  (monopetalous).  Stamens  5,  or  sometimes  4,  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes  :  filaments  generally  distinct :  anthers 
syngenesious,  i.  e.  united  into  a  tube.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  solitary  erect  anat- 
ropous  ovule  :  style  one,  2-cleft  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex ;  the  lobes  or  branches  of 
the  style  bearing  stigmas  in  the  form  of  marginal  lines  on  their  inner  face.  Fruit 
an  akene.  Seed  destitute  of  albumen,  tilled  by  tlie  straight  embryo.  —  Calyx  with 
tube  investing  and  incorporated  with  the  ovary  ;  its  limb  either  wanting,  or  in  the 
form  of  a  border  or  crown,  or  of  teeth,  scales,  awns,  bristles,  &c.,  surmounting  the 
ovary  :  it  is  called  a  pappus,  whatever  be  its  form  or  texture.  Corolla  epigynous, 
either  strap-shaped  [ligulate)  or  tubular ;  in  the  former  case  the  5  or  4  petals  of 
which  it  is  composed  are  sometimes  indicated  by  the  teeth  or  notches  at  the  apex 
of  the  ligule  or  expanded  portion  :  in  the  latter  case  5-lobed  or  occasionally  4-lobed, 
the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  veins  of  the  tube  forking  at  the  sinuses  and 
bordering  the  lobes.  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  opening  on  the  inner  face ;  the 
pollen  brushed  out  of  the  tube  by  the  lengthening  of  the  style,  some  portion 
of  which,  or  of  its  branches,  in  staminiferous  flowers  usually  is  beset  externally  or 
tipped  with  a  rough-bristly  or  papillose  surface.  Heads  homogamous,  i.  e.  with  aU 
their  flowers  alike,  or  heterogamous,  i.  e.  of  more  than  one  sort  of  flowers.  Homog- 
amous heads  are  sometimes  completely  liguliflorous,  i.  e.  all  the  flowers  with  strap- 
shaped  or  ligulate  corolla,  and  in  this  case  all  hermaphrodite ;  sometimes  discoid, 
i.  e.  with  no  ligulate  flowers.  Heterogamous  heads  are  commonly  radiate,  i.  e.  the 
outermost  or  marginal  flowers  have  enlarged  and  mostly  strap- shaped  corollas,  and 
are  always  female  or  else  neutral :  these  are  called  flowers  of  the  ray,  or  ray- 
flowers,  or  shortly  rays:  those  within  are  termed  flowers  of  the  disk  or  disk- 
flowers.  Some  heterogamous  heads  are  discoid,  i.  e.  the  marginal  flowers  although 
unlike  the  central  ones  are  all  tubular,  or  at  least  not  developed  into  rays.  The 
bracts  or  leaves  of  the  involucre  which  surround  the  head  are  commonly  termed 
scales,  whatever  their  texture.  The  commonly  dilated  extremity  of  the  peduncle 
on  which  the  flowers  are  inserted  is  the  receptacle.  When  the  receptacle  bears  only 
flowers  within  the  involucre,  it  is  said  to  be  naked :  when  there  are  bracts,  usually 
in  the  form  of  chaffy  scales  (therefore  termed  paleoe,  palets,  or  chaff)  borne  on  the 
receptacle,  mostly  one  outside  of  each  flower,  the  receptacle  is  said  to  be  paleaceous 
or  chaffy.  —  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  sometimes  trees,  various  in  foliage,  Avith  determinate 
inflorescence  as  to  the  order  of  the  heads,  i.  e.  the  terminal  or  central  one  first  de- 
veloped ;  but  the  evolution  of  the  blossoms  in  each  head  centripetal,  i.  e.  the  mar- 
ginal ones  earliest.  —  DC.  Prodr.  v.,  vi.,  &  vii.,  part  1  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  FL  ii.  54  - 
504;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  ii.  163-533. 

An  immense  order,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  comprising  about  one  tenth  of  all  Phaenoga- 
mous  plants,  in  North  America  and  especially  in  California  a  still  larger  proportion.  Very 
few  are  important  for  any  active  properties  or  useful  products  ;  but  many  are  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment. 


COMPOSITE. 


289 


Key  to  the  Tribes  in  California. 

I.  TUBULIFLOR^  ;  the  corollas  tubular  and  5-  (rarely  4-)  toothed 

or  cleft  in  the  perfect  flowers  ;  those  with  ligulate  corollas  (rays) 
at  the  margin  either  pistillate  or  neutral. 
Style-branches  club-shaped,  obtuse,  neither  hairy  nor  appendaged :  flow- 
ers all  perfect,  never  yellow. 
Style-branches  of  perfect  flowers  flat  and  tipped  with  a  distinct  flat  ap- 
pendage :  anthers  without  tails  :  leaves  all  alternate. 
Style-branches  of  the  perfect  flowers  neither  truncate  nor  tipped  with  any 
appendage  :    anthers  with  tails  :   heads  heterogamous :  recep- 
tacle not  long-bristly  :  corollas  not  deeply  cleft. 
Style-branches  of  perfect  flowers  truncate-capitate  or  tipped  with  an  ap- 
pendage :  anthers  without  tails  :  leaves  or  some  of  them  often 
opposite. 
Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  next  the  margin  :  involucre  not  scarious  : 

pappus  not  capillary. 
Receptacle  not  chaff"y  :    involucre  not  of  imbricated  scarious  scales  : 

pappus  not  capillary. 
Receptacle  not  chafly  or  rarely  so  :  involucre  of  imbricated  partly  scari- 
ous scales  :  pappus  a  short  crown  or  none. 
Receptacle  not  chaffy  :  pappus  capillary  and  copious. 
Style-branches  without  tips  or  appendage,  more  or  less  concreted  to  or 
near  the  apex  :  corollas  all  tubular  and  very  deeply  (sometimes 
irregularly)  5-cleft  into  long  linear  lobes  :  receptacle  densely 
bristly  :  anthers  sagittate  or  with  tails. 

II.  LABI ATIFLORiE  ;  the  corollas  bilabiate  and  the  flowers  perfect.  10.  Mutisiacke. 

III.    LIGULIFLORiE  ;  the  corollas  all  ligulate  (and  5-toothed  at  the 

apex),  and  the  flowers  perfect.     Juice  milky.  11.  CiCHORlACKfi. 


2.  EUPATORIACKB. 

3.  ASTEROIDE^. 

4.  iNULOIDEiB. 

5.  Helianthoide^. 

6.  Helenioide^. 

7.  Anthemide^. 

8.  SENECIONIDKfi!. 

9.  CYNAROIDKffl. 


Key  to  the  Genera. 

Tribe  I.  VERNONIACEiE.  Heads  homogamous  and  the  flowers  all  perfect,  with  tubular 
corolla,  never  yellow.  Anthers  sagittate  at  base.  Branches  of  the  style  slender-subulate, 
minutely  hispid. 

No  plant  of  this  tribe,  as  thus  defined,  is  known  in  California  or  in  the  regions  north 
of  it.  The  only  genus  to  be  expected  is  EJephantopus,  of  which  one  or  two  species 
are  widely  spread  over  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world,  and  these  may  come  in  at  the  south. 

Tribe  II.  EUPATORIACEiE.  Heads  homogamous  and  the  flowers  all  perfect,  with  regular 
tubular  corolla,  never  yellow,  or  more  than  cream-color.  Anthers  nearly  entire  at  base. 
Branches  of  the  style  obtuse,  oftener  thickened  upwards  or  club-shaped,  minutely  papillose- 
granular  or  smoothish,  the  stigmatic  lines  inconspicuous. 

*  Pappus  of  2  to  12  stout  bristles  or  awns,  alternating  with  as  many  scales. 
Hofmeisteria.     Involucre  and  flowers  as  in  Brickellia.     Akenes  4  -  5-angled  or  ribbed. 


*  *  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 
+-  Receptacle  naked. 

2.  Eupatorium.     Akenes  5-angled.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  scabrous,  rather  rigid. 

3.  Brickellia.     Akenes  10-ribbed  or  striate.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  about  in  one  series,  scabrous 

or  almost  plumose,  rather  rigid.     Involucre  imbricated. 

4.  Adenostyles.     Akenes  10-ribbed.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  very  copious,  hardly  scabrous, 

soft,  white.     Involucre  not  imbricated. 

+-  -*-  Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  among  the  outer  flowers. 

5.  Carphephorus  §  Kuhnioides.     Akenes  10-ribbed.    Pappus  plumose.    Involucre  imbricated. 

Tribe  III.  ASTEROIDE^.  Heads  either  heterogamous  or  homogamous,  the  disk-flowers 
with  regular  tubular  corolla,  the  ray-flowers  when  present  ligulate  and  pistillate  only, 
rarely  neutral.  Receptacle  naked  (not  chaffy)  except  sometimes  in  No.  20.  Anthers 
nearly  entire  at  base  (without  tails).  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  flattened, 
tipped  with  an  appendage.     Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

Subtribe  I.  ASTERINEjE.  Heads  homogamous  and  the  flowers  perfect  or  heterogamous 
and  mostly  radiate,  yet  several  are  discoid,  or  with  merely  filiform  corollas  to  the  pistil- 
late flowers,  but  none  dioecious. 


290  COMPOSIT.E. 

*  Pappus  paleaceous  or  aristiform  or  coroniform,  i.  e.  of  chaffy  scales  or  awns  or  of  few  stout 
awn-like  bristles,  or  of  very  short  bristles  or  scales  sometimes  united  in  a  crown,  rarely 
obsolete  or  wanting,  never  of  indefinitely  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

+-  Flowers  all  yellow. 

++  Involucre  of  coriaceous  or  finn-chartaceous  scales  mostly  with  herbaceous  or  greenish  tips, 

commonly  (No.  9  excepted)  coated  with  a  resinous  or  balsamic  exudation. 

6.  Gutderrezia.     Heads  small  and  corymbose  or  clustered,  with  rays  ;  the  flowers  all  fertile. 

Pappus  of  several  short  chaffy  scales. 

7.  Amphiachyris.     Heads   small,    clustered,   with   fertile  rays  ;  the  disk-flowers  not   fertile. 

Pappus  in  the  disk-flowers  of  long  flattish  and  soft  bristles  rather  than  scales  ;  in  the 
few  ray-flowers  of  chaffy  scales  concreted  at  base  into  a  cup. 

8.  Grindelia.     Heads  larger,  solitary,  terminating  simple  branches,  many-flowered,  mostly  w^ith 

rays  and  all  the  flowers  fertile.  Akenes  glabrous.  Pappus  of' 2  to  8  rigid  and  stout 
caducous  awns. 

9.  Acamptopappus.     Heads  without  rays.     Scales  of  the  involucre  chartaceous,  with  scarious 

and  lacerate-fimbriate  margins.  Akenes  turgid,  very  densely  white-woolly.  Pappus 
persistent,  of  numerous  rigid  chaffy  awns,  the  longer  ones  equalling  the  corolla. 

++  ++  Involucre  of  thin  more  or  less  imbricated  scales,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips. 

10.  Feutachaeta.     Akenes  compressed.     Pappus  of  5  (rarely  2  to  8)  persistent  slender  rigid 

bristles,  sometimes  unequal  or  aU  very  short,  sometimes  obsolete  or  wanting. 

+-  +-  Rays  white,  blue,  or  purple  (never  yellow)  :  disk-flowers  yellow  :  akenes  compressed. 

10.  Pentachaeta  sometimes  has  white  i-ays  in  one  species. 

1 1 .  Monoptdlon.     Pappus  a  small  crown  and  a  single  deciduous  bristle  which  is  plumose  at  top. 

12.  Eremiastrum.     Pappus  of  8  to  10  thin  scales  cut  almost  into  bristles,  and  within  these 

some  stout  bristles.     Akenes  with  merely  nerved  margins. 

♦  *  Pappus  of  copious  slender  or  capillary  bristles. 

+■  Flowers  all  with  the  limb  of  the  corolla  5-parted  into  linear  or  elongated-oblong  lobes,  either 

regular  or  the  marginal  ones  palmate  :  no  ligulate  rays. 

13.  Lessingia.     Heads  5  -  25-flowered.     Flowers  yellow,  purple,  or  white. 

-*--'-  Disk-flowers  with  the  tubular  corolla  merely  5-toothed  or  with  5  short  lobes,  perfect  :  ray- 
flowers  when  present  ligulate  (pistillate,  or  in  a  few  cases  neutral). 

++  Rays  yellow,  their  akenes  destitute  of  pappus. 

14.  Heterotheca.     Nearly  the  same   as   Chrysopsis   (No.    15),    except  that  their  larger  and 

thicker  ray-akenes  have  no  pappus. 

++  ++  Rays  yellow  or  sometimes  none  :  disk-flowers  yellow  :  all  the  akenes  with  pappus. 

a.  Pappus  double. 

15.  Chrysopsis.     Heads  radiate  or  in  one  section  rayless.     Pappus  of  two  sorts  ;  the  interior 

of  long  capillary  bristles,  the  exterior  a  set  of  short  bristles  or  chaffy  scales.  Akenes 
compressed. 

b.  Pappus  simple  ;  involucre  imbricated. 

16.  Aplopappus.     Heads  radiate,  excepting  one  or  two  species  which  have  more  or  less  folia- 

ceous  or  green-tipped  scales  to  the  involucre,  commonly  broad  and  solitary,  or  somewhat 
clustered,  usually  large  or  middle-sized.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  copious  and  unequal, 
somewhat  rigid. 

17.  Bigelovia.     Heads  rayless  (rarely  an  imperfect  ray  or  two),  homogamous,  mostly  cymosely 

or  coiymbosely  clustered,  and  narrow.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry,  coriaceous  or  com- 
monly chartaceous,  appressed,  rarely  with  green  tips.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  copious 
and  unequal. 

18.  Solidago.     Heads  radiate,  narrow,  numerous  and  mostly  small,  racemed  or  panicled,  or 

sometimes  cymose.  Scales  of  the  narrow  involucre  appressed,  destitute  of  herbaceous 
tips.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  equal  and  nearly  in  a  single  series,  slender.  Style-append- 
ages lanceolate  or  broader,  never  filifonn. 

++  ++  ++  Rays  white,  purple,  or  blue,  never  yellow  :  disk-flowei"s  yellow,  rarely  turning  purplish. 

19.  Sericocarpus.     Rays  few  (about  5,  white)  :  disk-flowers  rather  few.    Involucre  narrow,  im- 

bricated, of  appressed  firm-coriaceous  white  scales  with  abrupt  green  tips.  Akenes 
silky,  not  flattened.     Pappus  copious,  simple. 

20.  Corethrogyne.     Rays  mostly  sterile  !  (the  style  wanting  and  the  ovary  abortive),  numerous 

in  a  single  series.  Involucre  imbricated.  Style-appendages  of  the  disk-flowers  thickly 
beset  with  long  bristles,  forming  a  brush-like  tuft.  Akenes  flattened.  Pappus  simple, 
of  pretty  rigid  unequal  bristles. 


COMPOSITE.  291 

21.  Aster,     Rays  numerous,  almost  always  in  a  single  series.     Involucre  imbricated.     Style- 

appendages  subulate  or  lanceolate,  not  long-bearded.  Akenes  mostly  flattened.  Pap- 
pus simple,  copious. 

22.  Brachyactis.     Kays  very  numerous  and  in  more  than  one  series,  short.     Involucre  herba- 

ceous. Style-appendages  lanceolate,  naked.  Akenes  flattish.  Pappus  simple,  copious, 
longer  than  the  corollas. 

23.  Erigeron.     Rays  numerous,  long  and  slender,  or  sometimes  short,   in  one  or  moi'e  series. 

Involucre  of  numerous  narrow  and  mostly  equal  scales,  little  imbricated,  not  herbaceous. 
Style-appendages  short  and  broad,  mostly  obtuse.  Akenes  small,  flattened,  commonly 
with  a  nerve  or  rib  at  each  margin,  rarely  with  one  or  more  on  the  faces.  Pappus  sim- 
ple or  double  ;  the  outer  when  present  of  short  bristles  or  chaffy  scales  ;  the  other  of 
capillaiy  scabrous  bristles  as  in  Aster,  but  commonly  scantier,  in  a  single  series,  and 
more  fragile  or  deciduous. 

Subtribe  II.  CONYZE^.  Heads  heterogamous  but  never  radiate  ;  the  pistillate  flowers  in 
more  than  one  series  ;  their  corollas  a  mere  filiform  tube,  much  shorter  than  the  style  ; 
the  perfect  flowers  with  tubular  4-5-toothed  corollas,  much  fewer  in  the  centre  of 
the  disk. 

24.  Conyza.     Involucre  campanulate,  of  many  narrow  scales.     Akenes  and  pappuB  as  Erigeron. 

Heads  small :  flowers  yellowish  or  whitish. 

Subtribe  III.  BACCHARIDE^.  Heads  discoid  and  homogamous,  unisexual,  dioecious  ;  the 
pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  on  diflferent  plants,  the  former  with  filiform  corollas  shorter 

than  the  style. 

25.  Baccharis.     Involucre  imbricated  ;  the  scales  dry,  not  herbaceous.     Pappus  of  very  copious 

and  soft  capillary  bristles,  less  copious  in  the  staminate  flowere. 

Tribe  IV.  INULOIDEiE.  Heads  discoid  in  all  Californian  genera,  and  heterogamous,  or 
only  when  dioecious  homogamous,  with  the  oi-dinary  tubular  legularly  4  -  5-toothed  corol- 
las, or  commonly  the  pistillate  flowers  (which  are  exterior)  with  slender  or  filifoi-m  corollas. 
Anthers  sagittate  at  base,  their  auricles  pointed  or  tailed,  rarely  only  acute.  Branches  of 
the  style  never  tipped  with  appendages  :  sterile  (hermaphrodite-sterile)  flowers  with  style 
commonly  undivided.     Leaves  almost  always  alternate,  but  opposite  in  No.  30. 

Subtribe  I.  PLUCHEINE^.  Scales  of  the  imbricated  involucre  (at  least  the  outer  ones)  not 
scarious.  Receptacle  not  chaffy.  Head  many-flowered  ;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  veiy 
slender  or  filiform  truncate  or  minutely  2  -  3-toothed  corollas,  the  hermaphrodite  but  often 
sterile  flowers  few  on  the  centre  of  the  flat  receptacle.     Akenes  not  exserted. 

26.  Pluchea.     Involucre  not  white-woolly,  its  scales  dry  and  thin.     Pappus  of  fine  capillary 

bristles  ;  their  tips  not  enlarged. 

27.  Tessaria.     Involucre  white-woolly,  of  coriaceous  rather  rigid  scales.     Pappus  of  the  central 

flowei-s  with  thickened  tips  to  the  bri.stles. 

Subtribe  II.  ADENOCAULONEiE.  Scales  of  the  involucre  herbaceous,  few  in  a  single 
series.  Receptacle  not  chaffy.  Head  few-flowered  ;  both  pistillate  and  hermaphrodite- 
sterile  flowers  with  similar  dilated  tubular  corollas  ;  the  former  rather  fewer,  and  with  en- 
larged exserted  akenes. 

28.  Adenocaulon.   Akenes  club-shaped  and  several  times  longer  than  the  involucre,  beset  with 

some  stipitate  glands  ;  pappus  none. 

Subtribe  III.  FILAGINEiE.  Scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  thin  and  scarious.  Receptacle 
with  chaff"  (scales  of  various  texture)  subtending  or  enclosing  the  fertile  flowers  or  akenes. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  tnincate  or  2  -  3-toothed  corollas.  Low  floccose-woolly 
herbs  with  sessile  and  commonly  glomerate  small  heads. 

*  Akenes  gibbous  and  compressed  :  corolla  and  style  lateral  :  pappus  none. 

29.  Micropus.     Fertile  flowers  few  and  in  a  single  series  on  the  short  receptacle,  included  in 

the  laterally  compressed  very  gibbous  scales  of  the  receptacle,  which  are  firm-coriaceous 
or  cartilaginous  in  fruit,  strictly  enveloping  the  akene. 

*  *  Akenes  straight  or  slightly  oblique  :  corolla  and  style  terminal. 

+-  Chaff"  loosely  enclosing  at  least  the  akenes  :  central  flowers  sterile. 

30.  Psilocarphus.     Fertilo  flowers  numerous  in  several  series  on  a  globular  receptacle,  each  in 

an  obovate  hooded-saccate  turgid  membranaceous  and  reticulated  cliaff".  Pappus  none. 
Leaves  mostly  opposite. 


292  COMPOSIT.E. 

31.  Stylocline.     Fertile  flowers  5  to  10  or  numerous,  in  two  or  more  series  on  a  cylindrical  or 

columnar  receptacle  ;  their  chaff  thin,  saccate  or  boat-shaped.  Pappus  of  a  few  cadu- 
cous bristles  to  the  sterile  flowers,  or  none. 

+-  Hh  Chaff"  more  open,  subtending  or  hardly  enclosing  the  fertile  flowers  or  their  akenes,  these  in 
more  than  one  series  :  central  flowers  sometimes  fertile. 

32.  Evaz  §  Hesperevax.      Keceptacle   villous,    its  centre   elongated   into  a  narrow   column. 

Akenes  pear-shaped,  flatfish  paiallel  to  the  subtending  scale  :  pappus  none. 

33.  Filago.     Receptacle  obconical  or  cylindraceous  with  a  flat  summit.     Akenes  oblong,  nearly 

terete  :  pappus  of  numerous  bristles  to  the  perfect  or  sterile  flowers,  fewer  or  none  to  the 
outer  fertile  flowers. 

Subtribe  III.  GNAPHALIE^E.  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  thin  and  scarious,  often  pearly, 
persistent.  Receptacle  naked.  Floccose-woolly  herbs.  Flowers  in  all  the  American  gen- 
era with  capillary  pappus,  nearly  in  a  single  series  ;  the  pistillate  ones  with  filiform  or 
very  slender  corollas. 

34.  Antennaria.     Heads  completely  dioecious  ;  the  staminate  with  undivided  style  and  bristles 

of  the  pappus  thickened  or  barbellate  at  the  apex  ;  pistillate  with  slender  bristles  of  tlie 
pappus  united  at  base  into  a  ring.     Low  cajspitose  herbs. 

35.  Anaphalis.     Heads  incompletely  dioicious  ;  1.  e.  the  staminate  ones  with  a  few  hermaphro- 

dite but  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre.  Style  commonly  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Bristles  of 
the  pappus  all  separate,  those  of  the  sterile  flowers  little  thickened  upward.  Taller 
herbs. 

36.  Gnaphalium.     Heads  all  heterogamous,  with  pistillate  flowers  very  numerous  in  more  than 

one  series,  and  hermaphrodite  fertile  ones  fewer  in  the  centre.  Bristles  of  pappus  slen- 
der, not  thickened  upward. 

Tribe  V.  HELIANTHOIDE^E.  Heads  heterogamous  with  ligulate  ray-corollas,  or  discoid 
and  homogamous  (or  rarely  heterogamous)  ;  the  perfect  or  staminate  flowers  with  tubular 
regularly  4  -  5-lobed  corollas.  Receptacle  chafly  (except  sometimes  among  the  disk-flow- 
ers especially  when  sterile).  Anthers  often  sagittate  at  base,  but  without  tails.  Branches 
of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  either  truncate  or  tipped  with  an  appendage.  Pappus  of 
2  to  4r  chaffy  scales,  awns,  teeth,  &c. ,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  never  of  capillary  bristles.  Leaves 
mostly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower  ones.     Corollas  most  commonly  yellow. 

Subtribe  I.  AMBROSIE^.  Heads  small  and  discoid  :  only  the  pistillate  flowers  fertile  ;  these 
few  and  with  no  corolla,  or  a  rudimentary  one  in  the  fomi  of  a  short  tube  surrounding  the 
base  of  the  style.  Hei-maphrodite-sterile  or  staminate  flowers  with  campanulate  limb  to 
the  corolla  ;  anthers  .slightly  cohering  or  nearly  distinct,  their  inflexed  tips  often  mucro- 
nate  or  cusi)idate  ;  the  abortive  style  entire,  with  truncate  apex  tipped  with  a  minute  radi- 
ate tuft  or  brush.     Pappus  none.     Akenes  in  our  genera  obovate  and  thick. 

*  Heads  heterogamous,  a  few  fertile  flowers  at  the  margin. 

37.  Oxytenia.     Fertile  flowers  apetalous  :   akenes  long-villous,   crowned  with   a  protuberant 

epigynous  disk.     Leaves  pinnately  divided,  or  the  upper  entire. 

38.  Iva.     Fertile  flowers  with  short  tubular  corolla  :  akenes  naked.     Leaves  simple. 

♦  *  Heads  homogamous,  unisexual,  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  with  1  to  4  pistillate  apetalous  flowers 
in  a  closed  and  bur-like  or  akene-like  pointed  involucre  ;  sterile  with  rather  nimierous 
flowers  in  an  open 

+-  5-12-lobed  or  almost  truncate  involucre. 

39.  Hymenoclea.     Fertile  involucre  one-flowered,  appendaged  with  9  to  12  scarious  spreading 

scales.     Stem  shrubby. 

40.  Ambrosia.     Fertile  involucre  one-flowered,  akene-like,  bearing  no  more  than  a  single  row 

of  tubercles  or  short  spines.     Herbs. 

41.  Franseria     Fertile  involucre  1  -  4-flowered,  1  -  4-celled,  armed  with  more  than  one  row  of 

tubercles  or  prickles. 

•i — !-  Involucre  to  sterile  heads  of  a  few  distinct  scales. 

42.  Zanthium.     Fertile  involucre  oblong,  bur-like,  2-flowered,  2-celled,  beset  with  numerous 

hooked  prickles. 

Subtribe  II.  VERBESINEiE.  Heads  radiate,  the  rays  either  neutral  or  pistillate,  or  else  ray- 
less  ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile,  each  subtended  by  a  chafl"  of  the  receptacle. 
Akenes  thick  and  3  -  4-angular  ;  or  those  of  the  disk  laterally  compressed  (i.  e.  contrary 
to  the  subtending  chaff"),  never  obcompressed  (i.  e.  flattened  parallel  with  the  chafl"). 
Pappus  none,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  or  of  2  to  4  rigid  awns  or  chaffy  scales  from  the  angles, 
with  or  without  some  intermediate  small  scales. 


COMPOSITE.  293 

♦  ReceptScle  elongated,  becoming  columnar. 

43.  Rudbeckia.     Rays  neutral,  or  very  rarely  none.     Akenes  quadrangular  and  compressed. 

*  *  Receptacle  flat,  convex,  or  rarely  conical. 

-t-  Rays  pistillate  and  fertile. 

44.  Balsamorhiza.     Pappus  none.     Akenes  of  tlie  ray  obcompressed,  of  the  disk  prismatic- 

quadrangular  or  somewhat  compressed. 

45.  Wyethia.     Pappus  a  chaffy-coriaceous  crown  or  cup,  continuous  with  the  broad  summit  of 

the  prismatic-quadrangular  or  compressed  akene,  persistent,  irregularly  cleft  into  5  or 
more  lobes  or  teeth,  those  on  the  angles  sometimes  elongated  into  rigid  chaffy  awns. 

46.  Verbesina.     Pappus  2  slender  or  small  awns  ;  the  flat  akene  margined  by  a  broad  wing,  at 

least  in  the  disk-flowers. 

•i-  -i-  Rays  neutral,  or  rarely  none. 

47.  Encelia.     Akenes  flat  and  thin-edged  but  marginless,  strongly  villous-cHiate  :  pappus  none 

or  a  pair  of  awns,  but  no  intermediate  little  scales. 

48.  Helianthella.     Akenes  flat  and  the  thin  edges  more  or  less  margined  :  pappus  a  pair  of  per- 

sistent awns  or  chaffy  teeth,  and  a  crown  of  intermediate  (sometimes  very  minute)  thin 
chaffy  scales. 
43.  Helianthus.     Akenes  thick,   quadrangular-compressed  or  with  the  sides  convex,  the  edges 
obtuse  :   pappus  a  pair  of  caducous  chaffy  scales  or  awns.     Receptacle  flat  or  merely 
convex. 

50.  Viguiera.     Akenes  of  HdiantMts :  pappus  with  chaffy  scales  between  the  awns.     Recepta- 

cle convex  or  conical. 

Subtribe  III.  COREOPSIDEiE.  Heads  as  in  the  preceding  subtribe,  except  that  the  chaff 
of  the  receptacle  is  flat  or  barely  concave,  and  mostly  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Akenes  all 
obcompressed,  i.  e.  flattened  parallel  with  the  subtending  scales  of  the  involucre  and  chaff 
of  the  receptacle  :  pappus  of  2  to  4  awns  or  teeth  from  the  angles,  or  none.  Involucre  in 
our  genera  double,  the  outer  loose  and  more  or  less  foliaceous. 

51.  Pugiopappus.     Rays  pistillate,  perhaps  sometimes  neutral.     Akenes  long- villous  or  ciliate  : 

pappus  of  2  large  and  bayonet-shaped  naked  chaffy  awns. 

52.  Leptosyne.     Rays  pistillate.     Akenes  naked,  winged  or  margined  :  pappus  none  or  a  mi- 

nute cup. 

53.  Bidens.     Rays  neutral  or  none.     Pappus  of  2  to  4  rigid  retrorsely  barbed  awns. 

Subtribe  IV.  GALINSOGE^E.  Heads,  &c.,  as  in  subtribes  II.  and  V.  Akenes  neither  com- 
pressed nor  obcompressed.  Pappus  in  both  ray-  and  disk-flowers  of  numerous  chaffy  scales 
or  awns  (rarely  nearly  none).     See  one  exceptional  Hemizonia,  No.  57. 

54.  Blepharipappus.     Head  rather  few-flowered  ;  the  rays  pistillate.     Akenes  turbinate  ;  pap- 

pus of  12  to  20  narrow  and  thin  cut-fringed  scales  having  a  strong  midrib,  occasionally 
nearly  or  wholly  wanting. 

Subtribe  V.  MADlEiE.  Heads  heterogamous,  with  ray-flowers  fertile  ;  those  of  the  disk 
either  perfect  and  fertile  or  sterile  ;  rarely  the  ray-flowers  wanting.  Involucre  a  series  of 
scales,  each  enclosing  more  or  less  a  ray-akene,  sometimes  a  few  outer  and  empty  or 
bracteal  scales.  Receptacle  chaffy  only  at  the  margin,  the  chaff  forming  a  sort  of  interior 
involucre,  or  else  subtending  either  some  or  all  of  the  disk-flowers.  Style-branches  of  the 
latter  terminated  by  a  subulate  hispid  tip.  Pappus  none  for  the  ray-akenes  (or  abnor- 
mally some  rudiments  in  a  few  cases),  composed  of  several  awns  or  chaffy  scales  or  else  none 
in  the  disk-flowers.  Herbs  mostly  glandular  and  viscid,  and  heavy-scented  :  upper  leaves 
alternate,  the  lower  or  lowest  opposite. 

*  Akenes  all  laterally  compressed,  those  of  the  ray  wholly  enclosed  in  the  carinate  strongly  in- 

folded scales  of  the  involucre,  which  therefore  becomes  deeply  sulcate. 

55.  Madia.     Pappus  none,  or  of  some  small  scales  in  the  sterile  flowers  of  one  section. 

*  *  Ray-akenes  turgid,  more  or  less  oblique  or  incurved,  never  laterally  compressed,  but  mostly 

rather  obcompressed  ;  the  investing  scales  of  the  involucre  rounded  on  the  back. 

55.  Hemizonella.  Involucre  strongly  4-5-sulcate  (in  the  manner  of  Madia)  by  the  complete 
enwrap})iMg  of  the  4  or  5  akenes.  Disk-flower  one,  fertile,  in  a  sort  of  interior  involu- 
cre :  ]iaiq)us  none. 

57.  Hemizonia.  Involucre  many  -  few-flowered,  less  if  at  all  sulcate  or  lobed  ;  its  scales  at 
base  half-enclosing  the  obovate  or  somewhat  triangular  ray-akenes.  Disk-flowers  numer- 
ous or  few,  all  or  some  of  them  infertile  :  pappus  of  chaffy  scales  or  none. 


294  COMPOSITE.  ■* 

*  ♦  *  Ray-akenes  obcompressed  or  clavate,  completely  enclosed  in  the  involucral  scales,  which 

are  at  base  tiattish  on  the  back  with  their  thin  margins  abruptly  infolded. 
68.  Lagophylla.     Head  few-flowered  :  ray-akenes  about  5,  obovate,  much  obcompressed,  smooth. 
Disk-flowers  infertile  :  pappus  none. 

59.  Layia.     Head  many-flowered  :    rays  8  to  20,  with  obovate   or  somewhat   clavate   smooth 

akenes.     Disk-flowers  or  most  of  them  fertile,  their  similar  or  narrower  akenes  often 

f)ubescent  :  pappus  composed  of  bristles  (either  plumose  below  or  naked)  or  of  subu- 
ate-pointed  scales,  or  sometimes  none. 

60.  Achyrachaena.     Head  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  fertile.     Akenes  linear-cuneate  or 

clavate,  10-ribbed,  some  or  all  the  ribs  tuberculate-scabrous  ;  those  of  the  disk  with  a 
pappus  of  blunt  silvery-scarious  chatFy  scales  in  two  series,  the  inner  as  long  as  the 
corolla. 

Tbibe  VI.  HELENIOIDEjE.  Heads  heterogamous  with  ligulate  ray-corollas,  or  discoid 
and  homogamous  by  the  absence  of  rays  :  the  tubular  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile  or 
rarely  sterile.  Receptacle  never  chaffy  (in  one  or  two  cases  with  awn-like  bodies  resem- 
bling chaff).  Anthers  without  tails.  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  either  trun- 
cate or  tipped  with  an  appendage.  Pappus  of  several  chaffy  scales  or  sometimes  of  awns 
or  rigid  bristles,  not  rarely  wanting.  Leaves  opposite,  or  all  but  the  lowest  alternate. 
Involucre  of  herbaceous  or  membranaceous  scales,  in  one  or  two  or  rarely  3  or  4  series. 
Corollas  most  commonly  yellow,  both  in  disk  and  ray. 

Subtribe  I.  JAUMIEiE.  Involucre  of  broad  scales  regularly  imbricated,  the  outer  succes- 
sively shorter,  destitute  (as  also  the  herbage)  of  oil-glands.  Akenes  narrow,  angled,  in  ours 
destitute  of  pappus.     Rays  deciduous  from  the  akenes. 

61.  Jaumea.     Involucre  campanulate.     Leaves  opposite,  connate  at  base,  narrow,  fleshy. 

62.  Venegasia.     Involucre  very  broad.     Leaves  alternate,  ovate  or  cordate,   membranaceous, 

long-petioled. 

Subtribe  II.  RIDDELLIEiE.  Involucre  of  narrow  equal  scales.  Rays  persistent  on  the 
akenes,  becoming  papery.     No  oil-glands.     Plants  more  or  less  white-woolly. 

*  Pappus  of  chaffy  scales  :  rays  very  broad  and  few. 

63.  Riddellia.     Head  several-flowered  ;  the  3  or  4  rays  broader  than  long,  few-nerved,  raised  on 

a  short  slender  tube,  3-lobed.     Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Pappus  none  :  rays  5  to  50. 

64.  Baileya.     Rays  destitute  of  a  tube,  7-nerved.     Akenes  many-striate,  all  fertile.     Receptacle 

nearly  flat.     Leaves  opposite. 

65.  "WhitneyiL     Rays  with  a  short  tube,  10- 16-nerved.     Akenes  few-nerved,  those  of  the  disk 

sterile.     Receptacle  conical.     Leaves  opposite. 

Subtribe  III.  HELENIE^E.  (Bceriece  &  Euheleniece,  Benth.)  Involucre  of  nearly  equal 
or  narrow  scales  in  one  or  few  series.     Rays  if  any  deciduous.     No  oil-glands. 

♦  Akenes  linear  or  linear-cuneate,  4-angled  or  compressed,  but  not  with  cartilaginous  margins. 

Hh  Receptacle  conical,  convex,  or  in  part  of  No.  67  &  68  flatfish  or  flat  :  involucre  of  few  or  several 
erect  appressed  or  imited  herbaceous  scales. 

++  Rays  few,  very  short  and  included  :  receptacle  high-conical  :  leaves  all  opposite,  entire. 
71.  Lasthenia  in  part.     Involucre  a  many-toothed  cup. 

66.  Burrielia.     Involucre  of  3  to  5  separate  flat  scales.     Receptacle  subulate  or  almost  filiform. 

Akenes  slender  :  pappus  of  1  to  4  rigid  awn-shaped  scales. 

++  ++  Rays  exserted  and  spreading. 

67.  Baeria.     Receptacle  high-conical  and  mostly  acute,  minutely  muricate.     Scales  of  the  invo- 

lucre separate,  flat,  in  a  single  series.  Akenes  linear  or  linear-cuneate.  Leaves  all 
opposite,  entire  or  laciniate-pinnatifid. 

68.  Actinolepis.     Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  or  rarely  almost  flat.     Scales  of  the  involucre 

wholly  separate,  becoming  concave  and  involute  around  the  ray-akenes.  Anthers 
tipped  with  a  narrowish  or  very  slender  appendage.  Akenes  .slender.  Leaves  opposite 
or  alternate. 

69.  Bahia.     Receptacle  flat,  convex,  or  obtusely  conical.     Scales  of  the  involucre  separate  or 

partly  united  into  a  cup,  not  embracing  any  of  the  akenes.  Rays  entire  or  barely 
toothed  at  apex.  Akenes  linear  or  oblong-linear,  with  large  terminal  areola  :  pappus 
of  blunt  nerveless  scales,  rarely  wanting.  Leaves  opposite  or  mostly  alternate,  com- 
monly lobed  or  divided.     Ours  all  woolly  plants. 


COMPOSITE.  295 

70.  Monolopia.     Receptacle  conical.     Scales  of  the  involucre  united  into  a  cup  or  only  at 

base.  Rays  broad,  2  -  4-lobed,  in  the  typical  species  bearing  a  rounded  appendage  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  throat.  Akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  the  outer  ones  obcompressed  ; 
the  terminal  areola  small  :  pappus  none.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  entire  or 
pinnately  jxirted.     Woolly  plants. 

71.  Lasthenia  §  Hologymne.     Receptacle  conical.     Scales  of  the  involucre  united  almost  to 

their  tips  into  a  10  -  15-toothed  cup.  Akenes  linear-oblong  :  pappus  none.  Leaves  all 
opposite,  entire,  sessile  and  connate  at  base.     Glabrous  plant. 

++  ++  ++  Rays  none,  the  marginal  pistillate  flowers  having  short  tubular  corollas. 

72.  Amblyopappus.     Head  several-flowered.     Involucre  of  4  to  6  scales.     Corollas  all  very 

short,  those  of  pistillate  flowers  2  -  4-toothed,  of  the  perfect  flowers  5-toothed.  Akenes 
oblong-cuneate,   4-angled  :  pappus  of  blunt  scales. 

-J-  -i-  Receptacle  flat  :  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  chiefly  linear. 

++  Heads  with  regular  ligulate  and  pistillate  rays. 

73.  Amauria.     Involucre  hemispherical,    many-flowered,  of  numerous  scales.      Pappus  none. 

Leaves  round-cordate,  petioled,  palmately  lobed  or  toothed,  all  the  lower  ones  opposite. 

74.  Hulsea.     Involucre  hemispherical,  very  many-flowered,  of  very  numerous  scales.     Pappus 

of  4  short  thin-hyaline  blunt  and  nerveless  scales.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  lobed  or 
toothed. 

75.  Rigiopappus.     Involucre  campanulate,  rather  many-flowered.     Rays  short  and  inconspicu- 

ous.     Pappus  of  4  or  5  rigid  opaque  awn-shaped  scales.       Leaves  alternate,  linear, 
entire. 
++  ++  Heads  destitute  of  ligulate  rays,  and  homogamous,  at  least  in  Califomian  species  ;  but  the 
marginal  corollas  sometimes  enlarged. 

76.  Falafoxia.     Involucre  narrow,  several-flowered.      Lobes  or  teeth  of  the   corolla  narrow. 

Pappus  of  hyaline  scales  traversed  by  a  stout  midrib.  Roughish  herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
alternate  entire  narrow  leaves,  and  rose  or  purple  flowers. 

77.  Chaenactis.     Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispherical.     Lobes  or  teeth  of  the  corolla  short 

and  broad.  Pappus  of  blunt  hyaline  nerveless  or  nearly  nerveless  scales,  rarely  want- 
ing. Woolly,  viscid-glandular,  or  nearly  smooth  herbs,  with  alternate  1  -  3-pinnately 
parted  leaves,  and  yellow  or  flesh-colored  flowers,  the  marginal  ones  commonly  enlarged. 
Rarely  some  rigid  bristles  on  the  receptacle. 

*  *  Akenes  turbinate  or  obpyramidal  :  leaves  all  or  all  but  the  lower  alternate. 

•i-  Scales  of  the  involucre  or  their  tips  spreading  or  reflexed  :   rays  cuneate,  3  -  5-lobed  :   pappus 

of  hyaline  commonly  awn-pointed  scales. 

78.  Gaillardia.     Rays  neutral.     Receptacle  with  some  rigid  awns  among  the  flowers.     Akenes 

involucellate  with  villous  hairs. 

79.  Heleniuta.     Rays  commonly  fertile.     Receptacle  wholly  naked. 

+-  +-  Scales  of  the  involucre  erect  or  appressed  :   disk-flowers  fertile,  their  style  2-cleft :  akenes 

hirsute  or  villous. 

80.  Actinella.     Rays  8  to  12,  pistillate.     Involucre  of  numerous  scales.     Receptacle  conical  or 

convex.     Pappus  of  5  to  12  hyaline  entire  scales. 

81.  Syntrichopappus.     Rays  5,  pistillate.     Involucre  of  5  concave  scales  which  partly  enclose 

the  ray-akenes.  Receptacle  flat.  Pappus  of  numerous  rough  bristles,  all  united  at  base 
into  a  ring. 

82.  Trichoptilium.     Rays  none.     Involucre  of  about  10  thin  and  flat  scales.     Receptacle  flat. 

Pappus  of  5  broad  hyaline  scales,  cleft  into  many  slender  bristles. 

-H  -i-  -I-  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  reflexed,  united  at  the  base,  in  a  single  series  :  disk-flowers 
sterile,  their  style  entire  :  akenes  powdery-papillose. 

83.  Blennosperma.     Rays  an  elliptical  or  oblong  ligule  completely  sessile  on  the  pyrifonn 

akene.     Pappus  none.     Leaves  pinnately  parted. 

*  *  *  Akenes  oblong,  flat,  sm-rounded  by  a  cartilaginous  margin. 

84.  Perityle.     Involucre  campanulate,  of  narrow  scales.     Disk-corollas  4-toothed.     Pappus  a 

crown  of  minute  scales  or  bristles,  and  mostly  one  or  two  awns.  Leaves  palmately  lobed 
or  incised,  petioled  ;  the  lower  opposite. 

Subtribe  IV.  TAGETINEiE.  Involucre  of  few  or  several  equal  scales  in  a  single  series, 
with  or  without  some  bractlets  at  base,  spotted,  as  also  the  (glabrous)  foliage,  with  large 
scattered  volatile-oil-glands.  Hence  the  herbage  is  strong-scented.  Rays  deciduous. 
{Tagetes,  the  type  of  the  group,  common  in  gardens,  probably  occurs  in  waste  places 
near  dwellings.) 


296  COMPOSITE.  " 

♦  Styles  with  long  and  slender  branches. 

85.  DysodicL     Head  mostly  with  rays.     Pappus  single,  of  rigid  chaffy  scales  dissected  into 

many  bristles. 

86.  NicoUetia.     Head  with  rays.     Pappus  double  ;  the  outer  of  capillary  bristles,  the  inner  of 

5  chaH'y  awn-pointed  scales. 

87.  Porophyllum.     Head  rayless.     Pappus  single,  of  copious  rough  capillary  bristles. 

♦  *  Styles  long,  thickish  upward,  and  with  very  short  blunt  branches. 

88.  Pectds.     Head  with  rays.     Pappus  of  awns  or  bristles.     Leaves  opposite,  undivided,  mostly 

fringed  near  the  base  with  slender  bristles. 

Tribe  VII.  ANTHEMIDEiE.  Heads  heterogamous  either  with  ligulate  ray-corollas  or  ray- 
less,  the  pistillate  flowers  being  small  and  tubular  or  none,  or  homogamous,  all  the  flowers 
perfect  with  regular  tubular  corollas.  Receptacle  naked,  or  in  some  with  narrow  chaff  sub- 
tending the  flowers.  Anthers  without  tails.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the  perfect  flowers 
with  truncate  or  truncate-capitate  tips,  or  in  hermaphrodite-sterile  flowers  undivided. 
Akenes  small,  destitute  of  pappus  or  with  a  .short  scarious  crown  or  ring.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, commonly  dissected.  Involucre  of  dry  or  partly  scarious  scales,  appressed  and  imbri- 
cated in  two  or  more  (rarely  almost  in  a  single)  series.     Herbage  mostly  strong-scented. 

*  Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  among  the  central  flowers  :  heads  in  our  species  with  rays. 

89.  Achillea.     Involucre  narrow  :  rays  short.     Akenes  obcompressed,  margined. 

90.  Anthemia.     Involucre  broad  :  rays  conspicuous.     Akenes  4-5-angled  or  8-10-ribbed. 

*  Receptacle  not  chaffy, 
-f-  All  the  flowers  furnished  with  corolla. 

91.  Chrysanthemum.     Rays  numerous  and  conspicuous.     Receptacle  flat  or  convex.     Akenes 

several-ribbed  or  angled. 

92.  Matricaria.     Rays  in  our  species  wanting  ;  the  flowers  all  alike  and  perfect.     Receptacle 

high-conical.     Akenes  angled,  tnmcate  at  top. 

93.  Tanacetum.     Rays  none,  but  sometimes  the  marginal  pistillate  with  enlarged  and  oblique 

corollas.     Heads  corymbose.     Akenes  broad  at  the  top,  more  commonly  with  a  coroni- 
foiTTi  pappus. 

94.  Artemisia.     Rays  none.     Corollas  in  the  marginal  pistillate  flowers  (when  there  are  any) 

slender  and  2  -  3-toothed.     Heads  panicled  or  racemose,  small,  often  nodding.     Akenes 
mostly  obovoid  and  rounded  at  the  top,  with  a  small  terminal  areola  and  no  pappus. 

+■  -(-  Pistillate  flowers  apetalous,  merely  naked  pistils  :  akenes  obcompressed. 

95.  Cotula.     Heads  peduncled.     Akenes  not  pointed  with  persistent  style,  those  of  pistillate 

flowers  stalked. 

96.  Soliveu     Heads  sessile.     Akenes  pointed  with  a  long  and  indurated  style,  sessile. 

Tribe  VIII.  SENECIONIDE.E.  Heads  heterogamous  with  ligulate  (rarely  filiform)  ray- 
corollas,  or  sometimes  homogamous  and  discoid  ;  the  flowers  perfect,  or  rarely  staminate, 
and  with  regular  tubular  corollas.  Receptacle  not  chafly.  Anthers  often  sagittate  at  base, 
but  without  tails.  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  mostly  with  truncate,  or  some- 
what capitate,  or  obtuse  tips,  rarely  with  any  distinct  appendage.  Pappus  of  numerous 
usually  very  fine  and  soft  capillary  bristles.  Leaves  mostly  alternate.  Involucre  almost 
always  of  equal  herbaceous  scales,  in  one  or  two  series,  or  with  some  short  ones  or  bracts 
added.     Flowers  usually  yellow. 

Subtribe  I.  TUSSILAGINEjE.  Heads  monoecious,  the  tubular  disk-flowers  staminate  (in 
Tussilago),  or  dioecious  :  style  in  the  tubular  sterile  flowers  undivided  or  nearly  so. 

97.  Petasites.     Heads  dioecious  and  heterogamous  :  flowers  white  or  purplish  ;  the  fertile  ones 

pistillate  and  more  or  less  conspicuously  radiate. 

Subtribe  II.  EUSENECIONE^.  Heads  heterogamous  or  homogamous  :  the  tubular  disk- 
flowers  perfect  and  fertile,  with  2-cleft  style. 

*  Leaves  all  alternate  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  barely  scabrous  or  denticulate. 

98.  Tetradymia.     Heads  homogamous,    4 -18- flowered.      Limb  of  the  corolla  5-parted  into 

long  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  recurved  lobes.     Scales  of  the  involucre  dry,  rather  rigid. 

99.  Luina.     Heads  homogamous,  about  10-flowered.     Corollas  with  slender  tube,  long  and  nar- 

row limb,  and  5  short  ovate-lanceolate  lobes.     Style-branches  obtuse.     Pappus  soft  and 
white. 
100.  Psathyrotes.      Heads  homogamous,    rather  many-flowered.      Corollas  with   very  short 
proper  tube,  long  and  narrow  limb,  and  5  short  and  obtuse  glandular  or  villous  teeth. 
Pappus  brownish  and  rather  rigid,  very  unequal. 


COMPOSITE.  297 

101.  Senecio.     Heads  heterogamous  and  radiate,  or  homogamous.     Disk-corollas  5-toothed  or 

5-lobed,  mostly  with  slender  tube.     Pappus  copious,  fine  and  soft,  white. 

*  *  Leaves  mostly  opposite  or  all  radical  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  in  a  single  series,  rigid,  strongly 

scabrous,  barbellate,  or  plumose. 

102.  Arnica.     Heads  heterogamous  or  occasionally  homogamous.    Pappus  scabrous  or  barbellate. 

Leaves  all  or  some  of  them  opposite. 

103.  Raillardella.     Heads  homogamous.    Scales  of  the  involucre  slightly  united  below.    Pappus 

strongly  plumose,  white.     Leaves  all  radical,  alternate. 

Tribe  IX.  CYNAROIDE^E.  Heads  homogamous  and  the  flowers  all  perfect,  with  corollas 
all  tubular  and  deeply  5-cleft,  often  bilabiately  so  (^  or  §),  or  rarely  incompletely  dioe- 
cious, sometimes  (in  introduced  representatives)  with  a  row  of  neutral  flowers  at  the  margin, 
the  corollas  of  which  may  be  enlarged,  forming  a  kind  of  false  ray.  Lobes  of  the  corolla 
not  revolute.  Receptacle  generally  densely  bristly.  Anthers  sagittate,  with  their  auri- 
cles often  prolonged  into  tails.  Style  destitute  of  all  terminal  appendages  or  tips  ;  the  stig- 
matic  branches  either  short  or  slender,  but  mostly  united  to  the  apex  or  near  it,  minutely 
puberulent  or  granulate  :  at  the  origin  the  style  is  more  commonly  thickened  into  a  kind 
of  node  or  thickened  and  often  pubescent  ring.  Akenes  usually  thick-walled.  Pappus  of 
capillary  or  rigid  bristles.  Leaves  alternate,  the  tips  or  lobes  and  teeth  commonly  armed 
with  prickles.  Involucre  often  of  spiny-tipped  scales,  imbricated  in  many  series.  —  Only 
Thistles  are  indigenous  to  the  country,  but  one  or  two  other  genera  have  been  introduced 
from  the  Old  World. 

*  Flowers  of  the  head  all  alike  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  cohering  at  base  in  a  ring. 

104.  Cnicus.     Pappus  plumose  :  filaments  separate,  papillose-pubescent. 

1 05.  Silybum.     Pappus  naked  :  filaments  monadelphous,  glabrous.     Leaves  blotched. 

*  *  Flowers  at  the  margin  of  the  head  mostly  sterile  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  separate,  not  plumose. 

106.  Centaurea.     Akenes  attached  to  the  receptacle  obliquely  or  by  one  side  of  the  base. 

Tribe  X.  MUTISIACEyE.  Heads  homogamous  or  sometimes  heterogamous,  with  the  limb 
of  the  corollas  bilabiate  (§),  one  lip  3-,  the  other  2- toothed  or  cleft.  Receptacle  not 
clothed  with  bristles.  Anthers  with  long  tails.  Style-branches  obtuse  or  truncate  and 
destitute  of  any  tip  or  appendage.     Leaves  alternate.  —  Only  one  scanty  Californian  genus. 

107.  Perezia.     Head  few  -  many-flowered  :   the  flowers  all  perfect  and  similar,  with  distinctly 

2-lipped  corollas.     Involucre  imbricated.     Pappus  of  copious  capillary  bristles.     Akenes 
beak  less. 

Tribe  XI.  CICHORIACE^E.  Heads  homogamous,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  with  ligulate 
corollas,  the  ligule  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  Style-branches  filiform,  papillose.  Herbs  (ex- 
cept a  few  insular  species)  with  milky  bitter  juice.  — The  subtribes,  not  being  well-marked 
by  obvious  characters,  here  give  place  to  artificial  sections. 

*  Pappus  none.     All  but  No.  108  are  genera  which  ordinarily  have  a  pappus. 

108.  Phalacroseris.      Scape   simple  :    head  erect  before  flowering.      Akenes  obscurely  4-5- 

anglcd. 

109.  Microseris,  partly.     Scape  simple  :  head  nodding  before  flowering.     Akenes  10-ribbed. 
116.  Malacothrix  §  Anathrix.     Scape  corymbose-panicled  :  heads  rather  numerous. 

*  *  Pappus  either  chaff"y  or  plumose,  i.  e.  of  awn-tipped  chaffy  scales,  or  of  awns  or  bristles  more 

or  less  dilated  into  a  scale  at  base,  or  of  plumose  bristles. 

+-  Receptacle  destitute  of  chafl"  or  bristles  :  akenes  more  or  less  hollowed  out  at  the  insertion. 

109.  Microseris.    Flowers  yellow.    Akenes  8- 12-ribbed  :  pappus  more  or  less  chaffy.    Stemless 

or  short-stemmed  and  long-peduncled,  with  head  commonly  nodding  before  flowering. 

110.  Stephanomeria.     Flowers  pink  or  white.     Akenes  short,  truncate  at  both  ends,  about 

5-ribbed  or  angled  :  pappus  of  plumose  or  partly  plumose  bristles,  or  rarely  chaffy  awns, 
or  narrow  scales.     Leafy-stemmed  and  branching,  with  small  heads. 

111.  Rafinesqnia.     Flowers  white  or  pink.     Akenes  tapering  upwards  into  a  narrow  beak, 

obscurely  ribbed  ;  pappus  of  cobwebby-plumose  slender  bristles.     Leafy-stemmed  and 
branching,  with  rather  large  heads. 

Hr  -i-  Receptacle  with  slender  chaff"  between  the  flowers  :  akenes  inserted  by  a  pointed  base  :  pap- 
pus of  plumose  bristles  :  flowers  yellow. 

112.  Hypochaeris.     Akenes  glabrous,  the  inner  ones  at  least  tapering  upwards  into  a  beak  : 

pappus  sordid  or  dirty  white. 

113.  Anisocoma.     Akenes  silky-pubescent,  truncate  and  with  a  little  crown  at  the  summit : 

pappus  bright  white. 


298  COMPOSIT.E.  Hofmeistena. 

*  *  *  Pappus  of  copious  capillary  and  merely  scabrous  or  at  most  minutely  barbellate  bristles. 
Receptacle  naked,  or  in  No.  115  and  116  with  some  delicate  bristles  between  the  flowei-s. 

+-  Akenes  not  flattened  :  pappus  white,  mostly  bright  white, 

++  All  or  most  of  it  early  deciduous  or  caducous  more  or  less  in  a  ring. 

114.  Glyptopleura.     Akenes  4-5-angled  and  with  a  sculptured  surface,  abruptly  short-beaked 

from  a  cup-shaped  shoulder,  and  the  beak  cup-shaped  at  apex  or  hollow.     Receptacle 
naked. 

115.  Calycoseris.     Akenes  tapering  into  a  slender  beak,  the  apex  of  which  is  dilated  into  a 

scarious  crown  or  shallow  cup.     Receptacle  with  delicate  Tjiistles  between  the  flowers. 

116.  Malacothrix.     Akenes  columnar,  truncate  at  both  ends,  10-15-ribbed  ;  the  broad  apex 

with  a  prominent  crown-like  margin  or  sharp  edge,  either  entire  or  denticulate,  some- 
times bearing  a  more  persistent  outer  pappus  of  1  to  8  stronger  bristles. 

++  ++  Pappus  more  persistent,  simple,  the  bristles  separately  if  at  all  deciduous  from  the  akene : 

flowers  mostly  yellow. 

117.  Crepis.     Scales   of  the   involucre  commonly  carinate-thickened   at  base   or  with   firmer 

midrib  when  old.     Akenes  10-20-ribbed,  smooth,  more  or  less  tapering  at  the  apex, 
not  long-beaked. 

118.  Troximon.     Scales  of  the  involucre  unaltered  in  age.     Akenes  10-ribbed,  not  muricate- 

roughened,  above  contracted  into  a  neck  or  beak. 

119.  Taraxacum.     Scales  of  the  involucre  unaltered  in  age.     Akenes  4 -10-ribbed  or  angled, 

the  ribs  becoming  muricate,  the  apex  developed  into  a  long  filiform  beak. 

+-  +-  Akenes  not  flattened  nor  beaked  :  pappus  tawny  or  dirty  white,  mostly  fragile. 

120.  Apargiditun.     Head  many-flowered  on  a  simple  scape.     Flowers  yellow.     Akenes  short, 

not  ribbed  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  barbellate-denticulate. 

121.  Hieracium.     Heads  many-flowered.     Flowers  yellow.     Akenes  short,  5 -10-ribbed:  bris- 

tles of  the  pappus  scabrous. 

122.  Lygodesmia.     Heads  5-10-flowered.     Flowers   rose-color  or  pink.     Akenes  nan-ow  or 

slender  :  bnstles  of  the  pappus  copious,  scabrous. 

H^  -1-  -t-  Akenes  flat :  pappus  almost  always  bright  white,  fine  and  soft. 

123.  Lactuca.     Involucre  not  tumid  at  base.     Akenes  with  a  beak  or  neck  under  the  dilated 

disk  that  bears  the  pappus,  the  bristles  of  which  fall  separately. 

124.  Sonchus.     Involucre  becoming  tumid  or  fleshy-enlarged  at  base.     Akenes  destitute  of 

beak  or  neck,  and  having  no  dilated  pappus-bearing  disk  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  decidu- 
ous more  or  less  in  connection. 
Cryptostemma  calendulacea,  R.  Br.,  of, the  tribe  Ardotidece,  a  native  of  S.  Africa,  but 
naturalized  in  Australia,  has  been  gathered  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Greene  near  the  landing  at  South  Val- 
lejo  ;  probably  a  ballast  weed,  and  we  may  hope  transient.  It  is  a  stemless  plant,  with  leaves 
resembling  those  of  Dandelion,  but  white-tomentose,  at  least  beneath,  the  solitary  heads  on  slen- 
der scapes,  and  the  ray-akenes  enveloped  in  verv  long  wool.  It  is  not  worth  while  to  introduce 
another  tribe  into  the  series  for  this  waif. 


(Tribe  I.     VERNONIACE^  wanting.) 

Tribe  II.     EUPATORIACE^ 

Heads  all  homogamous  and  discoid  ;  the  flowers  perfect,  with  regular  tuhular 
corollas,  never  truly  yellow.  Anthers  obtuse  at  base.  Branches  of  the  style  obtuse, 
inclined  to  club-shaped,  minutely  papillose-roughened  or  almost  smooth,  destitute 
of  any  appendage  ;  the  stigmatic  lines  indistinct. 

1.   HOPMEISTERIA,  Walpers. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  of  imbricated  narrow  acuminate  scales,  the 
exterior  successively  shorter.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Corollas  slender,  5-toothed. 
Branches  of  the  style  club-shaped.  Akenes  4  -  5-angled.  Pappus  of  2  to  12  slen- 
der bristles  alternating  with  as  many  chaffy  scales.  —  Low  plants,  suffruticose  at 
base  and  branching,  nearly  glabrous,  with  long-petioled  incised  or  lobed  leaves,  the 


Brickellia.  COMPOSITE.  299 

lower  opposite,  the  upper  alternate,   and  long  naked   peduncles   bearing  solitary 

heads.  — Walp.  Eepert.  vi.  106  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  243.     Helogyne,  Benth. 

Bot.  Sulph.  20,  t.  14,  not  of  Nutt. 

Neither  of  the  two  known  species  have  yet  been  found  within  the  actual  limits  of  the  State,  one 
being  farther  south,  the  other  southeast. 

1.  H.  fasciculata,  Walp.  Scales  of  the  involucre  very  numerous  and  closely 
appressed,  scarcely  striate  :  akenes  slender,  flattish,  hispid  on  the  lateral  angles  : 
pappus  of  2  or  3  almost  barbellate  awns  and  as  many  broad  chafly  scales  which  are 
truncate  and  lacerate  at  the  summit :  leaves  palmately  3  —  5-parted  or  cleft,  and 
with  the  divisions  sinuate-lobed.  —  Helogyne  fasciculata,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  1.  c. 

Var.  Xanti,  Gray,  with  the  leaves  round-reniform  and  mostly  only  obscurely 
lobed.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  158. 

Lower  California,  Magdalena  Bay,  Hinds.     Cape  San  Lucas,  Xantus,  the  variety. 

2.  H.  pluriseta,  Gray.  Scales  of  the  involucre  striate,  looser  and  fewer  (20  to 
25):  akenes  shorter,  terete  -  5-angular,  pubescent:  pappus  of  10  to  12  slender 
barely  scabrous  awns  or  bristles  and  as  many  narrow  acute  or  pointed  chaffy  scales  : 
leaves  smaE,  acutely  and  irregularly  cleft  or  incised.  —  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  iv.  96,  t.  9. 

San  Bernardino  Desert  to  Williams'  River  and  canons  of  the  Colorado,  Bigelow,  Newberry, 
Parry. 

2.    EUPATORIUM,  Toum. 

Head  3  —  many-flowered.  Involucre  various.  Receptacle  naked.  Corollas  5- 
lobed  or  5-toothed.  Akenes  5-angled,  with  no  intermediate  ribs.  Pappus  of 
numerous  rather  rigid  capillary  scabrous  bristles,  forming  about  a  single  series.  — 
Perennials,  mostly  with  opposite  leaves. 

A  huge  and  widely  dispersed  genus,  copious  in  the  Atlantic  States,  extremely  scanty  in  those 
of  the  Pacific,  two  species  barely  reaching  California. 

1.  E.  occidentale,  Hook.  Almost  glabrous,  slightly  glandular,  a  foot  or  tM'o 
high  from  a  sutfrutescent  base  :  leaves  commonly  more  or  less  alternate,  on  very 
short  petioles,  ovate,  triple-ribbed  near  the  base,  somewhat  serrate  :  corymbs  small 
in  a  crowded  panicle  :  heads  15-25-flowered  :  scales  of  the  involucre  in  nearly  a 
single  series,  shorter  than  the  pink  or  pinkish  flowers. 

From  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  south  to  Ebbett's  Pass  and  the  Yosemite  Valley  ;  not 
rare  in  Nevada  and  the  interior  of  Oregon,  in  canons,  &c. 

2.  E.  sagittatuxn,  Gray.  Minutely  puberulent :  leaves  all  opposite,  petioled, 
hastately  sagittate,  entire  :  heads  single  or  in  threes  at  the  ends  of  the  diverging 
branches,  peduncled  :  involucre  imbricated,  cylindrical,  30  -  40-flowered  ;  the  scales 
coriaceous,  appressed,  with  conspicuous  foliaceous  spreading  tips  :  akenes  glabrous 
with  the  sharp  angles  hispid.  —  PI.  Wright,  i.  88,  note. 

Southeastern  part  of  California  probably  (  294,  coll.  Coulter),  and  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico. 

3.    BRICKELLIA,  EIL 

Head  several  -  many-flowered.     Involucre  of  imbricated  striate-nerved  scales,  the 

outer  shorter.      Receptacle  naked.      Corollas   slender,  5-toothed  or  with  5  short 

lobes.      Style    bulbous    at    base,    the    branches    commonly    thickened    upward. 

Akenes  10-striate  or  ribbed.     Pappus  of  numerous  scabrous  or  barbellate  capillary 

bristles,  about  in  a  single  series.  —  Herbaceous  perennial  or  partly  shrubby  plants, 

commonly  rather  glandular  or  viscid  or  dotted,  most  resembling  Eupatorium,  except 

in  the  many-ribbed  or  striate  akenes ;  the  flowers  white,  whitish,  or  flesh-color.  — 

Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  84.     Brickellia,  in  part,  Bulbostyli^,  &  Clavigera,  DC. 

A  genus  of  about  40  species,  with  headquarters  southeast  of  California,  but  scantily  represented 
within  the  State. 


300  COMPOSIT.E.  *      Brickellia. 

B.  OBLONGIFOLIA,  Nutt,  an  herb,  with  lanceolate-oblong  entire  and  sessile  leaves,  a  few  ter- 
minal rather  large  and  many-flowered  heads,  and  minutely  glandular  akenes,  occurs  along  rivers 
in  Oregon,  and  may  be  expected  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

B.  LiNiFOLiA,  Eaton,  like  the  preceding  but  with  rather  narrower  leaves,  fewer  heads,  and  mi- 
nutely hispid  akenes,  growing  in  Arizona  and  Nevada,  may  reach  California,  but  is  less  likely. 

B.  HASTATA,  Benth.,  a  canescent  tomentose  species,  with  opposite  hastately  3-lobed  leaves, 
and  corymbose  12-flowered  heads,  has  been  found  only  far  down  in  Lower  California. 

B.  CoULTERi,  Gray,  with  barely  pubescent  opposite  hastate-triangular  and  sparsely  toothed 
leaves,  and  long-peduncled  about  12-flowercd  heads,  is  known  only  by  a  specimen  in  Coulter's 
collection,  which  may  not  have  been  collected  within  the  State.  §everal  plants  of  his  "Califor- 
nia" collection  were  gathered  only  in  Arizona,  or  east  of  the  Rio  Colorado. 

*   Heads  about  an  inch  long :  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse  :  plant  woolly. 

1.  B.  incana,  Gray.  Plant  probably  woody  at  base,  white  at  least  when 
young  with  a  close  soft  wool :  leaves  of  the  branches  ovate  or  cordate,  nearly 
entire,  sessile,  alternate  (small),  becoming  naked  and  green  with  age  :  heads  soli- 
tary terminating  the  loose  branches,  peduncled,  very  many-flowered  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  in  3  or  4  ranks,  the  outermost  roundish,  the  inner  linear-oblong  :  akenes 
silky.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  350. 

Providence  Mountains,  San  Bernadino  Co.,  Dr.  Cooper. 

*  *  Heads  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long :  plants  minutely  puberulent  or  pu- 
bescent, and  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid. 

2.  B.  grandiflora,  Nutt.  Herbaceous,  2  or  3  feet  high,  simple  or  corym- 
bosely  branching,  not  viscid  :  leaves  cordate-triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  thin- 
nish,  coarsely  serrate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  on  slender  petioles ;  the  lower  opposite, 
uppermost  alternate  :  heads  numerous  in  a  naked  corymbose  cyme  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  thin,  mostly  acute  :  akenes  nearly  glabrous. 

Rocky  banks  of  streams  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Yosemite  Valley,  &c.) ;  and  eastward  through 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  Notwithstanding  the  name  of  this  species,  the  heads  are  only  three 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  or  often  shorter,  cylindraceous,  and  less  tlian  half  an  inch  broad. 

3.  B.  Californica,  Gray.  Shrubby  at  base,  2  to  3  feet  high,  paniculately 
branched  :  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  somewhat  triangular,  or  sometimes  slightly  cor- 
date, mostly  obtuse,  irregularly  crenate-toothed,  3-ribbed  from  the  base,  veiny, 
roughish  (an  inch  or  so  in  length),  on'short  petioles  :  heads  spicate  or  racemose 
along  the  leafy  branches,  half  an  inch  long,  10-  15-flowered  :  scales  of  tlie  involu- 
cre with  thinnish  mostly  obtuse  straight  tips.  —  PI.  Fendl.  64.  [Bulbostylis,  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  79.)     £.  Wrightii,  Durand  &  Hilgard,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  8. 

Dry  hillsides,  from  Mendocino  Co.  nearly  through  the  State,  and  eastward  at  least  to  Utah. 

4.  B.  microphylla,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  branched  than  the  last,  viscid  and 
glandular  :  leaves  smaller  and  with  acute  teeth  ;  those  of  the  branches  almost  ses- 
sile, half  an  inch  long  or  less  :  heads  chistered  at  the  ends  of  diverging  branchlets, 
smaller :  scales  of  the  involucre  rigid,  all  but  the  innermost  with  squarrose-spread- 
ing  herbaceous  tips.  —  Bulbostylis  microphylla,  Nutt. 

Teliae  Peak,  near  Lake  Tahoe  (Lemmon)  ;  adjacent  parts  of  Western  Nevada  (Torrey) ;  thence 
north  and  east  to  Oregon  and  Utah. 

4.    ADENOSTYLES,  Cass. 

Head  few  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  of  a  single  series  of  erect  scales,  or  some- 
times with  one  or  two  smaller  and  lax  exterior  ones  additional.  Receptacle  naked, 
flat.  Corollas  dilated  above  the  slender  tube,  the  5  lobes  spreading.  Branches  of 
the  style  somewhat  thickened  upward.  Akenes  terete,  10-striate,  glabrous.  Pap- 
pus of  very  copious  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  simple 
stems,  alternate  cordate  or  reniform  leaves,  mostly  on  long  petioles,  and  corymbose 
heads  of  flesh-colored,  white,  or  cream-colored  flowers.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii. 
247. 


Carphephorus.  COMPOSIT.E.  3()2 

1.  A.  Nardosmia,  Gray/  Floccose- woolly  :  stem  rather  stout,  1  to  2  feet  high, 
2  —  3-leave(i,  and  bearing  4  to  7  large  loosely  corymbose  heads  :  leaves  rouud-reni- 
form,  5  -  i)-cleft,  white-woolly  beneath,  becoming  naked  above,  the  lobes  coarsely 
toothed  or  cleft :  heads  an  inch  long,  peduncled,  about  50-llowered  :  scales  of  the 
campanulate  involucre  12  to  30,  lanceolate-linear,  acuminate,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  disk  :  corollas  yellowish,  with  elongated  cylindraceous  throat :  anthers  exserted  : 
akenes  distinctly  striate. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  631.  Cacalia  Nardosmia,  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  361. 

Open  woods  of  Spruce  and  Pine,  Sonoma  to  Humboldt  Co.,  April,  May,  Bolander,  Kellogg. 
"Flowers  of  the  color  of  yellow  beeswax,  and  exhaling  the  odor  of  honey  or  beeswax."  This 
striking  and  peculiar  plant  indeed  appears  to  belong  (notwitlxstanding  the  yellowish  flowers  and 
their  far  greater  number  in  the  head)  to  a  small  •  genus  otherwise  restricted  to  the  mountains  of 
Middle  and  Southern  Europe.     The  leaves  much  resemble  those  of  Petasites  palviata. 

5.     CARPHEPHORUS,  Cass.     Sect.  KUHNIOIDES,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispherical ;  its  scales  imbri- 
cated as  in  Brickellia,  but  less  striate.  Receptacle  flat,  furnished  with  some  chaft" 
(resembling  the  innermost  involucral  scales)  among  the  flowers,  at  least  the  outer 
ones,  and  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Corollas  narrow,  rather  deeply  5-toothed,  the 
teeth  open  or  spreading.  Akenes  10-ribbed,  five  alternate  ribs  mostly  stronger, 
often  5-angular.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  equal  plumose  bristles.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad,  viii,  632. 

This  genus  is  founded  on  four  species  of  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  with  herbaceous  mostly 
simple  stems,  alternate  leaves,  and  middle-sized  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers,  most  resembling 
those  of  Liatris,  the  pappus  of  rather  copious  and  unequal  bristles,  which  occupy  more  than  one 
series,  and  are  at  most  short-barbellate.  The  Californian  species  have  loosely  branching  stems, 
suffrutescent  at  base,  the  lower  leaves  are  opposite,  the  corollas  pale  and  probably  yellowish-white, 
and  the  pappus,  as  above  described,  almost  as  plumose  as  that  of  Kuhnia. 

C.  ATRiPLiciFOLius,  Gray,  was  collected  only  in  Lower  California,  near  Cape  San  Lucas,  by 
Xantiis.  It  may  be  known  by  its  laciniate-lobed  leaves  and  the  striate  glabrous  scales  of  the 
involucre. 

1.  C.  junceus,  Benth.  Minutely  hispid  or  nearly  smooth,  much  branched: 
brandies  long  and  slender,  rush-like,  terminated  by  solitary  or  loosely  corymbose 
heads  on  slender  peduncles  :  the  few  and  sparse  leaves  linear,  entire  or  sparingly 
lobed :  involucre  3  to  4  lines  long,  rather  shorter  than  the  flowers,  the  outer  scales 
white-pubescent  and  rather  rigid:  akenes  puberulent :  pappus  of  about  15  rather 
rigid  plumose  bristles. — Bot,  Sulph.  21. 

S.  E.  borders  of  California,  on  or  near  the  Colorado,  Coulter,  Ncwhcrrii,  Cooper,  &c.  :  apparently 
conimon  in  the  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona,  and  first  made  known  from  Hind's  collection  in  Lower 
California.  The  flowers  were  noted  by  Dr.  Cooper  as  "  yellow,"  which  is  not  likely.  They  may 
be  cream-color. 

Tribe  III.     ASTEPtOIDE^. 

Heads  heterogamous  with  some  marginal  flowers  pistillate  (rarely  neutral)  and 
commonly  radiate  (ligulate),  or  else  homogamous,  the  corollas  all  tubular,  or  in 
Baccharis  homogamous  but  dioecious.  Anthers  appendaged  at  the  apex,  obtuse  and 
tailless  at  base.  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  more  or  less  flat,  margined 
with  conspicuous  stigmatic  lines,  tipped  with  an  appendage,  Eeceptacle  naked 
(not  chaffy),  except  in  one  Corethrogyne.  In  Baccharis  only  the  flowers  are  dioe- 
cious, and  the  style  in  staminate  flowers  not  distinctly  appendaged  and  commonly 
unbranched.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  rarely  turning  purple.  Leaves  almost  always 
alternate. 


302  COMPOSITE.  .^Outierrezia. 

6.  GUTIERREZIA,  Lagasca. 
Heads  corymbose,  small  or  rather  small,  heterogamous  ;  the  rays  few  and  fertile  ; 
disk-flowers  perfect  (in  one  species  apparently  infertile).  Involucre  obovate  or 
cylindraceous,  its  scales  coriaceous,  with  greenish  tips,  closely  imbricated,  the  outer 
ones  shorter.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical.  Rays  short.  Appenda^'es  of  the 
style  lanceolate  or  linear,  hispid.  Akenes  terete,  often  somewhat  turbinate.  Pap- 
pus paleaceous,  viz.  of  7  to  9  or  more  chaffy  scales,  commonly  distinct,  and  those 
of  the  ray-flowers  shorter  than  those  of  the  disk  (in  some  "Eastern  species  short  and 
more  or  less  united  in  a  ring  or  crown),  —  Herbaceous  or  suffrutescent,  glabrous, 
often  resinous,  much  branched  from  the  base,  with  narrow  entire  leaves,  and  corym- 
bose or  fasciculate-crowded  mostly  small  heads  of  bright  yellow  flowers.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  ii.  193;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  250,  excl.  sp.     Brachyris,  Kutt. 

Two  or  three  other  species  occur  in  Arizona,  &c.,  but  have  not  yet  been  found  near  the  Califor- 
nian  borders. 

1.  G.  Euthamiae,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  More  or  less  woody  at  base,  seldom 
over  a  foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  crowded  :  heads  fastigiately  corymbose 
and  crowded,  or  sometimes  rather  open-panicled  :  involucre  turbinate,  2  lines  long : 
flowers  of  the  ray  and  disk  each  3  to  9  :  akenes  silky-pubescent :  pappus  of  about 
9  chafty  scales ;  those  of  the  disk-flowers  linear  or  oblong-linear  and  obtuse,  fully 
half  the  length  of  tlie  corolla,  at  least  as  long  as  the  akene  ;  those  of  the  ray  shorter 
and  broader.  —  G.  Enthamioe,  divaricata,  &  Cali/ornica,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  193. 
Brachyris,  Nutt. 

Dry  hills  along  the  coast  and  the  Contra  Costa  Mountains :  the  var.  Califounica  {G.  Californica, 
Torr.  k  Gray,  1.  c.)  ;  taller  than  the  eastern  form,  and  usually  with  thicker  heads,  containing 
more  numerous  flowers,  and  the  pappus  rather  longer.  Tejon  Valley,  Dr.  Ilcerviunn:  a  low  form 
with  the  fewest-flowered  heads  {G.  micro2)hylla,  Durand  &  Hilgard,  PI.  Heerm.  40,  —  a  lapsus 
for  G^.  ndcroce])hala),  which  extends  from  W.  Nevada  (^Watson,  &c.)  to  the  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  These  are  two  extremes  of  apparently  one  variable  and  wide-spread  species.  —  G. 
mierocephala,  Gray,  with  which  the  Tejon  plant  was  confounded,  has  still  narrower,  more  cylindri- 
cal, and  smaller  heads,  with  mostly  a  single  disk-flower,  and  that  infertile. 

2.  Gr.  linearifolia,  Lagasca  (?).  Sufi'ruticose  or  herbaceous,  1  to  2  feet  high  : 
leaves  narrowly  linear :  heads  loosely  corymbose  :  involucre  obovate,  3  lines  long  : 
akenes  minutely  appressed-pubescent  :  pappus  of  about  12  oblong  and  obtuse  or 
spatulate  chaffy  scales  hardly  longer  than  the  proper  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Near  Los  Angeles,  Dr.  Gambel.  —  In  the  size  of  the  heads  and  in  the  pappus  this  accords 
tolerably  well  with  a  specimen  in  Berlandier's  collection,  No.  1360,  from  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico, 
—  which  may  be  the  obs<^ure  original  of  the  genus,  G.  linearifolia.  Yet  the  flowers  are  as  many 
as  5  to  8  in  both  ray  and  disk.  It  resembles  the  Chilian  G.  paniculata  ;  but  in  that  the  scales 
of  the  pappus  are  narrowly  lanceolate  and  nearly  equal  to  the  disk-corolla. 

7.  AMPHIACHYRIS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     (Sect,  of  Brachyris,  DC.) 

Heads  corymbose  or  fascicled,  small,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  fertile  ;  disk-flowers 
hermaphrodite  but  wholly  or  mostly  sterile.  Involucre  obovate  or  cylindraceous ;  its 
scales  rather  few,  coriaceous,  closely  imbricated,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 
Receptacle  convex.  Rays  1  to  10  :  disk-flowers  from  5  to  20  :  appendages  of  the 
style  in  the  latter  oblong,  obtuse.  Akenes  terete,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  the  ray- 
flowers  chaffy  and  coroniform-concreted ;  of  the  disk-flowers  setifonn  rather  than 
paleaceous,  the  very  narrow  scales  or  flattish  bristles  about  the  length  of  the  corolla 
and  commonly  more  or  less  united  at  the  base.  —  Low  and  bushy-branched  gla- 
brous plants,  with  entire  subsessile  leaves  and  yeUow  flowers.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  633. 


Grindelia.  COMPOSIT.E.  303 

1.  A.  Fremontii,  Grav,  1.  p.  Shrubby,  1  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  obovate-spatu- 
late,  acuminate,  shoit :  heads  sessile  in  compound  corymbose  clusters  :  involucre 
(barely  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long)  of  7  to  9  oval  and  obtuse  thinnish  scales,  the  tips 
of  which  are  obscurely  greenisli :  ray-flower  only  one,  with  a  sliort  obovate  ligule 
and  a  pappus  nearly  as  long  as  its  tube,  composed  of  numerous  narrow  chatfy  scales 
united  below  into  an  irregularly  cleft  cup  or  crown  :  disk-flowers  about  5,  with 
apparently  well-formed  but  sterile  ovary,  and  a  pappus  of  about  20  flattish  more 
or  less  tortuous  denticulate-hispid  bristles,  some  of  them  occasionally  united  or 
sparingly  branched.  —  Amphipappus  Fremontii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  in  Jour.  Bost.  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc.  V.  4,  &  PI.  Fremont.  17,  t.  9. 

On  tlie  Mohave  River  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Colorado,  April  :  found  only  by  FremorU. 
Bentham  and  Hooker  (Gen.  PI.  ii.  250),  recognizing  the  affinity  of  this  with  Amphiachyris  dra- 
cunculaidcs,  refer  them  both  to  Guticrrezia  ;  but  it  seems  preferable  to  keep  up  the  genus  Amphi- 
achyris  and  refer  this  peculiar  and  rare  species  to  it. 

8.   GRINDELIA,  Willd.     Gum-plant. 

Heads  solitary,  terminating  leafy  branches,  or  occasionally  more  or  less  corymbose, 
heterogamous  with  the  rays  fertile,  or  in  one  species  homogamous  (rayless),  many- 
flowered.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  globular,  commonly  coated  with  resin  or 
balsam ;  its  scales  very  numerous,  imbricated,  narrow,  with  coriaceous  appressed 
base  and  slender  more  or  less  spreading  or  squarrose  green  tips.  Receptacle  flat  or 
convex,  foveolate.  Rays  numerous,  narrow.  Branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a 
lanceolate  or  linear  appendage.  Akenes  compressed  or  turgid,  or  the  outermost 
somewhat  triangular,  glabrous,  truncate.  Pappus  of  2  to  8  caducous  awns  or  stout 
corneous  bristles.  —  Biennial  or  perennial  and  mostly  coarse  herbs,  with  sessile  or 
partly  clasping  leaves,  often  viscid  or  resinous,  and  middle-sized  or  rather  large 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  ;  flowering  in  summer.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  246. 

A  characteristic  genus  of  the  plains  west  of  the  Mississippi,  extending  to  the  Pacific  coast  and 
to  Mexico,  with  two  or  three  species  in  similar  regions  of  South  America,  not  over  a  dozen  or  so 
in  all.  But  they  are  difficult  of  discrimination,  esi>ecially  the  western  species,  which  are  all  dif- 
ferent from  the  eastern.  Some  good  characters  may  be  furnished  by  the  ripe  akenes,  which  are 
known  in  few  species. 

The  balsamic  resin  which  exudes  from  the  herbage,  most  largely  from  the  forming  heads,  is 
used  medicinally,  esiwcially  as  a  remedy  for  the  effects  of  Poison  Oak  {Rhiis  lobata).  Either  the 
bruised  plant  is  applied  ilirectly,  or  a  decoction  or  alcoholic  infusion. 

«   Stems  a  foot  to  a  yard  high,  leafy  :  leaves  frorti  obovate  to  lanceolate. 

1.  G-.  hlrsutula,  Hook.  &  Am.  Hirsutely  pubescent  or  sometimes  almost  tomen- 
tose  with  soft  spreading  hairs,  or  lower  part  of  the  stem  glabrous,  one  to  three  feet 
high  :  leaves  sharply  and  irregularly  serrate,  from  lanceolate  to  oblong,  the  lovver 
spatulate,  uppermost  usually  with  broad  clasping  base  :  awns  of  the  pappus  2  or  3, 
flattish,  nearly  smooth.  —  Bot.  Beech.  147.     G.  rubricaulis,  DC.  Prodr.  v.  316. 

Under  redwoods,  &c.,  from  Monterey  northward,  extending  along  the  coast  to  Puget  Sound. 
Known  by  the  pubescence,  and  usually  by  the  red  or  purplish  stem  :  the  involucre  sometimes 
tomentose,  sometimes  almost  naked  ;  the  tijjs  of  the  scales,  as  in  other  species,  either  straight  or 
squarrose. 

2.  Gr.  glutmosa,  Dunal.  Glabrous :  leaves  obovate,  oblong,  or  oblong-spatu- 
late,  rounded  at  apex,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
short  tips  :  pappus  of  5  to  8  rigid  flattened  chaflf-like  awns,  their  thin  edges  sparsely 
serrulate-ciliolate.  —  Aster  glutinosus,  Cav.  Ic.  ii.  t.  168. 

Sandy  moist  grounds,  on  the  coast,  Fort  Point  and  Lobos  Creek,  near  San  Francisco  :  intro- 
duced (0.  The  original  of  this  species  is  said  to  have  come  from  Southern  Peru  (not  Mexico),  a 
district  which  has  given  not  a  few  plants  to  the  coast  of  California. 


304  COMPOSIT.E.  ^        GrindeUa. 

3.  Gr.  robusta,  Nutt.  Very  glabrous,  pale,  usually  stout :  leaves  from  broadly 
spatulate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  cordate-clasping,  commonly  obtuse, 
sharply  more  or  less  serrate  :  involucre  with  at  length  squarrose  tips  :  pappus  of  2 
to  3  or  rarely  5  rigid  and  llattish  nearly  smooth  awns  :  akenes  mostly  1  -  3 -toothed 
at  the  apex.  —Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  314. 

Var.  latifolia  {G.  latifoUa,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  36)  is  a  robust  and 
broad-leaved  form,  with  leaves  3  or  4  inches  long,  and  the  cordate-clasping  oval 
upper  ones  almost  as  broad  :  heads  proportionally  large. 

Var.  angustifolia  {G.  cuneifoUa,  Nutt.  1.  c.)  is  a  coast  form,  Avith  rather  fleshy 
leaves  varying  ir(nu  cuneate-spatulate  to  lanceolate,  the  upper  nearly  entire,  all  nar- 
rowed at  base. 

Var.  (?)  rigida.  A  more  glutinous  and  rigid  form,  with  naked  corymbose  or 
paniculate  heads,  and  rigid  coriaceous  leaves,  some  of  them  very  sharply  serrate  : 
growing  in  dry  or  arid  exposures,  away  from  the  sea. 

Common  along  the  coast ;  tlie  last  variety  more  inland,  on  the  coast-range,  the  Contra  Costa 
Mountains,  &c.     A  polymorphous  species. 

G.  INTEGRIFOLIA,  DC,  of  Oregon  (which  includes  G.  stricta,  DC.)  may  occiir  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State.  The  larger  forms  of  it  and  the  more  entire-leaved  forms  of  the  preceding  are 
not  clearly  distinguished. 

G.  DiscoiDKA,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon  is  a  small -headed  species  wholly  destitute  of  rays. 

G.  NANA,  Nutt.,  from  the  same  region,  is  a  somewhat  similar  species,  but  dwarf,  and  with  rays. 

*  *  A  span  or  so  in  height :  leaves  narrowly  and  spatulate-linear,  mainly  radical. 

4.  G-.  huxnilis,  Hook.  &  Am.  "  Glabrous :  stem  herbaceous,  simple,  with  a 
single  head  :  radical  leaA^es  linear,  obtuse,  tapering  to  the  base ;  the  cauline  ones 
sessile,  the  lower  narrowly  linear  and  the  upper  reduced  to  subulate  bracts :  scales 
of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  with  squarrose  tips."  —  Bot.  Beech.  147. 

Although  Lay  and  Collie  must  have  collected  the  specimen  in  the  vicinity  either  of  Monterey 
or  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  it  has  not  since  been  identified.  From  a  description  and  sketch  of  the 
specimen  in  the  Hookerian  herbarium,  it  is  ascertained  that  it  is  unlike  any  other  known  species  : 
the  narrow  radical  leaves  2  inches  long :  involucre  about  half  an  inch  high,  its  scales  acute,  only 
the  outermost  loosely  i-ecurved  or  spreading,  the  others  appressed.  Rays  rather  numerous  and 
elongated.     The  pappus  is  not  described. 

9.  ACAMPTOPAPPUS,  Gray. 

Heads  many- (12- 30-)  flowered,  homogamous,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  with 
tubular  corollas.  Involucre  hemispherical ;  the  scales  imbricated  in  about  three 
ranks  and  closely  appressed,  oval  or  oblong,  very  obtuse,  concave,  coriaceo-charta- 
ceous  and  whitish,  with  a  greenish  spot  next  the  summit,  margined  with  a  scarious 
and  lacerately  ciliate  or  fringed  border ;  the  outer  successively  shorter.  Receptacle 
convex,  alveolate,  fimbrillate.  Corolla  funnelform,  5-lobed.  Branches  of  the  style 
tipped  with  a  thickish  subulate  appendage.  Akenes  short  and  thick,  turbinate, 
densely  silky- villous  with  very  long  white  wool,  5-nerved  under  the  wool.  Pappus 
between  chaffy  and  bristly,  rigid,  of  12  to  18  palege  or  flattened  chaffy  bristles, 
equalling  the  akene  and  the  corolla  in  length  and  mostly  somewhat  dilated  at  tip, 
and  of  about  as  many  more  slender  and  unequal  shorter  bristles.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
viii.  634.  — A  single  species  :  — 

1.  A.  sphaerocephalus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous  low  shrub  (1  to  3  feet  high), 
not  at  all  glandular  nor  resiniferous,  with  rigid  and  angular  straggling  branches  : 
leaves  narrow,  entire  :  flowers  light  yellow.  —  Aplopappus  (Acamptopappus)  sphcero- 
cephalus,  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  76;  Torr,  in  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  vii.  12,  t.  6. 

Desert  region  bordering  Arizona,  first  described  from  Coulter's  Califomian  collection  (So.  281), 


Pentaclmta.  COMPOSITE.  305 

who  very  probably  found  it  only  in  Arizona,  where  it  has  since  been  collected  by  Dr.  Antisell  and 
Dv.  Palmer,  and  in  S.  Utah  by  Parry.  —  Heads  less  than  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate  and  somewhat  spatulate,  half  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  about  a  line  wide. 
Akenes  2  lines  long,  when  mature  resembling  pellets  of  wool. 

10.  PENTACH^TA,  Nutt. 

Heads  solitary,  terminating  slender  branches,  heterogamous  with  the  rays  fertile, 
or  sometimes  rayless,  several  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  of  numerous  or  rather  few 
thin  and  smooth  more  or  less  scariously  margined  oblong  or  lanceolate  scales,  loosely 
imbricated  in  two  or  more  series,  destitute  of  green  tips.  Eeceptacle  convex,  some- 
what foveolate.  Eays  few  or  numerous,  with  oblong  ligule  on  a  slender  tube,  or 
sometimes  the  ligule  and  sometimes  the  whole  pistillate  ray-flowers  wanting.  Disk- 
corollas  5-toothed,  Anthers  tipped  with  a  small  subulate  appendage.  Branches  of 
the  style  in  the  disk-flowers  bearing  a  long  filiform-subulate  but  flattish  appendage, 
much  longer  than  the  stigmatic  portion.  Akenes  oblong,  compressed,  hirsute. 
Pappus  of  5  (rarely  somewhat  fewer  or  more  numerous)  slender  and  rigid  persistent 
serrulate-scabrous  bristles,  which  are  shorter  than  the  disk-corollas,  abruptly  en- 
larged (but  not  paleaceous)  at  the  very  base,  occasionally  unequal,  sometimes  all 
reduced  to  short  rudiments  or  wholly  obsolete.  —  Low  and  slender  annuals  (wholly 
Californian),  more  or  less  pubescent,  or  sometimes  glabrous,  with  filiform-linear  and 
entire  alternate  leaves,  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads.  Corollas  either  all  yellow, 
or  those  of  the  disk  sometimes  turning  purple,  the  rays  when  present  usually  yel- 
low, sometimes  white !  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  249  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii. 
633.     Aphantochceta,  Gray  in  Pacif.  R,  Eep.  iv.  43,  t.  11. 

A  peculiarly  Californian  genus  of  two  species  (P.  gracilis,  Benth.,  of  Mexico,  being  an  Oxy- 
pappus),  remarkable  for  having,  like  Lessingia,  either  yellow  or  white  rays. 

1.  P.  aurea,  Nutt.  At  length  difl'usely  branched,  3  to  12  inches  high:  heads 
many-flowered :  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate  or  acute,  and 
with  broad  and  thin  scarious  margins,  the  outer  successively  shorter :  rays  7  to  40, 
deep  golden  yellow  :  pappus  of  5  (or  sometimes  6  to  8)  bristles. 

Dry  plains,  southern  2>art  of  the  State,  chiefly  known  from  San  Diego  Co.,  Nuttall,  Parry,  &c. 
Leaves  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  the  upper  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts  on  the  terminal 
peduncle.  Heads  varying  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  in  length.  Mature  akenes  not  seen, 
but  apparently  compressed  as  in  the  next.  To  this  apparently  belongs  both  the  varieties  described 
in  Bot.  Mex.  Boundary,  81. 

2.  P.  exilis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Erect  or  with  ascending  branches,  3  to  8  inches  high  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  but  commonly  mucronate,  all  of  nearly  equal 
length  and  with  narrow  scarious  margins  :  heads  in  the  larger  forms  many-flowered 
and  with  10  to  14  sulphur-colored  or  sometimes  white  rays  :  pappus  of  5  equal  or 
somewhat  unequal  bristles,  or  occasionally  with  some  or  all  the  bristles  obsolete. 
(To  this  belongs  the  P.  aurea  of  Bigelow's  collection  in  Whipple's  Expedition,  of 
Bolander's  Catalogue,  &c.) 

Var.  discoidea.  Heads  with  from  9  to  20  disk-flowers  and  no  rays  :  bristles 
of  the  pappus  present. 

Var.  aphantochceta.  Heads,  &c.,  as  in  var.  discoidea,  or  with  3  to  5  pistillate 
marginal  flowers  destitute  of  ligule  :  pappus  obsolete  or  nearly  so.  —  Aphantochceta 
exilis.  Gray,  1.  c.  99,  t.  11. 

Hillsides,  from  Santa  Cruz  to  Napa  Co.,  &c.  Much  like  the  foregoing,  except  in  the  particu- 
lars mentioned.  Scales  of  the  involucre  seldom  over  2  lines  long,  about  16  or  18  in  the  fuller- 
flowered  heads,  occupying  two  ranks  of  about  equal  length,  reduced  to  7  or  10  and  sometimes 
almost  to  a  single  rank  in  the  fewer-flowered  and  depauperate  states.     Matui'e  akenes  flat  and 


306  COMPOSITE.  Monoptilon. 

obovate,  or  some  of  them  perhaps  rather  triangular,  obscurely  few-nerved,  hairy.  Forms  without 
pappus,  or  with  more  or  less  reduced  bristles,  grow  mingled  with  the  normal  state.  The  rayless 
variety  has  been  collected  at  Auburn,  llussian  River,  San  Lorenzo  Valley,  &c.,  and  a  very 
depauperate  state  about  San  Francisco.  But  the  state  with  ray-corollas  reduced  to  a  tube,  on 
which  ApliMiitochoita  was  founded,  has  as  yet  been  detected  only  in  l)r.  J.  M.  Bigelow's  specimens, 
from  Napa  Valley.  Near  Vallejo  a  form  was  collected  by  liev.  E.  L.  Greene  with  well-developed 
rays  pure  white,  except  a  pale  yellow  base. 

11.   MONOPTILON,  ToiT.  &  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  numerous  in  a  single  series,  fertile. 
Involucre  of  numerous  narrow  equal  thin  scales,  almost  in  a  single  rank.  Eecep- 
tacle  barely  convex,  naked.  Corollas  with  rather  hairy  tube ;  the  white  or  purple 
ligules  oblong-obovate.  Branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a  short  obtuse  appendage, 
Akenes  oblong-obovate,  compressed,  one-nerved  on  each  margin,  or  in  the  ray  with 
a  lateral  nerve  also.  Pappus  double;  the  outer  a  minute  almost  entire  crown; 
the  inner  a  deciduous  bristle  which  nearly  equals  the  disk-corolla,  scabrous  below 
and  plumose  for  some  distance  from  the  summit  downward.  —  Jour.  Bost.  Nat. 
Hist.  Soc.  V.  106,  t.  13.     Only  one  species  :  — 

1.  M.  bellidifonne,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  A  delicate  Daisy-like  little  annual, 
spreading  on  the  ground,  an  inch  or  two  high,  villous-pubescent :  leaves  alternate, 
narrowly  spatulate,  entire  :  heads  scattered,  hardly  peduncled,  barely  half  an  inch 
in  diameter,  including  the  white  and  purplish-tipped  or  pink-purple  rays :  disk- 
flowers  yellow. 

On  the  Mohave  desert  or  between  California  and  the  southwestern  part  of  Utah,  where  a  single 
specimen  was  collected  by  Fremmit.     Recently  rediscovered  in  the  latter  region  by  Parry. 

12.  EREMIASTRUM,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous  ;  the  white  rays  numerous  in  a  single  series, 
fertile.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  nearly  equal  narrow  scales,  the  outermost  nearly 
foliaceous.  Eeceptacle  flattish,  naked.  Ligules  oblong,  entire.  Branches  of  the 
style  tipped  with  a  lanceolate  appendage.  Akenes  obovate-oblong,  flat,  one-nerved 
on  each  margin.  Pappus  of  two  sorts,  i.  e.  the  outer  of  8  or  10  thin  laciniately  dis- 
sected scales,  each  apparently  composed  of  several  xanited  bristles ;  the  inner  of 
about  as  many  stout  bristles  or  awns,  and  some  smaller  ones  intervening.  —  Gray, 
PI.  Thurb.  (Mem.  Am.  Acad,  v.)  320.  —  A  single  species  :  — 

1.  Zj.  bellioides,  Gray,  1.  c.  — A  low,  Daisy-like,  hirsute  or  hispid  annual,  1  to 
4  inches  high,  and  sending  off"  procumbent  branches ;  resembling  Monoptilon  but 
larger  :  leaves  alternate,  narrowly  spatulate,  entire,  disposed  to  be  crowded  under 
the  terminal  solitary  heads,  and  passing  into  scales  of  the  involucre  :  head  (includ- 
ing the  expanded  white  rays)  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  handsome ; 
the  disk  yellow. 

Dry  plains  on  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  Rivers,  Thurber,  ScJwtt,  Newberry,  Cooper,  &c.  Also 
Southern  Utah,  Parry, 

13.  LESSINGIA,  Cham. 

Head  5  -  25-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  perfect,  with  limb  of  the  corolla  regularly 
or  sometimes  obliquely  parted  down  to  the  slender  tube  into  5  linear  lobes,  or  the 
marginal  ones  with  the  enlarged  limb  palmately  parted  into  a  kind  of  ray,  in  these 
the  stamens  often  abortive.     Involucre  campanulate  or  turbinate ;  its  scales  imbri-  • 
cated,  appressed,  and  mostly  with  herbaceous  often  spreading  tips.     Eeceptacle  flat, 


Lessingia.  COMPOSITE.  307 

alveolate.  Anthers  included,  tipf  ed  with  a  setaceous-subulate  appendage.  Branches 
of  the  style  tipped  with  a  very  short  and  obtuse  or  truncate  appendage  which  is 
thickly  covered  with  hispid  bristles  in  a  tuft,  and  often  with  a  central  cusp,  or  else 
with  a  longer  subulate  and  less  strongly  hispid  appendage.  Akenes  all  fertile, 
silky-villous,  turbinate  or  cuneiform,  more  or  less  compressed.  Pappus  simple, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  corolla  (especially  in  the  marginal  flowers),  of  numerous 
unequal  rigid  scabrous  bristles,  usually  turning  reddish-brown.  —  Annual  or  bien- 
nial (probably  never  truly  perennial)  herbs,  all  Californian,  with  slender  branches, 
clothed  (at  least  when  young)  with  flocculent  more  or  less  deciduous  wool.  Leaves 
alternate,  thickish,  those  of  the  branches  sessile.  Heads  rather  small.  Flowers  in 
the  original  species  yellow  (sometimes  turning  purple  in  age),  in  most  if  not  all  the 
others  blue-purple  or  white.  (Nerves  of  the  corolla-lobes  deeply  intramarginal,  the 
aestivation  induplicate  up  to  the  nerve.)  —  Cham,  in  Linnaea,  iv.  203;  Gray  in 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  315,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  351,  &  viii.  634. 

§  1.  Limb  of  the  corolla  more  or  less  obliquely  or  palm/itely  5-parted,  at  least  in  tlie 
marginal  flowers :  branches  of  the  style  very  obtuse  and  vrith  a  brush-like  tuft 
of  bristles,  in  which  the  mimde  setiform  appendage  {when  there  is  any)  is 
nearly  hidden. 

1.  L.  Germanomxn,  Cham.  Low,  much  branched,  spreading  on  the  ground, 
at  first  whitish-tomentose,  soon  greener  :  lower  leaves  spatulate  and  pinnatiftd ;  the 
upper  oblong  or  linear  and  sparingly  incised  or  toothed,  or  on  the  branchlets  small 
and  bract-like,  and  occasionally  granulose-glandular,  as  are  the  spreading  green  tips 
of  the  involucre  :  heads  terminating  slender  divergent  branchlets,  15 -25-flowered: 
corollas  yellow,  the  marginal  ones  conspicuously  enlarged,  palmate  and  forming  a 
kind  of  ray,  their  stamens  sometimes  abortive.  —  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  336,  t.  7, 
(style  wrongly  delineated.) 

Hillsides  and  open  grounds,  rather  abundant  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  San  Francisco.  Head  with 
flowers  expanded  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  the  larger  and  palmate  marginal  corollas  form- 
ing a  Centaurea-\\k.e  ray. 

2.  L.  ramulosa,  Gray.  Erect  and  diffusely  paniculate-branched,  a  span  to  a 
foot  or  two  in  height,  white-woolly,  becoming  naked  and  usually  glandular  with 
age  :  cauline  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  thickish,  entire  or  serrulate ;  those  of  the 
branches  small,  ovate  or  oblong,  closely  sessile  by  a  cordate  partly  clasping  base, 
gradually  reduced  to  minute  bracts  :  heads  terminating  slender  diverging  branchlets, 
10-20-flowered  :  scales  of  the  involucre  acute  and  the  greenish  tips  appressed  : 
corollas  violet-purple,  the  marginal  ones  a  little  enlarged  and  slightly  oblique.  —  PL  ' 
Hartw.  1.  c. ;  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  1.  c. 

Plains,  &c.,  from  near  San  Francisco  to  Mendocino  Co.  Heads  rather  smaller  than  of  the 
preceding.  A  slender  and  diffuse  form,  with  smaller  heads  (var.  tenuis),  occurs  from  Monterey  1 
{Douglas)  to  Peru  Creek,  at  5,100  feet,  Rothrock. 

3.  L.  nana,  Gray,  1.  c.  Dwarf  and  depressed,  1  to  3  inches  high,  very  woolly  : 
simple  or  clustered  stems  thickly  beset  with  the  spatulate  or  lanceolate  entire  leaves : 
heads  terminal  and  axillary,  closely  sessile,  10  —  12-flowered  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear-lanceolate,  chartaceous  and  with  scarious  margins ;  the  innermost  con- 
spicuously acuminate,  almost  cartilaginous  when  dry,  equalling  the  disk  :  corollas 
(apparently  purplish)  little  exserted,  mostly  regularly  5-lobed.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp. 
1.  c.  t.  7. 

On  the  Sacramento,  Dr.  Pickering,  Rev.  Mr.  Fitch.  Foot-hills  of  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada, 
J.  Muir,  Dr.  Rothrock.  A  singular  little  plant,  with  the  heads  comparatively  large,  i.  e.  half  an 
inch  long  ;  the  purple  pappus  nearly  equalling  the  corollas,  and  conspicuously  contrasting  with 
the  white  wool.     It  is  poorly  figured  in  the  work  referred  to. 


303  COMPOSITJi:.  Lessingia. 

§  2.    Limb  of  the  corolla  regularly  ^-'parted :    branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a 
conspicuous  slender  subidate  and  less  hispid  appendage. 

4.  L.  virgata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Erect,  1  or  2  feet  high,  with  virgate  branches, 
densely  floccose-woully,  becoming  naked  with  age,  but  not  glandular :  cauline  leaves 
partly  clasping,  entire,  oblong,  or  the  lowest  spatulate ;  those  of  the  branches  very 
short,  appressed,  concave,  carinately  one-nerved,  somewhat  sagittate,  about  the 
length  of  the  5  -  7-flowered  heads,  which  are  solitary  and  sessile  in  their  axils,  so  as 
to  form  a  narrow  interrupted  bracteate  spike  :  involucre  cylindraceous,  of  rather  few 
and  blunt  appressed  scales  :  pappus  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  (probably 
pale  purple)  corolla. 

Nortliern  part  of  California,  Dr.  Pickering,  Prof.  Newberry.     Heads  about  4  lines  long. 

5.  L.  leptoclada,  Gray.  Finely  white-woolly  :  the  erect  slender  stem  and  fili- 
form branches  soon  glabrous  :  lower  cauline  leaves  spatulate  and  sparingly  toothed  ; 
the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear  and  entire,  closely  sessile  by  a  sagittate  adnate  base ; 
the  uppermost  diminished  into  remote  subulate  bracts  ;  heads  terminating  the  very 
slender  and  mostly  naked  paniculate  branches,  5  -  20-flowered  :  involucre  turbinate, 
especially  when  many-flowered  ;  its  scales  many-ranked  and  the  outer  successively 
shorter,  all  appressed  and  with  acute  greenish  tips  :  corollas  purple  or  sometimes 
white,  the  pappus  equalling  their  tube.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  351. 

Gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  near  San  Francisco  (Crystal  Springs,  &c. ),  and  throughout  the  foot-hills 
and  mountains  in  Mariposa  Co.,  flowering  July  and  August.  Varies  from  3  or  4  inches  to  a  foot  or 
two  in  height,  and  exceedingly  in  the  number  of  flowers  in  the  head,  from  18  or  20  in  the  var. 
TYPiCA,  Gray,  1.  c,  to  only  live  in  the  var.  mickocephala,  in  which  the  inflorescence  is  most 
depauperate,  while  the  var.  tenuis  is  a  reduced  fomi,  only  3  to  8  inches  high.  All  are  evidently 
states  of  one  species,  —  to  which  seemingly  belongs  a  very  branched  small  form  collected  by  Dr. 
Horn  in  Owens  Valley. 

14.  HETEROTHECA,  Cass. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  numerous  and  fertile.  Involucre 
hemispherical,  of  numerous  narrow  imbricated  scales.  Eeceptacle  nearly  flat,  alve- 
olate. Ligules  narrow.  Branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a  hispid  appendage. 
Akenes  compressed ;  those  of  the  ray -triangular,  very  obtuse  at  summit,  thickened 
and  destitute  of  pappus  ;  those  of  the  disk  thinner  and  flatter,  silky-pubescent,  with 
a  copious  pappus  of  rusty  or  reddish  capillary  bristles  nearly  equalling  the  disk- 
corollas,  and  an  outer  set  of  very  short  chaffy  bristles.  —  Perennial  or  biennial  hir- 
sute or  scabrous  herbs,  with  alternate  and  mostly  dentate  leaves,  and  middle-sized 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branches. 

1.  H.  grandiflora,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  :  the  leaves  as  well  as  the 
stem  hirsute  with  long  and  rather  soft  spreading  hairs ;  lower  ones  oval,  sparingly 
toothed,  contracted  into  a  slender  petiole ;  upper  ones  small  and  narrow  :  heads 
mostly  solitary  :  involucre  glandular  but  not  hairy  :  appendages  of  the  style  short 
and  obtuse  :  short  outer  pappus  copious. 

Near  the  coast,  on  sandy  plains,  from  Monterey  to  San  Diego.  Heads  not  so  large  as  those  of 
the  Mexican  H.  imdoidcs.  Akenes  of  the  ray  when  young  minutely  pubescent,  but  becoming 
glabrous. 

2.  H.  floribunda,  Benth.  Stem  2  feet  or  more  in  height,  very  leafy  to  the 
top,  hispid,  also  minutely  glandular  :  leaves  mostly  with  a  fine  and  appressed  pubes- 
cence ;  the  lower  ones  ovate  and  with  petiole  auricled  at  base ;  upper  oblong  and 
closely  sessile  :  heads  numerous,  corymbed  or  panicled,  small :  involucre  glandular  : 
appendages  of  the  style  acute  :  short  outer  pappus  copious.  —  Bot.  Voy.  Sulph.  24. 

Near  the  coast,  from  San  Pedro  southward,  Hinds,  Coulter,  Parry.  Heads  less  than  half  an 
inch  long  ;  rays  small. 


Chrysopsis.  COMPOSITE.  *  309 

15.  CHRYSOPSIS,  Nutt. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  numerous  fertile  rays,  or  in  two  species 
homogamous,  the  rays  being  wanting.  Involucre  campanxdate  or  hemispherical ; 
the  scales  imbricated,  narrow,  acute,  mostly  with  somewhat  scarious  margins,  desti- 
tute of  herbaceous  tips.  Eeceptacle  flat,  foveolate,  or  alveolate-toothed.  Appen- 
dages of  the  style-branches  linear  or  subulate  and  hispid.  Akenes  oblong-linear  or 
obovate -oblong,  compressed,  hairy,  the  margins  and  each  face  commonly  1-nerved. 
Pappus  alike  in  disk  and  ray,  double ;  the  interior  of  copious  rather  rusty  scabrous 
capillary  bristles  of  unequal  length,  the  longer  about  equalling  the  corolla ;  the  exte- 
rior a  set  of  very  short  chaffy  bristles  or  narrow  little  scales  (slender  and  incon- 
spicuous in  §  2).  —  Low  herbs  (the  Californian  species  perennial),  with  stems  rather 
thickly  beset  with  alternate  sessile  leaves,  and  terminated  by  soUtary  or  corymbose 
(middle-sized)  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  252. 

§  1.  Heads  with  rays:  exterior  pappus  evident  and  more  or  less  chaffy :  herbage  hir- 
sute or  villous.  —  Chrysopsis  proper. 

1.  C.  sessiliflora,  Nutt.  Hirsute,  varying  from  hispid  to  soft-villous  :  stems  a 
foot  or  so  in  height,  erect  or  ascending  from  tufted  thick  rootstocks  :  leaves  oblong, 
or  the  lower  spatulate,  mostly  entire  :  disk-corollas  beset  externally  near  the  summit 
with  some  scattered  very  slender  hairs  :  outer  pappus  squamellate.  —  The  following 
apparently  all  of  one  variable  species.  Nuttall's  original,  from  Santa  Barbara,  &c.  : 
not  canescent,  somewhat  hispid  and  glandular :  stem  and  branches  leafy  up  to  the 
head,  which  is  as  it  were  involucrate  by  some  leafy  bracts  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
slightly  hirsute,  usually  glandular  :  outer  pappus  hardly  longer  than  the  breadth  of 
the  ovary.     (Involucre  half  an  inch  long.)  —  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii.  317. 

Var.  JBolanderi,  Gray.  Less  glandular  and  more  villous  ;  the  obtuser  leaves 
densely  so,  sometimes  canescently  silky  :  involucre  mostly  leafy-bracted  and  more 
pubescent  :  the  conspicuous  squamellate  outer  pappus  longer.  —  C.  Bolanderi,  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  543.  —  Both  this  and  the  first  pass  into 

Var.  echioides,  Gray.  Stem  and  branches  more  slender  and  less  leafy,  the 
heads  only  half  as  large  and  not  leafy-bracted  :  outer  pappus  as  in  the  last  or  less 
conspicuous.  —  C.  echioides,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  25,  &  PI.  Hartw.  316. 

Santa  Barbara  and  vicinity,  Nuttall,  Cooper  ;  only  their  scanty  specimens  of  the  original  form 
yet  seen.  The  var.  Bolanderi,  San  Francisco  to  Noyo  on  the  coast,  Bolander,  Kellogg.  Var. 
echioides,  Santa  Cruz  to  San  Diego,  Hinds,  Coulter,  Newberry,  Hartweg,  Bolander,  &c.  — ■  C.  Bo- 
landeri does  not  belong  to  the  Achyrcea  section,  which  is  well  marked  by  its  scanty  inner  and 
truly  chaffy  outer  pappus.     The  present  species  is  in  some  forms  hard  to  distinguish  from 

C.  viLLOSA,  Nutt.,  an  equally  polymorphous  species,  extending  from  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Mississippi  to  the  coast  of  Oregon  and  to  the  State  of  Nevada  ;  therefore  very  probably  inhabiting 
the  northern  part  of  California.  It  is  destitute  of  the  scattered  long  hairs  near  the  tip  of  the 
disk-corolla,  and  the  involucre  is  not  glandular,  but  commonly  minutely  canescent. 

§  2.  Heads  rayless  :  exterior  pappus  settdose,  inconspicuous  or  obscure.  —  Ammodia, 

Gray.     (Ammodia,  Nutt.) 

2.  C.  Oregana,  Gray.  Much  branched,  erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  somewhat 
hirsutely  pubescent  and  rather  viscid  :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  with  a 
prominent  midrib  :  heads  paniculate  :  involucre  almost  glabrous,  composed  of  3  or 
4  ranks  of  successively  longer  thin  and  acuminate  scales,  only  their  midrib  green, 
the  innermost  equalling  the  pappus  :  corollas  slender  :  akenes  narrow  :  exterior  pap- 
pus indistinct.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  543.  Ammodia  Oregana,  Nutt.  1.  c.  ; 
Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  t.  9. 

In  sand  or  gravel  along  streams,  mouth  of  Eel  River  (Kellogg),  Calistoga  (E.  L.  Greene),  and 
north  through  Oregon. 


310  COMPOSITE.  *        Chrysopsis. 

3.  C.  Brcweri,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  minutely  and  sparingly  pubescent  and  also 
viscid  glandular,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  scattered  and  slender  branches,  which  are 
mostly  terminated  by  single  pedunculate  heads  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  entire, 
3 -ribbed  from  the  closely  sessile  broad  base  :  scales  of  the  involucre  of  firmer  tex- 
ture, lanceolate,  rather  few  and  in  only  about  two  ranks,  the  longer  little  exceeding 
the  obovate  and  flat  akenes  :  corollas  funnelform  :  exterior  pappus  of  numerous  very 
fine  and  short  bristles. 

Sierra  Nevada,  in  or  near  forests,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Sierr%  Co.  at  the  altitude  of  from  4,000 
to  11,000  feet,  Brewer,  Torrey,  Greene,  &c.  Heads  half  an  inch  long,  fewer  than  in  the  preced- 
ing :  pappus  soft,  merely  tawny. 

16.  APLOPAPPUS,  Cass. 

Heads  solitary,  terminating  the  branches,  or  sometimes  corymbosely  or  spicately 
clustered,  many-flowered,  rarely  several-Jiowered,  heterogamous  and  with  fertile 
rays,  or  very  rarely  homogamous,  the  rays  being  wanting.  Involucre  imbricated, 
the  scales  with  or  sometimes  without  herbaceous  or  foliaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat 
or  flatfish,  foveolate  or  alveolate-dentate.  Appendages  of  the  style-branches  trian- 
gular-lanceolate, or  in  the  N.  American  species  more  commonly  elongated-subulate. 
Akenes  varying  from  turbinate  to  linear,  terete,  angled,  or  more  or  less  compressed. 
Pappus  simple,  of  copious  and  unequal  rigid  capillary  (scabrous  or  almost  barbellate) 
bristles.  —  Herbs  or  low  under-shrubby  plants,  of  various  aspect  and  foliage ;  with 
yellow  flowers,  and  pappus  varying  from  tawny  to  reddish,  very  rarely  bright  white. 
Leaves  alternate,  rigid.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  634.  Aplopappus,  Pyrrocoma 
(Hook.),  Stenotus  (Nutt.),  Macronema  (Nutt.),  Frionopsis  (Nutt.),  Isopappus,  (Torr. 
&  Gray),  &  Ericameria  (Nutt.),  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  Haplopappus,  Ericameria  (and 
Macronema  under  Chrysopsis),  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  253. 

A  pretty  large  American  genus,  which,  like  its  analogiie,  Aster,  has  to  take  in  a  great  diversity 
of  forms,  mainly  andine  and  of  the  Rocky-Mountain  region  and  adjacent  dry  plains,  but  so 
scantily  represented  in  California  that  the  species  are  more  conveniently  exhibited  under  an  arti- 
ficial key  than  in  their  natural  subgenera  or  sections  :  — 

Rays  none  :  involucre  elongated  obconical,  its  coriaceous  scales  many- 
ranked,  all  with  short  and  abrupt  squan-ose  herbaceous  tips.      1.  A.  SQUARROSUS. 
Rays  none  :  involucre  of  a  few  thin  and  loose  and  3  or  4  outer  nearly 

foliaceous  scales  :  style  appendages  long  and  exserted.  13.  A.  Macronema. 

Rays  10  to  20  or  more. 

Akenes  silky-villous  :  pappus  white  :  head  solitary,  peduncled. 

Shrub  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  narrow  linear.  2.  A.  linearifolius. 

Tufted  plant  3  or  4  inches  high  :  leaves  spatulate.  3.  A.  acaulis. 

Akenes  silky-pubescent :  pappus  whitish  :  heads  several.  5.  A.  paniculatus,  var. 

Akenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity. 
Herbs  :  pappus  tawny  or  reddish. 

Leaves  laciniate  :  heads  1  to  3,  peduncled.  4.  A.  apargioides. 

Leaves  serrate  or  entire  :  heads  spicate  or  clustered.  5.  A.  paniculatus. 

Shrub  :  pappus  white  :  leaves  filiform.  8.  A.  pinifolius. 

Rays  1  to  9. 

Herbaceous,  with  leaves  serrate  and  oblong.  6.  A.  Whitneyi. 

Shrubby  or  suffruticose,  with  leaves  entire,  and 

Cuneiform-dilated.  7.  A.  cuneatus. 

Filiform  or  shorter  and  very  crowded  :  akenes  glabrous.  9.  A.  ericoides. 

Filiform-linear  with   tapering  base  :    involucral   scales  naked  : 

akenes  pubescent.  10.  A.  RESINOSUS. 

Narrowly  or  spatulate-linear :  involucre  narrow,  with  outer  scales 

leafy-tipi^ed,  and  the  inner  ones  ciliate.  11.  A.  Bloomeri. 

Spatulate-lanceolate  or  linear  :  involucre  broad,  with  outer  scales 

loose  and  leafy,  and  the  inner  ones  naked.  12.  A.  suffruticosus. 


Aplopappus.  COMPOSITJE.  311 

1.  A.  squarrosus,  Hook.  &,  Am.  Shrubby,  minutely  pubescent  ai^d  some- 
what glutinous  :  branches  very  leafy  :  leaves  rigid,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  thickly 
serrate  with  rigid  pointed  teeth,  closely  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  the  midrib  promi- 
nent and  the  veins  indistinct  :  heads  several,  spicate  or  racemose-clustered,  elon- 
gated-obconical  :  the  linear  coriaceous  scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated  in 
many  series,  all  with  short  and  obtuse  glandular  herbaceous  tips,  which  are  usually 
squarrose-spreading  :  rays  none  :  disk-flowers  numerous  :  appendages  of  the  style 
ovate-lanceolate  :  akenes  glabrous  :  pappus  rather  scanty,  rigid.  —  Pyrrocoma  grin- 
delioides,  DC. 

Probably  near  Monterey  ;  collected  only  by  Douglas.  Leaves  an  inch  long.  Heads  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  :  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  very  short ;  inner  successively  longer  ;  inner- 
most equalling  the  disk. 

2.  A.  linearifolius,  DC.  Shrub  one  to  four  feet  high,  much  branched,  nearly 
glabrous,  glutinous  from  a  resinous  exudation ;  the  branches  slender,  terminated  by 
a  solitary  pedunculate  large  and  showy  head  :  leaves  much  crowded,  narrowly 
linear,  mostly  tapering  to  each  end,  fully  an  inch  long,  entire,  more  or  less  punc- 
tate :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  about  in  two  series,  all  nearly  equalling 
the  disk,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  thin,  with  scarious  margins  and  no 
herbaceous  tip  :  rays  12  to  14,  oblong-lanceolate  :  disk-flowers  numerous  :  akenes 
white  silky-villous  ;  pappus  bright  white,  rather  soft  and  deciduous.  —  /Stenotics 
linearifolius,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  238. 

Rocks  and  diy  ridges,  Monte  Diablo  and  the  Contra  Costa  range,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
(Mono  Pass,  &c.),  extending  to  S.  Utah.  — Head  almost  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  the  bright  yellow- 
rays  nearly  an  inch  long.     Appendages  of  the  style  rather  broad. 

3.  A.  acaulis,  Gray.  Depressed  :  suflfruticose  caudex  caespitose,  bearing  rosu- 
late  tufts  of  leaves  :  the  flowering  shoots  simple  and  scape-like,  or  leafy  only  below, 
terminated  by  a  solitary  head  :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  spatulate,  entire, 
mucronate-acute,  rigid,  about  3-nerved,  veiny,  pale,  scabrous  with  a  very  minute 
harsh  pubescence  :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  rather  few  in  2  or  3  series, 
ovate,  acute,  chartaceous  with  more  or  less  scarious  edges  and  a  carinate  midrib  : 
rays  9  to  1 2  :  disk-flowers  rather  numerous  :  akenes  silky-pubescent :  pappus  white, 
rigid  and  rather  scanty.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  353.  Stenotiis  acaulis,  Nutt.  1.  c. 
A-plvpappus  Nevadensis,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  9,  a  large  form. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Summit  {Bolander,  Kellogg,  &c.),  and  in  similar  stations  east  to  the 
Eocky  Mountains.  Flowering  stems  or  scapes  2  to  4  inches  high.  Heads  a  third  of  an  inch 
long  :  rays  half  an  inch.     Lassen's  Peak,  Lemmon. 

4.  A.  apargioides,  Gray.  Herbaceous,  tufted  from  a  thick  and  firm  rootstock, 
glabrous  except  some  scattered  slender  and  usually  deciduous  hairs  :  flowering  stems 
slender,  a  span  high,  bearing  solitary  or  2  to  3  peduncled  heads  :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  linear  in  outline,  laciniately  pinnatifid  or  spinulosely  toothed,  one-nerved  and 
minutely  reticulate-veiny ;  the  radical  ones  3  or  4  inches  long,  those  of  the  flowering 
stems  few  and  smaller  :  scales  of  the  somewhat  hemispherical  involucre  closely 
imbricated  in  about  3  series,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  appressed,  with  herbaceous  tips ; 
the  outer  successively  shorter :  rays  20  to  24,  oblong  :  disk-flowers  numerous : 
akenes  linear-oblong,  glabrous  :  pappus  of  tawny  slender  bristles,  rather  deciduous. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  354. 

Sierra  Nevada,  at  Soda  Springs,  Tuolumne  River,  at  7,000  to  9,000  feet,  Bolander.  Heads 
half  an  inch  long,  exclusive  of  the  ray. 

5.  A.  paniculatus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Herbaceous,  glabrous  :  stems  nearly  simple 
from  a  thickish  rootstock,  rigid  and  mostly  virgate,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  in  height : 
leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  acute ;  the  radical  ones  elongated,  sometimes 
spinulose-serrate  ;  the  cauline  small,  closely  sessile,  entire,  ciliolate  :  heads  rather 
numerous,  single  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils  of  bract-like  leaves,  forming  a  loose 
virgate  spike  or  raceme,  or  sometimes  pedunculate  and  panicled  :   scales  of  the 


312  COMPOSITE.  >      Aplopappus. 

hemispherical  involucre  rigid,  linear-spatulate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  with  mostly 
obtuse  but  mucronate  herbaceous  tips,  appressed,  in  3  or  4  series,  the  outermost 
commonly  short :  rays  8  to  16,  narrow  :  disk-flowers  numerous  :  ovaries  more  or  less 
pubescent :  akenes  rarely  pubescent :  pappus  tawny  or  reddish,  rather  rigid.  — 
Uomopappus  paniculatus,  Nutt.  1.  c,     Fyrrocoma  paniculata,  Torr,   &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Var.  virgatus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender  :  heads  much  smaller  but  broadish,  race- 
mose or  spicule. 

Var.  stenocephalus,  Gray.  Slender :  larger  stems  branching  and  bearing 
paniculate  heads  :  involucre  narrow-oblong  or  cylindraceous,  4  or  5  lines  in  length, 
rather  few-flowered  :  rays  7  to  10  :  immature  akenes  silky -pubescent :  pappus 
whitish. 

Eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Carson,  Anderson ;  a  virgate  foi-m,  to  which  also  belongs 
Hall's  No.  256  of  Oregon  coll.  (referred  to  A.  lanceolatus),  only  that  has  very  silky-pubescent 
akenes.  Bridgeport,  Mono  Co.,  Bolandcr ;  the  var.  virgatus.  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon  ;  the  var. 
stenocephalus.  —  A.  tenuicaulis,  Eaton,  Bot.  King.,  is  another  form,  similar  to  the  last  variety, 
but  soft-hairy  when  young,  with  broader  involucre  of  less  rigid  scales  :  it  has  the  same  silky- 
pubescent  ovaries. 

6.  A.  Whitney i,  Gray,  1.  c.  Herbaceous,  slightly  ronghish-pubescent  and  glu- 
tinous :  stems  numerous  and  one  or  two  feet  high  from  a  thickish  rootstock,  equably 
leafy  to  the  summit  :  cauline  leaves  oblong  (an  inch  long),  thin-coriaceous,  sharply 
dentate  with  rigid  teeth,  partly  clasping,  minutely  reticulate-veiny  :  heads  panicu- 
late-clustered and  mostly  leafy-bracteate  :  involucre  oblong-campanulate  20  -  25- 
flowered ;  its  scales  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  almost  glabrous,  between 
chartaceous  and  coriaceous,  mostly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips,  imbricated  in  3  or  4 
series,  appressed,  the  outer  successively  shorter  :  rays  6  to  8,  small,  little  surpassing 
the  disk  :  akenes  glabrous,  oblong-linear,  striate  :  pappus  copious,  tawny  or  reddish, 
fine  but  rigid. 

Open  woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Mono  trail  and  Sonora  Pass,  alt.  9,000  feet,  Bolandcr. 
Heads  half  an  inch  long.  Disk-corollas  naiTow  and  merely  S-toothed  as  in  Pyrrocoma  ;  but  invo- 
lucral  scales  narrow  and  thin.  Style-appendages  subulate-filiform.  A  good  link  between  the 
sections  Pyrrocoma  and  Ericameria. 

7.  A.  cuneatus,  Gray.  Shrub  low  and  intricately  branched,  glabrous,  at  length 
glutinous  with  resinous  exudation  :  branchlets  very  leafy  :  leaves  small  (merely 
half  an  inch  long),  thick,  cuneate  or  obovate-spatulate  with  a  narrowed  base,  and  a 
broad  truncate  retuse  or  emarginate  apex,  conspicuously  resinous-punctate,  one- 
nerved,  veinless,  entire  :  heads  corymbose  at  the  summit  of  the  branches,  about 
24-floAvered  :  involucre  turbinate,  shorter  than  the  disk  ;  its  scales  regularly  imbri- 
cated in  several  series,  lanceolate,  coriaceo-chartaceous,  with  somewhat  scarious  mar- 
gins and  tip,  carinate  one-nerved  ;  the  outer  successively  shorter  :  rays  about  3,  not 
exceeding  the  disk  :  style-appendages  lanceolate-subulate,  about  the  length  of  the 
stigmatic  portion  :  akenes  linear-oblong,  compressed,  sparsely  hirsute  :  pappus  rather 
soft,  scarcely  tawny.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  635. 

Bear  Valley,  Placer  Co.  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  alt.  4,500  feet,  Sept.,  Kellogg  and  Bolandcr. 
Plant  exhaling  a  creosotic  balsamic  odor,  apj)arently  a  low  and  matted  bush  or  underslirub. 
Head  of  the  Ericameria  section,  somewhat  larger  and  thicker  than  those  of  A.  ericoides,  the  invo- 
lucral  scales  more  numerous  and  not  ciliate  ;  the  outer  ones  decreasing  into  very  short  and  loose 
squarrose  bracts  on  the  peduncle,  none  of  them  with  foliaceous  tips.  In  one  (abnormal)  head  all 
the  flowers  were  furnished  with  five  or  fewer  linear  or  spatulate  external  accessory  divisions,  borne 
on  the  middle  of  the  tube. 

8.  A.  pinifolius,  Gray.  Shrub  2  to  4  feet  high,  erect,  with  fastigiate  branches 
excessively  leafy,  slightly  pubescent  when  young,  glabrate,  hardly  glutinous  :  leaves 
crowded,  filiform-linear  or  acerose,  cuspidate-acute,  an  inch  long,  somewhat  punctate, 
the  fascicled  ones  when  present  very  much  sliorter :  heads  solitary  and  sessile  at  the 
summit  of  the  branchlets,  mostly  exceeded  by  the  closely  involucrate  uppermost  leaves, 
25  -  30-flowered  :  involucre  campanulate ;  its  scales  appressed,  oblong  or  broadly 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  with  somewhat  scarious  minutely  villous-ciliate 


Aplopappus.  COMPOSITE.  313 

margins  :  rays  20  or  more,  sfiort  and  narrow  :  style-appendages  subulate-filiform  : 
akenes  linear,  nearly  glabrous  :  pappus  white.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  636. 

Near  Los  Angeles,  in  a  dry  river-bed,  Bolander,  1873.  Head  4  lines  high.  Rays  2  or  3  lines 
long.  In  some  of  the  few  specimens  seen  there  are  chatfy  scales  among  the  flowers  and  a  transfor- 
mation of  some  of  the  disk-corollas  to  mys,  which  is  doubtless  abnormal.  The  species  is  peculiar 
and  anomalous,  but  belongs  to  the  same  group  as  the  next. 

9.  A.  ericoides,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Shrub  a  foot  or  two  high,  much  branched, 
erect  or  decumbent,  glabrous  or  cinereous-pubescent,  more  or  less  glutinous,  exces- 
sively leafy  :  leaves  crowded  and  fascicled,  nearly  terete,  the  cauline  filiform  and 
half  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  the  fascicled  ones  only  half  as  long  and  blunt :  heads 
corymbose  and  panicled,  7  -  10-flowered :  involucre  turbinate,  shorter  than  the 
disk ;  its  scales  chartaceous,  imbricated  in  few  series,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with 
finely  ciliate  margins,  the  outermost  passing  into  short  and  loose  subulate  bracts-: 
rays  3  or  4,  short  :  style-appendages  filiform-subulate  :  akenes  glabrous  :  pappus 
soft,  tawny.  —  Ericameria  microphylla,  Xutt.,  &c. 

Dry  hills,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Francisco  near  the  coast  :  common.  A  remarkable  Heath-like 
shrub.     Heads  narrow,  hardly  half  an  inch  long. 

10.  A.  resinosus,  Gray.  Shrubby,  a  span  or  so  in  height,  very  much  branched, 
glabrous,  becoming  very  glutinous,  leafy  :  leaves  filiform-linear,  about  an  inch  long, 
acute,  tapering  to  the  base,  mostly  with  some  very  short  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils  : 
heads  loosely  corymbose,  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  but  with 
rather  more  numerous  flowers  both  of  ray  and  disk,  and  the  scales  of  the  involucre 
not  ciliate  :  akenes  pubescent.  —  Ericameria  resinosa,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Not  yet  found  in  California,  but  may  be  expected  on  the  frontiers  of  Oregon.  Apparently  col- 
lected as  yet  only  by  Nuttall,  in  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon,  along  with  A.  nanus. 

11.  A.  Bloomeri,  Gray.  Shrub  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  numerous  slender 
virgate  brandies,  glabrous,  little  if  at  all  glutinous,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  narrowly 
linear  with  tapering  base,  or  spatulate-linear,  mucronate,  scarcely  punctate,  an  inch 
or  two  long  :  heads  narrowly  panicled  or  corymbed,  leafy- bracted,  10-25-flowered  : 
scales  of  the  oblong  cylindraceous  involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  chartaceo- 
coriaceous  with  a  greenish  midrib  and  scarious  margins;. the  inner  linear-oblong, 
thinner,  and  villose-ciliate,  obtuse,  a  little  shorter  than  the  disk  ;  the  outer  shorter 
and  abruptly  tipped  with  a  subulate  foliaceous  appendage  :  rays  2  to  4  or  solitary, 
oblong,  conspicuously  exserted  :  style-appendages  subulate-filiform  and  much  ex- 
serted  :  akenes  linear,  finely  pubescent,  glabrate  :  pappus  whitish  or  ferruginous.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  541,  vii.  354  (var.  angustatus),  viii.  636.  A.  resinosus,  Gray 
in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  t.  10,  not  of  Nutt. 

Dry  ridges  and  sterile  plains  ;  head  waters  of  the  Sacramento  {Dr.  Pickcrincf)  ;  Mount  Shasta 
at  6,000  feet  {Brewer)  ;  Sierra  Nevada  east  of  the  Yosemite,  at  9,700  feet  ;  Sierra  Valley  {Lem- 
mon) ;  to  Kern  Co.  {Rothrock)  ;  and  in  W.  Nevada,  Bloomer,  Anderson,  Bolander.  Heads 
from  two  thirds  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  bright  yellow  lignle  conspicuous 
(half  an  inch  long),  and  at  least  some  of  the  outer  involuci-al  scales  leafy-tipped  in  the  manner  of 
Biijelovia  Parnji  and  Howardii.  The  figure  in  the  Botany  of  the  Wilkes  Expedition  does  not 
represent  these,  although  clearly  made  from  a  slender  specimen  of  this  species.  The  leaves  vary 
from  almost  filiform  to  a  line  and  a  half  in  width. 

12.  A.  SUfEiruticosus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Woody  at  base,  sending  up  tufted  almost 
herbaceous  branches  a  span  or  more  in  height,  minutely  glandular-pubescent  and 
somewhat  viscid  throughout,  leafy  to  the  top,  the  corymbose  or  fastigiate  branches 
mostly  terminated  with  single  heads  :  leaves  linear  with  narrowed  base,  or  spatulate, 
mucronate-acuminate,  not  rigid  :  involucre  hemispherical  or  carapanulate  ;  its  scales 
in  few  series  and  almost  equal  in  length,  lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  slightly  glandular, 
some  of  the  outermost  foliaceous-tipped  or  passing  into  foliaceous  bracts  :  rays  3  to 
9,  exserted  (or  rarely  none)  :  disk-flowers  20  to  30  :  style-appendages  filiform  : 
akenes  oblong-linear,  compressed,  pubescent :  pappus  rather  soft,  M'hitish,  at  length 
ferruginous.  —  Macronema  suffruticosa,  Nutt.  1.  c.      , 

I 


314  COMPOSITE.  -^  Aplopappus. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Mono  Pass,  Pyramid  Peak,  Summit,  &c.,  and  through  Nevada.  Head 
nearly  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long. 

1 3.  A.  Macronema,  Gray,  1.  c.  Woody  at  base,  sending  up  somewhat  simple 
white-w^oolly  branches,  a  span  liigh  :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  oblanceolate,  viscidly 
glandular-puberulent,  not  rigid  :  heads  terminal  and  solitary  or  somewhat  clustered, 
about  25-fiowered  :  involucre  broadly  campauulate,  shorter  than  the  disk ;  its  inner 
scales  thin,  lanceolate  or  linear ;  the  outer  of  equal  length,  more  or  less  foliaceous 
or  passing  into  leaves  :  rays  none  :  style-appendages  filiform  and  much  exserted  : 
akenes  linear,  5-nerved,  somewliat  pubescent :  pappus,  &C.,  as  in  the  preceding.  — 
Alacronema  discoidea,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

On  rocks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada ;  Mono  Pass,  at  10,000  feet  (Bolander)  ;  Mount  Stanford,  at 
8,000  feet  (Lcmmon) ;  thence  east  to  Colorado  or  Wyoming. 

A.  AiiENARius,  Benth.,  known  only  from  Cape  San  Lucas,  at  the  southern  end  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, is  quite  out  of  our  district. 

A.  .si'iNULOSUs,  DC,  with  pinnately  cleft  leaves,  the  commonest  species  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  occurs  in  Coulter's  Californian  collection  ;  but  a  part  of  it  was  made  between  Califor- 
nia and  Mexico,  and  this  species  was  in  all  probability  picked  up  in  Arizona. 

A.  NANUS,  Eaton,  from  Nevada,  a  broader-leaved  iorm  of  Ericameria  nana,  Nutt.  (which,  as 
the  latter  states,  is  near  his  E.  resinosa),  in  its  broader  forms  approaches  A.  suffruticosus,  and 
may  occur  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State. 

17.  BIGELOVIA,  DC. 

Heads  corymbose  or  cymose-clustered,  rarely  paniculate,  5  -  30-flowered,  homo- 
gamous,  the  flowers  being  all  perfect  and  with  tubular  corollas.  Involucre  imbri- 
cated ;  the  scales  dry,  chartaceous  or  coriaceous,  chiefly  destitute  of  foliaceous  or 
herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  foveolate  or  alveolate-dentate,  rarely  with  a  chafl- 
like  projection  in  the  centre.  Appendages  of  the  style-branches  varying  from  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  subulate  or  filiform.  Akenes  narrow,  terete  or  angular,  slightly  if  at 
all  compressed.  Pappus  simple,  of  copious  unequal  capillary  bristles  as  in  Aplo- 
pappus, or  softer  and  more  equal,  tawny  at  maturity.  —  Herbs  or  undershrubs,  with 
narrow  alternate  leaves,  and  mostly  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers  (usually  autum- 
nal) ;  all  American  and  chiefly  of  the  United  States.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii. 
638.  Linosyris,  Torr.  &  Gray,  &c.  Chrysothamnus,  (Nutt.)  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen. 
ii.  255,  changed  in  appendix  to  Bigelovia. 

It  appears  that  the  genuine  species  of  Linosyris,  of  the  Old  World,  occasionally  develop  white 
or  purple  rays,  thereby  showing  that  they  belong  to  Galatella,  a  subgenus  of  Aster.  These 
American  plants  are,  on  the  other  hand,  closely  related  to  Aplopappus,  from  which  some  of  them 
(even  of  the  Chrysothamnus  section,  which  is  on  the  whole  so  well-marked)  are  only  arbitrarily 
separated.  Bigelovia  and  Chrysothamnus  are  strictly  of  the  same  genus,  so  that  the  former  name 
must  be  adopted.  The  species  are  more  numerous  in  the  interior  region  than  in  California.  Ours 
may  be  most  readily  made  out  by  means  of  the  following  analytical  key,  which  is  mainly  founded, 
however,  upon  the  proper  characters  of  the  natural  sections  here  represented. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  not  in  conspicuous  vertical  ranks. 

Style-appendages  ovate  or  triangular-subulate,  shorter  than  the  stigma- 
bearing  portion. 
Leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  toothed  or  lobed  :   heads  half  an 

inch  long,  12- 20-flowered.  1.  B.  Menziesii. 

Leaves  filiform  or  nearly  so,  entire.* 

Heads  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  densely  corymbed,  20  -  25-flowered  : 

scales  of  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.  2.   B.  ARBORESCENS. 

Heads  fewer  :  scales  of  involucre  oblong.  3.   B.  Cooperi. 

Style-appendages  very  long  and  slender :  branches  mostly  white-woolly. 

Heads  20  -  30-flowered,  broad,  leafy-braeted  (see  above).  Aplopappus  Macronema. 

*  B.  diffusa,  Gray  (Ericameria  diffusa,  Bentli.  Bot.  Sulph.,  and  SoHdago  diffusa,  Gray,  also  Lino- 
syris Sonoriensis,  Gray)  belongs  here.  As  it  has  iieen  found  only  at  the  southern  extreTiiity  of  Lower 
California  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Gulf,  it  is  not  likely  to  come  within  our  limits. 


Bigdovia.  COMPOSIT.E.  315 

Heads  7-ll-flowere(i,  narrow : *scales  all  tHn,  gradually  acuminate.        4.   B.  Bolanderi. 
Heads  5-flowered,  narrow  :  scales  abruptly  slender-acuminate.  5.   B.  Howardii. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  carinate  and  obviously  imbricated  in  5  or  sometimes 
4  vertical  ranks  :  style-appendages  slender-subulate  or  filiform  (less 
so  in  No.  10)  :  heads  small,  5-flowered. 
Involucre  with  abruptly  much-acuminate  scales,  6.   B.  CERUMINOSA. 

Involucre  with  obtuse  or  hardly  acute  scales. 

Having  distinct  abrupt  green  tips.  7.   B.  teretifolia. 

Destitute  of  green  tips. 

Leaves  punctate,  very  narrow.  8.  B.  paniculata. 

Leaves  not  punctate. 

Branchlets  and  leaves  more  or  less  white-woolly,  at  least  when 

young  :  heads  i  inch  long.  9.   B.  graveolens. 

Branchlets  and  leaves  glabrous  or  roughish-puberulent :  heads  less 

than  \  inch  long  :  style-ai)pendages  shorter.  10.  B.  Douglasii. 

1.  B.  Menziesii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby  at  base,  a  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  gla- 
brous, often  a  little  glutinous  :  leaves  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  rigid,  spiuulose-serrate 
or  pinnatilid-toothed  :  heads  in  small  clusters  terminating  leafy  branches,  nearly 
half  an  inch  long,  12- 20-flowered  :  scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre  numerous 
and  regularly  imbricated,  coriaceous,  with  obtuse  or  rounded  abrupt  green  tips  : 
style-appendages  short  and  broad  :  akenes  short-linear,  silky-hirsute  :  pappus  rather 
rigid.  —  Ptirrocoma  Menziedi,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Aplopappus  (Aplodiscus)  Menziesii, 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  242. 

Southern  part  of  the  State,  extending  into  Arizona  and  LTtah,  and  along  the  coast  from  San 
Diego  to  Santa  Barbara,  and  perhaps  farther  north.  Variable  in  foliage,  &c.  To  this  may  pos- 
sibly belong  Limsijris  dcntalm,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  16,  from  Cerros  Island,  Lower 
California. 

2.  B.  arborescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  with  numerous  tufted  erect  branches 
on  a  short  tree-like  stem,  3  to  9  feet  high  :  leaves  very  numerous,  2  to  4  inches 
long,  very  narrowly  linear  or  soon  by  revolution  of  the  margins  becoming  filiform, 
resinous-punctate,  glutinous :  heads  numerous  in  crowded  corymbs  terminating 
paniculate  branchlets,  20  -  25-flowered,  barely  3  lines  long :  scales  of  the  turbinate 
involucre  numerous  and  regularly  imbricated,  lanceolate,  acute,  destitute  of  green 
tips  :  style-appendages  lanceolate-subulate,  little  shorter  than  the  stigma-bearing 
portion  :  akenes  turbinate,  minutely  silky-pubescent.  —  Linosyris  arborescens,  Gray, 
in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 

Dry  hills  through  the  Coast  Range,  Santa  Cruz  to  Tamalpais.  Except  in  the  woody  trunk, 
this  resembles  a  Solidago  of  the  Euthamia  section  ;  and,  indeed,  a  specimen  collected  by  Prof. 
Brewer  shows  a  decided  tendency  to  fonn  rays  ;  so  that  it  may  have  to  be  transferred  to  that 
genus.  But  the  shrubby  character  and  the  unequal  bristles  of  the  pappus  are  more  congruous 
with  the  present  genus. 

3.  B.  Cooperi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  apparently  low  :  leaves  (only  those  of  the 
branches  known)  linear-filiform,  thickish,  obtuse,  resinous-punctate,  glutinous,  about 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  :  heads  few  in  the  terminal  clusters,  6  —  7-flowered,  3  lines 
long  :  involucre  narrow  ;  its  scales  rather  few,  regularly  imbricated,  oval  or  oblong, 
chartaceous,  destitute  of  green  tips  :  style-appendages  short,  triangidar-ovate  :  akenes 
turbinate,  silky-villous,  10-ribbed. 

Eastern  slope  of  Providence  Mountain,  in  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  Br.  J.  G, 
Cooper.  Resembles  B.  ericoid/is,  which  has  the  4-ranked  involucre  and  filiform  style-appendages 
of  another  section  :  also  resembles  B.  diffusa.  Gray,  of  N.  W.  Mexico  (mentioned  in  foot-note  on 
the  preceding  page),  which  has  more  slender  leaves  with  acute  and  recurved  tip,  blunter  and 
greenish  tips  to  the  involucre,  and  deeply-cleft  corolla. 

4.  B.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  two  high,  slightly  viscid-glandu- 
lar, except  the  branches,  which  are  coated  with  a  close  matted  white  wool :  leaves 
spatulate-linear  or  oblanceolate,  about  an  inch  long,  not  rigid,  rather  indistinctly 
3-nerved  :  heads  several  in  a  corymb-like  or  somewhat  racemose  cluster,  7-11- 
flowered,  nearly  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long  :  involucre  narrow ;  its  scales  about 


316  COMPOSITE.  .^      Bigelovia. 

10,  all  thin,  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  and  wholly  destitute  of  green  tips, 
except  perhaps  an  outermost  one  passing  into  a  bract  :  style-appendages  much 
exserted,  long  and  suhulate-liliform  :  akenes  linear,  slender,   silky-villous. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  Mono  Pass,  at  9  to  10,000  feet,  Bolander.  Much  like  ^plopappus  Macronama 
(which  was  found  near  by,  and  might  almost  as  well  be  of  this  genus)  ;  but  the  heads  narrower, 
few-flowered,  the  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  successively  shorter  and  not  foliaceous. 

5.  B.  Ho'^ardii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Low,  more  or  less  shrubby,  coated  with  some 
close  white  wool  when  young,  almost  naked  when  old  :  leaves  rigid,  1-nerved,  linear, 
1  or  2  inches  long,  the  upper  forming  bracts  to  the  somewhat  spicate  heads  or  clus- 
ters :  involucre  narrow,  only  5-flowered ;  its  scales  12  to  15,  regularly  imbricated, 
broadly  lanceolate,  more  or  less  cobwebby-woolly,  particularly  at  the  margins, 
abruptly  and  conspicuously  acuminate,  the  outermost  with  a  more  or  less  foliaceous 
appendage,  the  inner  with  a  slender  cusp  :  style-appendages  much  exserted,  long 
and  subulate-til iform  :  akenes  linear,  silky-villous.  —  Linosyris  Hovjardii,  Parry. 

Var.  Nevadensis,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  rigid,  especially  the  leaves,  which  incline 
to  be  oblanceolate  and  indistinctly  3-nerved  :  involucre  more  cobwebby  and  some- 
times glutinous,  as  well  as  more  coriaceous,  and  with  longer-tapering  somewhat 
recurving  tips. 

Sierra  Nevada,  at  Mono  Pass,  alt.  10,000  feet  :  a  stunted  form,  Bolander.  The  var.  Nevadeiisis 
at  Ebbett's  Pass,  alt.  9,000  feet  {Brewer),  and  in  N.  W.  Nevada,  Bloomer,  Anderson,  Watson, 
&c.  The  typical  form  chiefly  in  Colorado  and  N.  E.  New  Mexico.  Heads  8  or  9  lines  long. 
This  var.  Nevadetisis,  which  is  at  least  a  very  marked  variety,  inclines  to  have  its  involucral 
scales  in  5  rather  obvious  vertical  ranks,  and  so  connects  the  preceding  with  the  succeeding 
species. 

6.  B.  ceruminosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  fastigiately  much  branched,  2  or  3 
feet  high,  minutely  woolly-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glabrate  and  usually 
balsamic-resinous  with  age  :  leaves  filiform  or  narrowly  linear  with  involute  margins 
(an  inch  or  less  long) ;  those  of  the  flowering  branches  scattered,  their  tips  often 
recurved  or  uncinate  :  heads  in  small  and  naked  terminal  clusters,  barely  3  lines 
long,  5-flowered  :  involucre  very  narrow,  resinous ;  the  lanceolate  carinate  scales 
imbricated  in  5  strict  vertical  ranks,  yellowish,  the  keel  extended  into  a  long  and 
slender  recurved  tail-like  acumination  :  limb  of  the  corolla  rather  deeply  5-lobed,  its 
lobes  linear-lanceolate  :  ovary  silky-pubescent  :  pappus  rather  scanty  :  style-append- 
ages very  slender.  —  Linosyris  ceruminosa,  Durand  &  Hilgard,  PI.  Heerm.  and  in 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  9,  t.  6. 

Tejon  Pass,  Dr.  Heermann  ;  who  only  has  as  yet  collected  it. 

B.  DEPKESSA,  Gray,  1.  c,  Nuttall's  Clirysothamnus  dci^ressus,  one  of  the  three  species  with  gla- 
brous akenes  as  well  as  with  involucral  scales  5-ranked  and  taj)er-pointed,  is  said  by  Nuttall  in 
PI.  Gambel.  to  have  been  collected  "in  the  Sierra  of  Upper  California."  This  must  be  wrong  ; 
for  Dr.  Gambel's  own  specimens  are  ticketed  "Rocky  Mountains,"  and  were  in  all  probability 
collected  in  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico,  where  alone  others  have  met'with  this  species. 

7.  B.  teretifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  corymbosely  very  much  branched,  a 
foot  or  less  in  height,  copiously  balsamic-resuious,  glabrous  :  leaves  filiform,  obtuse 
or  somewhat  thickened  upwards,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  thickly  resinous- 
punctate,  minutely  pruinose-hoary,  but  soon  coated  with  transparent  resinous  exuda- 
tion :  heads  almost  half  an  inch  long,  numerous  in  somewhat  spicate  or  racemose 
clusters,  5-flowered  :  involucre  very  narrow ;  its  scales  imbricated  in  4  or  5  vertical 
ranks,  carinate,  all  with  small  and  abrupt  thickish  obtuse  green  tips,  the  inner 
linear-oblong,  the  outer  successively  shorter  and  passing  into  very  short  scale-like 
bracts  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  very  short :  akenes  linear,  silky-pubescent :  style  append- 
ages long  and  filiform.  —  Linosyris  teretifolia,  Durand  &  Hilgard,  1.  c.  t.  7. 

Common  on  the  bare  mountains  around  Tejon  Valley,  Dr.  Heermann.  "A  small  shrub, 
strongly  varnished  and  smelling  of  fir-balsam,  covering  extensive  tracts  of  land."  Also  collected, 
but  past  flowering,  at  Union  Pass,  Arizona,  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer.  The  small  green  tip  of  the  invo- 
luciul  scales  commonly  beai"s  a  gland. 


Bigelovia.  COMPOSIT.E.  317 

8.  B.  paniculata,  Gray,  1.  jc.  Shrubby  {T),  minutely  pruinose-cinereous  or  gla- 
brous :  leaves  (of  tlie  branches)  linear-liliform,  3  to  5  lines  long,  and  the  uppermost 
very  short  and  subulate,  resinous-punctate,  as  also  the  slender  branchlets  :  heads 
barely  half  an  inch  long  at  maturity,  loosely  panicled,  5-flowered  :  scales  of  the  short 
involucre  only  10  to  12,  oblong,  obtuse,  thin-chartaceous  and  pale  throughout,  little 
carinate,  the  innermost  hardly  exceeding  the  full  groAvn  linear  villous  akenes  :  limb 
of  the  corolla  rather  deeply  5-lobed  :  style-appendages  long  and  filiform.  —  Lino- 
sp-is  viscidiflora,  var.  paniculata,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  80. 

CaUfornia,  Schott :  the  station  unknown,  but  doubtless  in  the  southern  part,  and  probably  in 
the  interior.     Imperfectly  known,  but  seemingly  a  quite  distinct  species. 

9.  B.  graveolens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  1  to  4  feet  high,  when  young  whitened 
more  or  less  with  a  close  white  wool,  at  least  on  the  branches,  sometimes  becoming 
green  and  glabrous  with  age  :  flowering  branches  virgate,  leafy  :  leaves  linear  (one  or 
two  inches  long,  one  or  two  lines  wide),  the  broader  ones  3-nerved,  the  narrower 
1-nerved  and  at  length  often  involute  :  heads  half  an  inch  long,  mostly  very  numer- 
ous, in  corymbose  clusters,  5-flovvered  :  involucre  narrow  ;  its  scales  imbricated  in 

5  vertical  ranks,  narrow-oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  hardly  acute,  moderately 
carinate,  thinnish,  destitute  of  greenish  tips,  imbricated  in  5  vertical  ranks  :  lobes 
of  the  corolla  short :  akenes  linear,  silky-pubescent  :  style-appendages  subulate- 
filiform,  considerably  longer  than  the  stigmatic  portion.  —  B.  draeunculoides  & 
Missouriensis,  DC.  Prodr.  v.  329.  Chrysocoma  graveolens  &  nauseosa,  Nutt.  Gen. 
Chrijsothainnus  draeunculoides  &  C.  speciosus,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n. 
ser.    vii.    324.     Linosyris  graveolens  &  L.   alhicaulis,   Torr.   &  Gray,   Fl.   ii.    234. 

—  Has  a  wide  range,  and  runs  into  several  varieties,  of  which  the  following  occur 
in  California  :  — ■ 

Var.  glabrata,  Gray,  1.  c,  with  little  woolliness,  and  that  deciduous,  at  least 
from  the  leaves  and  involucre,  or  the  latter  glabrous  from  the  first. 

Var.  hololeuca,  Gray,  1.  c.  Clothed  with  a  dense  close  coat  of  white  wool : 
scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-linear  and  very  obtuse,  only  the  innermost  glabrous  : 
corolla  with  very  short  lobes,  its  tube  beset  with  a  few  long  and  delicate  cobweb- 
like hairs. 

Var.  albicaulis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Like  the  preceding  variety  in  the  white-woolliness, 
or  the  leaves  (becoming  naked  in  age)  and  the  narrower  and  less  obtuse  scales  of 
the  involucre  sliglitly  or  not  at  all  woolly  :  corolla  with  rather  long  lobes  (the 
length  double  the  width),  its  tube  beset  with  abundant  long  and  cobwebby  hairs. 

—  Chrysothamnus  speciosus,  var.  albicaulis,  Nutt.  1.  c.     Linosyris  albicaulis,  Torr. 

6  Gray,  FI.  1.  c. 

In  alkaline  soil,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mono  Lake  to  Sierra  Valley  ; 
thence  abundant  through  the  interior  to  the  borders  of  British  Columbia  and  the  plains  east  of 
the  Kocky  Mountains.  The  var.  hololeuca,  Owens  Valley,  Dr.  Horn.  Var.  alhimulis,  above 
Conner  Lake,  at  10,000  feet,  E.  L.  Greene,  a  rare  form,  apparently  confined  to  a  narrow  district 
in  the  interior,  extending  to  the  eastern  part  of  Oregon  and  adjacent  parts  of  Idaho. 

10.  B.  Douglasii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Shrubby,  from  6  inches  to  6  feet  high,  never 
woolly,  glabrous,  or  rough  ish  with  a  minute  harsh  pubescence,  fastigiately  branched  : 
leaves  varying  from  very  narrowly  to  broadly  linear  or  lanceolate,  rather  rigid  (an 
inch  or  two  long),  the  broader  ones  3-nerved  :  heads  a  quarter  to  a  third  of  an  inch 
long,  mostly  numerous  in  a  close  corymb  or  cyme,  5-flowered  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre oblong  or  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  rather  firm,  destitute  of  greenish  tips,  rather 
few  in  4  or  5  vertical  ranks  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  rather  long,  spreading  :  akenes 
rather  short,  silky-villous  :  style-appendages  narrowly  subulate,  usually  only  half  the 
length  of  the  stigmatic  portion.  —  Linosyris  viscidiflora,  Torr.  &  Gray,  with  the  syn. 
Crinitaria  viscidiflora.  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  24,  but  the  flowers  not  viscid,  even  the  invo- 
lucre rarely  so.  —  Besides  the  smooth  and  glabrous  ordinary  form,  there  are  in  Cali- 
fornia or  on  its  borders,  — 


318  COMPOSITJE.  .ff       SoUdago. 

Var.  serrulata,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  the  leaves  minutely  ciliate  or  as  if  sernilate  with 
short  and  sliarp  rigid  bristles.  — L.  serrulata,  Torr. 

Var.  tortifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  nearly  the  same,  but  with  the  rather  broad  leaves 
rem.arkably  twisted. 

Var,  puberula,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  chiefly  a  dwarf  form,  either  minutely  or  more  con- 
spicuously and  roughly  puberulent. 

Eastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  thence  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  northward 
to  Washington  Territory  ;  abundant  through  the  dry  interior  districts.  Var.  tortifolia,  near 
Aurora  {Brewer),  on  Mount  Davidson,  Nevada  {Bloomer),  and  SieiTa  Valley  {Lemmon). 

18.   SOLIDAGO,  Linn.     Goldenrod. 

Heads  small,  mostly  in  panicles  or  panicled  racemose  clusters,  rarely  in  corymbs, 

heterogamous ;  the  rays  fertile.     Involucre  narrow,  imbricated  and  the  outer  scales 

successively  shorter,   appressed,  usually  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips.     Eeceptacle 

small,  alveolate  or  fimbrillate.     Style-appendages  lanceolate  or  triangular  subulate. 

Akenes  terete  or  angular,  5-1 2-ribbed.     Pappus  simple,  of  a  single  series  of  mostly 

equal  and  slender  scabrous  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  virgate  stems, 

alternate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers,  the  pappus  mostly  dull  white. 

A  large  genus  with  headquarters  in  the  Atlantic  United  States,  only  a  few  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  the  continent ;  flowering  in  autumn. 

§  1.  Stem  branching  freely  ;  the  branches  erect,  leafy,  and  terminated  by  dense  some- 
times paniculate  corymbs  of  clustered  small  heads  :■  leaves  linear :  scales  of  the 
involucre   narrow :   rays  inconspicuous  but  numerous :   akenes  pubescent.  — 

EUTHAMIA,    IS^utt. 

1.  S.  OCCidentalis,  Nutt.  Glabrous  throughout,  3  or  4  feet  high,  paniculately 
branched,  slender :  leaves  linear,  entire,  obscurely  3-nerved,  2  to  4  inches  long, 
1  to  3  lines  wide  :  heads  in  numerous  small  clusters  {\  inch  long) :  scales  of  the 
involucre  rather  acute  :  rays  16  to  20,  not  exceeding  the  8  to  14  disk-flowers. 

Common  in  wet  places,  especially  near  the  coast,  extending  to  British  America. 

§  2.  Stem  mostly  simple :  heads  not  in  corymbs  :  rays  usually  more  conspicuous  and 
fewer  than  the  disk-flowers :  akenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Virgaurea,  DC. 

*  Heads  rather  few  and  large  (a  third  of  an  inch  long),  in  a  narrow  or  raceme-like 
panicle,  or  in  simple  clusters  :  disk-flowers  20  to  30. 

2.  S.  spiciforxnis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  glutinous :  stem 
rather  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  thickish,  spatulate,  serrate,  tapering  (espe- 
cially the  lowest  ones)  into  a  long  and  narrow  entire  base  or  winged  petiole ;  the 
upper  ones  small  and  gradually  passing  into  bracts  of  the  narrow  and  spike-hke 
panicle,  becoming  shorter  than  tlie  heads  and  entire  :  involucre  campanulate ;  its 
scales  oblong  and  obtuse,  the  outer  with  somewhat  greenish  tips  :  rays  about  7,  very 
small  and  inconspicuous  :  akenes  silky-pubescent.  —  Fl.  ii.  202.  S.  petiolaris. 
Less.  (?),  Hook.  &  Arn.  in  part. 

About  Monterey.  Leaves  so  glutinous  that  they  adhere  firmly  to  the  paper  in  drying.  Spike- 
like interrupted  panicle  strictly  erect,  5  to  9  inches  long. 

3.  S.  Virga-aurea,  Linn.,  Vax.  multiradiata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or 
somewhat  pubescent,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  few,  lanceolate,  acute,  slightly 
serrate  or  entire,  the  lower  with  long  narrowed  base  :  heads  few  in  a  rather  loose 
cluster  or  panicle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  rather  loose,  lanceolate,  acute,  thin  :  rays 
about  1 2,  narrow,  conspicuous  :  akenes  minutely  pubescent.  —  *S'.  corymbosa,  Nutt. 

Higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  apparently  rare  in  California,  more  common  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  as  are  some  other  forms  of  this  polymorphous  or  perhaps  compound  species. 


Sericocarpus.  COMPOSITE.  319 

*  *  Heads  smaller  and  numetous,  crowded  in  a  pyramidal  or  elongated  panicle. 

4.  S.  Californica,  Xutt.  Hoary  or  grayish  with  a  fine  and  close  pubescence  : 
stem  strict,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate-oblong  and  entire,  or  the 
lower  spatulate  or  obovate  and  with  a  few  scattered  sharp  teeth  :  heads  in  short 
erect  or  barely  spreading  racemes,  which  are  collected  in  a  narrow  close  virgate  or 
pyramidal  panicle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-oblong,  acutish  or  obtuse,  at 
least  the  outer  ones  puberulent  :  rays  7  to  12  and  about  as  many  as  the  disk-ttowers, 
small :  akenes  minutely  pubescent.  —  Varies  with  longer,  more  spreading,  and  then 
commonly  one-sided  racemes.  —  S.  petiolaris,  Hook.  &  Arn.  in  part.  S.  puberula, 
Cham.  &  Schlecht. 

Var.  Nevadensis.  Hoary  with  minuter  pubescence,  smaller,  with  looser  and 
fewer  decidedly  one-sided  racemes,  the  involucre  mostly  glabrous  :  approaching 
.S".  nemoralis,  but  wants  the  canesceut-silky  akenes,  &c. 

Dry  ground,  Santa  Barbara  to  Sonoma  Co.  A  Californian  representative  of  S.  nemoralis  ;  but 
mostly  more  tall  and  strict.  Like  that,  it  has  its  gi'eener  and  rougher  (*S'.  radula)  state.  The 
heads  of  the  latter  sometimes  4  lines  long  and  full  ;  ordinarily  3  lines  long.  Rays  occasionally 
abortive.  Receptacle  sometimes  with  alveoli  extended  into  one  or  two  awn-shaped  scales,  or  else 
bearing  chaff  resembling  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre.  Leaves  one,  two,  or  the  lowest  three 
inches  long.  —  The  ambiguous  var.  Nevadensis,  collected  by  Anderson  near  Carson  City,  and  by 
Dr.  Horn  in  Owens  Valley,  &c. 

5.  S.  elongata,  ^utt.  Slightly  and  minutely  pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous  : 
stem  strict,  very  leafy  to  the  top,  1  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  green,  rather  thin,  lanceo- 
late or  sometimes  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  serrate  with  some  narrow  and 
sharp  teeth  (occasionally  all  the  upper  ones  entire),  triple-ribbed  from  below  the 
middle,  veiny  :  heads  very  many,  in  compact  erect  or  at  length  recurving  racemes, 
which  are  crowded  in  a  narrow  or  pyramidal  panicle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
small :  i-ays  12  to  20,  slender,  usually  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers  :  akenes 
slightly  pubescent.  —  aS'.  stricta,  Less.  (?) 

Moist  or  shady  gi'ound,  from  above  Monterey,  and  along  the  Sierra  Nevada,  to  Oregon  and 
British  Columbia.  Heads  2  to  3  lines  long.  Var.  microcepJiala,  Kellogg ;  a  form  with  depau- 
perate inflorescence. 

6.  S.  Guiradonis,  Gray.  Completely  glabrous  :  stem  strict,  slender,  2  or  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  bright  green,  thickish,  entire ;  the  upper  linear  and  one-ribbed ;  the 
lower  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  and  tajDering  gmdually  into  the  long  narrow  base  or 
margined  petiole,  somewhat  triple-ribbed  :  heads  in  a  virgate  panicle  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate-subulate:  rays  8  or  9,  small:  disk-flowers  10  or  12:  akenes 
almost  glabrous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  543. 

Base  of  San  Carlos,  Fresno  Co.  (Gnirado) ;  Tejon,  &c.,  Rothrock.  The  var.  spedabilis,  Eaton, 
in  Bot.  King.,  if  of  this  species,  as  is  likely,  has  broader  and  pbtuser  scales  to  the  involucre, 
broader  lower  leaves,  &c.,  and  answere  to  narrow-leaved  forms  of  S.  speciosa.  It  inhabits 
Nevada,  and  probably  occurs  within  the  limits  of  California. 

7.  S.  sempervirens,  Linn.  Completely  glabrous  :  stem  strict,  and  2  or  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  rather  fleshy,  lanceolate,  entire,  the  lower  tapering  into  a  long  narrow 
base,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  subulate  bracts  of  the  virgate  and  rather  dense 
panicle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  obtuse  :  rays  8  to  10  :  akenes  minutely 
pubescent. 

Salt  marshes  near  San  Francisco,  Bolander.  Near  the  southern  boundary,  60  miles  east  of 
San  Diego,  Palmer.  Appears  to  be  the  same  as  the  Salt-Marsh  Goldenrod  of  the  whole  Atlantic 
shore  down  to  Mexico.  It  is  a  form  with  small  heads  (3  lines  long),  approaching  S.  angtisti/olia 
of  Elliott. 

19.  SERICOCARPUS,  Nees. 

Head  12-15-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  about  5,  distant,  fertile,  white, 
sometimes  inconspicuous.  Involucre  oblong  or  narrowly  campanulate ;  its  scales 
appressed,  linear-oblong,  firm-coriaceous  or  cartilaginous  and  white,  with  abrupt 


320  COMPOSITE.  .^Sericocarpus. 

short  and  more  or  less  spreading  green  tips,  imbricated  ;  the  outer  successively- 
shorter.  Eeceptacle  small,  alveolate-toothed.  Style-appendages  lanceolate-subulate. 
Akenes  narrow,  little  if  at  all  compressed,  silky-pubescent  or  villous  (whence  the 
generic  name).  Pappus  simple,  of  copious  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  Aster-like 
herbs,  with  corymbed  and  rather  small  heads ;  the  disk-flowers  pale  yellow,  and 
the  rather  small  rays  white. 

A  genus  of  three  species  of  the  Atlantic  United  States,  and  of  the  following  on  the  Pacific 
side  of  the  continent. 

1.  S.  rigidus,  Lindl.  A  foot  or  two  high,  scabrous  with  some  very  short  and 
rigid  pubescence,  or  almost  glabrous,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  obtuse,  entire,  an  inch  or  two  in  length  :  heads  half  an  inch  or  less  in 
length  :  rays  narrowly  oblong,  sometimes  not  exceeding  the  white  pappus  :  akenes 
slender,  clothed  with  fine  short  pubescence.  —  S.  Oregonensis,  Nutt.,  the  state  with 
rays  conspicuous. 

In  woods,  base  of  Mt.  Shasta  {Brewer),  Yosemite  Valley  {Bolander),  and  near  Donner  Lake 
{Torrey)  ;  extending  to  Washington  Territory. 

20.  CORETHROGYNE,  DC. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  numerous  in  a  single  series,  neutral ! 
Involucre  hemispherical  or  turbinate ;  the  scales  narrow,  mostly  with  green  or  green- 
ish and  more  or  less  spreading  tips,  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  exterior  mostly 
shorter.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked  or  somewhat  alveolate,  rarely  with  some  chaff  simi- 
lar to  the  innermost  involucral  scales  interposed  among  the  outer  flowers.  Anthers 
tipped  with  a  slender  cuspidate  appendage,  as  in  Lessingia.  Style-appendages  short, 
triangular-lanceolate  or  subixlate,  densely  beset  with  long  hispid  bristles,  forming 
a  brush-like  tuft  (whence  the  generic  name).  Akenes  and  pappus  of  the  ray  abor- 
tive or  rudimentary,  of  the  disk  compressed  like  those  of  Aster,  silky-villous  or 
pubescent :  the  pappus  simple,  of  rather  copious  but  rigid  and  unequal  capillary 
bristles.  —  Rather  low  Aster-like  herbs,  apparently  always  perennial,  branched 
from  a  somewhat  woody  base  or  rootstock,  more  or  less  white- woolly  at  least  when 
young;  the  alternate  leaves  serrate  with  some  sharp  or  coarse  teeth  towards  the 
apex,  or  entire  ;  heads  middle-sized,  solitary  terminating  the  branches  or  somewhat 
corymbose-panicled  :  rays  violet,  purple  or  blue  :  disk  yellow,  sometimes  changing 
to  purple  :  pappus  becoming  tawny  or  reddish.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  97  ;  Gray  in 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  76,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  351. 

De  Candolle's  character  of  chaff  on  the  receptacle  applies  only  to  Douglas's  specimens  of  the 
original  C.  Calif omiai;  and  in  those  it  is  not  constant ;  so  that  the  species  must  include  C.  incana, 
Nutt.  Then  all  those  with  smaller  and  (when  well  developed)  corymbose-panicled  heads  appear 
to  belong  to  one  species  which  blossoms  through  the  season  and  under  different  exposures  :  some 
of  the  forms  gathered  and  described  were  winter  states.  The  genus  is  a  particularly  well-marked 
one,  most  related  on  the  one  hand  to  LessiTigia,  on  the  other  to  Aster. 

*  Bristles  on  the  style-tips  forming  a  rather  scatiiy  and  small  tuft :  involucre  cam- 

panulate  or  turbinate. 
1.  C.  filaginifolia,  Nutt.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  about  a  foot  high,  com- 
monly branching  corymbosely  or  paniculately  at  the  summit  and  bearing  several  or 
immerous  rather  small  heads  :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  spatulate,  the  upper 
gradually  reduced  to  subulate  bracts  :  involucre  (4  lines  long)  between  turbinate 
and  campanulate  ;  the  numerous  scales  appressed,  or  with  only  the  short  greenish 
tips  squarrose-spreading,  the  outer  regularly  shorter,  all  glabrous  or  at  first  more  or 


Aster.  COMPOSITE.  321 

less  floccose-woolly,  or  minutely  granulose-glandular  but  not  pubescent.  —  Aster  (1) 
Jilaginifolius,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beech.  146.  —  Runs  into  various  forms,  of  which 
a  commou  one  with  the  floccose  wool  considerably  persistent  on  the  stems  and  nar- 
row leaves,  and  the  involucre  sliglitly  if  at  all  either  glandular  or  squarrose,  is  the 
original  type  of  tlie  species ;  the  more  marked  variant  forms  may  be  arranged  under 
the  following  vai'ieties. 

Var.  virgata,  Gray.  Becoming  glabrate  and  the  involucre  more  rigid  and 
glandular  :  heads  usually  luimerous  and  corymbed  or  panicled.  —  C.  virgata,  Benth, 
Bot.  Sulph.  23.  Aplopajipus  (?)  {Pyrochceta)  Hcenkei,  DC.  Prodr.  v.  349.  (Hsenke's 
plant  is  from  ^lonterey,  California,  not  Mexico.) 

Var.  tomentella,  Gray.  Very  white-woolly,  at  least  when  young,  and  the 
leaves  mostly  shorter  and  broader.  —  C.  tomentella,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Aster  (1)  tomen- 
tellus,  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c.  Diplopappus  leucophi/llm,  Lindl.  in  DC.  Corethrogyne 
obovata,  Benth.  1.  c.  C.  incana  (T)  var.,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.,  is  between  the  two  vari- 
eties, and  unusually  glandular. 

Open  places,  San  Diego  to  Santa  Cruz,  and  in  the  interior  to  Tejon  and  the  Yosemite.  Eay.s 
violet,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long. 

*  *  Bristles  on  the  stylt-tips  a  dense  and  strong  tuft :  involucre  hemispJierical. 

2.  C.  Californica,  DC.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  a  foot  or  more  high ;  the 
branches  rather  equably  leafy  throughout  and  terminated  by  single  pretty  large 
heads  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  chiefly  entire  :  involucre  broadly  hemi- 
spherical (nearly  half  an  inch  long) ;  its  scales  mostly  narrow  and  acute,  in  fewer 
ranks,  and  the  outer  only  moderately  shorter,  rather  loose,  all  glandular-pubescent : 
rarely  some  chaff  on  the  receptacle  among  the  outer  flowers.  —  C.  incana,  Nutt. 
in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  n.  ser.  vii.  290  (excl.  syn.  Lindl.) ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  FL  ii. 
98,  the  form  with  no  chaff  on  the  receptacle. 

Sandy  soil,  Monterey  to  San  Diego  :  seldom  collected.     Rays  light  purple. 

3.  C.  spathulata,  Gray.  Stems  decumbent,  often  a  foot  or  so  in  length ;  the 
simple  flowering  branches  3  to  10  inches  high,  bearing  single  large  heads  :  leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  the  larger  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  wide,  serrate  at  apex, 
those  of  the  flowering  branches  gradually  reduced  to  subulate  or  linear :  the  hemi- 
spherical involucre  glandular ;  its  scales  moderately  unequal,  and  with  loose  herba- 
ceous tips  :  no  chaff  on  the  receptacle.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  317. 

Mendocino  and  Humboldt  Counties,  near  the  coast,  at  Shelter  Cove  and  Fort  Bragg,  Bolander, 
Kellogg.  Heads  as  large  as  in  the  last  :  rays  violet-blue,  half  an  inch  long.  The  dense  white 
wool  sometimes  deciduous  from  the  leaves,  which  then  become  glandular-scabrous. 

21.  ASTER,  Linn.,  Benth.  &  Hook. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  several  or  numerous  in  a  single 
series,  fertile,  very  rarely  neutral.  Involucre  imbricated ;  the  scales  commonly  with 
herbaceous  or  foliaceous  tips.  Eeceptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Anthers  tipped 
with  the  usual  lanceolate  ovate  appendage.  Style-appendages  varying  from  trian- 
gular-lanceolate to  subulate.  Akenes  more  or  less  compressed,  rarely  slender,  4-5- 
nerved.  Pappus  simple,  of  copious  slender  scabrous  capillary  bristles.  —  Mostly 
perennial  herbs,  with  various  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary,  corymbed,  or  panicled 
heads ;  flowering  late.  Rays  white,  purple,  or  blue  :  disk-flowers  yellow,  often 
turning  purple  :  pappus  dull  white  or  tawny. 

An  immense  genus,  especially  in  North  America,  its  headquarters,  but  remarkably  inconspicu- 
ous in  California.  For  this  flora  at  least  it  is  best  to  receive  it  in  the  extended  form  which  it 
reassumes  in  Bentham  and  Hooker's  Genera  Plantarum.  There  are  no  species  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  with  cordate  petioled  leaves. 


322  COMPOSITE.  .^  Aster. 

§  1.  Biennials,  rarely  annuals  or  perennials,  with  leaves  disposed  to  he  incised  or  pin- 
natifid :  scales  of  the  involucre  with  green  tips  :  rays  sometimes  sterile  :  akenes 
with  strong  marginal  ribs  and  some  slender  nerves  on  both  faces.  [Invohicre 
commonly  resembling  that  of  Corethrogyne.)  —  Mach^ranthera.  (Machce- 
ranthera,  iS'^ees.     Dieteria,  Kutt.) 

*  Rays  styliferous,  but  sometimes  infertile. 

1.  A.  tanacetifolius,  HBK.  Biennial  or  annual,  pubescent  and  somewhat 
viscid,  a  foot  or  less  high  :  leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnaitifid,  the  lobes  small  and  nar- 
row :  heads  large,  loosely  corymbose :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  linear 
and  with  spreading  herbaceous  tips  :  rays  20  or  more,  violet :  akenes  villous.  — 
Machoer  anther  a  tanacetifolia,  Nees ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4624.  Dieteria  coronoin- 
folia,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  301. 

S.  E.  California,  on  the  east  side  of  Providence  Mountains,  Dr.  Cooper ;  thence  through  Ari- 
zona to  Colorado,  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  into  Mexico. 

A.  (MacHjERAnthera)  parviflorus,  Gray,  which  occurs  on  the  Gila  in  Arizona,  and  may  be 
found  within  the  State,  is  smoother  and  much  smaller. 

2.  A.  incanus,  Gray.  Hoary  with  a  fine  and  close  soft  pubescence,  slightly  if 
at  all  viscid,  a  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  branched  :  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, entire,  or  some  with  a  few  lateral  teeth,  acute  (an  inch  or  so  in  length,  about 
2  lines  wide) :  heads  solitary  terminating  the  branches,  large  :  scales  of  the  hemi- 
spherical involucre  linear-lanceolate,  with  long  and  squarrose-spreading  or  reflexed 
foliaceous  tips :  rays  30  or  more,  violet :  akenes  canescent.  —  Diplopappus  in- 
canus,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1693  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3382.  Dieteria  incana,  Terr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  100. 

California,  raised  in  England  from  seed  collected  by  Douglas ;  the  station  unknown.  Speci- 
mens which  accord  with  it  were  gathered  in  Guadalupe  Canon,  Sonora,  by  Capt.  E.  K.  Smith. 
Head  over  half  an  inch  in  diameter  across  the  disk  :  rays  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long. 

3.  A.  canescens,  Pursh.  Biennial,  minutely  puberulent-hoary  or  often  green, 
a  foot  or  so  in  height :  stems  rigid,  corymbosely  or  paniculately  branched  above : 
leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  spatulate  to  linear,  incisely  or 
almost  spinulosely  toothed,  or  sometimes  entire,  those  of  the  flowering  branches 
reduced  to  subulate  bracts  :  heads  few  or  numerous,  solitary,  or  mostly  corymbose 
or  panicled  :  scales  of  the  campanulate  or  obconical  involucre  rigid,  appressed, 
with  short  more  or  less  squarrose-spreading  green  tips,  the  outer  successively 
shorter :  rays  20  to  30,  violet  or  bluish-purple  :  akenes  canescently-pubescent.  — 
A.  biennis,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  155.  Dieteria  canescens,  pulverulenta,  divaricata,  viscosa, 
&  sessiliflora,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.  Macha^ranthera  canescens,  Gray, 
1.  c.  ;  Eaton  in  Bot.  King. 

Dry  regions,  in  the  mountains  behind  San  Diego  and  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
(Mono  and  Tahoe  Lakes,  &c.),  extending  north  to  the  British  boundary,  and  east  to  the  eastern 
base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  :  a  characteristic  and  most  variable  species  of  the  region.  Heads 
in  the  larger  forms  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  rays  half  an  inch  long ;  in  others  barely  half 
that  size,  and  the  flowers  much  fewer.  It  is  useless  to  distinguish  particular  varieties.  Only  low 
and  small-headed  forms  have  as  yet  been  found  in  California. 

*  *  Rays  completely  neutral.  —  Hesperastrum,  Gray. 

4.  A.  Shastensis,  Gray.  Dwarf  from  a  perennial  rootstock,  branched  and 
tufted  from  the  base,  a  span  high,  puberulent-hoary  :  leaves  small,  spatulate  or  ob- 
long, entire  :  heads  solitary  terminating  the  branches,  small :  scales  of  the  campanu- 
late involucre  lanceolate,  somewhat  hoary  and  viscid,  the  outer  with  loose  green 
tips,  the  inner  nearly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips  :  rays  15  to  20,  rose- violet.  — 
Machoeranthera  (Hesperastrum)  Shastensis,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  539. 

On  Mount  Shasta,  at  about  9,000  feet.  Brewer.  Resembles  a  dwarf  state  of  the  last.  Involu- 
cre 4  lines  long  :  rays  3  lines. 


Aster.  COMPOSITE.  323 

* 
§  2.  Perennials  (I)  toitk  leaves  spinulosely  pinnatifid-toothed  or  incised  {or  sometimes 
entire)  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with  long-acuminate  hut  not  green  tips :  pappus 
of  comparatively  few  (20  to  35)  and  very  rigid  bristles.    {^Transition  to  Toion- 
sendia.)  —  Megalastrum,  Gi-ay. 

5.  A.  tortifolius,  Gray  (not  Michx.).  At  first  loosely  white-woolly,  when  old 
somewhat  ruughish-hirsute  or  glabrate,  a  foot  or  so  high  :  branches  naked  and 
peduncle-like  at  summit,  bearing  a  solitary  very  large  head  :  leaves  coriaceous, 
rigid,  often  twisted,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  veiny,  strongly  dentate  or  incisely  pinnat- 
itid  with  divaricate  spinulose  teeth  :  involucre  hemispherical ;  its  very  numerous 
scales  lanceolate-subulate  and  setaceous-acuminate,  the  outer  a  little  shorter  :  rays 
violet-purple,  very  numerous,  an  inch  long  :  pappus  becoming  reddish.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  353.     Aplopappus  to7-tifolius,  Torr.  &  Gray,  in  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist. 

Mountains  near  the  southeastern  borders  of  California  {Dr.  Cooper) ;  thence  to  S.  Utah,  Fre- 
mont, Newberry,  Mrs.  Thompson.  This  and  A.  {Megalastrum)  WriyJdii,  Gray,  form  a  remarkable 
section  of  the  genus,  which  might  almost  as  well  be  referred  to  Towjisendia.  Style-appendages 
short,  obtuse.  Akenes  (young)  linear-oblong,  silky- villous.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  about 
20  in  a  single  series,  strong,  flattish,  serrulate-scabrous,  nearly  equalling  the  disk-corolla,  and  a 
few  slender  and  shorter  ones  intermixed. 

§  3.  Pa'ennials,  with  leaves  merely  serrate  or  entire.  —  Aster  proper. 

*  Pappus  ratlter  rigid,  some  of  the  longer  bristles  thickened  towards  the  summit :  in- 
volucre campanulate  or  turbinate  ;  its  scales  very  regularly  imbricated  in  many 
ranks,  rigid,  with  short  green  or  greenish  tijjs,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 

6.  A.  radulinus,  Gray.  Roughish-pubescent  throughout :  stem  rather  stout, 
one  or  two  feet  high,  branching  above  and  bearing  an  open  corymb  of  middle-sized 
heads  :  leaves  rigid  and  coriaceous,  oblong,  or  the  lower  obovate-spatulate,  sharply 
serrate  above,  tapering  below  into  a  narrowed  entire  base,  prominently  reticulate- 
veiny,  scabrous  both  sides,  the  midrib  very  prominent  beneath  :  peduncles  short : 
involucre  obconical,  4  or  5  lines  long ;  its  scales  rigid,  appressed,  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed  or  mucronate,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent, 
the  tips  mostly  green  :  rays  15  to  18,  white  (perhaps  not  always  so) :  akenes  mi- 
nutely pubescent.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  388.  A .  Radula,  Less,  in  Linnsea,  vi. 
125  ;  Durand  &  Hilgard  PI.  Pratten.,  not  of  Ait. 

Dry  open  gi-ound,  Monterey  to  Mendocino  Co.  (thence  to  Oregon,  E.  Rail)  :  also  in  the  Sierra 
from  Nevada  Co.  northward,  Torrey,  Leminon.  This  is  nearly  related  to  A.  conspicuus,  Lindl., 
of  the  region  much  farther  north,  —  a  plant  with  larger  lieads  and  leaves,  —  while  the  smaller 
forms  are  more  like  A,  rrumtanus,  equally  a  northern  species. 

«  «  Pappus  softer  and  equable. 
-(-  Loio  and  diffuse :  branches  leafy  to  the  top  and  bearing  small  mostly  single  heads. 

7.  A.  Bloomeri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Cespitose,  a  span  or  less  in  height,  minutely  cine- 
reous-hirsute, and  near  the  heads  somewhat  glandular  :  branches  ascending  :  leaves 
oblong-linear  or  the  lower  spatulate,  3  to  10  lines  long,  obtuse,  entire,  very  rough 
both  sides  with  the  short  minutely  hispid  pubescence,  the  uppermost  passing  into 
scales  of  the  involucre  ;  these  25  to  30,  linear,  acute,  glandular  and  greenish  :  rays 
12  to  15,  apparently  purple,  about  4  lines  long  :  akenes  minutely  pubescent. 

Moist  flats  near  Mount  Davidson,  Nevada  (probably  also  within  the  State  boundary).  Bloomer, 
Lemmon.     Heads  4  lines  long. 

■t-  +■  Stems  erect  and  branching,  leafy,  bearing  several  or  numerous  commonly  panicu- 
late or  racemose  heads  :  involucre  imbricated, 

++  Its  scales  many-ranked,  close,  and  loith  short  green  tips. 

8.  A.  Menziesii,  Lindl.  Minutely  hoary  with  a  fine  (either  soft  or  scabrous) 
pubescence,  or  glabrate  below,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  stem  and  branches  virgate,  rigid  : 


824  COMPOSITE.  Aster. 

leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  acnte,  entire,  or  the  lower  obtusely  serrate,  rather  rigid 
(an  inch  or  two  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide)  :  heads  racemose  or  panicled,  4  or  5  lines 
long  :  involucre  campanulate  ;  its  scales  numerous  and  imbricated  in  several  ranks, 
thickish,  linear,  with  short  usually  somewhat  dilated  and  obtuse  green  tips,  ap- 
pressed,  the  outer  successively  shorter :  rays  about  20,  purple  or  violet  :  akenes 
compressed,  minutely  pubescent.  —  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exped.  t.  8. 

"  California,  Menzies,"  according  to  Herb.  Banks  :  but  in  Herb.  Hook,  said  to  be  from  "N.  W. 
coast."  Upper  Sacramento,  I)r.  Pickering.  Fort  Tejon,  Dr.  Horn,  Dr.  Hecrmann  {A.  Duran- 
dii,  Nutt.,  ex  Durand,  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  8),  and  conmion  in  W.  Nevada,  mostly  in  a  glabrate 
form,  the  pubescence  only  on  the  ultimate  branches.  The  species  has  been  mistaken  for  A.  fal- 
catus,  Lindl.,  which  may  indeed  belong  to  it,  and  likewise  with  the  next.  It  is  not  at  all  re- 
lated to  A.  concolor,  as  Lindley  supposed, 

9.  A.  Chamissonis,  Gray.  Glabrous,  or  above  somewhat  hirsute  :  stems  2  to 
5  feet  high,  paniculately  branched :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  the  larger 
obscurely  serrate,  2  to  5  inches  long,  scabrous  with  sparse  appressed  pubescence,  or 
glabrous ;  those  of  the  flowering  branchlets  becoming  small  or  minute  and  squar- 
rose-spreading :  heads  loosely  panicled,  5  or  6  lines  long :  involucre  broadly  cam- 
panulate or  somewhat  obconical ;  its  scales  numerous  and  imbricated  in  several 
ranks,  thickish,  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  with  short  and  rounded  green  tips,  the 
outer  successively  shorter :  rays  20  to  25,  purple  or  violet,  nearly  half  an  inch 
long :  akenes  sparsely  and  minutely  pubescent.  —  Gray,  in  Torr,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp. 
341.  A.  Radula,  Less,  ex  Nees.  A.  Chilensis,  Nees  Ast.  112 ;  Torr,  &  Gray,  1,  c. 
A.  spectabilis  (?)  Hook.  &  Am,  Bot,  Beechey, 

Moist  thickets,  &c.,  common  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Luis  Obispo,  and  probably  elsewhere. 
As  this  is  not  a  Chilian  species,  and  as  Hsenke's  no  less  than  Chamisso's  plant  (if  the  former  be 
of  this  species)  must  have  been  gathered  in  California,  we  ought  not  to  continue  the  false  name. 
Probably  this  as  well  as  the  preceding  was  included  by  Niittall  under  the  species  (still  unpub- 
lished) which  he  proposed  to  call  A.  Durandii.  That  name  it  was  fonnerly  thought  might  be 
adopted  for  the  present  species,  but  it  appears  strictly  to  belong  to  the  foregoing.  And  so  the 
present  may  be  named  after  the  first,  or  next  to  the  first,  discoverer. 

++  ++  Involucral  scales  looser  and  more  foliaceous. 

10.  A.  Douglasii,  Lindl.  Smooth  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stem  slender, 
2  to  4  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  rarely 
serrate,  mostly  tapering  at  base,  2\  to  5  inches  long  :  heads  in  a  loose  and  leafy 
panicle,  5  or  6  lines  long  :  involucre  hemispherical ;  its  scales  glabrous,  linear  or 
spatulate-linear,  mostly  green  except  the  base,  loosely  imbricated,  the  outer  little 
shorter  :  rays  25  or  more,  purple,  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 

Moist  soil,  northern  part  of  the  State  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  common  northward. 

11.  A.  adscendens,  Lindl.  (1)  Smooth  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  rather 
simple,  a  span  to  two  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  oblong-spatulate, 
entire  :  heads  few,  panicled  or  corymbose,  peduncled,  half  an  inch  long  :  involucre 
hemispherical ;  its  scales  glabrous,  linear  or  oblong,  obtuse,  chiefly  green,  few- 
ranked,  and  of  nearly  equal  length  :  rays,  &c.,  as  in  the  preceding. 

In  the  High  Sierra  Nevada,  Yosemite  Valley  to  foot  of  Mount  Dana  (Bolander),  near  Donner 
Lake  (Torrey,  Greene),  and  eastward  in  the  Humboldt  and  Rocky  Mountains.  Whether  this 
belong  to  the  original  A.  adscendens  or  no,  it  is  the  var.  Parryi,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King's  Exjiloration, 
and  apparently  the  same  as  the  plant  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains. 

1 2.  A.  integrifolius,  Nutt.  Villous-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glandu- 
lar and  viscid  toward  the  summit :  stem  rather  stout,  simple,  a  span  to  a  foot  or 
more  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  the  lower  spatulate,  entire,  thickish,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  with  strong  midrib  and  inconspicuous  veins ;  the  upper  clasping  :  heads 
few  or  several,  somewhat  racemose  or  corymbose,  half  an  inch  long  :  involucre  cam- 
panulate ;  the  loosely  imbricated  scales  nearly  equal  in  length,  lanceolate,  the  iimer 
ones  thin  and  without  green  tips,  the  outermost  partly  foliaceous,  all  glandular- 
pubescent  :  rays  15  to  25,  bluish-purple  :  akenes  pubescent :  pappus  rather  rigid. 


Aster.  COMPOSITE.  325 

SieiTa  Nevada,  between  Clark's  an9  the  Yosemite,  at  about  8,000  feet,  Bolande.r,  Near  Donner 
Lake  {Torrey,  Greene),  and  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon.  Found  near  Carson  by  Dr.  Anderson; 
thence  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

-t-  -i~+-  Stems  simple,  naked  at  the  stcmmit,  and  bearing  a  single  head,  or  rarely 
tu'o  or  three :  scales  of  the  hemisj^herical  involucre  very  little  imbricated,  narrow, 
nearly  equal,  and  destitute  of  foliaceous  or  green  tips.  {^A  transition  from,  Aster  to 
Erigeron.) 

++  Leaves  broad  or  narrowish  :  styh-appendages  short  and  broad. 

1 3.  A.  salsuginosus,  Richardson.  Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrate  :  stem  6  to 
18  inches  high,  leafy  to  near  the  summit :  leaves  entire ;  the  lowest  spatulate,  obo- 
vate,  or  oblauceolate,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  ;  the  upper  becoming  lance- 
olate and  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  with  broad  base  usually  half-clasping ;  uppermost 
reduced  to  one  or  two  subulate  bracts  :  head  solitary  or  two  or  three  on  naked 
peduncles  :  scales  of  the  involucre  slender,  glandular,  nearly  equal,  4  lines  long, 
loose  :  rays  30  to  40,  violet  or  purple  :  akenes  of  the  ray  5  -  6-nerved,  of  the  disk 
3  -  4:nerved.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2942. 

Var.  angustifolius,  Gray.  Radical  and  lowest  cauline  leaves  linear-spatulate,  2 
to  5  lines  wide ;  the  upper  linear  :  stems  a  foot  high,  naked  above,  bearing  two  or 
three  slender-peduncled  heads. 

Subalpine  and  alpine  meadows,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  6,000  to  10,000  feet ;  thence  to  alpine 
regions  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  and  north  to  Alaska  and  the  subarctic  regions.  A 
handsome  species  ;  the  heads  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  including  the  expanded  rays.  The 
variety,  Siena  County,  Lemmon. 

++  ++  Leaves  very  narrow :  style-appendages  long  and  slender-subulate. 

14.  A.  Andersonii,  Gray.  Lightly  woolly  when  young,  becoming  glabrous : 
stem  simple  and  scape-like,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  terminated  by  a  single  rather 
large  head  :  radical  leaves  tufted,  linear,  almost  grassy  (2  to  8  inches  long,  from  a 
line  to  4  lines  wide),  coriaceous,  3  -  7-nerved ;  the  cauline  smaller,  the  uppermost 
subulate  :  S3ales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear,  loose,  more  or  less  tomentose, 
almost  equal  in  length  (4  or  5  lines  long),  the  outer  ones  greenish  :  rays  16  to  20, 
purple  :  akenes  oblong,  4  -  6-nerved  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  barbellate-serrate. — Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  352.     Erigeron  Andersonii,  Gray,  1.  c.  vi.  540. 

Wet  alpine  meadows,  &c..  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  to  Sierra  Co.,  at  7,500  to  10,000 
feet  Discovered  by  Dr.  Anderson,  near  Carson,  Nevada.  Expanded  head  with  the  rays  an 
inch  or  more  in  diameter. 

A.  PULCHELLus,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  is  perhaps  too  near  this,  and  A.  alpiCxENUS,  Gray, 
1.  c.  viii.  389,  is  also  closely  related  ;  they  fonn  a  peculiar  group  in  the  Xylorhiza  section  of 
Ortliomcris. 

§  4.  Annuals  or  biennials,  tvith  chiefly  entire  narrow  leaves :  scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricated,  narrow,  destitute  of  distinct  green  tips :  akenes  narrow  and  3-5- 
nerved:  pappus  fine  and  soft.  —  Oxytripolium,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

15.  A.  divaricatus,  Xutt.  Glabrous,  diffusely  much  branched,  a  foot  or  two 
high  :  the  branches  slender  :  lower  cauline  leaves  lanceolate ;  the  upper  linear  and 
at  length  subulate,  very  acute  :  heads  small  (3  or  4  lines  long),  loosely  panicled  : 
scales  of  tlie  involucre  25  to  30,  lanceolate-subulate,  with  greenish  back  and  scari- 
ous  margins  :  rays  linear,  exserted,  numerous  in  a  single  row  :  akenes  very  minutely 
pubescent,  5 -6-nerved.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  163. 

Salt  marshes,  San  Francisco,  &c.,  Bolander.  This  is  the  Pacific  form,  viz.,  Tripolium  con- 
spicuum  of  Lindley,  and  A.  Orcganus  of  Nuttall,  which  inliabits  tlie  western  coast  of  the  conti- 
nent down  to  Chili,  and  apparently  is  only  local  so  far  north  as  California.  It  diffei-s  from  the 
A.  divaricatus  of  the  Atlantic  coast  in  the  rather  firmer  and  greener  scales  of  the  involucre,  heads 
inclined  to  be  larger,  and  the  branches  less  slender.  The  mature  akenes  in  both  are  little  com- 
pressed and  more  or  less  distinctly  5-nerved. 


326  COMPOSITE.  ^    Brachyadis. 

22.   BRACHYACTIS,  Ledeb. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  very  numerous  and  occupying 
more  than  one  series,  fertile  :  ligules  small  and  very  slender  or  almost  wanting. 
Involucre  loosely  imbricated  in  few  series  of  herbaceous  scales,  or  the  innermost 
somewhat  scarious.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Style-appendages  lanceolate.  Akenes 
more  or  less  compressed.  Pappus  simple,  of  copious  fine  and  soft  capillary  bristles. 
—  Ours  are  annual  and  nearly  glabrous  herbs,  with  narrow  and  entire  somewhat 
succulent  alternate  leaves,  minutely  ciliate  towards  their  base,  and  paniculate  or 
racemose  heads  ;  the  rays  when  developed  purple  or  rose-color.  —  Benth.  in  Hook. 
Ic.  PI.  t.  HOG,  &  Gen.  PI.  ii.  279  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  647. 

1.  B.  frondosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  sometimes  spreading 
on  the  ground,  sometimes  upright :  leaves  spatulate-linear,  about  an  inch  long,  the 
uppermost  passing  into  the  rather  broad  and  obtuse  herbaceous  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre :  heads  hemispherical,  4  lines  long :  rays  with  exserted  ligule  when  well 
developed  a  line  long,  linear,  much  longer  than  its  style  :  akenes  narrow,  appressed- 
pubescent.  —  £.  ciliata,  var.  camosula,  Benth.  1.  c.  7'ripolium  frondosum,  Nutt. 
Aster  frondosus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A.  angustus,  Gray,  PI.  Wright.,  &c. ;  Eaton,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  144. 

Borders  of  boiling  spring,  Sonora  Pass,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Bolander  ;  thence  to  N.  Nevada, 
S.  Idaho,  and  New  Mexico. 

B.  CILIATA,  Ledeb.,  found  east  of  the  Eocky  Mountains  and  far  north,  also  in  Siberia,  has 
narrow  linear  leaves,  linear  and  acute  scales  of  the  involucre,  and  ligule  a  mere  nidiment,  much 
shorter  than  the  pappus  and  the  style.  It  is  Tripolium  angusium,  Lindl.,  and  Aster  anguslus, 
ToiT.  &  Gi-ay,  &c. 

23.  ERIGERON,  Linn.     Fleabane. 

Heads  many-flowered,  heterogamous;  the  rays  fertile,  very  numerous  and  com- 
monly occupying  more  than  one  series  (in  one  or  two  species  occasionally  wanting) ; 
the  ligules  narrow,  commonly  elongated,  in  the  last  section  very  short  and  incon- 
spicuous. Involucre  hemispherical  or  sometimes  campanulate,  of  numerous  and 
narrow  rather  Arm  and  not  foliaceous  nor  green-tipped  scales,  which  are  little  imbri- 
cated and  hardly  unequal.  Receptacle  flat,  rarely  convex,  naked.  Corolla  of  the 
disk-flowers  narrow,  5-toothed,  sometimes  4  toothed.  Style-appendages  mostly  short 
and  broad,  obtuse.  Akenes  small,  flat,  and  with  only  marginal  ribs,  rarely  1-2- 
nerved  on  the  face  (especially  in  the  ray-flowers).  Pappus  rather  scanty,  i.  e.  of  a 
single  series  of  capillary  rather  fragile  bristles,  with  or  most  commonly  without  an 
external  series  of  short  bristles,  these  occasionally  united  into  a  crown  or  ring.  — 
Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches  ;  the  rays 
violet-purple  or  white ;  the  disk  yellow,  often  changing  to  purplish. 

A  large  genus,  widely  dispersed  over  the  world,  especially  the  northern  hemisphere,  passing  on 
the  one  hand  into  Aster,  from  which  it  is  chiefly  distinguished  by  a  simpler  involucre  and  more 
scanty  and  fragile  pappus,  and  by  more  numerous  and  narrower  rays  ;  while  on  the  other  hand  a 
j»eculiar  section,  with  short  and  often  minute  rays,  passes  into  Conyza. 

§  1.   Perennial  (or  No,  12  perhajys  biennial). 

*  Rays  inconspicuous,  hut  exserted,  short,  filiform,  extremely  numerous :  heads  some- 
what racemed,  small :  pappus  simple. 

1.  H.  armeriaefoliuiu,  Turcz.  Sparsely  more  or  less  hirsute  with  spreading 
bristly  hairs  :  stems  clustered  on  the  small  rootstock,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  leafy  : 


Engeron.  COMPOSITE.  327 

leaves  hirsutely  ciliate  below  the  middle,  otherwise  glabrous  or  glabrate,  entire ;  the 
cauline  liuear  or  linear-lanceolate  (1^  to  4  inches  long,  1  to  3  lines  wide),  the 
lowest  linear-spatulate  or  oblanceolate  and  usually  tapering  into  slender  petioles  : 
heads  peduncled  and  simply  racemose,  or  rarely  panicled  :  involucre  3  or  4  lines 
long  :  rays  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers,  the  purplish  or  whitish  nearly 
filiform  ligules  when  fully  developed  projecting  only  one  line  beyond  the  pappus ; 
disk-flowers  uniform.  —  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  648.  E.  lonchophyUum, 
Hook.,  apparently  a  large  form.  E.  fflabratum,  var.  minor,  Hook.  E.  racemosum, 
or  at  least  the  var.  angustifoliu7n,  Nutt. 

Saline  gravel  and  moist  meadows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  6,500  to  9,700  feet.  Brewer,  Bolan- 
der.     Also  on  mountains  east  to  Colorado,  and  thence  northward.     Rare  in  Siberia. 

E.  ACRE,  Linn.,  especially  in  smoother  forms  {E.  Drobachcnsis,  Mill.,  E.  elongatus,  Ledeb. 
&c.),  occurring  in  the  Eocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  north,  may  be  expected  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada.  It  may  be  known  by  its  broader  leaves,  and  an  inner  set  of  pistillate  flowers  with  tubu- 
lar-filiform corolla.     There  are  none  of  these  in  E.  armericefolium. 

*  *  liai/s  elongated  and  conspicuous,  or  wanting  in  some  specimens. 
•4-  Leaves  once  to  thrice  ternately  compound :  j)(ipi^us  simple. 

2.  E.  compositum,  Pursh.  Dwarf :  leaves  all  or  mostly  crowded  on  the  ces- 
pitose  rootstocks,  slender-petioled,  hirsute ;  their  divisions  linear,  obtuse,  spreading ; 
the  cauline  (if  any)  simpler,  or  the  uppermost  mere  linear  bracts  :  scape  an  inch  to  a 
span  high,  bearing  a  solitary  proportionally  large  head  (involucre  3  or  4  lines  high)  : 
rays  30  to  50,  violet,  purple,  or  white,  2  or  3  lines  long,  occasionally  none. 

High  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  10,000  to  12,000  feet,  on  Mount  Dana  and  Wood's  Peak, 
Brewer.     Thence  through  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Arctic  America  and  Greenland. 

-f--i-  Leaves  entire  and  narrow,  clustered  on  the  rootstocks,  fewer  and  scattered  or 
sometimes  hardly  any  on  the  mostly  simple  stems,  ivhich  are  terminated  by  solitary 
heads.     {No.  5  and  No.  8  have  stems  more  leafy  and  disposed  to  branch.) 

3.  E.  ursinum,  Eaton.  Sparsely  more  or  less  hirsute,  green,  a  span  or  less 
high  :  leaves  on  tlie  rootstock  spatulate  or  linear-spatulate,  tapering  into  a  slender 
petiole;  those  of  the  simple  scape-like  flowering  stems  linear-lanceolate  (6  to  18 
lines  long),  glabrate,  the  uppermost  remote  from  the  solitary  head  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  loose,  glandular  and  sparsely  hirsute  :  rays  about  50,  broadish,  purple, 
fully  3  lines  long :  pappus  with  a  few  distinct  short  bristles  of  an  outer  series.  — 
Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  148. 

On  Mount  Dana,  at  12,800  feet,  Bolander.  More  dwarf  than  the  plant  collected  by  Watson 
in  the  Uinta  Mountains,  Utah  ;  the  scape  less  than  3  inches  high.  Perhaps  this  is  E.  radi- 
calum.  Hook. 

4.  E.  uniflonim,  Linn.  Green  and  slightly  hirsute,  or  almost  glabrous  below, 
a  span  or  less  in  height :  leaves  of  the  rootstock  tufted,  spatulate,  tapering  into  a 
petiole ;  those  of  the  simple  and  sometimes  scape-like  stem  becoming  lanceolate  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  loose,  equal,  very  hirsute- woolly  :  rays  100  or  more,  blue  or 
purple,  about  4  lines  long.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  168. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Sierra  Co.,  at  10,000  feet  (Kellogg),  thence  northward  along  the  high 
mountains  and  through  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  in  N.  Asia  and  Europe. 
A  dwarf  state,  but  otherwise  like  that  of  the  Colorado  mountains,  with  the  copious  and  character- 
istic long  liaiis  of  tlie  involucre  gray  or  whitish,  not  dark  as  in  the  more  northern  specimens. 

5.  E.  caespitosum,  Nutt.  ^lore  or  less  hoary  with  a  fine  chiefly  spreading  and 
rougliish  pubescence  :  stems  decumbent  or  ascending  from  the  somewhat  woody 
rootstock,  about  a  span  high,  mostly  leafy  :  leaves  from  the  rootstock  oblanceolate, 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  an  inch  or  two  long  ;  the  cauline  Unear  or  somewhat  lan- 
ceolate and  sessile,  obtuse  :  heads  solitary  (or  sometimes  two  or  three  and  rather 
small),  short-peduncled  :  involucre  hirsute  with  short  hairs  :  rays  30  to  50,  white 


328  COMPOSITE.  •^  Erigeron. 

or  purplish  (about  3  lines  long) :  appendages  of  the  style  extremely  short  and 
obtuse  :  akenes  2  -  3-nerved,  minutely  hairy  :  the  short  squamellate  outer  pappus 
conspicuous. 

Var.  tenerum,  Gray.  Slender  and  small,  with  weaker  stems  and  small  heads  ; 
involucre  only  2  lines  high,  less  hirsute. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  thence  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  New  Mexico.  The 
only  genuine  Ibnn  collected  on  the  borders  of  the  State  is  from  C'arson  City,  Dr.  Anderson.  — 
Var.  tcncrum,  summit  of  Silver  Mountain  near  Ebbett's  Pass,  alt.  11,000  feet,  Brewer.  Also  col- 
lected by  Watson  on  Star  Peak,  N.  W.  Nevada,  at  9,000  feet. 

At  Mono  Pass,  around  rocks,  Dr.  Bolander  collected  a  plant  which  would  appear  to  belong  to 
E.  cccspitosum,  although  with  rather  longer  and  narrower  leaves  :  but  the  pappus  appears  to  be 
simple. 

6.  E.  Nevadense,  Gray,  Slightly  hoary  with  fine  mostly  appressed  roughish 
pubescence  :  stems  erect  or  ascending  from  long  and  slender  subterranean  rootstocks, 
a  span  to  a  foot  high,  simple,  leafy  below,  mostly  naked  above  or  scape-like,  bearing 
a  solitary  large  head  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  spatulate-linear,  narrowed  below, 
the  lowest  into  a  petiole  (the  whole  2  to  6  inches  long),  the  cauline  acute,  the 
uppermost  reduced  to  subulate  bracts  :  involucre  hirsute,  also  minutely  glandular ; 
the  scales  mostly  equal  (4  lines  long) :  rays  25  to  30  in  a  single  series,  rather 
broadly  linear,  white,  3  or  4  lines  long  :  style- appendages  ovate  and  acute  :  akenes 
minutely  pubescent,  flat,  oblong,  2-nerved,  or  some  of  the  outer  3-nerved  (2  lines 
long) :  the  short  setiform  outer  pappus  scanty  and  inconspicuous.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  649.  E.  ccespitosum,  var.  grandijlorum,,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  153, 
in  part  (viz.  No.  548),  not  of  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Var.  (?)  pygmaeum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Dwarf  and  densely  cespitose  :  leaves  spatulate- 
linear  (half  an  inch  or  less  than  an  inch  long,  barely  a  line  wide  at  the  summit), 
crowded  on  the  rootstocks  :  flowering  stems  nearly  naked  and  scape-like,  an  inch  or 
two  high  :  heads  much  smaller :  rays  narrower,  barely  3  lines  long,  purple. 

Sierra  Nevada  :  Mount  Stanford  and  Sierra  Valley  {Bolander,  Kellngc/,  Levimon)  ;  and  in 
Nevada,  Cedar  Hill  and  on  Mount  Davidson  {Bloomer),  and  West  Humboldt  Mountains,  Watson. 
Var.  pi/gmceum,  Ebbett's  and  Mono  Pass,  alt.  9,500  to  10,750  feet.  Brewer. 

E.  ARGENTATUM,  Gray,  1.  c,  which  S»  Watson  collected  on  the  foot-hills  of  the  Pah-Ute 
Mountains  in  Nevada,  may  be  known  by  the  fine  silvery-silky  foliage,  soft-pubescent  several- 
nerved  akenes,  and  conspicuous  outer  pappus.  E.  canum,  Gray,  has  glabrous,  naiTOvv,  several- 
ribbed  akenes. 

7.  "E.  Bloomeri,  Gray.  Somewhat  hoary  with  minute  appressed  pubescence : 
leafy  stems  short  and  tufted  on  the  thickish  rootstock  :  leaves  crowded,  filiform- 
linear,  or  the  broadest  spatulate-linear  tapering  into  a  filiform  petiolp,  1  or  2 
inches  long  :  flowering  stems  erect,  naked  and  scape-like  at  least  above  the  middle, 
a  span  high,  bearing  a  solitary  head  :  involucre  somewhat  campanulate  (4  or  5  lines 
high),  villous  ;  the  scales  equal  :  rays  none  :  style-appendages  acute  :  akenes  minutely 
pubescent,  flat,  oblong-linear,  and  with  only  marginal  nerves  (2  lines  long) :  pappus 
simple.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  540;  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  148. 

Sierra  Valley  (?)  Bolander.  Virginia  and  Carson  City  {Bloomer,  Anderson),  and  W.  Nevada, 
Watson.     Allied  to  the  foregoing ;  with  foliage  nearly  of  the  following. 

8.  E.  ochroleucum,  Nutt.  Minutely  somewhat  hoary  with  a  fine  appressed 
hirsute  pubescence,  or  glabrate  :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear  and  tapering  to  the 
base  or  nearly  filiform,  mostly  crowded  on  the  rootstocks,  one  or  two  inches  long, 
the  cauline  rather  few  and  scattered  :  flowering  stems  slender,  about  a  span  high, 
naked  at  summit,  bearing  solitary  or  rarely  2  or  3  heads  :  involucre  more  or  less 
hirsute  (barely  3  lines  high) ;  the  scales  rather  rigid  :  rays  30  or  40,  cream-color  or 
white  (2  or  3  lines  long)  :  akenes  minutely  pubescent,  2  -  3-nerved  :  pappus  plainly 
double,  the  outer  of  very  short  subulate  squamellaj. 

Sierra  Nevada  near  Summit  ;  thence  eastward  and  northward  nearly  to  British  Columbia.  The 
forms  with  leafy  stems  approach  the  next. 


Erigeron.  COMPOSITE.  329 

4-  -t-  -t-  Leaves  entire  and  narrow,  numerous  all  along  the  branching  flowering  steins: 
akenes  in  all  2-nerved  or  only  some  of  the  outermost  ^-nerved, 

++  Leaves  all  filiform,  canescent. 

9.  S.  filifolium,  Nutt.  Hoary  with  minute  appressed  pubescence ;  stems  a 
span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  from  a  somewhat  woody  decumbent  base  or  branching 
rootstock,  slender,  xisually  corymbosely  branching  :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear  (an 
inch  or  two  long,  a  line  or  much  less  in  width),  and  becoming  tiliform,  the  upper- 
most reduced  to  minute  subulate  bracts  :  involucre  canescent  and  somewhat  hirsute, 
2  or  3  lines  high,  the  outer  scales  shorter :  rays  50  to  80,  white  or  pink  (3  or 
4  lines  long) :  akenes  sparsely  and  minutely  hairy,  becoming  glabrous  :  pappus 
almost  simple,  the  short  outer  bristles  indistinct.  —  Diplopappus  filifolius,  Hook. 
Chrysopsis  canesceiis,  DC. 

Plumas  Co.  {Lcmmon)  ;  near  Carson  City  {Anderson),  thence  northward,  rather  common  in 
the  interior  districts  to  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

++  ++  Leaves  flat,  from  narrowly  linear  to  lanceolate. 

=  Papptis  simple  or  the  older  of  fine  and  short  bristles :  heads  (except  in  the  last) 
corymbose  at  the  summit  of  the  very  leafy  stem :  rays  in  a  single  series. 

10.  E.  Breweri,  Gray.  Somewhat  hoary  with  fine  and  short  scabrous-hirsute 
pubescence  :  stems  ascending  or  erect  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high,  slender,  leafy  to  the  summit,  bearing  solitary  or  few  corymbose  heads  : 
leaves  short  (half  an  inch  to  aji  inch  long),  linear-spatulate  or  narrowly  oblance- 
olate  :  involucre  glabrous  (2  or  3  lines  high) ;  its  scales  glabrous,  unequal,  the  outer 
successively  shorter  :  rays  only  about  15  (remarkably  few  for  an  Erigeron),  violet, 
narrow  :  pappus  nearly  simple,  the  outer  set  of  bristles  if  present  very  short  and 
inconspicuous. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  541. 

Woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Mariposa  Co.,  at  4,000  to  6,000  feet,  Brewer,  Torrey,  Gray. 
Above  Carson  City,  Nevada,  Anderson.  This  might  as  well  be  ranked  as  an  Aster,  of  the 
Orthomeris  section,  except  lor  the  style-appendages  and  an  obvious  relationship  to  some  of 
tlie  following  species. 

11.  £.  corymbosum,  Nutt.  Scabrous-hirsute  and  somewhat  hoary  with  short 
spreading  pubescence  :  stems  clustered,  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  moi*e  high,  corym- 
bose at  the  summit,  bearing  several  pedunculate  heads :  leaves  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  to  the  base,  about  2  inches  long:  involucre  canescently 
hirsute  (2  or  3  lines  high),  formed  of  nearly  equal  scales  :  rays  30  or  40,  violet  or 
purple,  slender  :  the  short  bristles  of  the  outer  pappus  rather  manifest.  — Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  ii.  178. 

Eastern  slope  of  Providence  Mountains,  Dr.  Cooper.  Incomplete  specimens,  perhaps  not  of 
this  species,  which  belongs  much  further  north,  in  the  interior  of  Oregon,  &c.,  but  may  be 
expected  along  the  northeastern  borders  of  the  State.  The  hoary  pubescence  principally,  and 
probably  insufficiently,  distinguishes  this  from  E.  decumhcns,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon,  which,  in  turn, 
nearly  approaches  the  next. 

12.  E.  foliosum,  Xutt.  Sparsely  and  minutely  scabrous-hirsute,  or  nearly  gla- 
brous :  stems  erect  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  one  or  two  feet  high,  corymbosely 
branched  above,  bearing  sevei'al  short-peduncled  heads  :  leaves  numerous  to  the 
summit,  either  broadly  or  narrowly  linear,  obtuse-  (from  an  inch  to  at  most  2  inches 
long,  and  from  2  lines  to  half  a  line  wide),  the  lowest  sometimes  spatulate  :  invo- 
luci-e  varying  from  minutely  hirsute  to  glabrous  (3  lines  high),  the  narrow  scales 
unequal :  rays  30  or  40,  narrow,  purple-blue  or  white  (sometimes  none)  :  short 
bristles  of  the  outer  pappus  present,  but  inconspicuous.  —  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  309,  &  PI.  Gamb.  177.  E.  Douglasii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  177. 
Diplopappus  (1)  occidentalis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  —  A  broader-leaved  form  with  conspicu- 
ous purple  rays  is  the  type  of  this  polymorphous  species.  The  extreme  forms  to  be 
noted  as  varieties  are 


330  COMPOSITE.  ■*  Erigeron. 

Var.  Stenophyllum,  Gray.  Leaves  a  line  or  less  in  width,  sometimes  becoming 
almost  filiform.  —  E.  steaophyllum,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  176,  not  of  Gray  in  Pacif.  R. 
liep.  iv.  98. 

Var.  inornatum,  Gray.  Leaves  varying  from  spatulate-linear  and  2  or  3  lines 
wide  to  very  narrowly  linear  •.  involucre  glabrous  :  rays  none. 

Open  woods,  &c.,  from  Humboldt  and  Nevada  to  San  Diego  Counties,  both  the  broader  and 
the  narrow-leaved  forms.  Var.  inornatum,  which  may  prove  distinct,  Mendocino  Co.,  Kellogg 
and  Harford,  in  several  forms;  Upper  Sacramento  (Axwberrj/,  "A'.  Douglasii,  var."):  near 
Douner  Lake  {Torrey),  and  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon,  &c.  If  this  species,  through  its  longer- 
leaved  forms,  should  be  found  to  pass  into  E.  decumbens,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon,  it  will  still  be  most 
proi>er  to  preserve  the  name  of  E.  foliosum,  of  the  same  age  as  the  other,  although  Nuttall  first 
described  it  from  an  imperfect  specimen,  and  not  very  correctly  as  to  the  akene  ;  but  he  re-identi- 
fied it  in  his  paper  on  Dr.  Gambel's  collection. 

Kellogg  and  Harford's  No.  398  is  a  remarkable  dwarf  form,  apparently  of  the  var.  inornatum, 
approaching  E.  supplcx :  the  involucre  is  minutely  glandular,  as  also  is  the  minute  roughLsh 
pubescence  on  the  branches  and  leaves. 

13.  E.  supples,  Gray.  Villous-hirsute ;  stems  a  span  or  two  long  from  slender 
rootstocks,  decumbent,  mostly  simple,  terminated  by  a  solitary  and  ped uncled  head  : 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  mostly  acute  (about  an  inch  long  and  2  lines  wide),  the 
uppermost  becoming  linear :  involucre  villous  (about  4  lines  high),  the  scales  nearly 
equal  and  loose  :  rays  wholly  wanting :  pappus  nearly  simple.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  353. 

Humboldt  and  Mendocino  Counties,  Bolandcr,  Kellogg.  Collected  by  Mr.  Andrews  several 
years  ago,  station  unknown. 

=  =  Pappus  conspicuously  double,  the  outer  manifestly  chaffy :  rays  very  numerous 
or  none.     {Root  perhaps  not  j^erennial.) 

1 4.  E.  concinnum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Very  hirsute  or  hispid  with  long  spreading 
hairs  :  stems  tufted,  a  span  or  more  high,  commonly  branching,  more  or  less  leafy  : 
leaves  spatulate-linear  or  the  radical  ones  spatulate  :  involucre  hirsute  (about  2  lines 
high),  its  scales  nearly  equal  :  rays  narrow,  purple  or  white,  4  or  5  lines  long, 
or  in  the 

Var.  aphanactis,  Gray  ;  the  rays  wanting  or  reduced  to  an  abortive  ligule 
shorter  than  its  style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  540. 

Sierra  Nevada  on  the  eastern  slope  in  Nevada  {Anderson,  Torrey),  near  to  and  doubtless  within 
the  State  line  ;  only  the  rayless  form  :  thence  eastward  throughout  the  interior  region.  In  both 
forms  the  outer  pappus  is  sometimes  of  narrow  and  acute,  sometimes  of  decidedly  broad  and 
erose  or  truncate  chaffy  scales.  If  not  perennial-rooted  tlie  species  should  be  placed  next  to 
E.  divergens. 

++  ++  ++  Leaves  broader  (from  lanceolate  to  obovate),  in  one  species  serrate :  rays 
extremely  numerous  :  outer  pappus  indistinct  if  any. 

15.  E.  speciosum,  DC.  Sparsely  hirsute  or  almost  glabrous  :  stem  stout,  erect, 
1  to  2 J  feet  high,  furrowed,  branching  above,  very  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing 
several  or  numerous  corymbose  heads :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
entire,  bright  green,  hirautely  ciliate  (1|  to  4  inches  long),  closely  sessile  or  partly 
clasping  ;  the  radical  ones  spatulate  and  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  heads  rather  large  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  sparsely  hirsute,  very  narrowly  subulate  :  rays  very  narrow 
and  numerous,  violet-purple.  —  Stenactis  speciosa,  Lindl.  Bot.  Peg.  t.  1577;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  3607. 

*'  California,  Douglas "  ;  but  it  has  not  since  been  collected  in  the  State  ;  yet  probably  it 
occurs  in  the  northern  districts,  as  it  is  common  throughout  the  moister  i)arts  of  Oregon  and 
"Washington  Territory,  whence  it  was  long  ago  inti-oduced  into  gardens.  Heads  showy,  fully  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  including  the  rays,  which  are  half  an  inch  long. 

16.  E.  glaucum,  Ker.  Hirsute  or  villous  with  spreading  hairs  :  stems  ascend- 
ing, a  span  to  a  foot  high,  leafy  below,  bearing  solitary  or  few  very  large  heads  : 


Erigeron.  COMPOSITE.  331 

leaves  somewhat  succulent,  glabrale  with  age,  1  to  4  inches  long,  all  broad  and 
obtuse,  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong,  entire ;  the  lowest  and  radical  ones  narrowed 
below  into  a  margined  petiole,  and  rarely  Avith  a  few  teeth  :  involucre  villous  and 
somewhat  viscid  :  rays  not  very  narrow,  violet. — Aster  Californicus,  Less.  Stenactu 
ylaiica,  Nees.  Woodvillea  calendidacea,  DC.  Erigeron  maritimum,  and  probably 
E.  hispidum,  Xutt.  1.  c. 

Sea-shore,  from  Monterey  to  Oregon  ;  flowering  at  almost  all  seasons.  Head  2  inches  in  diam- 
eter, including  the  rays.     The  name  inappropriate,  as  the  herbage  is  seldom  at  all  glaucous. 

1 7.  E.  Fhiladelphicuxn,  Linn.  Pubescent  or  rather  hirsute  :  stems  erect  from 
a  perhaps  biennial  root,  1  to  3  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  summit,  bearing  several  or 
numerous  corymbose  rather  small  heads  :  leaves  oblong,  or  the  upper  oblong-lan- 
ceolate and  partly  clasping  at  base  ;  the  lowest  obovate  or  spatulate ;  all  more  or 
less  irregularly  toothed,  occasionally  nearly  entire  :  involucre  minutely  appressed- 
hirsute  :  rays  very  narrow  and  numerous,  flesh-colored  or  reddish-purple  :  pappus 
simple.  —  E.  purpureum,  Ait. 

Moist  open  grounds,  apparently  not  rare  through  the  length  of  California  and  in  Oregon  ;  com- 
mon in  the  Atlantic  States.     Heads  less  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  including  the  slender  rays. 

§  2.  Annuals  or  sometimes  biennials,  with  small  or  rather  small  heads  and  conspicuous 
rays :  pappiis  plainly  double. ;  the  outer  a  crown  or  circle  of  chaffy  squamellce 
rather  than  bristles,  hardly  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  akene  and  persistent  ; 
the  inner  of  the  ordinary  slender  bristles,  but  scanty,  and  deciduous  or  cadu- 
cous. —  Phalacroloma,  Torr.  &  Gray. 
«  Branclied  from  the  base  and  spreading  :  pappus  alike  in  ray  and  disk  flowers. 

18.  E.  divergens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Hoary-pubescent,  diffuse,  a  span  to  a  foot  or 
so  high,  corymbosely  branching  ;  the  branches  terminated  by  solitary  peduncled 
heads  :  leaves  linear,  the  lowest  spatulate  and  sometimes  sparingly  toothed  or 
incised  :  involucre  hirsute  (about  two  lines  high)  :  rays  very  numerous  and  slender, 
pale  purple  and  white,  or  sometimes  bright  blue-purple,  3  lines  long :  receptacle 
commonly  very  convex.  —  E.  Be  II  id  last  rum.  Gray  in  Hall,  Oregon  Coll.  ;  Eaton  in 
Bot.  King  Exp.  150,  not  of  Nutt.  (which  has  simple  very  deciduous  pappus,  broad 
white  top  to  the  akene,  very  flat  receptacle,  and  is  unknown  west  of  the  Eocky 
Mountains). 

Sierra  Valley  (Lemvion,  with  bright-colored  rays)  :  common  in  Oregon  and  Nevada,  probably 
in  all  adjacent  pails  of  California  ;  extending  to  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico.  Near  Fort  Mohave, 
Br.  Cooper;  a  form  like  E.  cinereum.  Gray,  which  is  apparently  a  low  variety,  with  less  convex 
receptacle. 

*  *  Stem  erect,  2  to  5  feet  high,  branching  only  above :  heads  numerous,  loosely  corym- 
bose, comparatively  small :  ray-floivers  having  only  the  short  outer  pappus,  tlie  slender 
bristles  loanting,  and  in  the  disk-flowers  very  deciduous :  rays  white. 

19.  E.  strigosum,  j\Iuhl.  Slender,  2  to  4  feet  high,  roughish  or  somewhat 
grayish  with  a  very  short  appressed  pubescence :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  or  the  lower 
spatulate  and  sometimes  toothed  :  heads  loosely  corymbed :  rays  2  or  3  lines  long. 

Plumas  Co.  (Lemmoji)  to  Oregon  ;  a  form  with  coarser  and  looser  hairiness  than  the  eastern 
plant,  approaching  E.  annuum. 

E.  ANNUUM,  Pers.,  differs  from  this  in  being  larger  (3  to  5  feet  high),  hirsute  with  spreading 
hail's,  and  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  lower  leaves  coarsely  toothed  or  cut.  It  is  a  weed  of  cul- 
tivated grounds,  originally  from  the  Atlantic  States,  now  dispersed  over  the  northern  temperate 
regions,  and  probably  has  reached  or  will  reach  California. 

§  3.  Annuals,  with  very  numerous  small  (not  over  2  lines  long)  and  narrow  heads  in 
a  panicle  :  rays  inconspicuous  or  m,inute  {ivhitish),  hardly  exceeding  the  pale 
yellow  or  lohitish  disk-flowers  :  pappus  simple.  —  C^enotus. 

20.  E.  Canadense,  Linn.  (Horseweed.)  A  homely  weed,  with  slender  strictly 
erect  stem,   from  a  few  inches  to  4  or  5   feet  high,  nearly  glabrous  or  sparsely 


332  COMPOSITE.  ■»  Conyza. 

hirsute,  thickly  beset  witli  linear  entire  leaves,  or  those  at  the  base  broader  and  cut- 
lobed  :  leafy  panicle  generally  long  and  narrow  :  pappus  simple. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  everywhere  having  the  aspect  of  an  introduced  weed,  common 
almost  all  over  the  world. 

24.   CONYZA,  Linn. 

Heads  many -flowered,  heterogamous,  but  not  radiate ;  the  pistillate  flowers  in 
many  series  and  more  numerous  than  the  fertile  one§,  with  only  a  filiform  truncate 
corolla  shorter  than  the  style ;  the  few  central  flowers  tubular  and  perfect,  or  some 
of  them  infertile.  Involucre  of  narrow  numerous  scales.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex, 
naked.  Style-appendages  short.  Akenes  small,  flattened,  usually  nerved  only  on 
the  margins.  Pappus  as  in  Erigeron,  in  ours  of  simple  scanty  capillary  bristles,  — 
Mostly  tropical  or  subtropical  weeds,  with  alternate  toothed  or  lobed  leaves,  and 
small  corymbose  or  panicled  heads  of  whitish  or  yellowish  flowers. 

1 .  C.  Coulteri,  Gray.  Annual  (?),  somewhat  viscidly  pubescent,  one  or  two  feet 
high,  very  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  closely  sessile,  linear-oblong  or  the  lower  spatu- 
late,  coarsely  toothed  or  incisely  pinnatifid,  about  an  incli  long :  panicle  narrow, 
virgate  :  heads  very  numerous,  small,  barely  2  lines  long  :  involucre  hairy  :  central 
perfect  flowers  5  to  7. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  355.  C.  subdecurrens,  Gray,  PI. 
Fendl.  &c.,  not  of  DC.     Erigeron  discoidea,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  v.  55. 

S.  E.  borders  of  the  State  (Coulter,  Cooper) ;  on  the  San  Joaquin  {Kellogg) ;  and  through  Ari- 
zona to  Colorado  and  Texas.     A  homely  weed. 

25.  BACCHAEIS,  Linn. 

Heads  many-flowered,  homogamous,  dioecious;  in  the  sterile  plant  the  flowers 
seemingly  perfect  as  to  style  &c.,  but  with  abortive  ovary ;  in  the  fertile  pistillate 
only.  Involucre  of  dry  imbricated  scales,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips,  the  exterior 
successively  shorter.  Eeceptacle  commonly  flat  and  naked.  Corolla  of  the  fertile 
flowers  small  and  filiform,  truncate,  wholly  destitute  of  ligule,  shorter  than  the 
style  :  in  the  sterile  flowers  tubular  with  a  somewhat  expanded  5-cleft  limb  :  the 
style  usually  2-cleft  at  summit,  sometimes  undivided.  Akenes  small,  several-ribbed. 
Pappus  in  the  fertile  flowers  of  copious  mostly  soft  and  fine  capillary  bristles ;  in 
the  sterile  commoidy  less  copious  or  less  elongated,  often  tortuous  and  more  den- 
ticulate. —  Shrubby  or  sometimes  herbaceous  plants,  ours  all  glabrous,  often  gluti- 
nous, with  alternate  leaves  and  small  mostly  clustered  heads  of  white  or  yellowish 
inconspicuous  flowers. 

A  very  large  genus  in  South  America,  a  few  reaching  the  United  States  throughout  its  southern 
borders,  and  extending  northward  along  either  coast. 

*  Leaves  broad,  short  and  obtuse,  commonly  few-toothed :  heads  panictdate-glomerate 
on  the  very  numerous  branches  :  pappus  in  the  fertile  flowers  at  length  much  exceeding 
the  involucre. 

1.  B.  pilularis,  DC.  Shrub  |  to  4  feet  high,  glutinous  :  leaves  sessile,  obovate 
or  cuneiform,  about  an  inch  long,  coarsely  or  sinuately  few-toothed,  or  occasionally 
entire  :  heads  2  or  3  or  more  in  a  cluster  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  globu- 
lar, 2  or  3  lines  long,  the  fertile  pappus  becoming  4  or  5  lines  long.  —  B.  pilidaris 
&  B.  consanguinea,  DC. 

Common  in  sandy  soil  along  the  whole  length  of  the  coast,  and  reaching  Oregon  ;  flowering  in 
autumn.  De  CandoUe's  specific  name  may  relate  to  the  size  and  form  of  the  flowering  heads,  or  to 
small  globular  excrescences,  probably  galls,  which  often  occur  on  some  branchlets. 


Baccharis.  COMPOSITE.  333 

*  *  Leaves  long  and  narroiv,  acute,  sharply  serrulate  or  entire :  heads  in  a  naked  com- 
pound  corymb  or  cyme  terminatitig  the  hei'haceous  striate  flowering  branches :  bristles 
of  the  pappus  in  fertile  flowers  less  copious  (20  to  30)  and  little  elongating. 

2.  B.  Douglasii,  DC.  Shrubby  at  base,  glutinous  :  leaves  lanceolate  and  very- 
acute,  or  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate  (3  or  4  inches  long)  and  sharply  more  or  less 
serrulate,  triple-ribbed,  the  uppermost  smaller  and  narrow  :  heads  numerous  in  a 
terminal  corapoun<l  corymb  :  scales  of  the  involucre  in  the  sterile  heads  broadly,  in 
the  fertile  narrowly  lanceolate-linear,  the  scarious  margins  erose-ciliate  :  receptacle 
conical !  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  259,  excl.  syn.  Nutt.  &c. 

Sandy  soil  and  borders  of  swamps,  San  Francisco  to  Los  Angeles.  The  flowering  branches  are 
herbaceous.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  in  the  fertile  flowers  denticulate-scabrous. 

3.  B.  viminea,  DC.  More  shrubby,  hardly  glutinous,  paniculately  branched  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate  (one  to  barely 
three  inches  long),  indistinctly  3-nerved  :  heads  (3  lines  high)  rather  numerous  in 
terminal  corymbs  and  somewhat  racemose  clusters  on  short  lateral  branches  :  scales 
of  the  involucre  very  thin,  broadly  lanceolate  or  the  outer  ones  triangular-ovate, 
■with  scarious  margins  erose  and  mostly  villous-ciliate  :  receptacle  flat  (as  in  most 
species) :  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  of  smooth  bristles. 

Border  of  streams,  Napa  Co.  to  Los  Angeles.  A  willow-like  shrub  :  foliage  eaten  readily  by 
horses  and  mules.     Tliis  has  been  confounded  sometimes  with  B.  Douglasii  in  collections. 

4.  B.  glutinosa,  Pers.  Suff'ruticose,  less  branched  than  the  last :  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  3-nerved  from  near  the  base  :  heads 
numerous  in  a  terminal  compound  corymb,  rather  smaller  than  in  the  last :  the 
scales  of  the  involucre  similar  but  of  firmer  and  more  chartaceous  texture  :  bristles 
of  the  pappus  scabrous-denticulate.  —  B.  Pingropa,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc, 
not  of  Molina.     B.  ccerulescens,  var.,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  83. 

San  Diego,  NufMll.  Los  Angeles,  Wallace.  We  cannot  now  ascertain  whether  this  is 
Hooker  and  Araott's  B.  glutinosa,  but  it  appears  to  be  the  Chilian  species,  and  B.  Alamani,  DC, 
of  Mexico,  seems  hardly  difl'erent. 

5.  B.  caerulescens,  DC.  Suffruticose,  2  to  8  feet  high,  scarcely  glutinous  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  3  or  4  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  sharply  and 
rather  remotely  serrate  or  serrulate,  3-nerved  from  near  the  base  :  heads  very  numer- 
ous in  a  compound  terminal  corymb,  small :  involucre  only  2  lines  high  ;  the  scales 
chartaceous,  lanceolate  or  the  outermost  ovate-lanceolate,  with  very  narrow  and 
nearly  naked  scarious  margins  :  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  of  scabrous  bristles. 

San  Diego  and  San  Luis  Rey  {Parry),  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper,  Schott),  and  through  Arizona  to 
Texas  and  Mexico. 

*  *  %  Leaves  small  and  narroto,  obtuse,  or  tlie  paniculately  much-branched  stems  and 
slender  rush-like  striate-angled  branchlets  nearly  naked. 

C.  B.  Bmoryi,  Gray.  Suffruticose  :  leaves  linear,  scattered,  half  an  inch  or  less 
than  an  inch  long,  entire  :  heads  solitary  terminating  the  paniculate  branchlets  : 
involucre  of  the  sterile  heads  2,  of  the  fertile  3  lines  high  ;  the  scales  subcoriaceous, 
obtuse,  the  outer  ovate,  innermost  linear  :  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  fine  and  copi- 
ous, attaining  half  an  inch  in  length  :  akenes  10-striate.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  83. 

San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino  counties,  and  in  Arizona. 

7.  B.  sergiloides,  Gray,  1.  c.  Suffruticose  :  flowering  branches  often  leafless  : 
leaves  spatulate  or  almost  linear,  a  third  or  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  or 
reduced  to  mere  scales,  mucronate,  entire  :  heads  numerous  and  panicled,  the  sterile 
ones  mostly  clustered  :  involucre  of  the  sterile  heads  1  ^,  of  the  fertile  2  lines  high  ; 
the  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  or  the  innermost  linear,  rather  acute  :  pappus  of  the 
fertile  flowers  less  copious  and  little  exceeding  the  involucre  :  akenes  few-nerved. 

Southeastern  borders  of  California,  Bigelow,  Dr.  Le  Conte,  Palmer.     Also  in  Arizona. 


334  COMPOSITE.  *  Plvchea. 


Tribe  IV.     INULOIDILE. 

Heads  heterogamous  with  the  marginal  or  outer  flowers  pistillate  (in  the  true 
Inuleoe  radiate  in  the  manner  of  Asteroiderje,  but  there  are  none  of  these  in  Cali- 
fornia), or  in  our  genera  discoid,  with  wholly  tubular  corollas,  but  those  of  pistil- 
late flowers  mostly  filiform  or  very  slender,  rarely  homogamous  and  more  or  less 
dioecious.  Anthers  appendaged  at  the  apex,  sagittate  and  the  auricles  acuminate  or 
tailed  (rarely  only  acute)  at  base.  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect  flowers  margined 
with  stigmatic  lines  up  to  the  very  apex,  not  tipped  with  an  appendage  :  sterile 
flowers  commonly  with  undivided  style.  Akenes  small,  except  in  Adenocaulon. 
Leaves  alternate,  except  in  Psilocarphus.     Flowers  in  the  head  all  of  one  color. 

26.  PLUCHEA,  Cass. 

Head  discoid,  many-flowered,  most  of  the  flowers  pistillate  and  with  minutely 
2  -  4-toothed  corolla,  a  few  hermaphrodite  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre  with  a 
tubular  5-lobed  corolla.  Scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated,  thin  and  dry 
(purplish),  appressed,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Style  of  the 
hermaphrodite  flowers  minutely  2-toothed  or  undivided.  Akenes  small,  4-5-an- 
gled.  Pappus  uniform,  a  single  series  of  fine  capillary  bristles.  — Mostly  glandular- 
pubescent,  with  aromatic  or  heavy  odor ;  the  small  heads  in  corymbose  cymes,  the 
flowers  whitish  or  purple. 

1.  P.  camphorata,  DC.  Annual  herb,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  minute  some- 
what viscid  pubescence  :  leaves  oblong-ovate  varying  to  broadly  lanceolate,  irregu- 
larly more  or  less  toothed,  nearly  sessile,  somewhat  succulent :  cyme  corymbose, 
dense  :  involucre  tinged  with  purple,  minutely  viscid-pubescent.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  ii.  261. 

Salt  marshes,  Bay  of  San  Francisco  {Pickering  and  Brackenridge,  Bolander) ;  San  Diego,  Palmer. 
Nevada  and  Arizona  ;  also  eastward  along  the  whole  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States. 

27.  TESSARIA,  Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Head  and  flowers  like  those  of  Pluchea ;  but  scales  of  the  involucre  of  firm  tex- 
ture ;  the  outer  even  coriaceous,  broad  and  short,  the  innermost  narrow  and  some- 
what scarious.  Pappus  of  the  central  flowers  (in  our  species)  of  firmer  bristles  with 
abruptly  dilated  tips.  —  Silky  canescent  shrubby  plants,  with  cymose  or  corymbose 
rather  small  heads  of  purplish  flowers  :  all  Western  South  American,  except  the  fol- 
lowing. 

1.  T.  borealis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Shrub,  with  virgate  branches,  very  leafy  to  the 
top :  leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute,  entire,  sessile,  silvery-canescent :  heads  in  a  small 
sessile  cluster  terminating  the  branches  :  involucre  broadly  campanulate ;  its  outer 
scales  tomentose  and  ovate,  the  inner  linear  and  scarious-fimbriate  at  the  tip  :  recep- 
tacle not  hairy  :  hermaphrodite  flowers  6  to  8  :  the  bristles  of  their  pappus  more 
rigid  and  with  conspicuously  enlarged  tips. — Emory,  Rep.  143;  PI.  Fendl.  &  PI. 
Wright. ;  Sitgreaves,  Rep.  t.  5.     Polypappus  sericeus,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb. 

Sandy  bordei-s  of  streams,  from  Ventura  Co.  (Rothrock)  and  southeastward  (Coulter,  Palmer) 
through  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Called  Cachimilla  by  the  Mexicans,  Arrowwood  by  trav- 
ellers. 


Micropus.  COMPOSIT.E.  335 

28.  ADENOCAULON,  Hook. 

Head  discoid;  the  4  to  7  marginal  flowers  pistillate;  the  5  or  8  central  ones 
sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  ovary  and  stigma ;  both  kinds  with  nearly  similar  open- 
funnelform  4  -  5-lobed  corolla.  Involucre  of  5  ovate  herbaceous  scales  in  a  single 
series,  reflexed  in  fruit.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Anthers  sagittate  at  base,  not 
tailed.  Akenes  oblong-club  shaped,  large,  several  times  longer  than  the  small  in- 
volucre, obscurely  few-ribbed,  toward  the  summit  beset  with  stipitate  glands.  Pap- 
pus none.  —  Herbs  with  slender  paniculately  branching  stems,  alternate  and  cordate 
or  reniform  thin  leaves,  which  beneath  are  clothed  with  floccose  white  wool  (as  well 
as  the  stem),  at  least  when  young,  long  margined  or  winged  petioles,  and  very  small 
paniculate  heads  of  whitish  flowers  ;  the  peduncles  beset  with  viscid  glands.  — 
Hook.  Bot.  Misc.  i.  119,  t.  15,  &  Fl.  i.  308 ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  94;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  653. 

1.  A.  bicolor,  Hook.  Perennial,  one  to  three  feet  high  :  leaves  mostly  deltoid- 
cordate  and  more  or  less  angulate-lobed,  very  white-woolly  beneath,  green  and  early 
glabrous  above,  2  to  4  inches  wide  :  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  especially  the  long 
and  slender  peduncles  beset  with  stalked  glands  :  akenes  a  third  of  an  inch  long  or 
even  more. 

Redwoods,  from  Santa  Cruz  Co.,  also  in  the  high  Sierra  Nevada,  north  to  British  Columbia, 
thence  east  to  Lake  Superior.  Leaves  rarely  somewhat  lyrate  by  a  pair  of  small  basal  lobes. 
There  are  one  or  perhaps  two  nearly  related  species  in  Japan,  Mandchuria,  and  the  Himalayas, 
and  two  in  Chili. 

29.  MICROPUS,  Linn. 

Head  discoid,  several-flowered ;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  corolla  forming 
a  single  series,  each  wholly  enclosed  (except  the  branches  of  the  style)  in  a  con- 
duplicately  infolded  and  laterally  much  compressed  very  gibbous  chaff  or  scale,  which 
becomes  firm-coriaceous  or  cartilaginous  in  fruit,  and  falls  at  maturity  with  the  com- 
pletely enclosed  akene,  inclined  at  length  to  dehisce  into  two  valves  :  the  herma- 
phrodite but  sterile  flowers,  with  4  — 5-toothed  tubular  corolla,  few  and  naked  in 
the  centre.  Involucre  of  few  scarious  scales.  Receptacle  small  and  short.  Akene 
obovate  and  gibbous,  laterally  compressed,  smooth,  its  apex  (bearing  the  corolla  and 
style)  lateral.  Pappus  none.  —  Low  floccose-woolly  annuals  ;  with  entire  leaves, 
and  the  small  heads  in  sessile  clusters. — Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  297  (excl.  §  3 
&  §  4) ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  651. 

The  genus  belongs  to  the  warm-temperate  region  of  the  Old  World,  excepting  the  following 
outlying  but  evidently  indigenous  species. 

1.  M.  Californicus,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  mostly 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  with  rather  close-pressed  white  wool:  leaves  linear:  heads 
in  lateral  and  terminal  clusters  which  are  inclined  to  be  spicate  :  fructiferous  scales 
very  woolly,  under  the  wool  smooth  and  even,  half-obcordate,  and  with  a  subulate 
beak  terminating  in  a  somewhat  dilated  scarious  apex  :  embryo  nearly  straight, 
—  M.  [Rh;/ncJiolepis)  anr/ustifoUus,  i^utt. 

Var.  SubvestitUS,  Gray  :  a  form  with  smaller  fructiferous  scales,  clothed  with 
much  less  wool  and  that  more  appressed,  so  tliat  the  shape  is  distinctly  seen :  but  it 
seems  to  pass  into  the  ordinary  condition. 

Open  grounds,  common  nearly  throughout  the  length  of  the  State,  extending  to  the  islands 
off  Lower  California  ;  also  in  Oregon.  The  variety  from  Arroyo  Grande,  the  Contra  Costa 
range,  &c. 


336  COMPOSIT.E.  .^    Psilocarphus. 

30.  PSILOCARPHUS,  Nutt. 

Head  discoid,  many  flowered ;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  corolla,  numer- 
ous (20  to  40,  rarely  10  to  12),  in  several  series  on  the  depressed-globular  receptacle, 
each  loosely  enclosed  in  an  obovate  or  semi-obcordate  hooded-saccate  vesicular  or 
inflated  chafi"  or  scale,  clothed  with  soft  wool,  of  membranaceous  texture,  its  apex 
introrse  and  more  or  less  beaked  with  a  hyaline  scale ;  the  hermaphrodite  but  sterile 
flowers  few  and  naked  in  the  centre,  with  tubular  4  -^-toothed  corolla.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  few  and  small,  scarious.  Akene  oblong  or  cylindraceous  and  moder- 
ately compressed,  straight  (its  small  areola  terminal),  small  and  loose  in  the  sac  of 
the  scale,  which  is  more  or  less  open  down  the  inner  face.  Pappus  none.  —  Low 
and  mostly  depressed  floccose-woolly  annuals,  with  entire  leaves,  which  are  mainly 
opposite  !  Heads  small,  in  terminal  capitate  clusters  and  in  the  forks  of  the  branch- 
ing stems,  involucrate  by  the  upper  leaves.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  652. 

Peculiar  to  Oregon  and  California,  and  one  or  two  species  in  Chili.  Ours  appear  to  be  redu- 
cible to  two,  from  the  first  of  which  the  Chilian  P.  glohiferus  diffei-s,  perhaps  too  slightly,  in  its 
broader  leaves  and  proportionally  wider  as  well  as  smaller  akenes. 

1.  P.  Oreganus,  Nutt.  Beset  with  loose  white  wool,  especially  the  heads, 
becoming  ditiusely  branched,  mostly  forming  spreading  tufts  :  leaves  linear  or  the 
uppermost  narrowly  oblong  :  akenes  cylindraceous  and  slightly  compressed,  about 
three  fourtlis  of  a  line  long.  —  P.  glohiferus,  Nutt.  excl.  syn. ;  a  loose  woolly  form. 
P.  brevissimus,  Nutt.  ;  dwarf-depauperate  state  of  the  same.  P.  Oreganus,  Nutt.  ;  a 
state  with  the  white  woolliness  somewhat  appressed. 

Var.  elatior,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  the  most  remarkable  form,  probably  an  unusually 
luxuriant  condition,  a  span  high,  almost  erect,  with  leaves  nearly  an  inch  long,  and 
the  cluster  of  heads  large  in  proportion ;  as  yet  found  only  at  Portland,  Oregon. 

Santa  Barbara  to  Oregon  near  the  coast,  in  low  gi-ounds  along  streams. 

2.  P.  tenellus,  Nutt.  Canescently  tomentose  with  finer  and  more  appressed 
wool,  which  soon  detaches  from  the  slender  or  filiform  diffusely  very  much  branched 
stems,  forming  prostrate  tufts  a  span  or  two  in  diameter  :  lower  leaves  spatulate- 
linear  and  the  upper  spatulate  :  heads  smaller,  in  fruit  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter,  but 
the  fertile  flowers  quite  as  numerous  :  akenes  fusiform-oblong,  half  a  line  long. 

Low  grounds,  common  from  San  Francisco,  &c. ,  southward. 

31.   STYLOCLINE,  Nutt.,  char,  extended. 

Head  discoid,  many-flowered ;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  corolla,  several 
or  many  in  2  or  many  series  on  the  columnar  receptacle,  each  with  the  ovary  and 
akene  loosely  enclosed  in  the  base  or  body  of  an  ovate  broadly  boat-shaped  chaff"  or 
scale  of  the  receptacle,  of  scarious  or  firmer  membranaceous  texture  ;  the  hermaphro- 
dite but  sterile  flowers  few  in  the  centre,  on  the  narrow  summit  of  the  receptacle, 
involucrate  but  not  enclosed  by  4  or  5  merely  concave  scales  of  the  receptacle ; 
their  tubular  corollas  4  -  5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  hyaline  and  incon- 
spicuous, or  hardly  any.  Akenes  obovate  or  oblong  with  a  narrow  base,  slightly 
oblique  or  straight ;  the  areola  terminal.  Pappus  none  to  the  akenes,  commonly 
a  few  caducous  scabrous  bristles  around  the  sterile  flowers.  —  Low  floccose-woolly 
annuals,  with  entire  and  alternate  leaves  (in  the  manner  of  the  tribe),  and  small 
heads  in  glomerate  clusters.  In  affinity  intermediate  between  tlie  preceding  genera 
and  the  next :  Western  North  American,  with  one  species  in  Affghanistan.  — 
Gray,  1.  c.     Micropus  §   3  &  §  4,  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c. 


Eoax.  COMPOSITE.  337 

§  1.  Fertile  flowers  numerous ;  their  chaffy  subtending  scales  imhricated  in  many 
series  in  an  ovoid  head,  thin,  wholly  or  partly  hyaline,  those  next  the  sterile 
flowers  narroiver  hut  similar :  pappus  commonly  present  to  the  sterile  flowers. 

—  EusTYLOCLixE,  Gray.     {Stylocline,  Nutt.) 

1.  S.  gnaphalioides,  Xutt.  A  span  or  less  in  height,  loosely  white- woolly, 
diffusely  branched  :  leaves  broadly  linear  or  the  upper  oblong,  obtuse  (barely  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  long)  :  fructiferous  scales  lightly  woolly  on  the  back,  broadly 
ovate,  a  firmer  central  portion  at  the  base  saccate  and  enclosing  the  akene;  the 
remainder  barely  concave  and  hyahne.  — Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv.  101,  t.  13. 

Open  grounds,  from  the  Stanislaus  to  Monterey,  NiUtall,  Andrews,  Bigelow.  Seldom  collected  ; 
apparently  not  common. 

2.  S.  micropoides,  Gray.  Lower  :  leaves  linear  and  somewhat  lanceolate, 
acute  :  fructiferous  scales  ovate,  with  the  whole  lower  portion  boat-shaped  and 
involving  the  akene,  very  woolly  on  the  back,  except  the  upper  expanded  hyaline 
portion.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  84. 

Southeastern  borders  of  California  on  the  Colorado  River  (^Newberry),  and  through  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico. 

§  2.  Fertile  flowers  5  to  10;  their  chaffy  scales  in  not  more  than  two  series,  boat- 
shaped  and  involving  the  akene,  qfflrm  membranaceous  texture  and  tvith  a  small 
hyaline  tip,  as  in  Psilocarphus  ;  the  5  uppermost  scales  sterile  and  larger, 
forming  an  involucre  round  the  sterile  flowers,  herbaceo-coriaceous,  open,  tapering 
into  a  rigid  incurved  hooked  cusp,  persistent  and  at  length  stellately  spreading. 

—  Ancistrocabphus,  Gray. 

3.  S.  filaginea,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  less  high,  slender,  erect,  canescent  with 
fine  and  appressed  wool :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  somewhat  dilated  upward  :  invo- 
lucre outside  of  the  woolly  fructiferous  scales  obscure  or  none  :  pappus  to  sterile 
flowers  none.  — Ancistrocarphus  fllagineus,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  356. 

Mendocino  Co.,  at  Round  Valley,  Eel  River,  Bolander.  This  curious  little  plant  has  the 
aspect  of  Filago  Gallica  :  the  heads  are  inconspicuous  :  the  most  prominent  parts  when  developed 
are  the  rigid  sterile  scales  (about  2  lines  long)  with  their  hooked  tips,  adapted  to  attach  the 
small  plants,  at  maturity,  to  the  fleece  of  sheep  or  the  coat  of  cattle. 

32.    EVAX,  Giertn.,  subgenus  HESPEREVAX,  Gray. 

Head  discoid,  many-flowered ;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  corolla  in  sev- 
eral series  on  a  convex  villous  and  centrally  elevated  columnar  receptacle,  each 
subtended  by  an  ovate  barely  concave  chartaceous  chafiy  scale  :  hermaphrodite  but 
sterile  flowers  several  (6  to  10)  on  the  apex  of  the  column  of  the  receptacle,  in- 
volucrate  by  a  whorl  of  3  to  5  thicker  chafiy  scales.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
few  and  resembling  the  chafi"  of  the  receptacle.  Akenes  obovate-oblong  with  a 
narrowed  base,  straight,  more  or  less  compressed  parallel  to  the  subtending  chaff, 
very  smooth.  Pappus  none.  —  Gray,  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  101,  t.  11 ;  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  356,  &  viii.  651. 

Evax  is  an  Old-World  genus,  to  which  is  appended  this  peculiar  Califomian  type,  apparently 
of  a  single  species. 

1.  E.  caulescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Low  annual,  one  to  three  inches  high,  branching 
from  the  base,  densely  white-woolly  :  leaves  spatulate,  with  blade  a  quarter  to 
nearly  an  inch  in  length,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole  :  heads  inconspicuous  in 
sessile  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  or  solitary,  a  line  or  two  in  length  :  chaffy  scales 
of  the  receptacle  becoming  rigid,  those  surrounding  the  sterile  flowers  thicker  and 
woolly  inside.  — Psilocarphus  caulescent,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  319. 


338  COMPOSITE.  -0  Filago. 

Valleys  in  alluvial  or  gravelly  soil,  from  Humboldt  Co.  and  the  Sacramento  to  San  Luis  Obispo. 
The  specimens  distributed  under  No.  415  of  Kellogg  and  Harford's  collection,  with  shorter  and 
smaller  leaves,  have  a  very  slender  column  to  the  receptacle,  and  less  villosity.  Bolander's  from 
Mendocino  Co.,  otherwise  similar,  have  a  shorter  and  thicker  column,  and  much  villosity  to 
the  receptacle.     In  none  is  the  column  so  thick  as  represented  on  the  plate  above  cited. 

33.  FILAGO,  Linn. 

Head  discoid,  the  pistillate  flowers  witti  filiform  corplla  few  or  many  in  more  than 
one  series  on  the  obconical  or  short-columnar  but  flat-topped  receptacle,  each  in  the 
axil  of  a  concave  or  boat-shaped  hyaline  chafi"  or  scale,  or  nearly  enclosed  in  it ;  the 
perfect  and  fertile  or  rarely  infertUe  flowei-s  several  in  the  centre,  with  tubular  4-5- 
toothed  corollas.  Akenes  oblong,  almost  terete,  commonly  glandular  or  roughish- 
papUlose.  Pappus  a  series  of  rather  copious  capillary  scabrous  bristles,  or  commonly 
none  to  the  outer  pistillate  flowers.  —  Mostly  erect  and  low  or  slender  floccose- 
woolly  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  in  capitate  lateral  and 
terminal  clusters :  natives  of  the  Old  World,  one  or  two  sparingly  naturalized  and 
two  indigenous  in  the  New. 

1.  F.  Califomica,  Nutt.  Erect,  a  span  or  two  high,  slender,  often  paniculately 
branched  :  leaves  linear  or  somewhat  spatulate,  about  half  an  inch  long  :  clusters  of 
ovoid  and  somewhat  angled  heads  axillary  and  terminal :  pistillate  flowers  8  to  10  : 
their  scales  broadly  ovate  and  deeply  boat-shaped,  very  woolly  outside,  almost  en- 
closing the  akene,  the  hyaline  tip  broad  and  very  obtuse  :  inner  scales  narrowly 
oblong,  nearly  glabrous,  very  obtuse:  akenes  gland  ular-roughish  :  pappus  none  to 
the  exterior  flowers.  —  F.  Califomica  &  F.  parvula,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Gnaphalium  (?) 
filaginoides,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beech.  359. 

Open  ground,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  evidently  indigenous.  Most 
like  the  European  F.  arvcnsis. 

F.  Arizonica,  Gray,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  652,  the  second  native  species,  collected  in  Ari- 
zona and  Guadalupe  Island,  off  Lower  California,  is  a  peculiar  small  species,  with  proliferous  fili- 
form naked  branches,  somewhat  resembling  F.  spcUhulata,  and  is  not  unlikely  to  occur  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State. 

34.  ANTENNARIA,  Gfcrtn. 

Head  discoid,  dioecious,  many-flowered;  the  pistillate  with  filiform  truncate 
corollas  shorter  than  the  2-cleft  style ;  staminate  with  tubular  5-lobed  coroUas  and 
style  with  undivided  truncate  apex.  Involucre  of  imbricated  scarious  persistent 
scales,  at  least  their  tips  white  or  colored.  Eeceptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked. 
Akenes  small,  nearly  terete  or  flattish,  mostly  glabrous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of 
capillary  bristles ;  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  very  slender,  connate  at  base  and  so 
falling  from  the  akene  in  a  body ;  those  of  the  sterile  often  crisped,  mostly  thick- 
ened at  the  apex,  like  the  antennae  of  some  insects  (whence  the  generic  name).  — 
Low  white-woolly  cespitose  perennials,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  usually 
corymbose,  sometimes  solitary  small  heads  ;  belonging  to  mountains  or  cold  regions, 
excepting  the  common  A.  plantaginifolia,  of  the  Atlantic  States,  which  also  extends 
westward  and  northward  to  Oregon.  (The  common  Everlasting,  A.  margaritacea, 
is  now  included  in  the  next  genus.) 

A.  RACEMOSA,  Hook.,  of  Oregon,  &c.,  is  remarkable  for  little  wool,  loosely  racemose  or  panicu- 
late heads,  bristles  of  the  pappus  rather  less  united  at  base,  and  style  of  sterile  flowers  slightly 
2-lobed  at  the  apex. 


Antennaria.  COMPOSITE.  339 

§  1.  Bnstles  of  the  pappus  of  th^ sterile  flowers  hardly  at  all  thichened  hut  sparsely 
barbellate  at  the  summit ;  of  the  fertile  flowers  smooth :  ahene  oblong-linear, 
cinereous  with  a  minute  jnibescence,  consisting  of  short  bi-uncinate  hairs  ! 

1.  A.  dimorpha,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Depressed,  forming  close  matted  tufts  only  an 
inch  or  two  high  :  the  thickish  rootstocks  creeping  :  leaves  sjjatulate,  silky-woolly 
both  sides,  crowded  on  the  branches  of  the  rootstock  :  heads  solitary  and  sessile, 
proportionally  large,  terminating  extremely  short  or  occasionally  more  developed  (one 
or  two  inches  long)  leafy  stems  :  scales  of  the  turbinate  involucre  mostly  glabrous, 
brownish  ;  those  of  the  sterile  head  ovate-lanceolate,  of  the  fertile  more  narrowly 
lanceolate  and  acuminate. 

On  the  Sierra  Nevada,  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  State  ;  thence  northward  and  eastward 
to  and  rather  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains.  There  are  two  forms,  one  (var.  Nuttallii,  Eaton,  in 
Bot.  King  Exp.)  with  head  only  3  or  4  lines  long;  the  other  (var.  macrocephala,  Eaton)  with  large 
head,  the  fertile  when  in  fruit  sometimes  as  much  as  9  lines  in  length.  On  the  Spipen  River, 
Washington  Terr.,  a  var.  (^flagellar is)  was  gathered  in  the  Wilkes  Expedition,  with  filiform  pro- 
liferous shoots  or  stolons. 

§  2.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  of  the  sterile  flowers  clavate  or  thickened  at  the  apex  : 
akene  shorter,  glabrous  or  minutely  papillose  :  heads  in  a  cluster  (or  occasion- 
ally solitary)  terminating  a  leafy  or  rarely  scapiform  flowering  stem. 

*  Cespitose  by  means  of  surculose  or  stolon-li&e  leafy  sterile  shoots  from  the  base :  up- 

right flowering  stem  simple. 

2.  A.  dioica,  G^ertn.  Radical  shoots  forming  broad  matted  tufts  on  the  ground, 
bearing  rosettes  of  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  white  silvery-tomentose  leaves  :  flower- 
ing stems  2  to  10  inches  high,  bearing  mostly  linear  leaves  and  several  or  numerous 
heads  in  a  close  corymb  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with  obtuse  or  roundish  mostly 
pearly-white  but  often  rose-colored  tips,  of  rather  papery  texture  :  bristles  of  the 
pappus  of  the  sterile  flowers  abruptly  dilated  into  a  broad  and  flat  tip. 

Sierra  Nevada  above  Yosemite  Valley,  and  northward.  Throughout  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
those  of  Nevada,  Oregon,  &c.,  usually  at  higher  elevations  than  in  the  Old  World  :  collected  in 
the  Klamath  country  by  Dr.  Cronkhite,  and  Sierra  Valley  by  Lemrnon,  with  bright  rose-colored 
heads  :  doubtless  the  white  forms  not  wanting  in  the  nortlaern  and  northeastern  parts  of  the 
State.  Dr.  Kellogg,  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  45,  has  described  this  as  a  Gnaphalmin,  near  G. 
purpureum,  viz.  G.  Ncvadcnse,  Kellogg. 

3.  A.  alpina,  Giertn.  Eadical  shoots  less  tufted  :  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding, but  less  silvery  :  flowering  stems  an  inch  to  4  inches  high,  bearing  a  close 
cluster  of  few  heads,  or  sometimes  a  single  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  livid-brown 
and  thin-scarious  (occasionally  the  innermost  with  white  or  whitish  tips),  acute  or 
acutish  in  the  fertile,  more  obtuse  in  the  sterile  heads  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  in 
the  latter  with  less  abrupt  and  broad  tips. 

Along  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  10,000  feet  or  more,  and  in  the  alpine  portion  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, extending  to  the  arctic  regions,  also  in  the  Old  World. 

*  %   Destitute  of  stolons  or  prostrate  sterile  shoots,  or  with  fexo  very  short  ascending  ones. 

+■  Stems  siinple  and  virgate  from  a  rather  stout  rootstock,  the  naked  summit  bearing  a 
corymb  of  broad  heads  :  bristles  of  sterile  pappus  with  conspicuously  dilated  tips. 

4.  A.  Carpathica,  E.  Brown.  Silvery  white-woolly  :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot 
or  more  high  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  lanceolate  and  oblanceolate,  conspicuously 
3-nerved ;  the  upper  becoming  linear  :  heads  large  (at  least  the  fertile  ones  4  or  5 
lines  long),  few  or  several  in  a  close  corymbose  cluster  :  involucre  very  woolly 
and  turbinate  at  base ;  its  scales  livid  or  brownish  and  in  the  sterile  heads  with  ob- 
tuse white  tij)s,  those  of  the  fertile  heads  more  scarious  and  acutish  or  acute :  akenes 
smooth  and  glabrous.  —  The  form  corresponding  with  the  European  plant  about  a 
span  high. 


340  COMPOSITE.  -^       Antennaria. 

Var,  pulcherrima,  Hook.,  is  often  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  with  lowest  leaves  3 
to  5  inches  long,  and  3  to  12  lines  wide;  the  uppermost  reduced  to  linear  or  subu- 
late bracts. 

Not  yet  detected  within  the  limits  of  California,  the  nearest  stations  being  in  the  Havallah  and 
East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada,  IVatson.     The  next  much  resembles  it. 

5.  A.  luzuloides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Silvery-silky  :  stems  slender,  8  to  20  inches 
high :  radical  and  lower  leaves  from  linear-lanceolate  to  spatulate,  obscurely  3-nerved, 
the  others  linear :  heads  small  (2  or  3  lines  long),  numerous  in  a  corymbose  cluster: 
involucre  nearly  glabrous ;  its  scales  barely  brownish  at  base,  all  with  white  (or 
rarely  rose-colored)  and  rather  papery  tips,  those  of  the  sterile  heads  very  obtuse,  of 
the  fertile  less  so  :  akenes  glandular.  —  The  typical  form,  with  all  the  leaves  very 
narrow,  is  known  only  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 

Var.  argentea,  Gray,  has  all  the  lower  leaves  wider,  oblanceolate  or  even  spatu- 
late, an  inch  or  so  long,  3  or  4  lines  broad.  —  Pacif.  K.  Eep.  iv.  54.  A.  argentea, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  319. 

Mountains,  Upper  Sacramento  to  Mariposa  Co.,  above  the  Yosemite  Valley,  &c.  Bristles  of 
the  pappus  hi  the  fertile  plant  very  slightly  united  at  base,  much  less  so  than  in  the  American 
foims  of  A.  Carpathica. 

■i-  -t-  Stems  simple  or  branched  from  a  cespitose  base,  leafy :  the  heads  panicled  or 

racemose  and  narrow. 

6.  A.  microcephala,  Gray.  Silvery-silky  :  stems  slender,  erect,  a  span  high, 
leafy  nearly  to  the  summit :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate 
and  the  upper  linear,  above  gradually  reduced  to  small  subulate  bracts  :  heads  small 
(about  2  lines  long)  and  rather  few-flowered,  numerous  in  a  loose  naked  panicle  : 
involucre  glabrate,  of  Avholly  scarious  and  thin  obtuse  scales,  destitute  of  papery 
tips  :  akenes  very  glandular  :  pappus  of  fertile  flowers  not  longer  than  the  corolla, 
of  the  sterile  with  much  dilated  tips.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  74. 

Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon:  first  detected  in  Washoe  Valley,  Nevada,  by  Mr.  Stretch.  Involucre 
light  brownish,  the  tips  of  the  inner  scales  sometimes  rose-colored. 

7.  A.  Geyeri,  Gray.  Densely  white-woolly  :  branches  barely  a  span  high  from 
a  prostrate  tufted  base,  very  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  spatu- 
late, short :  heads  (3  or  4  lines  long)  thickish,  cylindraceous,  the  fertile  usually  few 
and  somewhat  spicate,  the  sterile  hardly  more  numerous  and  rather  corymbose  : 
involucre  woolly  below  ;  the  inner  scales  with  glabrous  obtuse  papery  tips,  which 
are  either  ivory-white  or  deep  rose-colored  :  bristles  of  the  sterile  pappus  gradually 
and  moderately  thickened  upwards.  —  PI.  Fendl.  107,  &  Pacif  E.  liep.  1.  c. 

Northeastern  borders  of  California,  Newberry.  SieiTa  Co.,  Lemmon.  Discovered  by  Geyer  in 
the  interior  of  Oregon. 

35.  ANAPHALIS,  DC.    Everlasting. 

Heads  discoid,  incompletely  dioecious  ;  viz.  the  pistillate  with  filiform  2-4- 
toothed  corollas  very  numerous,  and  a  few  (or  occasionally  no)  hermaphrodite  but 
sterile  flowers,  with  tubular  5-lobed  corollas,  in  the  centre ;  the  staminate  nearly  as 
in  Antennaria.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  many  ranks  of  mostly  snow-white  scari- 
ous scales.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Style  in  the  staminate  flowers  usually  2-cleft 
merely  at  the  apex.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  bristles,  unconnected  at  base, 
in  the  sterile  flowers  (at  least  in  our  species)  slightly  thickened  upwards.  —  Peren- 
nials, all  Asiatic  (Himalayan,  &c.),  except  one  species,  with  wholly  the  aspect  of 
Gnaphalium,  which  is  dispersed  all  round  the  northern  hemisphere,  especially 
through  North  America,  viz. 


Qnaphalium.  COMPOSITJE.  341 

1.  A.  margaritacea,  Benth.  White-woolly,  one  to  three  feet  high,  leafy  up 
to  the  broad  compound  corymb  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches 
long,  mainly  1 -nerved,  the  upper  face  early  becoming  glabrous  and  green  :  scales  of 
the  involucre  very  numerous  and  pearly  white,  obtuse,  not  longer  than  the  flowers. 
—  Gnaplialium  margaritaceum,  Linn.     Antennaria  margaritacea,  R.  Brown,  &c. 

Thickets  and  open  grounds,  from  near  San  Francisco  northward,  mostly  in  cool  districts  : 
apparently  not  abundant  in  California,  but  common  in  Oregon,  as  it  also  is  in  the  Northern 
Atlantic  States  and  in  Northeastern  Asia. 

36.  GNAPHALIUM,  Linn.        Cudweed,  Everlasting. 

Heads  all  alike,  discoid,  heterogamous  j  the  pistillate  flowers  numerous  in  several 
series,  with  filiform  corollas  ;  the  perfect  and  fertQe  flowers  fewer  in  the  centre, 
with  tubular  4-5-lobed  corollas.  Involucre  campanulate  or  ovoid,  of  several  or 
many  ranks  of  scarious  or  scarious-tipped  scales.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked. 
Style  in  perfect  flowers  2-cleft.  Akenes  oblong  or  obovate.  Pappus  a  single  series 
of  capillary  bristles,  which  are  barely  scabrous  and  not  thickened  upward.  —  Floc- 
cose-woolly  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  yellowish  or  whitish  flowers. 

A  large  genus,  widely  dispersed  over  the  world,  only  a  few  of  them  North  American. 

§  1.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  unconnected,  falling  separately.  —  True  Gnaphalium. 

*  Heads  or  clusters  terminating  the  erect  stem  or  its  brandies :  scales  of  the  involiccre 
very  numerous  and  more  or  less  bright-colored,  white  or  whitish,  rarely  tinged  rose- 
color  or  yellowish,  and  glabrous  except  tlie  base.     {Mostly  biennials  ?) 

-t-  Corymbose  or  sometimes  densely  glomerate  heads  broad. 

1.  G.  decurrens,  Ives.  Rather  stout,  from  one  to  nearly  three  feet  high,  vis- 
cid-glandular under  the  more  or  less  deciduous  or  loose  wool :  leaves  conspicuously 
decurrent,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  (1|  to  3  inches  long,  2  to  4  lines  broad), 
acute  :  heads  very  numerous  in  dense  corymbose  clusters  :  involucre  broadly  cam- 
panulate, white  (sometimes  becoming  sordid) ;  the  scales  oval  or  ovate.  —  The 
var.  Californicum  {G.  Californicum,  DC.)  has  mostly  a  bright  white  involucre, 
rarely  tinged  with  rose-color ;  the  scales  obtuse. 

Common  on  hillsides,  from  San  Diego  through  Oregon,  where  it  occurs  with  duller-white  in- 
volucre, as  in  the  G.  decurrens  of  the  Northern  Atlantic  States.  Akenes  smooth  except  under  a 
strong  lens,  which  shows  minute  scabrous  points. 

2.  Gr.  Sprengelii,  Hook.  &  Am.  Commonly  rather  stout  and  strict,  a  span  to 
a  foot  and  a  half  liigh,  leafy  to  the  top,  densely  white-woolly,  not  glandular  :  leaves 
linear  or  the  lower  spatulate-lanceolate,  somewhat  decurrent :  heads  in  a  dense  capi- 
tate cluster  or  a  few  clusters  :  involucre  campanulate ;  its  scales  oblong-oval,  obtuse, 
white,  rarely  tinged  yellowish,  often  becoming  rather  sordid  or  tawny :  akenes 
almost  smooth. — Bot.  Beechey,  150;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  427.  G.  luteo-album, 
mainly  or  wholly,  of  American  authors. 

Hillsides,  &c.,  apparently  throughout  the  State,  thence  northward  to  Oregon  and  eastward  to 
New  Mexico.  G.  luteo-album,  Linn,  (which  the  more  slender  fomis  of  this  approach,  and  to 
which  G.  Vira-vira  of  Chili  seems  to  belong)  is  a  weaker  plant,  with  fewer  clusters  of  heads,  more 
tawny  involucre,  and  akenes  studded  with  glandular  elevations.  Very  probably  G.  Sandvncen- 
siuiii,  Gaudichaud,  is  an  older  name  of  this  species. 

-t-  -t-   Panicidate  rather  than  corymbose  heads  narrow :  stems  at  length  loosely  much 

branched. 

3.  Gr.  xnicrocephaluxn,  Nutt.  White-woolly,  not  glandular  :  stems  a  foot  or 
•two  high,  slender  :  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblanceolate  (an  inch  or  so  in  length), 


342  COMPOSITE.  "^     Gnaphalium. 

slightly  decurrent :  heads  in  numerous  small  clusters  terminating  the  paniculate 
branches :  involucre  cylindraceous  becoming  narrowly  campanulate ;  the  scales 
dull  white,  obtuse  or  acutish.  —  I^utt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  404 ; 
Gray,  PI.  Wright.,  &c. 

Above  the  Yosemite  Valley  (Bolander),  and  Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon)  ;  perhaps  also  near  Bay  of 
San  Francisco.     Also  in  Oregon,  Nevada,  and  east  to  New  Mexico.     Heads  2  or  3  lines  long. 

4.  Gr.  raznosissixnuxn,  ISTutt.  Viscid-glandular,  green,  lightly  woolly  :  stems  3 
to  6  feet  high  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  conspicQously  decurrent  :  heads  very 
numerous  and  either  separate  or  clustered  on  the  loosely  paniculate  branches  :  invo- 
lucre somewhat  turbinate ;  the  scales  dull  white  and  often  tinged  with  rose-color, 
acutish.  — PI.  Gamb.  173  ;  Gray  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  363. 

Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  Monterey.  Heads  not  larger  than  those  of  the  foregoing  species.  The 
odor  and  the  glandular  herbage  as  in  G.  decurrens. 

*  *  Heads  small,  inconspicuous,  in  sessile  lateral  and  terminal  capitate  woolly  clus- 
ters, subtended  by  leaves :  involucre  of  rather  few  and  sordid  or  brownish  scales  : 
stems  loiv  and  weak  or  diffuse,  from  an  annual  root. 

5.  Gr.  palustre,  Nutt.  Loosely  very  woolly,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  mostly 
erect  and  branching  mainly  from  thebase  :  leaves  spatulate  verging  to  lanceolate  or 
linear :  heads  2  lines  long  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  obtuse,  pale  brown  with 
whitish  tips.  —  G.  palustre  &  G.  gossypinum,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c. 

Common  in  moist  grounds  through  the  Pacific  States,  and  eastward  to  and  beyond  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

G.  ULiGiNosuM,  Linn.,  the  common  little  Cudweed  of  the  Eastern  States  and  the  Old  World, 
has  been  credited  to  California,  but  probably  by  mistaking  small  forms  of  the  foregoing,  from 
which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  more  diffuse  growth,  heads  only  a  line  long,  and  proportion- 
ally broader  scales  of  the  involucre,  of  a  chestnut-brown  color. 

§  2.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  united  at  base  into  a  ring :  heads  in  axillary  sessile 
clusters  or  spicate-glomerate :  involucre  as  in  the  preceding  subdivision  {of 
brovmish  and  not  very  numerous  scales).  —  GAMOCHiETA.  {Gamochceta,  Wed- 
dell.)  ^ 

6.  Gr.  purpureum,  Linn.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  ascending  from  an  an- 
nual or  more  enduring  root,  coated  with  appressed  white  wool:  lower  leaves  spatulate, 
their  upper  surface  often  becoming  naked  and  green  ;  upper  leaves  mostly  spatulate- 
linear,  gradually  diminished  to  bracts  of  the  glomerate-spicate  inflorescence,  the 
lower  small  clusters  of  which  are  commonly  rather  distant :  involucre  tawny  or 
brownish  tinged  with  purplish. 

Pacific  shore,  from  Columbia  River  to  Santa  Barbara  (and  again  in  Chili,  &c.),  agreeing  with 
the  plant  of  the  Atlantic  coast.  G.  ustulatum,  Nutt.  1.  c,  from  Santa  Barbara,  is  probably  the 
same,  perhaps  of  the  more  southern  G.  spicatum  form. 


Tribe  V.     HELIANTHOIDE^. 

Distinguished  from  Asteroidece  chiefly  by  the  chaff  on  the  receptacle,  at  least  next 
the  margin,  and  subtending  fertile  flowers,  pappus  never  capillary  or  of  numerous 
bristles,  and  the  leaves  all  or  most  of  them  opposite ;  the  corollas  commonly  yellow  ; 
the  branches  of  the  style  often  truncate  or  tipped  with  a  cone  or  cusp  :  from  Heleni- 
oidece  known  by  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle,  &c. 

The  first  subtribe  (Jmbrosiea:,  which  might  as  well  be  regarded  as  a  tribe)  is  most  peculiar  in 
the  Artemisia-like  habit,  and  the  few  or  solitary  fertile  flowers,  with  corolla  wanting  or  reduced 
to  a  short  tube,  and  leaves  not  rarely  alternate. 

The  whole  tribe  is  much  more  copiously  represented  in  the  Atlantic  States  than'in  California. 


Eymenoclea.  COMPOSITtE.  343 

i 

37.  OXYTENIA,  Nutt. 

Head  lieterogamous,  discoid,  about  5  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  apetalous, 
consisting  merely  of  ovary  and  2-cleft  style ;  the  other  flowers  10  to  20,  staminate 
(their  ovary  and  stigma  abortive),  with  funnelform  5-lobed  corolla  and  undivided 
style,  and  nearly  distinct  anthers,  these  with  blunt  tips.  Involucre  of  about  5  thin 
and  broad  scales.  Eeceptacle  chaff'y,  a  spatulate  villous  scale  subtending  each  or 
most  of  the  sterile  flowers  and  falling  with  them.  Akenes  obovate,  turgid,  beset 
with  long  villous  hairs,  crowned  (at  least  when  young)  with  a  large  and  protu- 
berant annular  disk.  Pappus  none.  —  Genus  nearly  related  to  the  next,  of  one 
species,  viz. 

1.  O.  acerosa,  Xutt.  Shrubby,  3  or  5  feet  high,  whitened  with  a  fine  pubes- 
cence :  branches  rigid,  rush-like,  mostly  naked,  terminated  by  the  racemose  or 
paniculate-clustered  inflorescence  of  small  woolly  heads  :  leaves  as  far  as  known 
alternate,  either  pinnately  3  -  5-foliolate  or  the  uppermost  simple  and  like  the  leaf- 
lets, i.  e.  very  narrowly  linear  and  revolute  so  as  to  appear  filiform  or  acerose,  2  to  4 
inches  long,  rigid.  — PI.  Gamb.  172. 

Southeastern  borders  of  California  and  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona,  in  a  desert  region,  Gambel, 
Lieut.  Wheeler. 

38.  IV A,  Linn. 

Head  heterogamous,  discoid ;  a  few  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  with  a  short 

tubular  corolla ;  the  other  and  more  numerous  flowers  staminate  (their  ovary  and 

stigma  abortive),  with  funnelform  5-lobed  corolla  and  undivided  style  :  anthers 

nearly  distinct.    Scales  of  the  involucre  few  and  mostly  in  a  single  series,  commonly 

united  into  a  cup.     Eeceptacle  chaffy  with  linear  or  spatulate  scales  subtending 

sterile  flowers.     Akenes  obovate,  thick,  naked,  often  granulate ;  no  disk  at  the  apex. 

—  Leaves  simple,  at  least  some  of  the  lower  opposite.     Heads  small,  nodding  on 

short  pedicels,  either  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  or  in  terminal  spikes  or  panicles. 

A  genus  of  several  species  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent,  one  of  which  extends  from  the 
Missouri  Eiver  to  the  Pacific,  viz. 

1.  I.  axillaris,  Pursh.  Perennial,  branching,  a  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high, 
varying  from  minutely  hirsute  to  glabrous,  and  the  sessile  entire  leaves  from 
broadly  linear  to  spatulate  or  obovate  (about  an  inch  long)  :  heads  solitary  in  their 
axils,  hemispherical  :  scales  of  involucre  about  5,  broad,  united  at  base  or  beyond 
the  middle. 

Var.  pubescens.  Villous  with  lax  spreading  hairs ;  the  involucre  turbinate  and 
almost  entire.  —  Gray  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  350. 

Sandy  and  usually  saline  soil,  near  the  coast,  also  along  the  western  borders  of  the  State,  and 
north  to  British  Columbia.     The  variety  from  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

39.   HYMENOCLEA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Heads  homogamous  and  unisexual,  monoecious ;  the  staminate  ones  many-flow- 
ered ;  the  pistillate  one-flowered ;  the  two  kinds  intermixed  in  the  axillary  sessile 
clusters,  or  the  staminate  in  upper  axils.  Staminate  flowers  in  a  hemispherical 
head,  with  an  open  5  -  6-lobed  involucre,  similar  to  those  of  Ambrosia  (only  the 
chaff  of  the  receptacle  is  much  dilated,  and  the  inflexed  tip  of  the  anthers  is  blunt) : 
pistillate  flower  solitary  in  a  closed  and  akene-like  involucre,  which  is  pointed  with 
a  slender  beak  from  the  tip  of  which   the  style  protrudes,  its  middle  adorned 


344  COMPOSITiE.  '"      HymenocUa. 

with  9  to  1 2  broad  and  silvery-scarious  persistent  wings  :  corolla  none.  Akene  as 
in  Ambrosia,  &c.  —  Low  and  much  branched  shrubby  plants,  of  arid  deserts,  Arte- 
misia-like in  habit;  with  alternate  linear-filiform  leaves,  minutely  canescent  beneath, 
the  lower  sparingly  pinnately  parted,  and  small  heads  sessile  in  profuse  pauiclcd 
clusters.  —  PI.  Fendl.  79  ;  Torr.  PL  Fremont,  t.  8. 

1.  H.  Salsola,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Fruiting  involucre  spindle-shaped  and  strobile- 
like,  being  covered  with  the  spirally  disposed  orbicular  scales  (each  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  long),  which  are  imbricated  when  moist,  but  spreading  when  mature  and  dry. 

Sandy  saline  uplands  near  the  Mohave  River  {Fremont,  Cooper),  and  through  the  desert  interior 
to  N.  W.  Nevada,  on  the  bordere  of  California,  Watson,  Lemmmi. 

2.  H.  monogyra,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Fruiting  involucre  smaller  (2  lines  long), 
bearing  at  tlie  middle  a  single  whorl  of  obovate  or  rhombic- reniform  radiating  scales. 

River  bottoms,  San  Diego  (Cleveland),  thence  to  the  Gila  :  not  rare  in  Arizona,  &c.  Plant 
3  to  5  feet  high.  The  young  plant  so  named  in  the  Botany  of  King's  Expedition  belongs  to  the 
preceding  species. 

40.  AMBROSIA,  Toum.        Ragweed. 

Heads  homogamous  and  unisexual,  monoecious  (sometimes  nearly  dioecious) ;  the 
pistillate  one-flowered,  mostly  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves ;  the  staminate  several- 
flowered  in  panicled  or  single  terminal  racemes  or  spikes,  without  bracts.  Stami- 
nate flowers  in  an  open  several-lobed  or  almost  entire  truncate  herbaceous  involucre, 
subtended  by  slender  or  filiform  chaff;  their  corollas  broad  and  5-toothed ;  their 
anthers  almost  distinct,  tipped  with  a  slender-acuminate  inflexed  appendage ;  ovary 
and  stigma  none  or  rudimentary ;  style  with  truncate  tip  radiately  fimbriate.  Pis- 
tillate flower  in  a  closed  akene-like  one-celled  involucre,  which  at  maturity  is  armed 
below  the  short  rigid  beak  with  a  single  row  of  4  to  8  tubercles  or  short  spines,  or 
sometimes  naked  :  corolla  none.  Akene  ovoid  or  obovate,  thick  :  pappus  none.  — 
Weedy  coarse  annuals,  or  perennials,  with  mostly  lobed,  pinnatifid,  or  pinnately 
divided  and  cleft  leaves,  the  lower  at  least  opposite ;  the  small  heads  greenish,  or 
the  sterile  flowei-s  barely  yellowish.  Chiefly  American  and  widely  diffused,  but 
apparently  very  scanty  in  California. 

1.  A.  artemisiEefolia,  Linn.  Annual,  1  to  3  feet  high,  roughish-hirsute  : 
leaves  thinnish,  twice  pinnatifid  :  fruit  (i.  e.  fruiting  involucre)  smooth  below,  not 
reticulated,  armed  with  about  6  very  acute  horns  or  spines. 

This,  the  common  Roman  Wormwood  or  Bittcrwecd  of  the  East,  can  hardly  be  absent  from 
California.     S.  Wafson  collected  it  in  Nevada,  and  others  in  Oregon. 

2.  A.  psilostachya,  DC.  Perennial,  more  strigosely  hirsute  than  the  forego- 
ing, with  thicker  and  less  divided  leaves,  the  upper  only  once  pinnatifid  :  fruit 
puberulent,  rugose-reticulated,  without  horns  or  spines,  or  with  short  and  rather 
blunt  ones. — A.  cai'onopifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  291. 

San  Luis  Rey  {Coulter,  Parry)  ;  Bay  of  San  Francisco  {Pickering  and  Brackenridge)  ;  San 
Diego  Co.,  Palmer.     Also  in  Nevada,  and  thence  eastward  to  Texas  and  Illinois. 

41.  PRANSERIA,  Cav. 

Heads,  flowers,  &c.,  as  in  Ambrosia,  except  that  the  fertile  involucre  is  armed 
with  more  than  one  rank  of  prickles  or  spines,  and  is  1-4-celled  and  1-4-flowered. 
—  All  American  herbs  or  sufirutescent  plants;  the  greater  part  North  American 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 


Franseria.  COMPOSITE.  345 

§  1.  Fertile  involucre  1-2-ceUed,  *armed  with  several  stout  or  flattened  and  straight 

or  merely  curved  spines. 

*  Aimual :  spines  on  the  fruit  very  flat  and  broad. 

1.  F.  Hookeriana,  Xutt.  A  foot  or  so  high,  rough-hirsute  :  leaves  twice 
pinnatilid,  either  greeii  or  strigosely  hoary  beneath  :  racemes  panicled  :  fruiting 
involucre  smooth  or  sometimes  sparingly  hirsute,  about  3  lines  long ;  its  widely 
spreading  spines  lanceolate- subulate  and  thin.  — Ambrosia  acanthicarpa,  Hook. 

Los  Angeles,  Brewer.  Eastern  borders  of  the  State,  Mono  Lake,  Bolandcr.  Thence  common 
to  Oregon,  Texas,  Nebraska,  &c.     Involucre  apparently  always  one-flowered  and  one-celled. 

*  *  Perennial,  sometimes  woody  at  base. 

+-   Leaves  ftvice  or  thrice  pinnately  parted,  their  ultimate  divisions  small. 

2.  F.  dumosa,  Gray.  Shrubby  and  divergently  much  branched,  a  foot  or  so 
high,  canescent  with  iine  and  close  white  pubescence  :  leaves  with  rather  few  obtuse 
lobes,  some  of  them  only  simply  pinnatifid  :  fruiting  involucre  nearly  glabrous ;  the 
spines  flat  and  subulate. — Kep.  Frem.  2nd  Exp.  316.  F.  albicaulis,  Torr.  PI. 
Fremont.  16. 

Gravelly  plains,  southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  Coulter,  Schott,  Cooper,  &c.    Also  in  Arizona. 

3.  F.  pumila,  Nutt.  Herbaceous,  a  span  high,  canescently  silky-hirsute  :  "  root 
creeping" :  leaves  thrice  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  crowded  :  spike  dense  :  "  spines  of  the 
fruit  not  exserted."  —  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  344. 

Near  San  Diego,  Nuttall,  Parry.  All  the  specimens  seen  are  young,  and  the  fruit  unformed. 
But  Delpino  (Studj  sopra  Artem.)>  who  makes  of  this  a  genus  (Ifemiambrosia),  says  that  the 
up[>er  fertile  mvolucres  are  2-celled  and  2-flowered,  the  lower  one-celled  and  one-flowered.  Nut- 
tall  assigns  short  spines  to  tlie  fruit.     Very  probably  this  species  is  a  dwarf  Ambrosia  tenuifolia. 

4.  F.  bipinnatifida,  Xutt.  Herbaceous  :  stems  decumbent  or  trailing,  2  or  3 
feet  long,  somewhat  hirsute  :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid,  canescently  hirsute  or 
almost  silky  :  spike  dense  :  fruiting  involucre  nearly  glabrous ;  its  spines  rather 
short,  stout,  conical-subulate,  flattened. 

Along  the  sea-shore  from  San  Diego  to  British  Columbia.  Fruiting  involucre  4  or  5  lines 
long,  rather  narrow.     Perhaps,  as  Lessing  supposed,  a  fonn  of  the  next. 

+-  -f-  Leaves  undivided  or  merely  incised. 

5.  F.  Chamissonis,  Less.  Herbaceous  :  stems  trailing,  a  foot  or  two  long, 
stout,  a{)pressed-hirsute  :  leaves  silky-canescent  or  silvery,  varying  from  oval  to 
cuneate-oblong,  contracted  at  base  into  a  long  petiole,  unequally  and  obtusely  ser- 
rate, sometimes  incised,  rarely  almost  pinnatifld  :  spike  dense  :  fruiting  involucre 
sparsely  hirsute  ;  its  spines  very  stout  and  flattish.  —  F.  C/iamissonis,  var.  malvoe- 
folia,  Less.     F.  citnei/olia,  Xutt.  1.  c. 

Sea-shore,  in  sand,  from  San  Francisco  north  to  British  Columbia. 

6.  F.  deltoidea,  Torr.  Herbaceous  with  more  or  less  woody  base,  low,  canes- 
cent witli  a  tine  antl  close  woolliness,  which  is  partly  deciduous  with  age  :  branches 
slender  :  leaves  varying  from  deltoid-OA'ate  or  almost  hastate  to  rhombic-lanceolate, 
obtusely  and  finely  serrate,  sometimes  sparingly  incised,  on  slender  petioles  :  sterile 
heads  rather  loosely  racemed  :  spines  of  the  ovoid  2-flowered  involucre  flat  and 
thin,  broadly  lanceolate  subulate,  pubescent  or  almost  glabrous.  —  PI.  Fremont. 
15,  &  Eot.  Mex.  Bound.  86. 

Southeastern  frontiers  of  the  State  :  common  on  the  Gila  :  also  in  Lower  California  if,  as  is 
probable,  this  is  also  F.  chenopodiifolia,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  26,  the  older  name. 

7.  F.  eriocentra,  Gray.  Shrubby,  low,  hoary-pubescent :  branches  slender : 
leaves  varying  from  cuneate  to  lanceolate,  sparingly  incised  :  heads  mostly  glomerate  : 
fruiting  involucre  and  its  rigid  nearly  terete  subulate  spines  clothed  with  long  vil- 
lous wool.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  355. 


346  COMPOSITE.  *  Franseria. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State  :  eastern  slope  of  Providence  Mountains,  Cooper.  On  the 
Coloi-ado,  Newberry.     Fruiting  involucre  in  the  specimens  examined  one-celled  and  one-seeded. 

§  2,  Fertile  involucre  mostly  1-celled  and  2-flowered,  small,  armed  with  short  and 
stout  incurved  hook-tipped  spines  :  leaves  dissected. 

8.  F.  tenuifolia,  Gray.  Herbaceous,  apparently  perennial :  stem  erect,  1  to  3 
feet  high,  hirsute  :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnatitid  or  dissected,  strigosely  pubescent 
or  hirsute,  or  sometimes  even  canescent  beneath  ;  the  ultimate  divisions  linear ; 
small  lobes  often  interposed  on  the  rhachis  :  sterile  spikes  simple  and  elongated  or 
paniculate  :  fertile  involucres  glomerate,  at  maturity  only  one  or  two  lines  long, 
ovoid  or  globular,  minutely  pubescent :  its  short  and  stout  subulate  spines  more  or 
less  incurved  and  with  uncinate  tips.  —  PI.  Fendl.  80  ;  PI.  Wright.,  &c. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  thence  eastward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  :  also  in  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  and  in  Lower  California,  Cape  San  Lucas,  Xantus.  Doubtless  it  is  also  F.  hispida, 
Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  (although  that  is  said  to  have  sometimes  four  flowers  in  the  involucre)  :  but 
the  present  name  will  still  hold,  as  Ambrosia  tenuifolia,  Spreng.,  is,  it  appears,  the  very  same 
species. 

§  3.  Fertile  involucre  2-i-celled,  2  -  A-Jlowered,  thickly  beset  {like  Xanthium)  with 
slender  and  rather  soft  hook-tipped  prickles. 

9.  F.  axnbrosioides,  Cav.  Tall,  4  to  6  feet  high,  with  a  woody  base,  hirsute- 
pubescent  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  with  mostly  truncate  or  cordate  base,  acuminate, 
unequally  toothed,  3  to  5  inches  long,  the  petiole  sometimes  wing-appendaged  at 
base  :  sterile  raceme  rather  loose  :  fruiting  involucre  haK  an  inch  long,  minutely 
hispid. 

Occurs  near  the  southeastern  and  the  southern  frontiers  of  the  State,  and  probably  within  its 
limits.     Not  rare  in  Mexico. 

42.  XANTHIUM,  Toum.  Cocklebur,  Clotbur. 

Heads  homogamous  and  unisexual,  moncecious,  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters 
or  short  interrupted  spikes ;  the  pistillate  2-flowered  and  underneath  the  several- 
flowered  staminate.  Staminate  flowers  as  in  Ambrosia,  except  that  the  involucre  is 
of  several  distinct  and  narrow  scales,  and  the  receptacle  more  or  less  elevated,  its 
chaff"  broader.  Pistillate  flowers  enclosed  in  a  bur-like  ovoid  or  oblong  closed 
indurated  involucre,  which  is  2-celled,  2-flowered,  and  armed  all  over  with  strong- 
ly hook-tipped  prickles  :  corolla  none.  Akenes  obovoid,  thick  :  pappus  none.  — 
Coarse  and  vile  annual  weeds,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves  ;  the  three  or  four 
species  perhaps  all  natives  of  America,  but  now  widely  dispei'sed  over  the  world ; 
probably  none  indigenous  to  California. 

1.  X.  Struxnarium,  Linn.  Stems  a  foot  or  two  high,  not  prickly  :  leaves  del- 
toid-ovate or  somewhat  cordate,  irregularly  serrate,  often  slightly  incised,  rough  and 
green  both  sides,  on  long  petioles  :  fruiting  involucre  over  half  an  inch  long,  thick, 
tipped  with  a  pair  of  strong  beaks,  pubescent  or  sometimes  hispid  between  and  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  crowded  prickles. 

Waste  ground  near  dwellings,  &c.  ;  also  on  the  sea-coast.  The  common  Cocklebur,  apparently 
less  common  than  at  the  east ;  but  both  the  ordinaiy  form  occurs  and  var.  echiiiatum,  Torr.  & 
Gray,  with  thicker  and  glandular-hispid  involucre. 

2.  X.  spinosum,  Linn.  Hoary-pubescent :  stems  much  branched,  bearing  long 
and  yellowish  triple  spines  by  the  side  of  the  leaves  :  these  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  canescent  beneath,  often  2  -  3-lobed  or  cut,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole  : 
fruiting  involucre  narrow,  half  an  inch  or  less  long,  more  sparsely  prickly,  the  beak 
inconspicuous. 

Sea-coast,  San  Juan,  &c.  ;  also  in  the  foot-hills,  Calavei-as  Co. :  introduced  from  Chili. 


Bcdsamorhiza.  COMPOSITE.  347 

43.  RUDBECKIA,  Linn.        Cone-flower. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  neutral  ray-flowers,  rarely  homogamous 
by  the  absence  of  these  ;  disk-flowers  perfect.  Involucre  of  foliaceous  commonly 
unequal  scales  in  one  or  two  series,  mostly  spreading.  Eeceptacle  remarkably  ele- 
vated, in  ours  columnar,  at  least  at  maturity,  so  that  the  perfect  flowers  are  spicate ; 
each  flower  subtended  or  partly  embraced  by  a  chaff.  Rays  long  and  nearly  entire. 
Disk-corollas  cylindraceous,  5-toothed.  Akenes  quadrangular  and  mostly  laterally 
compressed,  smooth,  crowned  (in  our  species)  with  a  persistent  chaff-like  cup  or  4 
chaffy  teeth  more  or  less  united  into  a  cup.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate 
leaves,  disk-flowers  from  dark  brown  to  greenishyellow,  and  mostly  yeUow  rays; 
all  North  American,  but  only  two  west  of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

1.  R.  Californica,  Gray.  Stem  simple,  about  3  feet  high,  3  — 5-leaved,  the 
long  and  naked  peduncle-like  summit  bearing  a  single  large  head  :  leaves  finely 
soft-pubescent,  3  to  5  inches  long,  varying  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, pinnately  veined,  somewhat  toothed  ;  the  middle  ones  sometimes  with  a  pair 
of  lateral  lanceolate  lobes  at  base ;  uppermost  sessile ;  lower  tapering  into  a  slender 
petiole  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear :  rays  2  or  3  inches  long,  narrowly  oblong, 
yellow  :  disk  columnar,  one  or  two  inches  long,  dusky  brownish  :  akenes  com- 
pressed-prismatic, 2  lines  long,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of  4  irregular  thickish  chaffy 
teeth  more  or  less  united  at  base  into  a  cup. —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  357. 

Wet  grassy  places  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  at  the  Mariposa  grove,  Bolander.  Previously  col- 
lected by  BHdges,  perhaps  in  the  same  district. 

R.  occiDENTALis,  Nutt.,  of  Oregon  and  Utah,  differs  in  its  smooth  and  more  numerous  as  well 
as  broader  leaves,  and  has  no  rays  at  all. 

44.  BALSAMORHIZA,  Hook.,  Nutt.        Balsam-root. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  fertile  ray-flowers,  and  perfect  disk- 
flowers.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  broader,  of  more  or  less  imbricated  scales,  the 
outer  loose  and  herbaceous  or  often  foliaceous.  Eeceptacle  flat  or  barely  convex, 
with  linear-lanceolate  chaff  (often  with  herbaceous  tips),  subtending  and  partly 
embracing  the  disk-flowers.  Eays  oblong  or  lanceolate,  with  short  tube  (deciduous 
except  in  one  species)  :  disk-corollas  cylindrical.  Branches  of  the  style  of  perfect 
flowers  slender,  hispid  throughout  or  on  the  long  filiform  appendages.  Akenes  of 
the  ray  obcompressed  (i.  e.  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales)  and  oblong,  of  the  disk 
prismatic-quadrangular  or  more  or  less  compressed.  Pappus  none.  —  Low  peren- 
nials of  Western  North  America,  mostly  of  the  arid  plains  ;  with  thick  terebinthine 
roots,  chiefly  radical  leaves,  and  scape-like  stems  ;  the  few  cauline  leaves  alternate 
or  occasionally  opposite,  and  the  rather  large  head  of  yellow  flowers  commonly  soli- 
tary.    (Named  from  the  resin  or  balsam  of  the  root.) 

The  thick  roots,  or  tubers,  from  which  sometimes  the  turpentine-tasted  resinous  bark  is  peeled, 
are  cooked  for  food  by  the  Indians,  especially  in  Oregon,  under  the  names  of  Pash,  Kayoum,  &c. 
The  seeds  are  also  eaten.  —  Besides  the  species  here  described, 

B.  (Kalliactis)  Careyana,  Gray,  of  the  interior  of  Oregon,  forms  a  peculiar  subgenus,  having 
rays  which  become  papery,  like  those  of  a  Zinnia,  and  persist  on  the  fruit ;  the  akenes  are  cinere- 
ous-pubescent and  all  quadrangular,  those  of  the  ray  less  flattened  (obcompressed)  than  is  com- 
mon in  the  genus.     The  stem,  moreover,  bears  several  heads. 

B.  MACROPHYLLA,  Nutt.,  of  the  Kocky  Mountain  region  only,  is  a  genuine  species,  near  the 
variable  B.  Hookcri,  and  like  it  with  leaves  both  undivided  and  pinnately  parted  on  the  same 
root ;  but  these  or  their  divisions  are  entire,  almost  glabrous  and  smooth,  and  the  involucre  is 
generally  foliaceous. 


348  COMPOSITE.  ■*      Balsamorhiza. 

1.  B.  Hookeri,  ^utt.  Canescent  with  fine  mostly  soft  and  close  pubescence  : 
leaves  usually  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  or  divided,  lanceolate  in  outline,  a 
span  to  a  foot  long,  spreading  ;  the  divisions  crowded,  commonly  incised  :  scapes 
naked  or  2-leaved  near  the  base,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  leaves  in  length,  bear- 
ing a  single  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rarely 
some  of  the  outermost  broader  and  foliaceous.  - —  Ileliopsis  (()  balsamorhiza  &  tere- 
hinthacea,  Hook.  Balsamorhiza  Hookeri,  terehinthacea,  hirsuta,  &  incana,  Nutt.  in 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  349. 

Hills  near  Oakland,  Kellogg.  Near  Sonoma,  BigcJow  (wrongly  named  B.  macrophijUa).  On 
the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Bloomer,  Anderson,  Lemmon.  Common  on  the  plains  of 
Nevada,  Oregon,  &c.  B.  hirsuta  is  a  form  with  more  hirsute  pubescence  :  B.  incana,  a  variety 
remarkable  for  its  soft  and  white  wool :  B.  tcrebinthacea,  with  roughish  pubescence,  has  some 
of  the  leaves  merely  incised  or  sharply  toothed,  others  piunately-parted  or  pinnatifid. 

2.  B.  sagittata,  Nutt.  Silvery-canescent  with  dense  mostly  appressed  soft 
wool :  leaves  entire,  cordate-sagittate  or  sometimes  deltoid-hastate,  4  to  9  inches  long, 
on  still  longer  petioles,  all  radical,  or  one  or  two  small  lanceolate  petiolate  bracts  on 
the  scape,  which  bears  a  single  or  sometimes  2  or  3  heads  :  involucre  mostly  very 
woolly.  —  Buphthalmum  sagittatum,  Pursh.  EspeJ^etia  sagittata.  &  helianthoides, 
Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  38.  Balsamorhiza  (Artorhiza)  sagittata  &  heli- 
anthoides, Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  borders  of  the  State,  &c.  (Anderson,  Bloomer,  Wat- 
son)  ;  thence  to  and  beyond  the  Kocky  Mountains  from  Colorado  to  Idaho  and  Dakotah. 

3.  B.  deltoidea,  Nutt.  Green  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  or  almost  glabrous  : 
leaves  deltoid-cordate  or  more  broadly  and  deeply  cordate,  more  or  less  serrate,  occa- 
sionally entire,  3  to  9  inches  long  and  on  longer  petioles,  all  radical,  or  2  or  3  small 
ones  or  bracts  on  the  scape  :  heads  solitary  or  rarely  a  pair  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate  or  linear,  obtuse.  —  B,  glabrescens,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.,  is  only  a  smoothish 
form,  with  leaves  entire. 

Moist  ground,  from  Tejon  and  Ojai  to  Humboldt  Co.  and  Oregon.  Akenes  flat,  those  of  the 
disk  compressed  ;  of  the  ray  obcompressed,  as  they  are  in  all  these  species. 

4.  B.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  glabrate,  somewhat  glutinous ;  a  span  to 
a  foot  high,  with  mostly  scales  instead  of  leaves  from  the  rootstock  :  leaves  about  3, 
alternate  along  the  stout  stem,  cordate  or  ovate,  entire,  3  or  4  inches  long,  on 
moderately  long  petioles  :  head  solitary,  short-peduncled  ;  outer  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  foliaceous ;.  the  inner  ones  nar- 
row and  very  villous,  resembling  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  356. 

Auburn  (BoJander),  and  on  the  Upper  Sacramento,  Fremont,  Rich.  Head  large.  Akenes  flat, 
of  the  disk  compressed,  of  the  ray  obcompressed. 

45.  WYETHIA,  Nutt. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  fertile  ray-flowers  and  perfect  disk- 
flowers.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  of  2  or  3  series  of  scales ;  the 
outermost  foliaceous  and  often  enlarged,  the  innermost  mostly  smaller  and  chaffy. 
Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so ;  the  rigid  linear  or  lanceolate  chaff"  subtending  the  disk- 
flowers  flattish  or  partially  folded  around  the  akenes.  Rays  elongated  :  disk-corollas 
cylindrical,  5-toothed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Branches  of  the  style  in  perfect 
flowers  produced  into  subulate-filiform  hispid  appendages.  Akenes  prismatic-quad- 
rangular, or  those  of  the  disk  laterally  compressed,  and  with  obtuse  or  acutish 
angles,  nervose,  their  broad  summit  continued  into  a  persistent  and  firm  chaffy-cori- 
aceous crown  or  cup,  which  is  unequally  cleft  into  5  or  more  lobes  or  teeth,  or  is 


Wyethia.  COMPOSITE.  349 

more  truncate  and  produced  (at  tfte  angles)  into  1  to  4  chaffy  rigid  awns.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs ;  with  simple  (rarely  branching)  stems  from  a  stout  root,  rootstock,  or 
caudex,  alternate  mostly  entire  and  ample  leaves,  and  solitary  or  few  and  large  or 
middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  —  ]S^utt.  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  38,  &  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.  351 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  654.    Alar^onia,  DC.  Prodr. 

A  genus  of  several  species,  all  natives  of  the  region  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the 
Pacific  ;  —  dedicated  by  Nuttall  to  Captain  Wyeth,  with  whom  he  afterwards  crossed  the  continent, 
and  by  De  Candolle,  two  years  later,  to  Hernando  de  Alarcon,  a  noble  Spanish  navigator  who  first 
(in  1540)  visited  and  surveyed  the  coast  of  California.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  genus  cannot 
commemorate  one  of  the  earliest  explorers  of  the  country  :  but  the  name  may  designate  a  section. 

§  1.  Akenes  thick,  obtusely  quadrangular,  crowned  with  a  conspicuotts  calyx-like  pap- 
pus of  ovate  or  lanceolate  coriaceous  teeth  more  or  less  united  at  base  into  a 
cup :  heads  very  large  and  broad  [the  disk  \\  to  2  inches  in  diameter) ;  invo- 
lucre open  and  leafy.  —  Alarqonia,  Gray. 

1.  W.  helenioides,  Nutt.  Soft-tomentose,  or  with  age  becoming  almost  gla- 
brous, a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval ;  radical  ones  a  foot  or  more  long, 
4  to  6  inches  wide ;  cauline  about  half  the  size,  all  contracted  at  base  into  a  short 
petiole  :  heads  mostly  leafy  at  base  :  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate  or 
ovate,  sometimes  toothed  :  akenes  more  or  less  pubescent  at  top  when  young.  — 
Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  82.     Alar(^onia  helenioides,  DC.     Melarhiza  inuloides,  Kellogg. 

Hillsides  ;  common  near  San  Francisco  and  through  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento.  Akenes 
half  an  inch  and  the  pappus  2  or  3  lines  long.  Teeth  of  the  corolla  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat 
hairy  outside. 

2.  W.  glabra,  Gray.  Green  and  glabrous  throughout,  minutely  resinous-glan- 
dular or  viscid  :  leaves  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding,  or  more  commonly  toothed, 
and  the  upper  perhaps  narrower  :  akenes  and  pappus  glabrous,  the  lobes  of  the  lat- 
ter minutely  ciliate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  543. 

Hillsides,  San  Luis  Obispo  to  Marin  Co.  (A  specimen  from  Bolander's  collection  is  said  to 
come  fiom  Mount  Dana,  <at  12,000  feet  ;  but  some  error  is  to  be  suspected.)  Heads  nearly  as 
large  and  leafy  as  in  JV.  Iiclcnioidcs,  the  bracts  or  leafy  involucral  scales  often  surpassing  the 
rays.  Disk-corolla  with  ovate  wholly  glabrous  teeth.  Foliage  said  to  have  a  viscid  exudation 
of  agreeable  odor. 

§  2.  Akenes  less  thick,  and  with  acute  angles,  at  least  those  of  the  disk  laterally  com- 
pressed :  heads  less  large.  —  True  Wyethia. 

*  Involucre  hemispherical  or  broader  :  pappus  short  and  avmless. 

3.  W.  ovata,  Gray.  Tomentose  with  soft  pubescence  :  stem  2  feet  or  more 
high  (apparently  from  running  rootstocks),  leafy,  occasionally  branching :  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  the  larger  somewhat  cordate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3  to  6  inches 
long,  all  petioled  :  involucre  an  inch  in  diameter ;  its  scales  broadly  lanceolate, 
seldom  equalling  tlie  disk-flowers,  mostly  with  a  coriaceous  erect  base  and  more 
or  less  spreading  acuminate  herbaceous  summit :  akenes  linear-oblong  (about  4  lines 
long),  minutely  pubescent,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of  6  or  8  short  and  broad 
unequal  chaffy  teeth,  all  of  them  somewhat  united  at  the  base.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  357. 

Dry  hillsides,  Mariposa  Co.,  from  the  foot-hills  to  above  the  Yosemite,  Bridges,  Bolander,  &c. 
Rays  10  to  24,  about  an  inch  long. 

*  *  Involucre  narrow,  of  rather  few  erect  scales:  pappus  1  —  ^-awned. 

4.  W.  mollis,  Gray.  Tomentose  with  very  soft  white  wool,  which  is  partly 
deciduous  with  age  :  stems  2  or  3  feet  high,  often  branching  above  and  bearing  2  to 
4  racemose  naked  heads,  rather  leafy  :  leaves  oblong  or  sometimes  ovate,  3  to  9 
inches  long,  becoming  rigid  and  prominently  reticulated,  contracted  at  base  into  the 


350  COMPOSITE.  -^  Wyethia. 

petiole,  or  the  uppermost  with  rounded  or  abnost  cordate  base  :  involucre  campanu- 
late  ;  its  scales  1 0  to  12,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  herbaceous, 
and  longer  than  the  disk-flowers  :  rays  10  to  15  :  akenes  linear-prismatic  (5  lines 
long),  minutely  pubescent  at  summit,  crowned  with  a  very  short  truncate  chaffy  cup 
and  2  or  in  the  ray  3  to  5  subulate  awns.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  544. 

Sierra  Nevada,  from  above  the  Yosemite  to  Mono  Lake,  Mount  Dana,  Sonora  Pass,  &c. ,  and 
adjacent  parts  of  Nevada.  Involucre  about  an  inch  long,  commonly  very  white-woolly,  some- 
times, like  the  whole  plant,  glabra te.     Said  to  grow  in  large  patches. 

*  *  *  Involucre  broadly/  campanulate,  of  numerous  loose  scales  :  pajypus  1  —  ^-atoned. 

5.  W.  angustifolia,  Nutt.  Green  and  hirsute,  at  least  the  simple  stems,  a  span 
to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  occasionally  ser- 
rulate ;  the  radical  and  lower  ones  a  span  to  a  foot  long  ;  the  upper  sessile,  shorter 
and  often  broader  :  head  naked  :  scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  broadly  linear  or 
lanceolate  ;  most  of  them  herbaceous  or  foliaceous,  loose,  ciliate  with  villous  or  hir- 
sute hairs  :  akenes  (3  lines  long)  minutely  pubescent  at  summit,  bearing  one  or 
two  (or  those  of  the  ray  3  or  4)  stout  minutely  hirsute  awns,  with  some  A^ery  short 
intervening  chaffy  scales,  more  or  less  united  at  base  (rarely  awnless).  —  Alarconia 
angustifolia,  DC.  Wyethia  angustifolia  &  W.  rohusta,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.  vii.  352.     Helianthus  longifolius,  Hook.     H.  Hookerianus,  DC. 

Plains  and  hillsides,  from  Monterey  east  to  the  foot-hills  and  north  to  Oregon.  A  rather 
common  and  variable  species.  There  are  indications  of  an  allied  species  in  the  foot-hills  of  Mari- 
posa and  Tuolumne  Counties. 

W.  HELIANTHOIDES,  Nutt.,  his  original  species,  which  is  imperfectly  known,  but  resembles  W. 
angustifolia,  with  a  more  leafy  stem,  and 

W.  AMPLKXicAULis,  Nutt.,  which  is  very  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  upper  leaves  closely  ses- 
sile (both  with  commonly  awnless  pappus),  inhabit  a  region  northeast  of  California,  but  have 
not  been  found  very  near  the  borders  of  the  State.  Their  thick  roots  or  rootstocks  are  used  for 
food  by  the  Indians,  along  with  those  of  Balsamorhiza. 

46.  VERBESINA,  Linn. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous  with  fertile  rays,  or  rarely  by  their  abortion 
homogamous ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect.  Involucre  of  immerous  or  rather  few  scales. 
Eeceptacle  convex  or  conical ;  the  chaff  embracing  the  akenes.  Akenes  flat  (later- 
ally much  compressed)  and  winged  on  the  margins,  or  those  of  the  ray  wingless. 
Pappus  of  2  awns,  either  free  from  or  united  with  the  wings.  —  Chiefly  herbs ;  with 
opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers ;  natives  of  the  warmer  parts 
of  America  :  only  the  following  reaches  the  borders  of  California.  —  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Gen.  ii.  379. 

1.  V.  encelioides,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Annual,  more  or  less  hoary-pubescent,  or 
sometimes  smoothish  and  green  :  stem  loosely  branching,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
triangular- ovate  or  somewhat  cordate,  or  tlie  upper  nearly  lanceolate,  coarsely  and 
incisely  serrate,  and  with  interrupted  margined  or  winged  petiole  dilated  at  base 
into  a  toothed  or  laciniate  foliaceous  clasping  auricle  :  heads  large,  corymbose  : 
scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  loose  ;  the  outer  set  linear-lanceolate  and  acu- 
minate, foliaceous,  fully  equalling  the  flattish  disk  :  rays  numerous,  cuneate-oblong, 
bright  golden  yellow,  3-lobed  at  summit  :  disk  akenes  surrounded  by  a  broad 
whitish  and  thickish  wing,  which  at  the  summit  is  little  if  at  all  exceeded  by  the 
short  and  very  slender  awns  of  the  pappus.  —  Ximenesia  encelioides,  Cav.  Ic.  ii.  60, 
t.  178;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  359. 

On  the  Eio  Colorado,  or  at  least  through  that  region  all  the  way  to  Texas,  and  the  northern 
provinces  of  Mexico,  now  widely  diffused  over  the  wanner  parts  of  the  world,  and  not  rare  in 
gardens.  The  wild  plant  along  our  borders  is  mostly  a  low  and  canescent  form  (var.  cana),  but 
it  becomes  luxuriant  and  greener  in  moist  and  richer  soil. 


Encelia,  COMPOSITE.  35X 

47.  HNCELIA,  Adanson. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  several  or  numerous  neutral  rays,  or 
rarely  homogamous,  the  rays  wanting;  disk-flowers  perfect.  Involucre  hemispherical 
or  campanulate,  of  more  or  less  imbricated  and  herbaceous  scales.  Eeceptacle  flat- 
tish ;  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers  mostly  thin,  concave  or  folded  around 
the  akenes.  Disk-corollas  cylindraceous  or  somewhat  funnelform,  5-toothed. 
Style-appendages  commonly  more  or  less  elongated,  hirsute.  Akenes  flat  (laterally 
much  compressed)  and  thin-edged,  but  wingless,  obovate  or  oblong-oval  with  more 
or  less  emarginate  or  bidentate  summit,  long-ciliate  or  naked.  Pappus  none  or  a 
pair  of  awns  ;  no  intermediate  scales.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  with  shrubby  base  (all 
American  and  chiefly  Western) ;  with  opposite  or  alternate  and  simple  but  sometimes 
lobed  leaves,  and  middle-sized  or  pretty  large  slender-peduncled  heads  of  chiefly 
yellow  flowers,  those  of  the  disk  occasionally  brownish  or  purple.  — Benth.  &  Hook. 
Gen.  ii.  378  (incl.  Gercea,  Barrattia,  &  Simsia)  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  656. 

§  1.   Akenes  villous-ciliate :  pappus  none,  or  mere  rudimentary  awns  to  the  abortive 
ray-akenes :  leaves  all  or  all  but  the  very  lowest  alternate. — True  Excelia. 

1.  E.  Californica,  Xutt.  Woody  at  base,  2  to  4  feet  high,  strong-scented; 
minutely  pubescent  and  rather  hoary,  or  becoming  green  and  smoother  :  leaves  (an 
inch  or  two  long)  varying  from  ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  entire  or  occasionally 
repand-toothed,  rather  indistinctly  3-ribbed  from  the  base,  abruptly  petioled,  the 
broader  ones  rounded  at  base  :  involucre  white-villous  :  rays  numerous,  an  inch 
long,  2-4  toothed  at  the  end  :  akenes  obovate,  very  long-villous  on  the  callous 
margins,  the  notch  at  summit  very  shallow. 

Dry  hills  near  the  coast,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  and  thence  to  the  Gila,  where  it  is  vari- 
able, often  smaller,  depauperate,  apparently  including  all  that  has  been  referred  to  K  conspersa, 
Benth.,  of  Lower  California.  Akenes  less  emarginate  and  leaves  leas  narrowed  at  base  than  in  the 
Chilian  E.  oblongifolia. 

2.  E.  farinosa,  Gray.  Shrubby  at  the  base,  silvery-canescent  with  a  dense  and 
furfuraeeous  white  tomentum,  wholly  glabrous  where  this  is  deciduous :  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  with  mostly  cuneate  base,  entire,  obtuse,  3-ribbed  at  base  : 
heads  rather  small  and  numerous,  on  slender  peduncles,  in  a  naked  panicle  or 
corymb  :  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  disk  :  rays  6  to  10,  barely  half  an  inch 
long  :  akenes  obovate  and  with  a  deep  narrow  notch,  lohg-ciliate.  —  Emory,  Eep. 
143.     E.  nivea.  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  88,  not  of  Benth. 

Southeastern  Califoraia,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona,  Coulter,  Parry,  Newberry,  Cooper. 

§  2.  Akenes  villous-ciliate  and  ivith  a  pappus  of  2  chaffy  awns  :  leaves  mostly  alter- 
nate, naked-petioled.  —  Ger^a,  Benth.     {Gercea  &  Simsia  §  Gera^a,  Gray.) 

3.  E.  eriocephala,  Gray.  Herbaceous  (perhaps  annual  or  biennial)  :  stem 
mostly  simple,  a  foot  or  so  high,  leafy  towards  the  base,  naked  and  simple  or  loosely 
corymbose  above,  sparsely  hirsute  :  leaves  very  hirsute  with  long  and  spreading 
white  hairs,  obovate  or  spatulate,  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole,  or  the  upper- 
most lanceolate  and  sessile,  mostly  with  some  coarse  teeth  :  scales  of  the  hemispher- 
ical involucre  linear-lanceolate,  loose,  green  and  somewhat  villous  (as  well  as  glan- 
dular) on  the  back,  densely  villous-ciliate  with  very  long  white  hairs  :  rays  12  or 
more,  oblong-obovate,  nearly  entire :  akenes  cuneate-obovate,  very  villous  on  the 
sides  as  well  as  margins,  each  margin  produced  at  the  broadly  notclied  summit  into 
a  rigid  naked  persistent  awn.  —Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  657.  Gercea  canescens,  Torn  & 
Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  48.     Simsia  (Gercea)  canescens,  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  85. 

Fort  Mohave,  Fort  Yuma,  and  elsewhere  along  the  Colorado  and  vicinity,  Coulter,  Fremont, 


352  COMPOSITE.  _  Encelia. 

Newberry,  Schott,  Cooper,  &c.  This  must  be  a  showy  plant,  with  its  (mostly  corymbose)  heads 
adorned  with  broad  golden  yellow  rays  (less  than  an  inch  long),  and  underneath  the  green  scales 
of  tlie  involucre  fringed  with  long  white  hairs.  The  original  specific  name  is  changed  on  account 
of  the  old  Encelia  canesecns. 

4.  E.  frutescens,  Gray.  Shrubby  below,  hispid-scabrous,  loosely  much  branched, 
2  or  3  feet  high  :  branches  terminating  in  single  long-peduncled  heads :  leaves 
small  (rarely  an  inch  in  length),  oblong  or  ovate,  sometimes  slightly  cordate, 
entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  short-petioled  :  heads  small  :  involucre  scabrous-hispid 
or  canescent :  rays  6  to  12,  cuneate-oblong  and  3  -  4-lobed,  sometimes  wanting  : 
akenes  obovate  and  with  a  sliallow  notch,  glabrous  on  "the  sides,  very  villous  on  the 
margins  and  the  ratlier  short  or  unequal  (occasionally  obsolete)  persistent  awns.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  657.     Simsia  {Geroea)  frutescens,  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Eound.  89. 

Gravelly  ravines,  &e.,  southeastern  borders  of  California  and  adjacent  parts  of  Arizona,  Nevada, 
and  Utah,  Fremont,  Emory,  Newberry,  &c.     Cordilleras  near  San  Felipe,  Sutton  Hayes. 

48.  HELIANTHELLA,  Ton-.  &  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  rather  numerous  neutral  rays  and  per- 
fect disk-flowers.  Involucre  hemispherical,  of  loosely  imbricated  linear-lanceolate 
scales ;  the  outer  mostly  foliaceous  and  attenuate-acuminate ;  innermost  shorter  and 
somewhat  chaffy.  Eeceptacle  flat  or  convex  :  chaff  embracing  the  akenes.  Disk- 
corollas  cylindraceous,  5-toothed  ;  the  teeth  puberulent-bearded.  Style-appendages 
hirsute,  mostly  short  and  obtuse.  Akenes  flat  (laterally  much  compressed),  obovate 
or  oblong,  with  thin  and  acute  or  narrowly  wing-margined  edges,  and  commonly 
emarginate  summit.  Pappus  an  awn  or  chaffy  tooth  from  each  margin,  and  with 
intermediate  (often  very  small)  thin  chaffy  or  almost  setiform  scales,  both  occasion- 
ally almost  obsolete.  —  Perennial  (North  American)  herbs ;  with  both  opposite  and 
alternate  entire  leaves,  large  and  chiefly  solitary  and  long-peduncled  terminal  heads 
of  yellow  flowers,  and  the  general  habit  of  Helianthus  or  Wyethia.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  ii.  333  ;  the  second  section  including  the  typical  species ;  with  leaves  lanceolate 
or  broader,  and  commonly  triple-ribbed  near  the  middle. 

1.  H.  Californica,  Gray.  Minutely  hirsute-pubescent  :  stems  slender,  one  to 
three  feet  high,  occasionally  branched  :  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  mostly  opposite, 
all  tapering  into  petioles  :  head  often  foliaceous-bracted  :  rays  seldom  much  if  at  all 
longer  than  the  involucre  :  chaff  obtuse  :  akenes  obovate,  smooth  and  glabrous 
throughout,  narrowly  margined,  minutely  ciliate  when  young  only  near  the  summit : 
pappus  of  two  short  triangular  or  subulate  chaffy  teeth  and  a  crown  of  minute 
squamellse,  nearly  obsolete  at  maturity.  —  Pacif.  E.  Pep.  iv.  103. 

Napa  Valley,  Bigclow.     Near  Clark's,  Mariposa  County,  A.  Gray.     Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon. 

H.  LANCEOLATA,  Torr.  k  Gray,  which  has  akenes  naked  and  with  a  pair  of  slender  awns  but 
hardly  any  crown  ;  H.  unifloha,  Torr.  &  Gray,  with  large  head,  akenes  silky-villous  on  the  face 
as  well  as  margins,  a  pair  of  stout  awns,  and  a  conspicuous  crown  of  long  and  narrow  squamellaj 
between  them  ;  and  possibly  H.  Parryi,  Gray,  with  much  smaller  heads,  narrower  leaves,  but 
similar  akenes,  yet  shorter  or  obsolete  awns  (at  least  its  variety  inulticaiolis,  H.  multicaulis,  Eaton 
in  Bot.  King  Exp.),  occurring  north  and  east  of  California,  may  be  found  near  its  borders. 

49.  HELIANTHUS,  Linn.        Sunflower. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  neutral  ray-  and  perfect  disk-flowers. 

Involucre  hemispherical  or  broader,  of  imbricated  scales,  more  commonly  with  narrow 

herbaceous  or  foliaceous  tips.     Eeceptacle  flat  or  convex,  with  chaff  embracing  the 

akenes  of  the  disk-flowers.    Eays  mostly  entire  :  disk-corollas  cylindrical,  5-toothed. 


Helianthus.  COMPOSITE.  353 

Branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a  subulate  hispid  appendage.  Akenes  thick, 
commonly  obovate-oblong,  either  4-angled  or  somewhat  lenticular,  laterally  more  or 
less  compressed,  the  edges  obtuse  as  well  as  marginless.  Pappus  caducous,  of  2 
chaffy  awns  or  pointed  scales,  one  from  each  principal  angle  of  the  akene,  sometimes 
with  two  or  more  very  small  and  thin  intermediate  scales,  which  are  equally  cadu- 
cous. —  Coarse  annuals  or  perennials,  with  entire  or  merely  toothed  leaves,  at  least 
the  lower  ones  mostly  opposite,  and  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbose  heads,  of  large 
or  middle  size.     Rays  yellow  :  disk  yellow,  brownish,  or  sometimes  dark  purple. 

A  genus  of  nearly  threescore  species,  all  American  and  chiefly  temperate  North  American, 
most  of  them  in  the  Atlantic  United  States,  very  few  in  California. 

*  Annuals,  with  leaves  3-ribbed  at  base,  all  but  the  lowest  usually  alternate :  receptacle 
Jlat :  disk  broivnish  or  dark  2Jurplish. 

1.  H.  annuus,  Linn.  Large,  hispid  and  rough  :  leaves  deltoid-ovate  and  the 
lower  more  or  less  cordate,  acuminate,  3  to  7  inches  long,  all  petioled  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  abruptly  slender-acuminate  :  chaff  of  the  recep- 
tacle shorter  than  the  flowers  :  akenes  in  the  wild  plants  appressed  silky-pubescent, 
2^  to  4  lines  long:  pappus  of  2  chaffy  scales. — -The  wild  plant,  with  peduncles 
moderately  if  at  all  thickened,  receptacle  an  inch  or  so  in  diameter,  and  even  the 
lower  leaves  not  much  cordate,  is  H.  lenticularis,  Dougl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1265. 

Banks  of  streams,  and  open  places,  in  the  eastern  and  southern  part  of  the  State,  more  common 
in  Nevada,  and  thence  to  Nebraska  and  Texas.  Seeds  used  for  food  by  the  Indians.  In  all  prob- 
ability this  wild  sunflower  of  the  plains  is  the  original  of  the  long- cultivated  H.  annuiis.  A 
specimen  from  Fort  Tejon,  by  Xantus,  would  be  referred  to  that  species. 

2.  H.  petiolaris,  Nutt.  Slender,  about  2  feet  high,  branching  :  leaves  from  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  commonly  almost  entire,  contracted  at  base  into  long  and  slender 
l)etioles  :  head  rather  small :  acuminate  tip  of  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle  not  longer 
than  the  flowers  :  akenes  more  or  less  appressed-pubescent. 

Occurs  sparingly  in  the  eastern  and  southern  parts  of  the  State  and  Nevada  :  common  in  Utah  and 
eastward  almost  to  the  Mississippi.     Seemingly  passes  into  depauperate  forms  of  the  preceding. 

3.  H,  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Stem  hirsute,  branching,  2  feet  or  more  high  :  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lower  rhomboid-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  very  sharply  and 
coarsely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles  :  heads  somewhat  panicled,  short-peduncled  : 
involucre  loosely  hirsute  ;  its  scales  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate,  loose,  folia- 
ceous,  longer  than  the  disk,  mostly  equalling  the  10  or  12  rays  :  chaff  of  the  receptacle 
entire  or  nearly  so,  tipped  with  an  awn  exceeding  the  dark-purple  corollas  :  akenes 
silky-pubescent :  pappus  of  2  subulate  chaffy  awns.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  544. 

Lake  County,  at  the  Geysers,  Bolandcr.  Also  collected  by  Bridges,  but  habitat  unknown. 
Heads  small.     Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  on  petioles  of  about  half  their  length. 

4.  H.  ezilis,  Ciray,  1.  c.  More  or  less  hirsute  :  stems  slender,  branching,  a  foot 
high  :  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  obscurely  3-nerved  at  base, 
tapering  into  a  short  petiole  :  heads  very  small,  on  slender  sometimes  leafy-bracted 
peduncles  :  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  :  rays  5  to  8  :  chaff  of 
the  receptacle  produced  into  an  awn-like  cusp  which  equals  the  dark-purple  corollas : 
akenes  nearly  glabrous  :  pappus  of  2  ovate-lanceolate  chaffy  scales. 

Wet  places  around  Clear  Lake,  Bolander.  Long  Valley,  Mendocino  Co.,  a  larger  fonn,  one  or 
two  feet  high,  Kellogg.  Heads  4  to  6  lines  high.  A  form,  probably  of  this  species,  with  even 
the  upper  leaves  mostly  opposite,  scales  of  the  involucre  broader  and  erect,  and  the  long  hirsute 
hairs  mostly  wanting,  was  collected  in  Owens  Valley  by  Dr.  Horn. 

%  %  Perennials  :  receptacle  convex :  disk  dull  yellow. 

5.  H.  Calif ornicus,  DC.  Stem  glabrous,  rather  slender,  2  to  5  feet  high, 
simple  or  branching  :  leaves  alternate  or  some  of  them  opposite,  minutely  scabrous- 


354  COMPOSITE.  #  Helianthus. 

pubescent,  short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  lanceolate  or  sometimes  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  acuminate,  either  entire  or  obtusely  serrate,  4  to  8  inches  long ;  the 
upper  usually  smaller  and  more  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire  :  heads  mostly  on  slender 
rather  short  peduncles  :  scales  of  the  involucre  slender,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering 
into  long  and  spreading  acuminate  tips  :  rays  15  to  20,  an  inch  or  more  long  :  chaff 
of  the  receptacle  blunt :  akenes  very  flat,  glabrous  :  pappus  of  2  or  3  lanceolate 
chaffy  scales,  — H.  giyanteus,  var.  insulus,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  17. 

Along  streams,  common  near  San  Francisco,  &c. ;  extending  into  tlie  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  up  to  4,000  feet.  Rootstock  thick  and  tuberous,  with  a  terebinthine  juice  or  exudation. 
Sides  of  the  akene  flat  and  entirely  destitute  of  angles.     Larger  leaves  triple-ribbed. 

H.  NuTTALLii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  which  glows  in  N.  W.  Nevada,  has  more  slender  stems,  more 
linear  leaves,  scales  of  the  involucre  hirsute-ciliate  towards  the  base,  chaff'  of  the  receptacle  acute, 
pappus  more  slender,  and  akene  (when  young)  with  evident  lateral  angles. 

50.  VIGUIERA,  HBK. 

Head,  flowers,  &c.  as  in  Helianthus,  but  usually  of  smaller  size ;  imbricated  invo- 
lucre less  herbaceous ;  receptacle  inclined  to  be  conical ;  and,  especially,  the  pappus 
less  deciduous  or  even  persistent,  consisting  of  2  or  more  scarious  chaffy  scales  on 
each  side  between  the  awns.  —  Chiefly  tropical  or  subtropical  American  :  only  one 
species  has  actually  been  observed  within  the  limits  of  the  State. 

In  Lower  California  (Cape  San  Lucas)  there  are  a  few  species,  such  as  V.  deltoidea  and  V.  tomen- 
tosa.  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  161,  and  V.  subincisa,  Benth.,  which  may  be  related  to  the  fol- 
lowing. 

1.  V.  laciniata,  Gray.  Shrubby  (1),  minutely  scabrous-hispid,  branching  :  leaves 
on  the  branches  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  obscurely  hastate  in  general  outline, 
incisely  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  coarsely  reticulate- 
veined,  sparsely  papillose-hispid  :  heads  corymbose,  less  than  half  an  inch  long : 
involucre  short ;  its  scales  oblong-ovate  and  coriaceous  :  flowers  yellow  :  rays  8  to 
10  :  receptacle  convex  :  pappus  apparently  deciduous ;  its  chaffy  awns  about  the 
length  of  the  sparingly  ciliate  akene ;  the  truncate  intervening  scales  conspicuous, 
more  or  less  confluent  into  one  on  each  side,  and  erosely  fimbriate  at  summit. — Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  89. 

East  of  San  Diego,  Schott,  Newberry,  Cleveland.  Apparently  a  low  bushy  plant,  shrubby  at 
base,  and  with  slender  herbaceous  branches. 

2.  V.  nivea,  Benth.  (?)  Silvery-white  with  appressed  and  dense  silky  pubes- 
cence (hairiness  rather  than  tomentum),  low  or  procumbent  :  leaves  ovate,  entire  or 
nearly  so,  3-ribbed  at  base,  the  lower  ones  opposite  :  peduncle  slender,  mostly  bear- 
ing a  single  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  silky-tomentose,  in  about 
2  series,  rather  loose  :  chaff  of  the  involucre  rather  shorter  than  tlie  flowers  :  rays  10 
or  1 2,  yellow  :  akenes  (ovaries)  oblong,  somewhat  villous  :  pappus  of  a  few  thin  and 
small  chaffy  scales  and  a  pair  of  chaffy  awns,  or  sometimes  the  awns  reduced  to 
scales  and  not  longer  than  the  hairs  of  the  ovary,  deciduous.  —  Encelia  nivea,  Benth. 
Bot.  Sulph.  p.  27  (?).  Helianthus  {Harpalium)  tephrodes,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
90.     Bahiopsis  lanata,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  35  (?). 

S.  E.  California,  at  Mirasol  del  Monte,  in  the  desert,  Schott.  An  incomplete  specimen,  proba- 
bly identical  (although  the  leaves  are  mostly  alternate)  with  Bentham's  Encelia  nivea  of  Lower 
California,  which  he  supposes  may  be  Kellogg's  Bahiopsis  lanata,  of  the  same  region,  and  would 
now  (in  Gen.  PI.  ii.  376,  378)  refer  to  Viguicra. 

51.     PUGIOPAPPUS,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous  ;  the  rays  7  to  10,  more  or  less  pistillate  and 
fertile  ;  disk-flowers  perfect.  Involucre  broadly  campanulate,  double  ;  the  outer  of 
4  or  5  loose  and  somewhat  foliaceous,  the  inner  of  mostly  10  thinner  and  rather 


Leptosyne.  COMPOSITE.  355 

longer  erect  scales.  Receptacle  flat ;  its  chaff  thin  and  scarious,  linear  or  lanceolate, 
deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Eays  mostly  broad  and  truncate,  obscurely  3  -  4-lobed 
or  crenate,  many-nerved.  Disk-corollas  with  a  short-bearded  or  beardless  ring  at 
the  summit  of  the  slender  tube ;  the  dilated  limb  5  lobed.  Style-branches  of  the 
ray-flowers  often  short  and  included ;  of  the  disk-flowers  tipped  with  a  very  short 
cone  or  nearly  truncate.  Akenes  obcompressed,  flat,  oval  or  oblong ;  those  of  the 
ray  broader,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  more  or  less  wing-margined ;  those  of  the  disk 
wingless,  villous  or  ciliate,  coherent  at  base  with  the  subtending  appressed  chaff. 
Pappus  of  the  ray  none,  of  the  disk  a  pair  of  long  bayonet-shaped  chaffy  awns,  little 
shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Glabrous  annuals,  all  Californian  ;  with  alternate  leaves 
once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  linear  lobes,  and  showy  heads  of  golden-yellow 
flowers,  terminating  long  naked  peduncles.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  659. 
Agarista,  DC.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  337,  not  of  Don.  Pugiopappus,  Gray  in 
Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  48,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  545. 

This  genus  and  the  next  take  the  place  of  Coreopsis  in  California. 

Coreopsis  Atkinsoniana,  Dougl.,  the  only  species  known  to  occur  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, —  a  sj>ecies  which  resembles  the  well-known  C.  titictoria  of  the  Arkansas  region,  common 
in  all  gardens,  —  belongs  to  Oregon,  and  may  be  expected  in  the  bordering  part  of  California. 

1 .  P.  calliopsideus,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  below :  lobes  of  the  leaves 
linear  :  head  large :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  ovate,  united  at  base :  rays  obovate- 
cuneiform  :  rayakenes  with  a  thin  winged  margin  ;  those  of  the  disk  clothed  with 
very  long  vQlous  hairs  on  the  margins  and  inner  face.  —  Agarista  calliopsidea,  DC. 
Prodr.  V.  569.     Coreopsis  calliopsidea,  Bolander,  Cat.  PI.  San  Francisco. 

Moist  hillsides  and  plains,  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  southward.  Variable  in  size  :  rays 
from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  and  from  4  to  10  lines  wide.  Disk-corollas  with  a  short- 
bearded  ring  on  the  tube. 

2.  P.  Brexveri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Much  smaller  than  the  preceding,  with  finer  divis- 
ions to  the  leaves  :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  linear  :  rays  rather  narrow  :  akenes 
of  the  disk  long-villous  on  the  margins  and  the  middle  of  the  inner  face,  otherwise 
glabrous  :  chaffy  awns  of  the  pappus  stouter,  only  half  the  length  of  the  akeue. 

Dry  hills  near  San  Buenaventura,  March  (Brewer)  ;  San  Bernardino  desert.  Parry.  Rays  half 
or  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide  :  disk-corollas  with  a  beardless  ring.  Ray  akenes 
nearly  as  in  the  next ;  those  of  the  disk  more  like  those  of  the  preceding,  except  in  their  smaller  size. 

3.  P.  Bigelovii,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  high,  leafy  only  at  the  base  :  the  small 
head  on  a  nearly  naked  scape  :  leaves  almost  simply  pinnately  parted  into  a  few 
narrowly  linear  rather  fleshy  divisions  :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  broadly  linear  : 
rays  broad  :  ray-akenes  narrowly  oblong,  roughish,  and  with  thickish  wing-like 
margins ;  those  of  the  disk  slightly  ciliate. 

Dry  plains,  on  Mohave  Creek  (Bigeloiv)  and  Fort  Tejon,  Dr.  Horn.  The  plant  from  San  Buena- 
ventura, inadvertently  referred  to  this  species  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  645,  is  the  preceding. 
The  head  of  this  only  half  as  large.  Rays  quadrate-oblong,  4  or  5  lines  in  length.  Ring  on  the 
tube  of  disk-corollas  distinct  but  beardless.  Akenes  of  the  disk  inclined  to  be  sterile  ;  but  this  is 
also  the  case  in  the  first  species. 

52.  LEPTOSYNE,  DC. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  several  or  numerous,  pistillate ; 
disk-flowers  perfect.  Involucre  double ;  the  outer  of  5  to  8  narrow  and  loose  folia- 
ceous  scales ;  the  inner  of  8  to  12  erect  more  membranaceous  scales.  Eeceptacle 
nearly  flat ;  its  chaff  thin  and  scarious,  linear  or  lanceolate,  deciduous  with  the 
fruit.     Rays  oblong  or  obovate,  3-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  end,  10-nerved.     Disk- 


356  COMPOSITE.  Leptosyne. 

corollas  with  slender  tube  girt  by  a  ring  at  the  summit,  and  a  funnelform  or 
more  dilated  5-lobed  limb.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-llowers  truncate-capitate  or 
tipped  with  a  very  short  cone ;  those  of  the  rays  little  exserted,  Akenes  obcom- 
pressed,  flat,  more  or  less  wing-margined,  similar  in  disk  and  ray.  Pappus  none,  or 
a  minute  callous  cup.  —  Low  glabrous  annuals,  or  larger  and  more  enduring  plants 
with  thickened  succulent  stems,  all  Californian ;  leaves  chiefly  alternate,  once  to 
thrice  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  or  filiform  lobes ;  the  showy  heads  of 
yellow  flowers  terminating  long  naked  peduncles.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  657. 
Tuckermannia,  !N^utt. 

CoEEOCAKPUS  (with  Acoma),  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph. ,  contains  two  or  three  still  obscure  species  of 
Lower  California,  allied  to  this  and  the  preceding  genus,  but  not  veiy  likely  to  occur  within  the 
limits  of  the  State. 

§  1.  Annuals,  a  span  or  more  high,  with  long  naked  pedtincles :  heads  an  inch  or  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  including  the  oblong  or  cuneate-obovate  more  or 
less  3-lobed  rays :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  linear.  —  True  Leptosyne. 

1.  L.  Douglasii,  DC.  Leafy  only  at  the  base  :  the  peduncles  all  scape-like  : 
disk-corollas  with  a  conspicuously  bearded  ring  :  akenes  sparsely  beset  with  capitate 
rigid  bristles,  the  winged  border  at  length  very  thick  and  corky,  the  summit  with 
an  entire  cup-like  ring  in  place  of  pappus. 

Dry  or  sandy  soil,  from  near  San  Francisco  (?)  to  San  Diego.  Except  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  State  apparently  less  common  than  the  next. 

2.  L.  StUlmani,  Gray.  Stems  more  leafy  below  :  involucre  commonly  some- 
what hairy  at  base  :  disk-corollas  beardless  :  akenes  surrounded  by  a  thick  and 
corky  rugose  wing,  smooth  and  glabrous  except  the  inner  face,  which  mostly  be- 
comes sparsely  papillose,  and  often  bears  a  row  of  tubercles  on  the  midnerve :  the 
cup  in  place  of  pappus  either  entire  or  2-lobed. — Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  92. 

Hillsides  and  plains,  Valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  the  Bay,  &c.  ;  the  common  species  in  the 
central  part  of  the  State.     Rays  somewhat  cuneate-obovate. 

3.  L.  Newbenyi,  Gray.  Leafy  only  at  base  :  the  peduncles  scape-like  :  disk- 
corollas  with  a  shorter  tube  bearing  an  inconspicuously  bearded  ring  :  akenes 
(young)  with  a  very  thin  wing,  both  faces  minutely  glandular-bristly,  the  cup  at  the 
summit  obsciire.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  358. 

Sitgreaves  Pass,  on  the  Colorado,  Newheri-y.  Camp  Grant,  Arizona,  Palmer.  Perhaps  not 
within  the  State. 

§  2.  Succulent  thickened  stems  or  rootstocks  perennial,  leafy,  often  branched :  leaves 
rather  fleshy :  heads  large.  —  Tuckermannia,  Gray. 

4.  L.  maritima,  Gray.  Stems  rather  low,  herbaceous,  from  a  fleshy  tuberous 
base  or  caudex  :  peduncles  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  long  :  heads  (including  the  nar- 
rowly oblong  slightly  3-toothed  rays)  3  or  4  inches  in  diameter  :  ring  of  tube  of  the 
corolla  naked :  akenes  smooth  and  glabrous,  bordered  by  a  narrow  thinnish  wing  or 
margin,  wholly  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  538  ;  Kegel,  Eev.  Hort. 
1872,  with  plate.  Tuckermannia  maritima,  Nutt. ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  355  ;  Torr. 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  92,  t.  3L 

Sea  beach  at  San  Diego,  and  on  the  islands.  A  striking  and  showy  plant.  In  cultivation  a 
short  naked  awn  is  rarely  produced  from  each  margin  of  the  akene  ! 

5.  L.  gigantea,  Kellogg.  Stems  shrubby  or  fleshy-woody,  2  to  8  feet  high 
and  1  to  5  inches  in  diameter,  leafy  at  the  top  :  heads  numerous  and  corymbose, 
rather  short-peduncled  :  inner  scales  of  involucre  with  a  prominent  midrib  :  divis- 
ions of  the  leaves  more  filiform. 

San  Miguel  and  Santa  Barbara  Islands,  Harford,  Capt.  Forney.     Guadalupe  Island,  Palmer. 


Blepharipappus.  COMPOSITE.  357 

53.  BIDENS,  Linn.        Bur-Marigold. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous  and  the  3  to  10  rays  neutral,  or  homogamous 
and  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular.  Involucre  double ;  the  outer  of  a  few  mostly 
foliaceous  loose  or  spreading  scales ;  the  inner  of  several  erect  and  more  membrana- 
ceous scales.  Eeceptacle  flat  or  convex ;  the  thin  narrow  chaff"  deciduous  with  the 
fruit.  Akenes  obcompressed,  either  broad  and  very  flat  or  narrow,  beakless,  bearing 
a  pappus  of  2  to  4  rigid  and  retrorsely  barbed  awns,  —  Annual  or  perennial  herbs  ; 
with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  or  sometimes  white 
flowers ;  some  of  them  vile  weeds.  The  species  are  numerous,  and  very  "widely 
distributed  over  the  world,  but  there  are  remarkably  few  in  California  or  in  the 
Pacific  region. 

%  Akenes  broad :  leaves  merely  serrate. 

1.  B.  chiysanthemoides,  Michx.  Annual,  glabrous,  leafy  to  the  top,  a  foot  or 
two  high  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  closely  sessile,  serrate, 
3  to  5  inches  long  :  heads  rather  large  and  showy  :  scales  of  inner  involucre  broad  : 
rays  8  to  10,  golden  yellow,  oblong  or  oval,  an  inch  long:  akenes  wedge-shaped ; 
their  margins  and  the  2  to  4  rather  long  awns  barbed  with  rigid  or  almost  prickly 
reflexed  bristles. 

Wet  places,  apparently  not  rare  through  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Extends  to  Mexico, 
and  is  common  in  all  the  Atlantic  States. 

B.  CERNUA,  Linn. ,  a  tall  variety  of  which  gi'ows  in  Oregon,  has  smaller  leaves,  heads  without 
rays,  or  with  short  ones  of  lighter  yellow,  and  smaller  barbs  to  the  akene  and  awns.  The  two  per- 
haps run  together.  The  plant  named  B.  cernua  by  Hooker  and  Amott,  in  the  Botany  of  Beechey's 
Voyage,  is  probably  the  preceding. 

%  *  Akenes  long  and  narrow  (Spanish  Needles) :  leaves  divided  or  compound. 

2.  B.  pilosa,  Linn.  Annual,  more  or  less  hairy,  or  merely  the  leaves  sparsely 
pubescent :  these  3-parted  or  the  lower  5-parted  into  ovate  incisely  cleft  or  sharply 
serrate  thin  leaflets  :  heads  small,  without  rays  or  with  2  or  3  small  and  whitish 
ones  :  akenes  linear,  smooth,  or  the  outer  ones  upwardly  hispid-scabrous,  at  least 
towards  the  summit,  2  -  4-awned.  —  B.  Californica,  DC.  Prodr.  v.  599.  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  ii.  354. 

Santa  Barbara  to  Los  Angeles,  near  water-courses,  &c.  A  weed,  widely  diffused  over  the 
wamier  coasts,  especially  of  the  Pacific  :  if  correctly  indentified  with  B.  jdlosa,  doubtless  intro- 
duced with  cattle  into  California. 

Heterospermum  Xanti,  Gray,  of  Lower  California,  resembles  a  Bidens  with  finely  divided 
leaves,  and  is  intermediate  between  the  two  genera. 

64.   BLEPHARIPAPPUS,  Hook.,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Head  heterogamous,  with  3  to  6  pistillate  rays  :  disk-flowers  7  to  12  perfect,  some 
of  the  central  infertile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  6  to  10,  nearly  in  a  single  series, 
lanceolate,  erect,  almost  equal.  Receptacle  convex,  chaffy;  the  chaff  thin  and 
membranaceous,  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Rays  short  and  broad,  cuneiform,  3- 
lobed.  Style  in  the  disk-flowers  long,  thickened  upwards  and  hairy,  2-cleft  only  at 
the  apex  (the  branches  obtuse  and  not  appendaged),  or  in  the  central  and  sterile 
flowers  nearly  entire.  Akenes  turbinate,  silky-villous.  Pappus  of  10  or  12  linear 
hyaline  scales,  traversed  by  a  stout  awn-like  midrib,  the  margins  lacerately  fringed 
so  as  to  appear  plumose,  rarely  wanting.  —  Annual,  corymbosely  or  paniculately 
branched  ;  both  rays  and  disk-coroUas  white ;  the  anthers  brown-purple.  Only 
one  variable  species. 


358  COMPOSITiE.  Blepharipappus. 

1.  B.  scaber,  Hook.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  rough-puherulent  and  somewhat 
hispid,  above  more  or  less  glandular  :  leaves  alternate,  narrowly  linear  and  with 
margins  revolute  (or  small  ones  on  the  branchlets  involute)  :  heads  a  quarter  or  less 
than  half  an  inch  long,  terminating  slender  branches. 

Yar.  laevis,  Gray  :  a  form  vrith  the  leaves,  at  least  those  of  the  branches,  almost 
smooth  and  much  appressed. 

Var.  subcalviis,  Gray  :  a  state  with  the  pappus  both  of  ray  and  disk  reduced  to 
minute  hyaline  vestiges,  hardly  exceeding  the  hairs  of  the  akene. 

Sierra  Valley,  and  along  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  common  through  the  interior 
in  Oregon  and  Nevada.  Var.  Icevis  is  No.  118  of  Bridges  coll.  in  herb.  Kew,  referred  to  under 
Hemizonia  in  Gen.  PI. ;  the  locality  not  recorded.  Var.  subcalvus,  Sierra  Valley,  Bolander, 
Lemmon:  apparently  mixed  with  the  common  state. 

55.  MADIA,  Molina.        Tarweed. 

Head  few  -  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  1  to  20  pistillate  rays,  or  rarely 
the  rays  entirely  wanting ;  the  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite,  either  fertile  or  sterile. 
Involucre  a  single  series  of  herbaceous  scales,  which  are  carinate  and  conduplicate, 
enclosing  as  many  akenes,  their  free  tips  erect  or  involute.  Receptacle  flat  or 
convex,  with  somewhat  herbaceous  chaff"  between  the  ray-  and  disk-flowers,  usually 
more  or  less  united  into  a  cup,  otherwise  naked  or  fimbrillate-hirsute.  Rays  more 
or  less  cuneiform,  3-lobed  at  summit.  Akenes  linear-oblong  or  clavate-oblong, 
incurved  or  nearly  straight,  laterally  compressed,  minutely  many-striate,  glabrous 
(those  of  the  ray  with  flat  sides),  wholly  destitute  of  pappus,  or  in  one  section  a 
chaffy-plumose  pappus  to  mostly  sterile  disk-flowers.  —  Glandular  and  more  or  less 
viscid  heavy-scented  annuals ;  with  linear  or  lanceolate  entire  or  slightly  toothed 
leaves,  at  least  the  upper  alternate ;  and  either  peduncled  corymbose,  or  panicled,  or 
clustered  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  opening  at  evening,  early  morning,  or  in  cloudy 
weather.  All  natives  of  the  Pacific  States,  one  species  also  in  Chili.  —  Benth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  293;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  187.  Madia,  with  Madaria 
(DC),  Anisocarpus  (Xutt.),  Amida  (Nutt.),  &  Harpoicarpus  (Nutt.),  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl. 

§  1.  Rays  conspicuous  and  mostly  numerous  (9  to  20)  :  disk-flowers  also  numerous 
hut  sterile,  or  the  exterior  ones  fertile,  with  pubescent  corollas.  —  Madaria. 

*  Disk-flowers  udth  a  pappus  composed  of  flmbriate  or  plumose-lacerate  and  slender 
chaffy  scales.     (Anisocarpus,  Nutt.) 

1 .  !M.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Hirsute  :  stem  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  all  the 
lower  leaves  opposite,  denticulate  or  occasionally  beset  with  slender  salient  teeth  : 
heads  rather  small  and  paniculate,  terminating  slender  glandular  peduncles  :  scales 
of  the  involucre  with  short  inconspicuous  tips,  rather  large  for  the  size  of  the  head  : 
fertile  akenes  obovate-falcate,  the  many-striate  sides  nerveless  ;  those  of  the  disk  all 
abortive  :  pappus  very  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii. 
391,  &  ix.  188.     Anisocarpus  madioides,  Nutt. 

In  woods,  not  rare  from  Monterey  to  Oregon.  Leaves  2  to  5  inches  long,  2  to  6  lines  wide, 
thin.  Rays  half  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  cuneiform,  strongly  three-lobed,  twice  the  length  of 
the  involucre. 

2.  M.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Villous-hirsute  :  stem  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  all 
but  the  lower  alternate,  chiefly  entire  (the  lower  3  to  10  inches  long)  :  heads 
middle-sized,  racemose  (on  short  or  long  peduncles)  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
rather  slender  tips  :  rays  short  but  exserted  :  chaff"  of  the  receptacle  linear,  uncon- 


Madia.  COMPOSITE.  359 


* 


nected  :  akenes  narrow  and  elongated,  minutely  and  all  sparsely  hairy,  even  those 
of  the  ray,  the  latter  saliently  1  -  2-nerved  on  each  face ;  outer  ones  of  the  disk 
apparently  fertile  :  pappus  of  almost  setiform  plumose  unequal  chaffy  scales,  the 
longer  ones  little  shorter  than  the  corolla. — Anisocarpus  Bolanderi,  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  360. 

Woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  in  the  Mariposa  Sequoia  grove,  and  at  Conner  Lake,  Bolander. 
Heads  half  an  inch  high  :  rays  3  lines  long.  Akenes  3  lines  long  ;  those  of  the  ray  lanceolate- 
falcate,  sometimes  bearing  the  rudiments  of  a  pappus  like  that  of  the  disk,  but  much  reduced  ! 

*  *  Disk-flowers  wholly  destitute  of  pappus,  either  all  or  only  the  central  ones  sterile  : 
leaves  almost  all  alternate.     (Madaria,  DC.) 

3.  M.  elegans,  Don.  Pubescent,  and  more  or  less  hirsute  or  even  hispid,  as 
well  as  glandular,  one  or  two  feet  high,  or  in  depauperate  slender  forms  only  a  span 
or  so  in  height :  heads  loosely  corymbose  or  paniculate :  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
slender  linear  tips  :  rays  (10  to  15  in  the  larger,  5  to  9  in  depauperate  forms)  elon- 
gated, acutely  3-lobed  at  apex,  yellow  throughout,  or  often  with  a  brown-red  spot  at 
base  :  disk-flowers  all  sterile,  on  a  strongly  convex  hirsute-fimbrillate  receptacle  : 
fertile  akenes  obliquely  obovate,  the  areola  at  the  thick  truncate  summit  depressed. 
—  Madaria  elegans  k  M.  corymhosa,  DC,  &c.  M.  racemosa,  N^utt.,  one  of  the 
slender  forms. 

Hills  and  plains,  throughout  California  and  in  Oregon  and  Nevada.  Very  variable  in  size, 
pubescence,  glandulosity,  and  number  of  flowers  in  the  head  ;  but  all  apparently  of  one  species. 
The  larger  forms  are  handsome  in  cultivation. 

4.  M.  radiata,  Kellogg.  Viscid-pubescent  and  glandular,  2  or  3  feet  high  : 
heads  pretty  large  :  scales  of  the  involucre  with  short  tips  :  rays  9  to  20,  golden- 
yellow,  broadly  oblong  or  somewhat  cuneiform,  obtusely  3-toothed  :  disk-flowers 
also  fertile  except  the  central  ones,  on  a  nearly  flat  and  glabrous  receptacle  ;  their 
akenes  somewhat  clavate  and  4-angular,  straightish,  with  depressed  areola  at 
summit ;  ray-akenes  narrowly  obovate-falcate,  flat,  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak 
which  is  reflexed  upon  the  summit  of  the  akene.  — Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iv.  190. 

Near  the  mouth  of  the  San  Joaquin  River,  Bolander.  Head  broad  :  ligules  half  an  inch  long, 
abrupt  at  base. 

§  2.  Bays  short  and  more  or  less  inconspicuous,  12  to  1,  or  rarely  wanting  altogether: 
disk-flowers  numerous  or  few,  all  fertile,  destitute  of  pappus,  aiid  with  corolla- 
tube  pubescent :  receptacle  flat  and  smooth.  —  Eumadia. 

5.  M.  sativa,  Molina.  Viscid-hirsute  and  glandular,  heavy-scented,  one  to 
three  feet  high :  heads  racemose  or  paniculate,  often  glomerate  :  ray-flowers  5  to 
12  :  disk-flowers  about  the  same  number  :  akenes  obovate-oblong  and  slightly 
curved,  or  those  of  the  ray  obovate-lunate,  those  of  the  disk  commonly  (and  of  the 
ray  sometimes)  1 -nerved  down  the  sides. — The  following  forms  pass  freely  into 
each  other. 

Var.  congesta,  Torr.  &  Gray  :  a  large  and  very  glandular,  common  form  :  the 
many-flowered  heads  sessile  in  crowded  clusters  :  akenes  (as  in  the  Chilian  plant) 
rather  narrow  and  mostly  angled  by  the  prominent  nerve  on  the  two  sides.  —  M. 
capitata,  Xutt.,  not  "congesta"  as  printed  in  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  404. 

Var.  racemosa,  Gray  :  a  smaller  and  more  slender  form  :  commonly  fewer-flow- 
ered heads  rather  loosely  racemose  or  panicled :  akenes  usual  with  less  prominent  or 
obsolete  lateral  nerves.  —  M.  racemosa,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.    Madorella  racemosa,  Nutt. 

Var.  dissitiflora,  Gray  :  like  the  preceding  or  more  depauperate,  with  scattered 
or  panicled  smaller  and  mostly  fewer-flowered  heads,  often  only  5  rays  and  as  few 
disk-flowers  :  akenes  inclined  to  short-obovate  (1^  to  2  lines  long),  and  with  either 
flat  and  nerveless  or  else  1-nerved  sides. — M.  dissitiflora,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Madorella 
dissitiflora,  Nutt.     . 


360  COMPOSITE.  ■  Madia. 

Plains  and  hills,  throughout  California,  Oregon,  and  the  interior  region  ;  the  Tarweed  of  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State.     An  exceedingly  variable  species. 

6.  M.  glomerata,  Hook.  Eoughish-hirsute  and  glandular,  slender,  very  leafy, 
about  a  foot  high  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire  (1  to  3  inches  long)  :  heads  small 
and  narrow,  in  close  clusters  terminating  the  stem  or  paniculate  branches,  or  in  the 
upper  axils  :  ray-flowers  2  to  4,  or  sometimes  solitary  or  wanting  altogether  :  disk- 
flowers  2  to  4  :  akenes  slender  and  straightish,  at  least  those  of  the  disk,  which  are 
either  compressed  or  prismatic-fusiform  and  rather  acutely  4-5-angled  (2  to  nearly  3 
lines  long).  — Amida  gracilis  &  A.  hirsuta,  Nutt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Sierra  Valley,  and  all  the  adjacent  eastern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  thence  through  the 
interior  even  to  the  Saskatchewan.  A  true  Madia  with  flowers  reduced,  sometimes  to  a  mini- 
mum. 

§  3.  Jiai/s  4  to  8,  very  short,  not  exceeding  the  solitary  dish-Jlower,  which  is  fertile, 
and  enclosed  in  a  3  -  5 -toothed  herbaceous  cup  :  corolla  glabrous :  akenes  of 
the  ray  obovate-lunate  and  more  ar  less  pointed :  those  of  the  disk  straight  and 
obliquely  obovate.  —  Hare^carpus.     (Harpcecarpus,  Nutt.) 

7.  M.  filipes,  Gray.  Hirsute  and  glandular,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  slender : 
leaves  narrowly  linear  :  heads  small  (hardly  2  lines  in  diameter),  globular,  on  long 
filiform  peduncles,  loosely  paniculate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  391.  Sclerocarpus 
exiguus,  Smith  (?).  Harpcecarpus  madarioides,  I^utt.  H.  exiguus,  Gray  in  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  101. 

Common  in  open  gi'ounds,  at  least  from  Monterey  northwards,  extending  near  the  coast  to 
Puget  Sound. 

56.   HEMIZONELLA,  Gray. 

Head  few -flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  rays  4  to  5,  pistillate ;  the  disk-flowers 
solitary  or  rarely  a  pair,  perfect  and  fertile.  Invohxcre  torosely  lobed  in  the  manner 
of  Madia,  i.  e.  of  as  many  herbaceous  scales  as  there  are  ray-flowers,  each  infolded 
and  completely  enclosing  its  akene,  but  rounded  on  the  back  and  generally  flattish 
on  the  inner  face.  Chaff  of  the  receptacle  an  herbaceous  3  -  5-toothed  cup  or  inter- 
nal involucre  enclosing  the  disk-flower.  Corollas  glabrous  or  merely  glandular  :  rays 
extremely  short.  Akenes  obovate  or  fusiform  and  more  or  less  obcompressed,  and 
those  of  the  ray  incurved,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy;  the  small  terminal  areola 
oblique,  either  sessile  or  raised  on  an  apiculation  or  short  beak.  Pappus  none.  — 
Low  and  diffusely  branched  or  diminutive  annuals,  all  Californian,  hirsute  and 
glandular ;  with  linear  entire  and  mostly  opposite  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  yellow 
flowers,  at  least  the  lateral  ones  leafy-bracted.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  189. 

In  their  heads,  and  somewhat  in  their  general  aspect,  these  little  plants  resemble  the  Harpae- 
carpufs  section  of  Madia ;  their  akenes  are  as  completely  enclosed,  although  from  the  form  of  the 
akene  the  involucral  scales  are  not  conduplicate  or  carinate.  It  is  better  to  separate  them  from 
Jlemizonia,  as  a  genus  intermediate  between  that,  or  Lagophylla,  and  Madia. 

1.  H.  parvula,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  branched,  2  or  3  inches  high,  hispid  with 
white  hairs  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  an  inch  or  less  long,  the  uppermost  clustered 
around  the  short-peduncled  or  almost  sessile  heads  :  akenes  narrow,  Mcate,  between 
triangular-obcompressed  and  fusiform,  tipped  with  a  very  short  incurved  beak.  — 
Hemizonia  (Hemizonella)  parvula,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  549. 

Klamath  Valley,  within  the  borders  of  Oregon,  Cronkhite.  Also  in  the  collection  of  Kellogg 
and  Harford,  the  station  not  recorded,  and  the  specimens  too  young. 

2.  H.  Durandi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  much  branched,  a  span  or  so  high,  hirsute 
or  somewhat  hispid  :  leaves  linear,  about  half  an  inch  long  :  central  heads  naked 
on  slender  peduncles,  the  lateral  ones  2-bracteate  at  base  or  short-peduncled  :  akejies 


Hemizonia.  COMPOSITE.  361 

slightly  hairy;  those  of  the  ray  obovate-oblong  and  obcorapressed,  tipped  with  a 
short  inflexed  beak.  —  Hemizonia  [Hemizonella)  Burandi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Harpcecar- 
pus  viadarioides,  Duraiid,  not  of  Nutt. 

Dry  hills,  common  through  the  foot-hills  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  ilariposa  County  north- 
ward, and  in  Nevada. 

3.  H.  minima,  Gray,  1.  c.  An  inch  or  two  high  :  leaves  half  an  inch  or  less  in 
length ;  the  uppermost  equalling  or  barely  surpassing  the  short-peduncled  or  almost 
sessile  heads  :  akenes  obovate,  decidedly  obcompressed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  tipped 
with  an  inflexed  apiculation,  but  not  beaked.  —  Hemizonia  [Hemizonella)  minima, 
Gray,  1.  c. 

Dry  sterile  soil  in  the  Sierra  Nevada :  Soda  Springs,  Brewer.  Between  Nevada  Fall  and  Cloud's 
Rest,  Gray. 

57.   HEMIZONIA,  DC,  Ton-.  &  Gray.        Tarweed. 

Head  many  -  few-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  1  to  20  pistillate  rays ;  the  disk- 
flowers  several  or  numerous,  hermaphrodite  but  usually  all  and  always  the  central 
ones  infertile.  Involucre  of  as  many  scales  as  ray-flowers,  which  are  concave  and 
half  enclosing  their  turgid  akenes,  or  sometimes  a  few  loose  and  empty  outer  ones. 
Eeceptacle  flat  or  conical,  chaffy  only  between  the  ray-  and  disk-flowers,  or  through- 
out. Rays  2  -  3-toothed,  cleft,  or  parted  :  disk-corollas  funnelform,  5-lobed.  Akenes 
of  the  ray  turgid,  more  or  less  gibbous,  obovoid  and  often  triangular,  commonly 
minutely  stipitate  ;  those  of  the  disk,  when  formed,  narrower  and  seldom  truly 
fertile.  Pappus  none  in  the  ray,  or  in  one  species  rudimentary  ;  either  none  or  of 
several  chaff'y  scales  or  awns  in  the  disk.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  some  with  indu- 
rated stems,  and  one  frutescent,  all  Californian,  mostly  glandular  and  viscid,  heavy- 
scented  :  some  of  them  are  Tarweeds  or  Rosin-weeds  of  the  Californians.  Leaves 
narrow,  all  but  the  lowest  alternate  :  heads  middle-sized  or  small;  the  flowers  yel- 
low or  white,  with  brownish  anthers.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  ii.  394  ;  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Ac.  ix.  190.  Hemizonia,  Hartmannia,  &  Calycadenia,  DC.  Osmadenia, 
Nutt.     Hemizonia  &  Calycadenia,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

§  1.  Fertile  akenes  very  oblique,  the  small  terminal  areola  from  the  summit  of  the 
inner  angle  or  face  on  a  narrow  beak  or  apiculation  ;  the  surface  dull,  often 
rngose  or  tuberculate  :  flowers  yellow.  —  Hartmannia,  Gray. 

*  Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so,  chaffy  only  between  the  ray-  and  disk-flowers  ;  the  chaff 
mostly  united  into  a  cup  or  internal  involucre  :  heads  small  or  middle-sized :  akenes 
of  the  ray  rugose  or  somewhat  tuberculate  when  mature,  inserted  by  a  short  and 
thickish  incurved  stipe :  disk-akenes  all  sterile  and  mostly  abortive,  usually  bearing  a 
pappus  of  small  scales.     {Hartmannia,  DC.) 

•+-  Rays  and  disk-flowers  few  or  several ;  the  former  with  tvhe  thickish  at  base ;  the 
latter  with  conspicuous  pappus  of  chaffy  la  cerate-toothed  scales :  heads  comparatively 
sviall,  bracteate,  mostly  sessile  or  fascicled :  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  more 
or  less  carinate  toivard  the  base. 

++  Perennial  and  woody,  exceedingly  leafy :  rays  about  8. 

1.  H.  frutescens,  Gray.  Erect,  2  feet  or  more  high,  decidedly  shrubby,  with 
numerous  fastigiate  flowering  branches  very  leafy  to  the  top,  hirsute,  aromatic  and 
viscid  :  leaves  hliform,  and  with  tufts  of  shorter  ones  in  the  axils,  entire,  or  rarely 
with  one  or  two  short  lateral  lobes  :  heads  thyrsoid-racemose  :  involucre  nearly  gla- 
brous :  rays  8  or  9 ;  the  ligules  obovate-oblong,  2  -  3-toothed,  about  the  length  of 


362  COMPOSITE.  ^         Ilemizonia. 

the  involucre  :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  of  as  many  narrow  linear  scales  which  are 
mostly  distinct:  receptacle  convex:  disk-flowers  10  to  12,  with  well-formed  but 
empty  ovary  :  pappus  of  5  linear  denticulate  scales,  about  half  the  length  of  the 
ovary.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  79. 

Rocky  precipice  in  the  interior  of  Guadalupe  Island,  off  Lower  California,  Dr.  Palmer,  1875. 
The  only  known  species  which  does  not  inhabit  the  State,  here  given  to  complete  the  account  of 
the  genus.  Leaves  an  inch  or  so  long.  Involucre  little  over  2  lines  high.  Ray-akenes  as  in  the 
section  ;  the  stipe  at  base  and  the  curved  beak  at  the  apex  pretty  long  :  sterile  disk-akenes  con- 
taining an  abortive  ovule. 

++  ++  Annuals  or  biennials  (as  are  all  the  following  sj^ecies  of  the  genus),  the  stems, 
however,  sometimes  indurated  in  age :  raps  only  5,  broad  and  short :  disk-flowers 
5  or  6. 

2.  H.  raxnosissima,  Benth.  Diffusely  and  paniculately  much  branched,  slen- 
der, a  foot  or  so  in  height,  almost  glabrous,  above  viscid-glandular :  cauline  leaves 
chiefly  entire,  linear,  small,  sessile  with  broadish  base,  occasionally  and  sparsely 
beset,  especially  on  the  margins  (as  also  are  the  branchlets),  with  some  hispid  or  hir- 
sute hairs  :  heads  scattered  or  somewhat  fascicled  on  the  leafy  branchlets  :  pappus 
of  sterile  akenes  of  8  or  10  broad  and  thickish  chafly  scales.  — Benth.  Bot.  Sulph. 
30;  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  100. 

Common  from  Santa  Barbara  southward.     Heads  2  or  3  lines  long. 

3.  H.  fasciculata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Paniculately  branched  above  the  base,  a 
span  to  a  foot  or  two  high,  sparsely  hirsute  or  hispid  :  radical  leaves  once  or  twice 
pinnately  parted ;  cauline  leaves  linear,  either  laciniate-pinnatifid,  few-toothed,  or 
entire,  an  inch  or  two  long,  those  of  the  branchlets  shorter  and  mostly  entire  :  heads 
fascicled  in  corymbose  clusters  :  pappus  of  the  sterile  akenes  of  narrower  chaffy 
scales.  —  Hartmannia  fascic%data,  DC.     H.  glomerata,  Nutt. 

Common  from  Monterey  to  San  Diego.     Exhales  a  strong  balsam  which  is  injurious  to  wool. 

■t-  +■  Rays  \2  to  20,  oblong-cuneiform,  with  slender  glandular  tube  ;  their  akenes  gen- 
erally occupying  two  series :  disk-flowers  more  numerous :  heads  larger  and  mostly 
loose,  terminating  corymbosely  panicvlate  branches. 

4.  H.  angustifolia,  DC.  Diffusely  branched  from  an  at  length  indurated 
base,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  hirsute  and  viscid-glandular  throughout :  cauline  leaves 
all  entire,  linear  (chiefly  less  than  an  inch  long) :  rays  12  to  15  :  pappus  of  the  sterile 
disk-ovaries  none,  or  a  row  of  minute  short  bristles  rather  than  scales.  —  H.  muUi- 
caulis,  Hook.  &  Am.,  ex  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  100.  H.  decumbens,  Nutt,  PI. 
Gamb.  17-^. 

Var.  Barcla3d  differs  in  having  the  ovaries  of  the  disk-flowers  enlarging  into 
sterile  akenes  bearing  a  conspicuous  chaffy  laciniate  pappus  :  mature  fertile  akenes 
more  incurved  and  with  an  unusually  conspicuous  terminal  beak. 

Open  grounds,  from  San  Francisco  and  Monterey  southward.  Var.  Barclayi,  Monterey  {Bar- 
clay, with  laciniate  pappus),  San  Luis  Obispo  (Brewer,  with  broader  scales  to  the  pappus,  much 
as  in  H.  ramosissima).  Akenes  rather  obscurely  rugose,  tipped  with  the  more  or  less  prominent 
narrow  beak,  the  little  stipe  at  the  base  usually  incurved  and  dilated  at  the  insertion. 

5.  H.  corjrmbosa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Corymbosely  branched,  a  foot  or  so  high, 
hirsute,  more  or  less  viscid  and  glandular :  radical  and  most  of  the  cauline  leaves 
pinnatifid  with  linear  lobes  ;  uppermost  and  those  of  the  branches  linear  and  entire  : 
rays  15  to  25  :  pappus  of  the  sterile  disk-ovaries  of  minute  scales,  mostly  cut  into 
chaffy  bristles,  or  sometimes  almost  none.  —  H.  angustifolia,  Benth.  PL  Hartw.,  not 
of  DC.  Hartmannia  corymbosa,  DC.  Hemizonia  macrocepihala,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb. 
174.     //.  balsamifera,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  64,  fig.  13. 

Low  grounds,  common  through  the  central  and  western  portions  of  the  State.  Heads,  including 
the  expanded  golden  yellow  rays,  an  inch  or  mpre  in  diameter,  many-flowered.  Ray-akenes  with 
the  short  upturned  beak  somewhat  dilated  at  the  tip. 


Hemizonia.  COMPOSITE.  363 

*  *  Receptacle  fiat,  with  a  distinct  chaff  for  each  of  the  8  or  10  dish-fiowers,  half  en- 
closing its  sterile  akene :  heads  small :  rays  5  :  akenes  smooth  and  even,  but  dull. 

6.  H.  virgata,  Gray.  More  or  less  glandular,  but  glabrous  or  slightly  hirsute  : 
stem  slender,  a  loot  or  two  high,  simple  or  virgately  branched  :  cauline  leaves 
linear ;  the  lower  laciniate  or  almost  pinnatifid  ;  upper  entire ;  those  of  the  branches 
and  of  axillary  fascicles  very  small  (2  or  3  lines  long),  crowded,  each  tipped  with 
a  truncate  gland  :  heads  numerous,  virgately  racemose :  corollas  glandular,  the  5 
ligules  short  and  broad  :  scales  of  the  involucre  and  the  similar  chaff  of  the  recep- 
tacle rather  chartaceous,  obovate  or  oblong,  conspicuously  beset  over  the  back  with 
large  and  prominent  tack-shaped  stipitate  glands  :  akenes  obovate,  5-angled  :  pappus 
none.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  100. 

Foot-hills,  &c.,  from  Napa  to  Los  Angeles.  Heads  narrow,  3  or  4  lines  long  ;  the  glands  often 
a  full  half  line  in  length,  resembling  those  of  the  section  Calycadenia.  The  gland  terminating 
tlie  smaller  leaves  is  more  or  less  cup- shaped  in  the  dried  specimens.  Disk-akenes  almost  fertUe. 
The  plant  exhales  a  balsamic  odor. 

*  *  *  Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  many-flowered,  chaffy  throughout;  the  chaff  distinct  : 
heads  middle-sized :  rays  rather  numerous,  and  usually  in  more  tJian  one  series, 
short,  apparently  pale  yellow :  akenes  hardly  if  at  all  rugose,  those  of  the  disk 
some  of  them  more  or  less  fertile  (these  with  a  depressed  central  terminal  areola). 
—  (§  Olocarpha,  DC,  excl.  sp.) 

7.  "EL.  macradenia,  DC.  Loosely  branched,  a  foot  or  two  high,  stout,  hirsute 
and  viscid-glandular  :  lower  cauline  and  radical  leaves  laciniate-pinnatitid  ;  the  others 
narrowly  linear;  uppermost  and  those  of  the  axillary  fascicles  filiform-subulate, 
tipped  with  a  truncate  gland  :  heads  mostly  glomerate  at  the  end  of  the  branches  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  and  some  of  the  chaff  beset  on  the  back  with  large  long- 
stipitate  glands  :  rays  roundish-cuneiform,  3-lobed  :  fertile  akenes  obovate,  5-angled, 
short-beaked  from  the  inner  angle  :  receptacle  strongly  conical :  pappus  none. 

Dry  open  ground,  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francis(!0  southward.  One  of  the  commoner  "Tar- 
weeds,"  exuding  a  heavy-scented  viscid  matter,  which  blackens  the  noses  of  horses.  Notwith- 
standing its  frutescent  aspect,  the  root  is  annual,  or  at  most  biennial. 

8.  H.  pungens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Simple  and  at  length  much  branched,  a  span 
to  nearly  a  yartl  high,  hirsute  or  sparsely  hispid  :  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid,  or  the 
lower  bipinnatitid  with  short  spinulose-acuminate  lobes ;  those  of  the  branchlets 
and  fascicles  entire,  small  and  crowded,  lanceolate  or  linear-subulate,  rigid,  spinu- 
lose-tipped,  as  are  the  scales  of  the  leafy -bracted  involucre  and  the  narrow  chaff  of 
the  receptacle  :  rays  scarcely  exceeding  the  disk,  narrow,  2  -  3-toothed :  pappus 
none  :  receptacle  strongly  convex.  —  Hartmannia  pungens,  Hook.  &  Arn. ;  Hook. 
Ic.  PI.  t.  334. 

Dry  hillsides,  from  San  Francisco  southward  to  San  Diego,  where  a  very  sparingly  hirsute  form 
occurs.     The  root  of  this  species  also  is  annual.     Akenes  as  in  the  preceding,  but  smaller. 

9.  H.  Fitchii,  Gray.  Paniculately  branched,  rigid,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  villous 
or  somewhat  hirsute  :  radical  leaves  1  -  2-pirmately  parted  into  few  linear  or  subu- 
late divisions ;  cauline  leaves  (or  the  upper  ones)  like  those  of  the  branches,  sub- 
ulate-linear (about  an  inch  long),  rigid  and  spinulose-tipped,  very  pungent,  the 
villous  pubescence  generally  accompanied  with  small  very  long-stalked  glands  : 
heads  foliose-bracteate  :  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate  :  rays  oblong,  2-toothed, 
little  exceeding  the  disk  :  chaff  of  the  convex  and  hairy  receptacle  pointless,  bearded 
with  long  villous  hairs  :  fertile  akenes  obovate,  3-angled,  smooth,  very  gibbous ; 
sterile  disk-akenes  with  a  pappus  nearly  equalling  their  corollas,  composed  of  8  to 
12  narrowly  linear  and  rigid  chaffy  scales,  Avhich  are  more  or  less  united  at  base 
and  fringed  or  bearded  at  tip.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  1 08. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento  ;  Clear  Lake  ;  Long  Valley,  Plumas  Co.,  &c.,  to  Carson  Valley, 
Alpine  Co.  A  well-marked  species  :  some  younger  and  less  villous  forms  resemble  H.  pungois; 
but  the  chaff  is  not  pungent,  always  more  or  less  villous- bearded,  and  the  pappus  is  characteristic. 


364  COMPOSITE.  >  Hemizonia. 

§  2.  Fertile  akenes  slightly  oblique  and  with  depressed  terminal  areola  hardly  eccen- 
tric, glabrous,  smooth  and  even,  obovate  and  obscurely  triangular,  inserted  by 
a  minide  inflexed  stipe,  mostly  in  ttoo  series  :  heads  {corymbose)  many-flowered, 
and  with  conspicuous  strongly  ^-lobed  rays  {expanding  in  sunshine) :  receptacle 
convex,  chaffy  throughout,  tlie  inner  chaff  very  thin  :  disk-akenes  abortive,  desti- 
tute of  pappus.  —  EuHEMizoNiA,  Gray.  {Hemizonia,  DC..,  as  to  the  typical 
species  of  both  sections.) 

10.  H.  congesta,  DC.  Somewhat  corymbosely.  or  paniculately  branched 
above,  a  foot  high,  rather  villous  than  hirsute  with  long  mostly  soft  hairs,  slightly 
glandular  towards  the  summit  :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  the 
lower  (commonly  opposite)  oblanceolate  and  sparsely  serrulate  :  heads  rather  few  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  with  lanceolate  foliaceous  tips  :  outer  series  of  chaff  of  the 
receptacle  somewhat  similar  to  the  scales  and  distinct  or  partly  united  :  rays  light 
yellow. 

Low  ground,  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  Douglas,  &c.  Head,  including  the  expanded 
broad  rays,  about  an  inch  in  diameter.  This  species  is  insufficiently  known.  Some  specimens 
whicli  have  been  refeiTcd  to  it  prove  to  have  white  rays,  and  to  be  a  less  glandular  and  more 
villous  form  of  the  next  ;  from  which,  however,  the  yellow  flowers  ought  to  distinguish  the 
present  species. 

1 1.  H.  luzulsefolia,  DC.  Corymbosely  or  paniculately  much  branched,  a  span 
to  2  feet  high,  villous,  or  below  fioccose- woolly  when  young,  above  becoming  very 
glandular  and  viscid  :  leaves  linear,  entire  or  merely  denticulate,  the  lower  elongated 
and  3  -  5-nerved  :  heads  numerous,  middle-sized  or  small,  mostly  on  short  naked 
peduncles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  short  herbaceous  tips  :  outer  series  of  chaff 
united  into  a  cup  :  rays  (6  to  10)  and  disk-flowers  white,  sometimes  tinged  with 
pink.  —  H.  sericea.  Hook.  &  Am.  H.  rudis,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph. ;  a  much-branched 
summer  state,  with  small  heads  and  small  very  glandular  upper  leaves ;  the  long 
and  silky- woolly  Luzula-like  lower  leaves  gone. 

Dry  open  grounds,  common  throughout  all  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  very  variable, 
espeedally  in  the  size  and  number  of  flowers  in  the  head  ;  blooming  continuously  from  April 
or  even  March  till  November.  Involucre  from  5  or  6  to  2  lines  high  :  rays  from  5  to  2  lines  long, 
broadly  cuneiform.  The  var.  fragarioides^  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  70,  fig.  14,  apjtears 
not  different  from  the  ordinary  form  of  the  species,  but  is  said  to  have  "  the  refreshing  odor  of 
strawberries." 

§  3.  Akenes  of  disk  mostly  well-formed  and  sometimes  the  outermost  truly  fertile  {then 
hairy),  turbinate-quadrangidar  or  slightly  obcompressed,  straight,  furnished 
with  a  conspicuous  chaffy  pappus;  of  the  ray  obovoid-triangular,  slightly 
oblique,  and  the  terminal  areola  little  if  at  all  eccentric :  rays  1  to  7,  very 
broad,  palmately  3-lobed  or  parted:  heads  narrow,  small:  receptacle  small 
and  flat,  tlie  herbaceous  chaff  only  between  the  ray-  and  disk-flowers :  leaves 
entire  and  narrowly  linear  with  revolute  margins,  or  filiform,  or  those  in 
axillary  fascicles  and  clusters  about  tlie  heads  subulate,  but  obtuse,  commonly 
tipped,  and  sometimes  beset  on  the  back,  tvith  disk-like  or  ivhen  dry  saucer- 
shaped  and  either  sessile  or  short-stipitate  glands  {whence  the  name).  —  Caly- 
CADENIA,  Gray.  {Calycadenia,  DC.) 
*  Diffusely  paniculate-branclied :  branches  filiform  :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  united. 
+-  Disk-shaped  glands  none  :  ray-akenes  apiculate  at  both  ends,  rugose. 

12.  H.  tenella,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  minutely  glandular,  also  sparsely 
hispid  when  young  :  leaves  linear-filiform,  the  lower  an  inch  or  two  long,  upper- 
most reduced  to  filifonn  bracts  :  heads  terminating  the  very  numerous  and  widely 
spreading  filiform  branchlets,  cylindraceous  :  rays  3  to  5,  white,  3-parted  down  to 
the  long  and  slender  tube  ;  disk-flowers  5,  white  marked  Avith  purple  :  ray-akenes 
glabrous,  rugose,  raised  on  a  short  stipe  and  tipped  with  a  short  and  thick  truncate 


Hemizonia.  COMPOSITE.  365 

beak  ;  disk-akenes  obscurely  hairy,  their  pappus  of  4  or  5  lanceolate  firm-chaffy 
scales  tapering  into  stout  rough  awns,  and  of  as  many  intermediate  short  truncate 
and  lacerate  scales.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  191.  Osmadeiiia  tenella,  Nutt.  Caiyca- 
denia  tenella,  Torr.  k  Gray. 

Southern  part  of  the  State,  especially  around  San  Diego.  Heads  3  or  4  lines  long.  Some  of 
the  disk-akenes  are  perfectly  fertile. 

-t-  -t-  Disk-shaped  or  saucer-shaped  short-stalked  gland  terminating  the  fascicled  leaves 
and  bracts :  ray-akenes  not  apiculate  at  either  end,  the  terminal  areola  depressed, 
the  surface  smooth  and  even :  flowers  apparently  white. 

1 3.  H.  Fremontii,  Gray.  A  span  high,  with  ascending  branches,  slightly  hir- 
sute or  hispid  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  roughish  :  heads  several-bracted,  terminal 
and  axillary,  short-peduncled  or  nearly  sessile,  campanulate  :  rays  5  to  7,  3-parted, 
their  tube  very  short ;  disk-flowers  about  20  :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  forming  a 
12-  14-toothed  cup  :  pappus  of  disk-akenes  10  chaffy  scales,  at  least  the  alternate 
ones  longer  and  subulate-awned,  not  longer  than  the  akene.  —  Calycadenia  Fremontii, 
Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  100. 

California,  Fremont.     The  particular  station  unknown. 

14.  H.  pauciflora,  Gray,  About  a  foot  high,  with  filiform  diverging  often 
zigzag  branches,  minutely  scabrous,  sparingly  hispid,  especially  along  the  margins 
of  the  lower  portion  of  the  linear-filiform  leaves  :  heads  distant  and  sessile  in  the 
axils  along  the  branches  as  well  as  terminal,  cylindrical :  ray  solitary,  3-parted  down 
to  its  short  tube ;  disk-flowers  3  combined  into  a  3-toothed  tubular  cup,  their  pappus 
of  5  subulate-awned  and  5  small  intermediate  truncate  chaffy  scales.  —  Calycadenia 
pauciflora.  Gray,  1.  c. 

California,  Fremont:  the  station  unknown.  Both  species  were  collected  in  1846,  and  have  not 
since  been  met  with. 

*  *    Virgate;  the  stem  or  braiiches  strict:  heads  mostly  in  the  axils,  either  solitary  or 

"  clustered :  rays  deeply  3-lobed  or  sometimes  Sported ;  their  akenes  with  truncate 

sum.mit  slightly  if  at  cdl  apiculate :    disk-corollas  narrow  and  long,   5-toothed : 

flowers   in    some   and  perhaps  all   the   species   open  only   through    evening    and 

morning. 

-«-  Soft-pubescent,  not  at  all  hispid :  heads  somewhat  paniculate  or  in  short-pediinded 

axillary  clusters. 

15.  H.  mollis,  Gray.  About  2  feet  high,  grayish  with  a  soft  fine  pubescence, 
not  even  liiisute  except  on  the  margins  of  the  uppermost  leaves  and  bracts  :  these 
tipped  with  a  tack-shaped  or  saucer-shaped  and  short-stalked  gland,  or  sparsely 
beset  with  similar  glands  :  flowers  white ;  rays  3  to  5,  almost  equally  3-parted  and 
with  short  but  slender  tube;  disk-flowers  5  to  10  :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  united 
into  a  6  -  8-toothed  cup  :  ray-akenes  somewhat  rugose,  and  the  broad  terminal 
areola  rather  protuberant :  pappus  in  the  disk  of  5  or  6  subulate-awned  scales  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  akenes,  and  of  one  or  two  additional  short  and  blunt  scales. 
—  H.  angustifolia,  Durand,  PI.  Herm.,  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iii.  10,  not  of  DC.  Caly- 
cidenia  mollis,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  360. 

Foot-hills,  Mariposa  and  Fresno  Counties  ;  very  common  at  White  and  Hatch's,  Bolander, 
Gray. 

-t-  -{-   Glabrous  and  smooth,  or  some  of  the  lower  leaves  slightly  and  sparsely  hispid : 
heads  scattered,  solitary  in  the  axils  and  terminal. 

1 6.  H.  truncata,  Gray.  Slender,  a  foot  or  two  high  ;  the  virgate  stem  some- 
times paniculately  branched  above  :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  the  short  upper- 
most and  the  bracts  tipped  with  a  very  large  and  almost  sessile  saucer-shaped 
gland :  flowers  yellow ;  rays  5  to  8,  3-cleft,  with  very  short  tube  j  disk-flowers  10 


366  COMPOSITE.  ^         Hemizonia. 

to  20  :  chaff  of  receptacle  more  or  less  distinct,  truncate  :  ray-akenes  as  in  the  pre- 
cedinj^  :  pappus  of  those  of  the  disk  short  and  awnless  ;  the  scales  7  to  10,  oblong, 
incisely  or  timbriately  toothed,  very  much  shorter  than  the  akene,  rarely  wanting. 
—  Calycadenia  truncata,  DC. 

Dry  ground,  Valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  Mendocino  Co. ,  &e. 

-(-  -H  "H  Setose-hirsute  or  hispid,  at  least  on  the  margin  of  the  leaves  or  bi'ads :  heads 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  and  often  clustered  in  the  axils  and  at  the  summit  of  the  stem : 
short-stipitate  or  almost  sessile  saucer-shaped  glands' Cit  the  tips  of  the  upper  and 
fascicled  leaves,  bracts,  <i;c.,  and  often  on  their  sides. 

17.  H.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  more  or  less 
hirsute  or  hispid  with  white  bristly  hairs,  especially  on  the  margins  towards  the 
base  of  the  almost  filiform  leaves  :  heads  solitary  in  the  axils  :  "  flowers  yellow  "  : 
pappus  of  10  subulate  awn-pointed  chaffy  scales,  or  some  of  them  shorter  and 
truncate  or  obtuse.  —  Calycadenia  villosa,  DC. 

Open  grounds,  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  &c.  Collected  in 
"  Long  Valley"  by  Dr.  Kellogg,  who  notes  that  the  "flowei-s  are  yellow,"  probably  pale.  Glands 
few  or  sometimes  none  except  the  terminal  ones.  Rays  3  or  4  ;  disk-flowers  5  to  10.  Except  in 
the  slenderness,  the  scattered  solitary  heads,  and,  if  constant,  the  "yellow"  flowers,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  distinguish  this  from  forms  of  the  next.  The  specific  name,  villosa,  which  is  hardly  ever 
appropriate  even  in  Calycadenia,  may  give  way  in  the  transferrence  to  Hemizonia. 

18.  H.  multiglandulosa,  Gray.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  more  or  less  hirsute  and 
hispid,  especially  towards  the  base  of  the  almost  filiform  leaves :  stipitate  glands  mostly 
present  and  often  copious  on  the  upper  leaves,  bracts,  involucral  scales  and  united 
chaff :  heads  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils,  and  commonly  capitately  or  spicately 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  :  flowers  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  rose- 
color  :  pappus  of  10  or  12  chaffy  scales,  either  all  or  about  half  of  them  subulate- 
acuminate  or  awn-pointed,  the  others  short  and  pointless.  —  Calycadenia  multiglan- 
dulosa &  C.  cephalotes,  DC. ;  Torr.  &  Gray  :  the  former  a  state  with  scattered  heads 
and  very  copious  tack-shaped  glands  ;  the  latter  with  heads  all  or  most  of  them 
capitate-crowded  at  the  summit. 

Open  dry  grounds  ;  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Ko  reliance  can  be 
placed  upon  the  abundance  or  rarity  of  the  glands,  the  crowded  or  more  scattered  heads,  nor  the 
pubescence  of  the  akenes,  in  this  and  the  preceding  species.  The  ray-ovaries  are  rarely  quite 
glabrous,  commonly  a  little  hairy  at  top,  or  si)arsely  so  throughout.  The  scales  of  the  pappus 
are  sometimes  all  alike  and  subulate  or  awn-pointed,  or  some  of  them  so  ;  but  usually  the  alter- 
nate ones  are  short  and  blunt.  These  charactere  are  so  mingled  that  varieties  cannot  well  be 
defined,  at  least  with  the  present  materials. 

§  4.  Akenes  nearly  as  in  §  3,  but  more  nearly  equal-sided,  acutely  1 0-nerved  or  ribbed, 
all  more  or  less  hirsute  and  ivith  depressed  terminal  areola,  this  bearing  a 
coroniform  pappus  in  the  ray,  and  a  pappus  of  about  20  equal  plumose  awns 
in  the  disk-akenes,  only  the  central  ones  of  the  latter  sterile.  —  Blepharizonia, 
Gray. 

19.  H.  pluiuosa,  Gray.  Two  or  three  feet  high,  with  the  heads  racemose- 
paniculate  along  the  virgate  branches,  somewhat  setose-hispid  and  with  fine  rather 
viscid  pubescence  :  cauline  leaves  unknown  ;  those  of  the  flowering  branches  all 
short  and  bract-like,  oblong,  tipped  and  often  sparsely  beset  (as  are  the  similar 
scales  of  the  involucre  and  the  outer  chaff  of  the  receptacle)  with  short-stipitate  and 
pale  saucer-shaped  glands  :  corollas  "yellow"  or  more  probably  white;  those  of  the 
ray  7  to  10,  deeply  and  irregularly  3-lobed,  of  the  disk  10  to  12.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  ix.  192.     Calycadenia  plumosa,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  49. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento.  Sent  from  Stockton  to  Dr.  Kellogg  by  an  unknown  collector. 
Heads  rather  broad,  3  lines  high,  exclusive  of  the  rays  ;  these  with  their  short  tube  about  4 
lines  long.  Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so,  pubescent  ;  its  chaff"  of  distinct  scales  in  about  two 
series,  the  inner  smaller.  Ray-akenes  fully  a  line  and  a  half  long,  turbinate,  with  a  more  con- 
tracted base,  and  a  rounded  summit  having  a  rather  small  and  not  protuberant  areola,  bearing  a 


Lagophylla.  COMPOSITE.  367 

* 
rather  firm  scarious  cup-like  small  pappus,  its  margin  ciliate  and  obscurely  fimbriate.  Disk- 
akenes  nearly  2  lines  long,  oblong-turbinate,  and  with  a  broad  terminal  depressed  areola,  bordered 
with  the  pappus  of  about  20  equal  and  rather  stout  barbate-plumose  awns,  of  fully  a  line  in 
length.  AH  the  outer,  and  sometimes  all  but  one  or  two  of  the  inmost  disk-akenes  are  seed- 
bearing.  On  account  of  the  anomalous  pappus  to  the  disk-flowers  this  species  might  be  sought 
for  in  the  group  to  which  Blepluiripappus  belongs,  and  which  it  much  resembles  in  the  disk- 
pappus.     It  really  forms  a  new  section  in  the  present  genus. 

58.  LAGOPHYLLA,  Nutt. 

Head  several-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  about  5  pistillate  fertile  rays,  and  as 
many  hermaphrodite  but  sterile  disk-flowers.  Involucre  of  as  many  herbaceous 
scales  as  ray-flowers,  which  are  flat  on  the  back,  with  margins  at  base  infolded,  so 
as  to  completely  enclose  their  obcompressed  akenes,  and  commonly  2  or  3  looser 
and  more  foliaceous  empty  exterior  ones  or  bracts.  Receptacle  small  and  flat, 
bearing  a  scries  of  5  or  6  distinct  chafiy  scales,  subtending  disk-flowers.  Eays  cunei- 
form, palmately  3-cleft  or  parted  :  disk-corollas  5-lobed.  Akenes  of  the  ray  more 
or  less  obcompressed,  obovate-oblong,  smooth,  nearly  straight,  pointless;  those  of 
the  disk  slender  and  abortive,  all  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Soft-villous  or  hirsute 
annuals,  of  California  and  Oregon ;  with  repeatedly  branching  slender  stems,  alter- 
nate or  opposite  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  pale  yellow  or  apparently 
■white  flowers. 

*  Leaves  chiefly  alternate :  heads  leafy-hracteate. 

1.  L.  ramosissima,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high,  at  length  paniculately  very 
much  branched  :  lower  leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  and  somewhat  silky- 
hirsute  (an  inch  or  two  long) ;  the  upper  and  those  of  the  branchlets  successively 
smaller  and  copiously  villous  with  long  and  soft  hairs,  especially  along  their  mar- 
gins, often  becoming  concave  or  involute  when  dry  :  heads  almost  sessile,  clustered 
on  the  leafy  branchlets  :  rays  hardly  exserted,  yellow  :  fertile  akenes  carinately  one- 
nerved  down  the  inner  face.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  402.  L.  minima,  Kellogg  in 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  53. 

Dry  hillsides,  common  through  the  middle  and  northern  part  of  the  State,  and  in  adjacent 
parts  of  Oregon  and  Nevada.  Stems  brittle  :  leaves  early  deciduous  from  the  stems  and  the 
at  length  smooth  filiform  branches. 

2.  L.  dichotoma,  Benth.  A  foot  or  so  high :  leaves  more  strigosely  pubescent ; 
the  cauline  ones  spatulate  and  often  coarsely  crenate,  those  of  the  branchlets  and 
bracts  hirsutely  ciliate  :  heads  sessile  in  the  forks  of  the  repeatedly  dichotomous 
almost  naked  branches,  and  terminating  their  filiform  peduncle-like  extremities  : 
rays  much  exserted,  apparently  white  :  fertile  akenes  concave  and  nerveless  (but 
minutely  striate)  on  the  inner  face.  —  PI.  Hartw.  317. 

Plains  of  the  Sacramento  and  Feather  Rivers,  Hnrtweg,  Fitch,  Bigelow.  Heads  larger  than  in 
the  preceding  ;  the  ligules  conspicuous,  about  3  lines  long. 

*  *    Leaves  commonly  oi-  mostly  opposite :  heads  naked,  terminal,  slender-peduncled. 

3.  L.  filipes,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  paniculately  branched,  soft-villous, 
and  with  some  small  stipitate  glands  :  leaves  linear ;  some  of  the  lower  cauline 
sparsely  laciniate-denticulate  (2  or  3  inches  long) ;  those  of  the  branchlets  short 
(4  to  2  lines  long),  not  ciliate  :  head  small,  bractless,  on  a  filiform  peduncle  :  rays 
exserted,  apparently  white.  —  Pacif  R.  Ptep.  iv.  109,  &  Mex.  Bound.  101. 
Hemizonia  filipes,  Hook.  &  Arn.,  apparently,  but  the  specimens  of  Douglas  not 
seen. 

California,  Douglas.  On  the  Sacramento,  Fitch,  Newberry,  &c.  Seemingly  a  rare  species. 
Akenes  not  yet  known. 


368  COMPOSITiE.  Layia. 

59.  LAYIA,  Hook.  &  Am. 

Head  many-flowered,  lieterogamous,  with  8  to  20  pistillate  rays  and  numerous 
perfect  disk-flowers,  all  fertile,  except  occasionally  some  of  the  central.  Involucre 
hemispherical  or  very  broadly  campanulate,  of  as  many  scales  as  ray-flowers  (and 
sometimes  a  few  external  empty  ones),  flat  or  nearly  so  on  the  back,  their  abruptly 
dilated  thin  or  scarious  margins  or  auricles  below  infolded  on  either  side  so  as  to 
meet  and  enclose  the  ray-akene.  Receptacle  broad  and  flat,  or  rarely  convex 
(pubescent  where  not  chafl"y),  a  series  of  chaff"  like  an*  inner  involucre  subtending 
the  outermost  disk-flowers,  or  in  some  species  with  thinner  chaff"  subtending  all  or 
most  of  them.  Eays  cuneiform  or  oblong,  2  -  3-lobed  or  toothed  at  the  apex  :  disk- 
corollas  cylindraceous-funnelform,  5-lobed  at  summit.  Akenes  of  the  ray  obovate- 
oblong  or  narrower,  obcompressed,  glabrous  (with  one  exception)  and  smooth, 
destitute  of  pappus,  but  crowned  with  a  protuberant  disciform  areola ;  of  the  disk 
nearly  similar  or  linear-cuneate,  mostly  hairy,  and  with  a  various  pappus  of  5  to 
20  bristles,  awns,  or  chaff'y  scales,  either  naked  or  plumose,  or  occasionally  none.  — 
Annuals,  all  of  the  Californian  region  ;  with  leaves  nearly  all  alternate  and  often 
incised  or  pinnatifid,  and  showy  heads  of  yellow  or  yellow  and  white  flowers 
(mostly  with  brown  or  purple  anthers),  terminating  the  somewhat  paniculate  or 
corymbose  branches.  —  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  103 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  2.  395, 
where  the  synonymy  is  given. 

Rudiments  of  pappus  occasionally  occur  on  the  raj'-akenes,  as  a  small  scale,  or  a  bristle  or  two, 
but  they  are  evidently  abnormal.  The  species  are  arranged  under  three  sections,  mainly  by  the 
pappus  :  otherwise  several  of  them  are  almost  exactly  alike. 

§  1.  Pappus  of  10  to  20  {or  rarely  fewer)  avnis  or  stout  bristles  which  are  long- 
plumose  or  villose  below  the  middle :  receptacle  chaffy  only  at  the  margin, 
rarely  among  some  of  the  outer  disk-flowers :  akenes  all  narrow  and  somewhat 
clavate,  crowned  ivith  a  protuberant  annular  or  rarely  almost  cupulaie  disk, 
especially  in  the  ray.  Plants  all  hispid  or  hirsute  and  sprinkled  above  with 
dark-colored  stipitate  glands.  —  Madaroglossa,  Gray.     (Madaroglossa,  DC.) 

*  Hays  white  (or  rarely  purple),  cuneiform  and  3-lobed  ;  the  disk  yellow. 

1.  L.  glandulosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  loosely  branching, 
roughish  with  short  hispid  hairs  :  leaves  linear,  the  upper  ones  all  small  and  entire, 
the  lower  often  lanceolate  and  sparingly  incisely  pinnatifid  :  heads  middle-sized  or 
smaller  :  rays  8  to  13,  conspicuously  exserted  :  disk-akenes  appressed  silky- villous  : 
pappus  mostly  bright  white,  the  very  copious  villous  wool  much  shorter  than  the 
stout  bristles,  the  inner  portion  at  length  crisped  and  interlaced.  • — -  Blej)haripa})piis 
glandnlosus,  Hook.     Eriopajypus  glandulosus,  Arn.     Madaroglossa  angustifolia,  DC. 

Var.  rosea,  Gray.  Rays  rose-purple  ;  otherwise  apparently  identical  with  the 
ordinary  form. 

Dry  and  open  grounds  and  bare  plains,  from  the  Dalles  of  Oregon  through  the  eastern  portions 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Los  Angeles  Co.,  and  eastward  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah.  The  Var. 
rosea,  at  Ojai,  Ventura  Co.,  S.  F.  Peckham :  apparently  differing  only  in  the  color  of  the  rays, 
which  in  the  species  are  white.  Heads  variable  in  size  :  rays  from  a  third  to  half  an  inch  in 
length.  L.  Nco-Mexicana,  Gray,  PI.  Wright.,  is  the  same,  with  the  occasional  development  of  a 
crown  of  chaffy  pappus  on  the  ray-akenes. 

2.  L.  heterotricha,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  erect,  rough-hispid 
and  somewhat  viscid  :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  from  entire  to  laciniate-pinnatifid  : 
heads  pretty  large  :  rays  10  to  18,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  disk,  oblong-cunei- 
form, bright  white  :  disk-akenes  villous-pubescent  :  pappus  Avhite  or  whitish  ;  the 


Layia.  COMPOSITE.  369 

villous  wool  all  straight  and  erect,  ji  little  or  sometimes  much  shorter  than  the  rather 
slender  bristles.  —  Hook.  Ic.  PL  t.  326.     Madaroglossa  heterotricha,  DC. 

Open  grounds,  through  the  western  part  of  tlie  State,  especially  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley. 
Heads  with  disk  half  an  inch  high  ;  the  large  and  showy  elongated  rays  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
long.  The  copious  stipitate  black  glands,  intermixed  with  the  short  hispid  and  above  apparently 
somewhat  viscid  bristles,  suggested;  the  specific  name. 

3.  L.  carnosa.  Torr.  &  Gray.  Dwarf  and  depressed,  rising  only  3  to  5  inches 
high,  more  or  less  hirsute-pubescent :  leaves  succulent,  spatulate  or  the  upper  linear- 
oblong,  the  lower  often  sinuate-pinnatifid  :  heads  small  :  rays  8  to  10,  very  short 
(slightly  surpassing  the  involucre),  apparently  white  :  akenes  both  of  ray  and  disk 
pubescent :  pappus  dull  whitish,  its  slender  bristles  very  sparsely  plumose  with 
straight  villous  hairs  to  much  above  the  middle.  — Madaroylossa  carnosa,  Kutt. 

Sands  of  the  sea  beach,  San  Diego  {Nuttall),  Monterey  {Parry),  Punta  de  los  Reyes,  Bigelow. 
The  rays  (nowhere  stated  to  be  yellow)  appear  to  be  white,  and  they  are  very  inconspicuous. 

*  *  Rays  as  well  as  disk-flowers  yellow. 

4.  Ij.  hieracioides,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  foot  or  so  high,  very  hispid  with  long 
and  spreading  rigid  bristles,  which  above  are  somewhat  viscid  :  leaves  varying  from 
linear  to  oblong,  laciniate-toothed  or  almost  pinnatifid  :  heads  small  :  rays  10  to  15,  • 
small,  a  little  exceeding  the  disk  :  disk-akenes  minutely  pubescent  :  pappus  rusty- 
brownish  ;  the  straight  and  erect  villous  hairs  rather  scanty  and  little  shorter  than 
the  bristles.  —  Madaroglossa  hieracioides,  DC. 

Open  grounds,  San  Francisco  to  Monterey,  &c.  Stem  not  rarely  spotted  by  the  dark -colored 
bases  of  the  bristles.  Leaves  mostly  only  an  inch  or  so  in  length.  Heads  only  3  or  4  lines  high : 
rays  seldom  2  lines  long  ;  their  akenes  sometimes  showing  rudiments  of  pappus. 

5.  L.  gaillardioides,  Hook.  &  Am.  A  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  branched, 
hispid  and  glandular  like  the  preceding  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  the  lower  com- 
monly pinnatifid  :  heads  pretty  large  :  rays  1 2  to  20,  orange-yellow,  cuneate-oblong, 
twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  disk  :  disk-akenes  silky-pubescent  :  pappus  dull 
white  or  rather  rusty  ;  the  erect  and  not  abundant  villous  hairs  all  straight  and  con- 
siderably shorter  than  the  bristles. 

Open  grounds,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  especially  near  San  Francisco 
Bay.  Rays  in  well-developed  plants  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long.  Chaff  of  the 
receptacle  sometimes  (as  originally  described)  among  the  outer  disk-flowers,  but  commonly  only 
between  the  disk  and  ray.  In  Bolander's  collection  from  Forest  Hill,  Placer  Co.,  are  specimens 
untlistinguisliable  from  L.  pcntachceta  of  that  locality,  and  apparently  growing  with  it,  but  with 
the  pappus  of  the  present  species. 

6.  L.  elegans,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  rather  hirsute  than 
hispid,  and  the  linear  cauline  leaves  less  pinnatifid  :  rays  10  to  12,  lighter  yellow, 
obovate-cuueiform,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  disk  :  pappus  mostly  white ;  its 
copious  villous  hairs  much  shorter  tlian  the  awn-like  bristles,  the  inner  crisped  and 
interlaced.  —  Madaroglossa  elegans,  Nutt. 

0];)en  grounds,  Ukiah  to  Santa  Barbara  and  Los  Angeles.  In  the  pappus  this  resembles 
L.  glandulosa ;  and  the  rays  are  similar,  except  in  their  color  and  rather  larger  size. 

§  2.  Pappus,  receptacle,  glandidar  herbage,  and  ivhole  aspect  of  the  preceding  section, 
but  the  (5  to  25)  awns  or  bristles  of  the  pappus  naked,  or  rarely  wanting.  — 
Caluchroa,  Gray.     {Callichroa,  Fischer  &  Meyer.) 

7.  L.  pentachaeta,  Gray.  Sparsely  hirsute  or  hispid  as  well  as  glandular, 
loosely  branched  :  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid  and  the  lower  even  bipinnatifid,  with 
long  linear  lobes  :  rays  large,  golden  yellow,  oblong-cuneiform  :  disk-akenes  minutely 
pubescent,  sometimes  almost  glabrous  :  pappus  of  5  or  rarely  fewer  rigid  smooth 
bristles,  or  sometimes  wanting.  — Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  108,  t.  16. 

Foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  on  the  Stanislaus  {Bigeloic)  and  near  Forest  Hill,  Placer  Co., 
Bolander.  Heads  showy :  the  numerous  apparently  deep  yellow  rays  half  an  incli  or  so  in 
length. 


370  COMPOSITE.  If  Layia. 

8.  L.  platyglossa,  Gray.  More  or  less  hirsute  as  well  as  glandular,  loosely- 
branching  :  lower  leaves  commonly  pinnatifid  :  rays  large,  cuneate-obovate,  bright 
light  yellow,  and  commonly  with  whitish  tips  to  the  lobes  :  disk-akenes  silky-hir- 
sute :  pappus  of  15  to  25  upwardly  scabrous  stout  and  rigid  awn-like  bristles,  which 
are  usually  only  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  PI.  Fendl.  103.  Callichroa 
platyglossa,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.,  &  Hort.  Petrop.  t.  5  ;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2, 
t.  373;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3719.     Madaroglossa  hirsuta  &  M.  angustifolia,  Nutt. 

Var.  breviseta,  Gray.  Pappus  barely  one  half  the  length  of  the  corolla  or  of 
the  akene  :  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid. 

Common  throughout  the  whole  western  portion  of  the  State  :  the  variety,  Los  Angeles,  Bige- 
low.  The  ordinary  fonn  is  familiar  in  cultivation.  About  San  Francisco  it  is  popularly  named 
Tidy-tips. 

§  3.  Pappus  of  subulate  awns  or  of  chaffy  scales,  either  naked  or  margined  vrith 
scanty  long  villous  hairs  at  base,  or  none  :  receptacle  chaffy  throughout :  akenes 
ohlong-ohovate :  herbage  less  hispid  or  hirsute  than  in  the  foregoing,  and  wholly 
destitute  of  glands. — Calliglossa,  Gray.  (Ca/^^/ossa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Ojcy- 
ura,  DC.     Calliachyris,  Torr.  &  Gray.) 

These  plants  all  look  very  much  alike,  and  (excepting  L.  Fremontii)  are  hardly  distinguishable 
in  aspect ;  yet  they  differ  in  such  particulars  that  they  cannot  be  reduced  to  one  or  even  two  poly- 
morphous species.  The  scales  of  the  involucre  are  woolly  inside  at  the  summit  and  margins  of 
the  infolded  portion,  most  so  in  L.  Fremontii.  The  rays  in  all  are  ample,  cuneiform,  and  3-lobed 
at  the  end,  yellow,  or  sometimes  with  nearly  white  tips. 

L.  DouGLASii,  Hook.  &  Am.,  which  is  known  only  by  a  specimen  collected  "between  the 
Narrows  and  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Columbia  "  by  Douglas,  and  preserved  in  the  Hookerian  herba- 
rium, appeai-s  to  be  a  species  intermediate  between  the  present  section  and  Madaroglossa.  See 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  104. 

*  Receptacle  flat :  pappus  present :  disk-akenes  more  or  less  villous. 

9.  L.  Fremontii,  Gray.  Diffusely  branching,  slender,  a  span  or  two  high, 
puberulent  and  somewhat  hirsute  :  leaves  mostly  pinnately  parted  and  with  short 
linear-oblong  divisions  :  scales  of  the  involucre  very  woolly  inside  at  the  infolded 
portion  :  rays  deeply  3-lobed  :  pappus  of  about  1 2  ovate-lanceolate  and  subulate- 
pointed  chaffy  scales,  about  the  length  of  the  akene,  with  some  interposed  attenu- 
ated villous  hairs  resembling  those  of  the  akene  but  longer.  —  PI.  Fendl.  103. 
Calliachyris  Fremontii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  in  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  140. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  Fremont,  Stillman,  Hartiveg.  Also  near  Auburn,  Placer  -Co., 
Bolander. 

10.  L.  calliglossa,  Gray.  Loosely  branching,  a  foot  or  so  high,  rather  glabrous, 
but  the  leaves  (pinnately  parted,  or  on  the  branches  entire  and  small)  thickly  ciliate 
with  short  hispid  bristles  :  rays  commonly  paler  or  whitish  at  the  tips  :  pappus  of 
10  to  18  very  unequal  scabrous  or  near  the  base  occasionally  somewhat  barbellate- 
ciliate  awns.  —  PI.  Fendl.  103.  Calliglossa  Douglasii,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Oxyura 
chrysanthemoides,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1850;  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Hort.  Petrop.  t.  6. 

Var.  oligochaeta,  Gray.  Pappus  of  only  two  awns  in  many  or  most  of  the 
flowers,  the  others  reduced  to  little  scales. 

Not  rare  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  ;  the  variety  at  Petaluma,  and  Santa  Eosa 
Valley,  Newberry,  Bolander. 

*  *  Receptacle  strongly  convex :  pappus  none :  disk-akenes  glabrous.    (Oxyura,  DC.) 

11.  L.  chrysanthemoides,  Gray.  Like  the  preceding  in  aspect,  or  leaves 
sometimes  more  scabrous-pubescent  and  less  ciliate  :  akenes  broader  and  glabrous, 
and  with  no  epigynous  disk,  the  dilated  base  of  the  corolla  covering  their  apex.  — 
Oxyura  chrysanthemoides  &  Hartmannia  ciliata,  DC. 

Hillsides  and  low  grounds,  near  San  Francisco,  &c.  Rays,  as  in  the  foregoing,  about  half  an 
inch  long,  deep  yellow,  the  tips  inclined  to  be  whitish. 


Jaumea.  COMPOSITE.  371 

60.  ACHYRACH^NA,  Schauer. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  6  to  10  very  short  pistillate  and  fertile 
inconspicuous  rays ;  the  disk-flowers  also  fertile.  Involucre  oblong-campanulate  ; 
its  scales  lanceolate,  as  many  as  ray-flowers,  flattish  on  the  back  below  and  each  by 
its  infolded  thin  margins  enclosing  an  akene,  or  one  or  two  empty  ones  besides. 
Eeceptacle  nearly  flat,  chaff"y  at  the  margin  and  among  some  of  the  outer  disk- 
flowers  ;  the  outermost  chaff  resembling  the  scales  of  the  involucre,  the  rest  more 
membranaceous  or  scarious.  Eays  very  small,  hardly  exceeding  the  disk,  the 
palmately  3-cleft  concave  ligule  barely  exceeding  its  style  and  much  shorter  than 
its  slender  tube  :  disk-corollas  slender,  5-toothed.  Akenes  linear-cuneate  or  clavate, 
somewhat  obcompressed,  or  in  the  disk  nearly  terete,  10-ribbed,  and  with  the  alter- 
nate or  all  the  ribs  tuberculate-scabrous  at  maturity ;  those  of  the  disk  truncate  at  the 
apex ;  those  of  the  ray  rounded  and  with  an  epigynous  protuberant  areola ;  the 
former  with  a  pappus  of  about  10  silvery  linear-oblong  blunt  scarious  scales  in  two 
series,  the  5  outer  considerably  shorter  than  the  alternate  inner  ones,  which  are  a^ 
long  as  the  corolla.  —  A  single  ( Calif ornian)  annual  species,  with  narrow  leaves, 
only  the  lower  opposite. 

1.  A.  mollis,  Schauer.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  erect  and  mostly  slender, 
villous-pubescent  and  somewhat  glandular  or  viscid  :  leaves  long-linear,  entire,  or 
the  lower  sparingly  laciniate :  heads  solitary  and  ped uncled,  terminating  the  stem 
or  fastigiate  branches,  at  most  an  inch  long  :  flowers  whitish  or  yellowish,  the  rays 
turning  brownish.  — Lepidostej^Juinus  madioides,  Bartling. 

Common  in  fields  and  open  low  giounds  through  the  western  and  central  portions  of  the  State, 
Becoming  conspicuous  by  the  expansion  of  the  pappus  when  dry  and  divergence  of  the  akenes, 
forming  a  globular  silvery-chaffy  head,  somewhat  resembling  that  of  Thrift  (Armeria  vulgaris)  : 
the  longer  pappus  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  akene  about  the  same  length. 

Tribe  VI.     HELENIOIDE^ 

Distinguished  from  Helianthoidece  by  the  absence  of  chaff  on  the  receptacle,  from 
AnthemidecB  by  the  herbaceous  scales  of  the  involucre,  mostly  larger  and  longer 
akenes,  <fec.  :  the  pappus  when  present  of  chaffy  scales,  awns,  or  sometimes  awn-like 
bristles,  rarely  of  finer  or  capillary  bristles,  but  then  the  herbage  dotted  with  trans- 
lucent oil-glands. — Belonging  chiefly  to  the  I^ew  World,  and  especially  to  Western 
North  America. 

61.  JAUMEA,  Pers. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  pistillate  rays,  or  rarely  none ;  the  flowers  all  fertile. 
Involucre  cylindraceous-campanulate  or  somewhat  turbinate,  composed  of  very  broad 
and  imbricated  scales,  the  outer  shorter  and  fleshy.  Eeceptacle  naked,  in  the  Cali- 
fornian  species  conical.  Corollas  glabrous.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  tipped 
with  a  very  blunt  short  cone.  Akenes  all  alike,  linear,  lO-nerved,  more  or  less 
angled.  Pappus  in  S.  American  species  chaffy,  in  ours  none.  —  Herbs  or  slightly 
woody  plants,  glabrous,  with  opposite  and  entire  linear  fleshy  leaves,  connate  at 
base,  and  solitary  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  on  peduncles  somewhat 
tliickened  at  the  apex  and  terminating  the  branches.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii, 
397  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ix.  194.     Coinogyne,  Less.,  DC, 


372  COMPOSITE.  Jaumea. 

1.  J,  camosa,  Gray.  Stems  procumbent  or  ascending,  herbaceous  ;  leaves 
linear  or  spatulate-linear,  very  fleshy,  somewhat  terete  when  fresh  :  head  erect  on  a 
short  peduncle  :  rays  6  to  10,  linear,  small  :  receptacle  highly  conical,  smooth  and 
fleshy  :  akeues  wliolly  glabrous,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  3G0. 
Coinoyyne  camosa,  Less. ;  Torr,   &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  410. 

Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  from  San  Diego  to  San  Francisco,  and  to  Puget  Sound.  Its 
near  relative  inhabits  the  eastern  shore  of  extra-tropical  South  America,  and  has  a  pappus, 
but  no  rays. 

62.  VENEGASIA,  DC. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  pistillate  rays  ;  the  flowers  all  fertile.  In- 
volucre very  broad,  imbricated  in  several  ranks ;  scales  round-ovate  ;  the  outermost 
somewhat  foliaceous,  the  inner  successively  more  membranaceous  and  a  little  colored, 
a  few  of  the  innermost  smaller,  narrow  and  scarious.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Tube 
of  the  corollas  glandular-bearded,  especially  at  base  :  rays  elongated,  entire  or  2  -  3- 
toothed  at  the  narrow  apex  :  disk-corollas  elongated-cylindrical.  Style-branches 
of  the  disk-flowers  very  obtuse.  Akenes  oblong-linear,  many-nerved,  somewhat 
b-angled,  destitute  of  pappus. — A  stout  herb,  with  alternate  cordate  petioled  leaves, 
and  rather  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

1.  V.  carpesioides,  DC.  Several  feet  high,  with  pithy  and  nearly  glabrous 
branches,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  membranaceous,  cordate  or  some  of  them  ovate- 
deltoid,  crenate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  sprinkled  beneath  with  some  minute  resinous 
atoms,  slender-petioled  :  heads  terminal  and  from  the  upper  axils,  on  short  slender 
peduncles.  —  Parthenopsis  maritimus,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  v.  100. 

Rocky  banks  of  streams,  &c.,  Santa  Barbara  and  southward.  Heads  handsome,  fully  two 
inches  broad,  including  the  (about  15)  long  rays.  It  would  be  well  worthy  of  cultivation.  The 
genus  commemorates  an  early  writer  upon  Cahfoniia,  the  Jesuit  missionary,  Michael  Venegas. 

63.  EIDDELLIA,  Nutt. 

Heads  several-flowered,  with  3  or  4  pistillate  rays  and  5  to  12  disk-flowers,  all 
fertile.  Involucre  narrow,  cylindraceous,  of  4  to  10  linear-oblong  and  coriaceous 
equal  woolly  scales,  which  are  connivent  but  distinct,  except  at  the  very  base,  and 
a  few  thinner  or  scarious  ones  Avithin,  sometimes  a  narrow  external  bract  or  two. 
Eeceptacle  flat,  naked  and  smooth.  Rays  large  for  the  size  of  the  head,  very  broad, 
abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  tube,  truncate  and  3-lobed  at  the  end,  5-7- 
nerved  (the  nerves  converging  and  uniting  in  pairs  within  the  lobes),  becoming 
papery,  persistent  on  the  akene.  Disk-corollas  elongated-cylindraceous,  with  a  very 
short  proper  tube,  5-toothed  at  summit ;  the  teeth  glandular.  Anthers  linear,  mi- 
nutely sagittate  or  emarginate  at  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  short, 
truncate-capitate  at  the  apex.  Akenes  narrow,  terete  or  nearly  so,  obscurely  striate 
or  angled,  glabrous,  or  in  one  species  cobwebby-villous.  Pappus  of  4  to  6  hyaline 
nerveless  and  pointless  chaffy  scales.  —  Low  and  branching  woolly  herbs,  probably 
all  perennial ;  with  alternate  spatulate  or  linear  leaves,  either  entire  or  the  radical 
ones  pinnately  incised,  and  corymbose  small  heads  of  golden  yellow  flowers,  much 
resembling  those  of  a  section  of  Zinnia  which  belongs  to  the  same  region.  —  Gray, 
PI.  Fendl.  94,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  358. 

There  are  three  species,  all  of  the  Texano-Arizonian  region ;  namely,  R.  arachnoidca,  of  Texas 
and  Northern  Mexico,  which  is  remarkable  for  the  long  cobwebby  hairs  on  the  akene,  and  the 
pappus-scales  as  it  were  dissolved  at  the  apex  into  similar  hairs  ;  It.  tagetina  of  Nuttall,  with 


BaUeya.  COMPOSITE.  373 

entire  pappus-scales,  which  extends  from  W.  Arkansas  through  S.  Utah  to  S.  Arizona,  where  a 
form  with  solitary  slender  peduncled  heads  was  mistaken  for  the  third  or  following  species. 

1.  R.  Cooperi,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  tomentose-canescent ;  somewhat 
naked  with  age  :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire,  minutely  punctate  :  heads  soli- 
tary on  tiliform  peduncles  terminating  the  branches  :  akenes  glabrous  :  pappus  of 
oblong  erose-laciniate  chaffy  scales,  about  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  glandular 
disk-corolla.  —  Proc.  Am,  Acad.  vii.  358. 

Fort  Mohave,  on  gravelly  banks,  Cooper.  Also  on  or  near  the  higher  Rio  Colorado,  Newberry. 
Leaves  an  inch  or  less  in  length.  Involucre  about  3  lines  long.  Kays  nearly  half  an  inch  long, 
and  about  4  lines  broad,  usually  four  in  number.  Pappus  irregulai'ly  lacerate-toothed  above  ; 
the  teeth  few,  sometimes  slender  and  almost  capillary. 

64.   BAILEYA,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  5  to  50  pistillate  rays  in  one  or  more  series ;  all  the 
flowers  fertile.  Involucre  hemispherical,  of  numerous  and  nearly  equal  thin-herba- 
ceous linear  woolly  scales,  about  in  two  series.  Receptacle  flat  or  barely  convex, 
naked.  Eays  large,  oval  or  oblong-cuneate,  broadly  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  7-nerved, 
tapering  into  a  narrow  but  not  tubular  base,  becoming  scarious-papery  (but  very 
thin),  persistent  on  the  truncate  apex  of  the  akene.  Disk-corollas  tubular-funnel- 
form  above  the  short  proper  tube,  5-toothed  ;  the  teeth  glandular-bearded.  Anthers 
linear,  minutely  sagittate  at  base.  Style-branches  short,  with  truncate-capitate 
apex.  Akenes  oblong-linear  or  -  slightly  club  shaped,  somewhat  angled,  many- 
ribbed  or  striate ;  the  apex  truncate,  sometimes  obscurely  toothed  by  the  extension 
of  the  ribs,  or  in  the  ray  callous-thickened.  Pappus  none,  —  Floccosely  white- 
woolly  herbs  (of  the  Arizona-desert  region),  apparently  all  annuals,  a  foot  or  so 
in  height ;  leaves  alternate,  soft,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear,  the  lower  once  or 
twice  pinnatitid  ;  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  slender  peduncles,  mostly 
showy  from  the  abundance  of  the  persistent,  at  length  deflexed,  thin  and  sulphur- 
colored  rays,  —  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  105,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  195. 

This  genus,  which  commemorates  one  of  our  worthiest  naturalists,  the  late  Professor  Bailey, 
now  claims  the  place  which  was  originally  suggested  for  it,  namely,  with  Riddellia,  these  two 
genera  with  the  folfowiug  constituting  a  well-marked  subtribe. 

1.  B.  pauciradiata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  paniculately  branched  to  the  summit, 
somewliat  villous  as  well  as  woolly  :  leaves  mostly  linear,  the  upper  entire,  the 
lower  elongated  and  laciniate-pinnatifid  :  peduncles  slender,  seldom  over  an  inch 
long  :  head  small,  rather  few-flowered  :  the  oval  rays  5  or  6  (short-unguiculate,  only 
3  or  4  lines  long)  :  the  disk-flowers  10  to  20  :  akenes  evenly  many-striate,  rough 
with  minute  points. 

Southeastern  border  of  the  State,  on  the  Rio  Colorado,  in  sand,  Coulter,  Schott,  Cooper. 

2.  B.  pleniradiata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Wholly  floccose-woolly,  much  branched  from 
the  base  :  the  branches  erect,  terminating  in  mostly  long  solitary  peduncles  :  lowest 
leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  into  oblong  or  broadly  linear 
lobes  ;  the  upper  linear,  3-cleft  or  entire  :  head  middle-sized  and  many-flowered  : 
the  rays  25  to  40  in  2  or  3  ranks,  dilated-obovate  and  broadly  3-toothed  (4  or  5 
lines  long)  :  akenes  angled  with  strong  and  striate  with  intermediate  more  slender 
ribs,  minutely  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth. 

California,  Coulter.  Not  uncommon  in  Arizona,  and  through  Sonora  and  Southern  Utah  to 
the  borders  of  Texas  :  perhaps  not  collected  within  the  State. 

3.  B.  multiradiata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Densely  floccose-woolly  :  stem  simple  or 
sparingly  branched  below,  bearing  long  naked  or  sometimes  scape-like  peduncles 


374  COMPOSITE.  Whitneya. 

(from  4  inches  to  a  foot  in  length) :  leaves  nearly  all  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  :  head 
large  :  rays  40  or  50  in  about  2  ranks,  cuneate-oblanceolate  (fully  half  an  inch 
long) :  akenes  as  in  the  preceding,  smooth  and  glabrous  or  with  some  resinous 
globules.  —  Torr.  in  Emory  Eep.  144,  t.  6. 

In  the  Califoniian  collection  of  Coulter.  Very  probably  collected  in  Arizona  or  Sonora,  where 
this  species  occurs,  as  also  farther  eastward. 

65.   WHITNEYA,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  7  to  9  pistillate  fertile  rays  :  the  disk-flowers  appar- 
ently perfect,  but  infertile.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  9  to  12  thin-herbaceous 
lanceolate- oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  equal  scales,  in  a  single  or  somewhat 
double  series,  more  or  less  concave  at  base.  Receptacle  conical,  somewhat  foveolate, 
villous.  Rays  large,  elongated,  minutely  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  many-  (10-16-) 
nerved,  the  nerves  also  prominent  on  the  short  tube,  becoming  thin-papery,  and 
persistent  on  the  mature  akene.  Disk-corollas  tubular-funnelform,  with  a  very 
short  proper  tube,  persistent  on  the  infertile  ovary,  obtusely  5-toothed.  Anthers 
linear.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  linear,  hirsute-puberulent  externally, 
extended  a  little  beyond  the  stigmatic  lines  into  an  obtusish  tip.  Akenes  of  the 
ray  oblong  somewhat  obcompressed,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  lightly  several-nerved, 
wholly  destitute  of  pappus  :  those  of  the  disk  similar,  but  sterile.  —  A  low  perennial 
herb  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  canescent ;  the  mostly  simple  stems  bearing  2  or  3  pairs 
of  opposite  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate  leaves,  and  solitary  or  few  slender- 
peduncled  showy  heads  of  golden  yellow  flowers.  —  Gray,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 
549,  &  ix.  195. 

1.  W.  dealbata,  Gray,  1.  c.  About  a  foot  high,  from  slender  and  naked  creep- 
ing rootstocks  :  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate  and  tapering  into  petioles,  or  the  upper 
small  and  lanceolate,  hoary  with  a  very  fine  and  close  woolliness  :  rays  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, about  an  inch  in  length. 

In  open  woods,  &c.,  at  an  elevation  of  5,000  to  7,000  feet,  from  above  the  Mariposa  Sequoia 
grove  northward  along  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Brewer,  Bolandcr,  Gray,  &c.  A  handsome  plant,  of 
a  very  distinct  genus,  which  was  dedicated  to  the  accomplished  Director  of  the  Californian  State 
Geological  Survey,  in  the  prosecution  of  which  it  was  discovered.  It  seems*  to  occur  through  a 
considerable  range  in  the  Sierra  ;  and  it  is  likely  to  be  prized  in  cultivation.  The  original 
character  of  the  genus  is  liere  materially  corrected.  The  rays  commonly  bear  rudiments  of  sta- 
mens in  the  form  of  sterile  filaments  :  their  lower  surface  is  puberulent,  as  also  the  akenes  and 
nearlj'  the  whole  surface  of  the  disk-corollas. 

66.   BURRIELIA,  DC.,  Benth. 

Head  several-flowered,  with  one  to  five  very  short  rays  which  hardly  equal  the 
more  numerous  disk-flowers,  all  fertile.  Involucre  cylindraceous,  of  4  or  5  (rarely  3) 
oblong  thin-herbaceous  scales.  Receptacle  subulate  or  almost  filiform,  rough  with 
projecting  points  on  which  the  akenes  are  inserted.  Tube  of  the  corollas  slender, 
as  long  as  the  campanulate  4  -  5-lobed  limb  and  as  the  barely  spreading  oval  or 
oblong  ligule.  Anthers  oblong,  more  or  less  auricled  or  sagittate  at  base,  tipped 
with  a  slender  lanceolate  or  linear-filiform  appendage.  Style-branches  tipped  with 
subulate-acute  minutely  hirsute  appendages.  Akenes  long-linear  or  somewhat  fusi- 
form, flattish,  with  indistinct  marginal  or  other  nerves.  Pappus  of  flattened  subu- 
late awns  or  awn-like  rigid  scales,  fully  as  long  as  the  corolla,  of  the  disk-flowers 
2  to  4,  of  the  ray  one  or  two  or  rarely  none.  —  Small  and  slender  annuals  (all 


Bmria.  COMPOSITE.  375 

Californian),  barely  hairy  ;  with  opposite  entire  linear  leaves,  and  slender-peduncled 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branches. — DC.  Prodr.  v.  663,  in  part; 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  398. 

1.  B.  microglossa,  DC.  Sparsely  hairy,  a  span  high,  branching:  rays  1  to  3, 
inconspicuous,  sliorter  than  their  style  :  appendages  to  the  anthers  lanceolate : 
style-appendages  broadly  subulate  :    akenes  minutely  and  sparsely  hispid. 

Low  ground,  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco.  Heads  a  quarter  to  a  third  of  an  inch 
in  length. 

2.  B.  leptalea,  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous  :  stems  filiform,  mostly  simple  :  leaves 
very  small  and  narrow  :  rays  4  or  5,  longer  than  their  style  but  shorter  than  the 
disk  :  appendages  to  the  anthers  almost  filiform  :  style-appendages  narrowly  and 
abruptly  subulate  from  a  broad  base  :  akenes  minutely  scabrous-hispid.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  546. 

Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  on  the  Nacimiento  River,  Brewer.  Receptacle  subulate,  gradually 
tapering  from  a  broadish  base,  little  shorter  than  the  involucre. 

67.  BiERIA,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Benth. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  5  to  1 2  or  1 4  exserted  pistillate  rays ;  all  the  flowers 
usually  fertile.  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispherical,  formed  of  a  single  series 
of  herbaceous  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate  flat  scales.  Eeceptacle  strongly  and  usually 
acutely  conical,  rough  or  muricate  with  projecting  points  which  bear  the  akenes. 
Rays  oval  or  oblong,  entire  or  2  -  3-toothed :  disk -corollas  with  a  very  slender  or 
filiform  tube  equalling  or  longer  than  the  campanulate  or  cyathiform  5-lobed  limb. 
Anthers  oblong,  bimucronulate  or  somewhat  sagittate  at  base,  tipped  with  a  deltoid- 
ovate  or  oblong  obtuse  appendage.  Style-branches  tipped  with  a  very  short  capitate- 
truncate  or  flattened  and  very  obtuse  appendage,  but  its  centre  sometimes  pointed 
with  a  short  bristle  or  rarely  a  more  substantial  cusp.  Akenes  linear,  subclavate,  or 
linear-cuneate,  more  or  less  compressed  and  4  —  5-angled  or  nerved ;  those  of  the  ray 
not  at  all  embraced  by  the  involucral  scales.  Pappus  of  a  few  awns  with  chaffy- 
dilated  base,  or  of  awned  or  partly  awn-pointed  chaffy  scales,  or  else  wholly  wanting. 
—  Annuals  (all  Californian),  mostly  low  or  small,  pubescent  or  almost  glabrous ; 
with  opposite  linear  and  entire  leaves,  or  else  laciniate-pinnatifid  into  linear  lobes, 
and  small  or  middle  sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  slender  peduncles,  terminating 
the  stem  and  branches.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  1.  c. ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
ix.  196,  Burrielia,  DC.  1.  c,  excl.  sp. ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c,  excl.  sp.  Dichoeta, 
N^utt.  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

§    1.    Pappus  uniformly  none:  akenes  somewhat  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  areola_ 
rather  small :  leaves  all  entire.     (Bceria,  Fischer  &  Meyer.) 

1.  B.  chrysostoma,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  More  or  less  pubescent,  or  the  margin 
of  the  narrow  linear  leaves  sparsely  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high  :  scales 
of  the  involucre  5  t6  12,  oblong-evate  or  oval-oblong,  acute  :  rays  as  many,  oval 
or  oblong  :  receptacle  rather  broadly  conical  but  acute  :  akenes  subclavate-linear, 
glabrous  but  most  commonly  glandular. — Fischer  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Dec.  1835, 
&  Sert.  Petrop.  t.  7  ;  Don.,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  395.  Burrielia  hirsuta,  Nutt. 
B.  chrysostoma,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  106,  379. 

Var.  macrantha  {Burrielia  chrysostoma,  var.  macrantlia,  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Rep. 
iv.  106)  is  a  form  strikingly  large  in  all  its  parts,  a  foot  or  more  high ;  the  head 
broad  and  ample  ;  the  oblong  rays  from  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long. 


376  COMPOSITE.  Bceria. 

Hills  and  moist  ground,  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State  ;  the  large  variety  in  wet 
meadows  on  the  coast,  from  Marin  Co.  (Bigelow)  to  Humboldt  Co.  {Bolandcr,  Kelloijg,  &c.),  pass- 
ing into  the  ordinary  form.  The  opposite  depauperate  extreme  is  common  farther  south  and  in 
the  interior,  probably  in  sterile  soil,  with  filiform  stems  only  3  or  4  inches  high,  and  the  scales 
of  the  involucre  and  rays  reduced  to  5  or  6,  the  latter  only  2  lines  long.  Akenes  narrow,  some- 
times spai-sely  dotted,  sometimes  thickly  beset  with  minute  glands  or  glandular  points.  Style- 
appendages  truncate-capitate. 

§  2.  Pappus  present  and  of  2  to  6  (rarely  8)  uniform  awns  or  awned  chaffy  scales 
{or  rarely  wanting)  :  akenes  truncate  at  the  ap'ex ;  minutely  cinereotis-puheru- 
lent :  leaves  except  in  B.  platycarpjha  entire.     [JJurrielia,  DC,  mainly.) 
*   Chaffy  scales  of  the  pappus  entire. 

2.  B.  gracilis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Closely  resembles  the  preceding,  but  smaller  than 
its  larger  forms,  a  span  or  more  high,  branching  freely  :  scales  of  the  involucre  10 
to  14,  oblong-lanceolate  :  rays  as  many,  oval  or  oblong  :  receptacle  very  narrowly 
conical,  acute  :  akenes  slender :  pappus  in  the  ray  of  2  or  3,  in  the  disk  of  4  or  5 
awns,  with  a  subulate  or  lanceolate  chaffy-dilated  base.  —  Burrielia  gracilis,  DC. 
1.  c. ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3758. 

Open  ground,  apparently  common  from  San  Francisco  Bay  southward.  Rays  3  or  4  lines 
long.     Awns  of  the  pappus  sometimes  veiy  little  dilated  at  base. 

3.  B.  tenerrima,  Gray,  1.  c.  Like  the  preceding  or  usually  smaller  and  more 
slender:  scales  of  the  involucre  and  rays  5  to  9  or  10  :  receptacle  rather  broadly 
conical  and  hardly  acute  :  slender  awns  of  the  pappus  2  or  more  from  a  broad  and 
ovate  chaft'y  base.  —  Burrielia  tenerrima,  DC,  probably.  B.  parviflora,  Nutt.  1.  c. 
B.  longifolia,  Nutt.  1.  c.l 

From  the  Sacramento  southward  through  the  State,  and  in  Arizona.  Distinguished  from  the 
preceduig  chiefly  by  the  broad  and  short  scales  of  the  pappus  ;  probably  passing  into  it. 

4.  B.  platycarpha,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  high,  slender,  loosely  branching, 
slightly  pubescent :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  entire,  or  some  of  them  3-cleft : 
peduncle  mostly  thickened  next  the  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  6  or  7,  ovate, 
distinctly  3-nerved  :  rays  as  many,  oblong  :  receptacle  acutely  conical :  akenes  cune- 
ate-linear :  pappus  both  in  ray  and  disk  of  7  or  8  firm  oblong-ovate  chafl'y  scales, 
tipped  with  a  slender  awn  of  about  the  same  length.  —  B%i.rrielia  platycarpha,  Gray 
in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  97. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  Stillman.  A  slender  foi-m  also  collected  by  Rattan.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  4  lines  long  in  the  principal  specimens.  Style-appendages  truncate  or  very  obtuse,  but 
surmounted  by  a  short  abrupt  cusp. 

*  *    Chaffy  scales  of  the  pappus  laciniate. 

5.  B.  Falmeri,  Gray.  Dwarf,  less  than  a  span  high,  rather  stout,  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base,  hirsute-pubescent  :  leaves  linear,  thickisli,  all  entire  : 
peduncle  thickened  under  the  head  :  scales  of  the  involucre  9  or  10,  ovate,  thickish- 
herbaceous,  with  midrib  carinate-thickened  and  salient  at  base,  and  lateral  nerves 
indistinct :  rays  as  many,  oval,  rather  short  :  receptacle  obtusely  conical  :  akenes 
linear  and  slightly  narrowed  below  :  pappus  of  5  (or  sometimes  more)  broadly  ovate 
fimbriate-laciniate  scales,  those  of  the  disk  with  a  stout  awn,  of  the  ray  mostly  blunt 
and  awnless.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ined. 

Guadalupe  Island,  off"  Lower  California,  Dr.  E.  Palmer.  Introduced  to  complete  the  account 
of  the  genus.     Head  3  lines  high  and  broad  :  rays  2  lines  long. 

§  3.  Pappus  of  truncate  or  pointless  short  chaffy  scales  hetween  2  or  3  awned  ones  or 
naked  avms,  or  sometimes  wanting :  akenes  truncate  at  the  apex :  receptacle 
ohttisely  conical :  leaves  or  some  of  the  lowermost  laciniately  cleft  or  pinnati- 
fid.  —  DiCHiETA,  Gray.     [Dicha^ta,  Nutt.  1.  c.) 

6.  B.  maritima,  Gray.  Low  and  diffuse,  pubescent  when  young  with  loose 
cobwebby  hairs,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  entire, 


AcMnolepis.  C0MP0SITJ5.  377 

or  the  lowest  sparingly  laciniate-toothed  :  scales  of  the  involucre  and  short  orbicular 
rays  6  to  8  :  akenes  minutely  hairy  :  pappus  of  3  to  5  stout  awns  and  at  least  twice 
as  many  small  and  narrow  laciniate  chatty  scales.  — -  Burrielia  maritima,  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  358. 

On  the  Farallones,  rocky  islets  off  San  Francisco,  Mr.  Gruber.  The  rays  in  the  specimen  do 
not  exceed  the  disk,  but,  being  broad  and  flat,  probably  they  may  become  more  conspicuous. 

7.  B.  Fremontii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  a  span  high,  somewhat  hirsute-pubes- 
cent :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  entire,  or  with  2  to  5  very  narrowly  linear  lobes  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  and  rather  short  oval  rays  10  to  12  :  disk-corollas  slender  and 
with  a  long  narrow  tube  :  pappus  of  mostly  4  slender  awns,  and  as  many  or  twice 
as  many  short  linear  or  oblong  and  entire  or  2cleft  blunt  scales,  or  sometimes  want- 
ing. —  ])ich(Ha  Fremontii,  Torr.  in  PI.  Fendl.  102.  Burrielia  {Dichceta)  Fremontii, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  317,  a  state  (always'?)  without  pappus. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento  {Fremmit,  Harhvcg)  and  near  Vallejo,  Greene.  Ovaries  minutely 
pubescent,  or,  in  the  form  from  Hartweg,  without  pappus,  glabrous  except  at  the  summit.  Upper 
leaves  inclined  to  be  dilated  below,  and  to  have  3  to  5  palmately-disposed  lobes. 

8.  B.  uliginosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffuse,  at  length  decumbent,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
loosely  pubescent  with  somewhat  cobwebby  hairs :  lower  or  most  of  the  leaves 
copiously  pinnatiiid  from  a  broad  or  broadish  rhachis  ;  the  lobes  narrowly  linear : 
scales  of  the  involucre  and  oblong  exserted  rays  usually  10  to  13  :  throat  of  disk- 
corollas  very  broad,  and  narrow  tube  rather  short :  pappus  of  2  or  3  stout  chatty- 
subulate  awns,  and  as  many  or  twice  as  many  intervening  conspicuous  and  broad 
truncate  and  laciniate-fimbriate  scales.  —  Dichceta  uliginosa,  Nutt.  1,  c. 

Var.  tenella,  Gray,  1.  c.  {Dicha^ta  tenella,  Nutt.  1.  c),  is  only  a  depauperate 
state,  on  drier  soil,  Avith  narrow  linear  leaves,  and  more  of  them  entire ;  the  rays  and 
involucral  scales  reduced  to  8  or  9,  or  rarely  to  5  or  6. 

Low  grounds,  common  through  the  western  ])art  of  the  State.  Very  variable.  Leaves  in  the 
larger  plants  a  span  long,  and  the  stems  luxuriant  in  proportion.  Akenes  a  line  long,  oblong- 
linear  and  a  little  narrowed  downward,  sometimes  pubescent,  sometimes  glabrous,  apparently  in 
plants  growing  togetiier. 

68.  ACTINOLEPIS,  DC,  Benth. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  few  or  numerous  pistillate  rays ;  all  the  flowers  fertile. 
Involucre  campanulate,  of  a  single  series  of  oblong  or  lanceolate  thin-herbaceous 
scales,  which  become  concave  or  involute  and  embrace  more  or  less  the  ray-akenes, 
Eeceptacle  naked,  convex  or  conical,  or  in  an  ambiguous  species  flat.  Rays  oval  or 
oblong,  2  —  3-toothed  :  disk-corollas  with  narrow  tube  and  campanulate  5-lobed 
limb.  Anthers  tipped  with  an  abrupt  narrowish  or  very  slender  appendage.  Style- 
branches  with  a  truncate-capitate  (or  rarely  conical)  tip.  Akenes  linear  and  mostly 
tapering  to  the  base,  or  linear-cuneate ;  those  of  the  ray  commonly  somewhat  in- 
curved. Pappus  a  series  of  chaffy  scales  or  squamellae  (either  few  or  numerous), 
which  are  either  pointless  or  extended  into  an  awn,  or  sometimes  none.  —  Low  and 
diffuse  or  depressed  annuals,  all  of  the  Californian  region,  mostly  woolly,  in  one 
section  glandular ;  with  opposite  or  alternate  commonly  toothed  or  pinnately-parted 
leaves,  and  small  or  proportionally  rather  large  heads  terminating  thfe  branches. 
Flowers  all  yellow,  or  the  rays  occasionally  white  or  rose-color.  —  Gray  in  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  ix.   197. 

A  rather  well-marked  genus,  as  rightly  characterized  on  the  original  species  by  Torrey  and 
Gray,  now  happily  extended  by  Bentham  in  the  Genera  Plantarum,  and  still  more  augmented  in 
the  paper  rcferied  to  above.  The  section  placed  foremost  resembles  Bceria,  section  Dichceta,  from 
which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  partial  enclosure  of  the  ray-akenes  in  the  scales  of  the  involucre. 


378  COMPOSITE.  *"         Actinohpis. 

§  1.  Not  woolly,  hut  mostly  glandular,  diffuse,  toith  opposite  pinnately  parted  or  the 
radical  twice  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  their  segments  linear  and  attenuate  : 
heads  on  slender  peduncles,  and  with  rather  large  and  numerous  {yelloiv)  rays: 
involucre  rather  broad :  receptacle  acutely  conical :  anther-appendages  oblong. 
—  Ptilomeris.     {Ptilomeris,  Nutt.     Uymenoxys,  Oxypappus,  Torr.  &  Gray.) 

As  yet,  it  is  uncertain  whether  the  following  are  mere  varieties  of  one,  or  whether  they  retain 
their  small  distinctions  uniformly.  If  at  length  reduced  to  one  the  name  A.  coronaria  should  be 
preferred,  Nuttall's  name  (probably  suggested  by  a  likeness  to  Clirysunthemum  coronarium)  being 
a  year  or  so  earlier  than  Hymenoxys  Cali/omica  of  Hooker. 

*  Minutely  glandular-piihescent :  rays  10  <o  15,  elongated-oblong:  involucral  scales 

oblong-lanceolate :  receptacle  pubescent. 

1.  A.  coronaria,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  branching  slender  stems  a  foot  long : 
pappus  of  10  (or  8  to  12)  lanceolate  or  oblong  denticulate  scales,  all  tapering  into 
awns  a  little  shorter  than  the  disk-corollas,  or  in  the  ray  fewer  and  some  of  them 
awnless.  —  Ptilomeris  coronaria  &  P.  aristata,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  vii. 
382.  Shortia  Californica,  Nutt.  in  garden  catalogues.  Hymenoxys  Californica, 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3828 ;  Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  280,  with  var.  coronaria. 

Near  San  Diego,  Nuttall.  So  far  as  we  know  collected  only  by  him,  and  in  cidtivation  from 
his  seeds.  Described  as  "  very  glabrous"  in  the  Botanical  Magazine,  doubtless  incorrectly.  Rays 
nearly  half  an  inch  long,  usually  12. 

2.  A.  anthemoides,  Gray.  Leaves  perhaps  more  copiously  divided  and  glan- 
dular, and  heads  rather  smaller  :  pappus  none.  —  Ptilomeris  (Ptilopsis)  anthemoides, 
Nutt.  1.  c.     Hymenoxys  calva,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

With  the  preceding,  Nuttall.     Also  towards  Julian  City,  Bolander. 

3.  A.  mutica,  Gray,  1.  c.  Like  the  foregoing  :  pappus  of  6  to  8  quadrate-oblong 
scales,  erose-laciniate  at  the  truncate  or  very  obtuse  summit,  shorter  than  the  proper 
tube  of  the  corolla,  occasionally  one  or  two  of  them  slightly  awned.  —  Ptilomeris 
mutica,  Nutt.  1.  c.     Hymenoxys  mutica,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Near  San  Diego,  Nuttall  ;  by  whom  only  it  has  yet  been  collected. 

*  *  More  or  less  pubescent,  but  hardly  if  at  all  glandidar :  rays  6  to  8,  shorter,  oval : 

involucral  scales  ovate  :  receptacle  glabrous. 

4.  A.  tenellei,  Gray,  1.  c.  Smaller  than  the  foregoing :  the  heads  and  leaves 
about  half  the  size  of  those  of  A.  coronaria :  lobes  of  the  latter  shorter  and  blunter 
as  well  as  fewer :  pappus  of  5  to  8  short  quadrate  scales,  which  are  fimbriate  at  the 
broad  summit,  or  some  of  them  occasionally  bearing  a  delicate  short  awn.  — Ptilo- 
meris tenella,  &  P.  affinis,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  173  ;  the  latter  a  form  with  some  of  the 
pappus  awned. 

Near  Los  Angeles,  Gambel.      Rays  2  lines  long. 

§  2.  Floccose^woolly :  most  of  the  leaves  alternate:  invohicre  narrow:  rays  rather  few, 
obovate :  receptacle  convex  or  oht^isely  conical :  akenes  minutely  hairy  or  some- 
times glabrotcs :  pappus  of  8  to  10  or  more  scales   or  squamellce.  —  True 

ACTINOLEPIS. 

*  Heads  small  and  sessile  or  leafy-hracted,  with  only  5  (or  "  3  to  5  ")  yelloiv  rays : 
receptacle  merely  convex :  anther-appendages  ovate-lanceolate  :  pappus  of  subulate  or 
almost  setiform  scales,  commonly  ivanting  in  the  disk-flowers.     (Actinolepis,  DC.) 

5.  A.  multdcaulis,  DC.  Seldom  a  span  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base,  the  white  wool  below  somewhat  deciduous  with  age  :  leaves  cuneate  or  spatu- 
late  with  a  long  tapering  base,  the  summit  obtusely  3-toothed  or  3-lobed  :  scales 
of  the  pappus  10  to  15,  unequal,  very  slender,  usually  (but  not  always)  wanting  in 
all  the  disk  flowers.  —  Hook.  Ic.  t.  325  :  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  33. 


Bahia.  COMPOSITE.  379 

Dry  plains,  common  from  Santa  Barbara  southward.  Heads  somewhat  clustered  ;  the  invo- 
lucre only  2  lines  long.  Hays  generally  5.  The  state  with  pappus  in  the  disk  as  well  as  ray  was 
collected  by  Prof.  Brewer  in  the  Santa  Maria  Valley,  Santa  Inez  Mountains,  &c. 

*  *  Heads  more  or  less  peduncled  terminating  the  branches,  with  6  <o  8  rays  :  recep- 
tacle obtusely  conical:  anther-appendages  abruptly  tipped  with  a  very  slender 
linear-setiform  appendage  (in  the  manner  of  Burrielia) :  pappus  both  in  disk  and  ray 
o/  8  or  10  chaffy  scales. 

6.  A.  Wallacei,  Gray,  1.  c.  Densely  clothed  with  long  and  very  floccose 
white  wool,  at  length  diffusely  much  branched,  an  inch  to  a  span  high  :  leaves 
obovate  or  spatulate,  entire  or  somewhat  3-lobed  at  the  apex  :  scales  of  the^  invo- 
lucre obtuse  :  pappus  of  8  or  10  short  and  firm  oval  or  oblong  obtuse  and  pointless 
nerveless  scales.  —  5a/«'a  Wallacei,  Gray  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  105;  the  form  with 
golden  yellow  ray  as  well  as  disk. 

Var.  rubella,  Gray  :  a  form  with  pale  purple  and  white  rays.  —  Bahia  rubella, 
Gray  in  Eot.  Mex.  Bound.  95. 

Dry  plains,  from  near  Los  Angeles  and  San  Felipe,  Wallace,  Parry  (the  variety).  Also  on  the 
Colorado  {C<i2)t.  Bvihop),  and  the  southern  borders  of  Ftah,  Palmar,  Silcr.  As  yet  a  rare  species. 
Style-branches  tipped  with  a  short  subulate  cone  !  Scales  of  the  involucre  involute  with  age  in 
the  manner  of  the  genus. 

7.  A,  lanosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Loosely  floccose-woolly,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  at 
length  dilfusely  branched  :  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear-oblong,  rather  acute  :  rays  white  or  rose-color  :  akenes  slender  :  pappus  of  4 
or  5  subulate  scales  tapering  into  a  slender  scabrous  awn,  and  as  many  alternating 
oblong  and  awnless  or  pointless  scales.  —  Burrielia  (Bicliceta)  lanosa,  Gray  in 
Pacif.  P.  Eep.  1.  c. 

Gravelly  hills  and  plains,  on  the  Colorado,  near  the  Mohave,  &c.,  Bigelow,  Cooper.  Also  in 
Arizona  and  S.  Utah.  Style-branches  obtuse,  or  apiculate  with  a  minute  cusp.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  almost  conduplicately  infolded  at  maturity,  enclosing  the  akene. 

§  3.  Floccose-ivoolly,  depressed,  loith  mostly  alternate  leaves :  involucre  narroiv :  rays 
8  or  9,  small :  receptacle  flat :  akenes  linear,  comp/ressed,  with  callous  margins 
exceedingly  villous :  pappus  of  2  chaffy  scales :  anther-appendages  oblong- 
ovate.  —  Eatoxella,  Gray. 

8.  A.  nivea,  Gray,  1.  c.  An  inch  or  so  high,  in  a  small  tuft  from  a  slender 
root,  Avhite  with  soft  wool :  leaves  much  crowded,  obovate-spatulate,  entire  :  head 
barely  exserted  on  a  short  naked  peduncle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong, 
acute,  partly  embracing  the  comparatively  large  akenes  of  the  ray  :  pappus  of  a 
pair  of  broadly  ovate  conspicuous  scales  tapering  into  a  slender  short  awn  which 
nearly  equals  the  disk-corolla,  —  Btirrielia  nivea,  D.  C.  Eaton  in  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  174,  t.  18. 

Foot-hills  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  TFatson.  Very  likely  to  occur  within  the 
State.  A  remarkable  plant,  evidently  related  to  the  foregoing,  but  it  might  be  regartled  as  the  type 
of  a  new  genus.  Head  barely  3  lines  long.  Rays  apparently  either  pale  yellow  or  white.  Style- 
appendages  veiy  short  and  obtuse.  Akenes  almost  2  lines  long,  linear  and  slightly  narrowed 
downward  ;  the  faces  flat,  smooth  and  shining,  blackish  ;  a  callous  strong  rib  to  each  margin, 
which  is  densely  villous  with  very  long  and  soft  white  hairs  :  scales  of  the  pappus  answering  to 
the  margins.  The  receptacle  is  described  as  convex  :  but  it  is  flat  in  the  specimen  examined, 
naked  and  scrobiculate. 

69.   BAHIA,  Lagasca. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  4  to  1 5  pistillate  rays ;  all  the  flowers  fertile.  In- 
volucre a  single  or  more  or  less  double  series  of  thin-herbaceous  oval  or  lanceolate 
appressed  equal  scales,  either  plane  or  barely  concave,  not  embracing  akenes,  dis- 
tinct, or  united  at  base,  or  rarely  for  a  greater  length.  Eeceptacle  flat,  convex,  or 
conical.     Eays  oval,  obovate  or  oblong,  entire,  or  barely  toothed  at  the  apex  :  disk- 


380  COMPOSITE.  Bahia. 

corollas  with  a  narrow  but  commonly  rather  short  and  glandular  or  hirsute  proper 
tube.  Anthers  tipped  with  an  ovate  appendage.  Style-branches  with  truncate- 
capitate  or  obtuse  tip,  sometimes  with  a  short  subulate-conical  appendage.  Akenes 
narrow,  linear  or  oblong-linear  and  tapering  to  the  base,  4-angled,  the  pubescence 
minute  or  none;  the  terminal  areola  large.  Pappus  of  several  (4  to  12)  blunt  and 
nerveless  scarious  scales  (in  true  Bahia  often  callous-thickened  next  the  base), 
rarely  obsolete  or  wanting.  —  W.  I*^orth  American  with  a  few  Mexican  and  extra- 
tropical  S.  American  plants,  perennials,  with  perhaps  a  single  exception ;  with  oppo- 
site or  all  but  the  lower  alternate  entire  or  divided  leaves,  and  mostly  peduncled 
heads  of  yellow  flowers.  —  BentL  k  Hook.  Gen.  PL  ii.  402. 

Although  the  typical  section  is  represented  eastward  of  California,  all  our  species  are  of  the 
two  following  sections ;  the  first  species,  however,  approaches  Bahia  proper  ;  the  last  section  con- 
nects with  Monolopia. 

§  1.  Perennial,  sometimes  shrubby  at  base, fioccose-woolly  or  cottony:  leaves  mainly 
alternate  and  mostly  either  jrinnately  or  ternately  parted  or  lobed :  scales  of 
the  campamdate  or  obovoid  involucre  erect,  commonly  a  little  united  at  base, 
oval  or  oblong,  viore  or  less  carinately  one-nerved :  throat  or  limb  of  disk- 
corolla  rather  narrow:  style-branches  truncate,  or  rarely  mimdely  tipped: 
scales  of  the  pappus  wholly  nerveless.  —  Eriophyllum,  Gray.  {Eriophyllum, 
Lagasca.      Trichophyllum,  Nutt.) 

*    Heads  corymbose  or  cymose,  small,  short-pedicelled,  with  only  4  ^o  8  short  rays  :  the 
wool  close  and  cottony :  stems  woody  at  base,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  alternate. 

1.  B.  artexnisiaefolia,  Less.  Two  to  four  feet  high,  loosely  branching,  whitened 
when  young  with  a  coat  of  close  cottony  wool,  which  is  mostly  nearly  deciduous 
with  age,  except  from  the  lower  surface  of  the  once  or  twice  pinnatitid  leaves ;  their 
lobes  few,  linear,  obtuse,  with  revolute  margins  :  heads  numerous  in  irregular  pa- 
niculate cymes  :  involucre  cylindraceous-campanulate,  slightly  if  at  all  woolly  ;  its 
scales  8  to  10,  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong  :  receptacle  convex,  strongly  alveo- 
late and  toothed  :  scales  of  the  pappus  8  to  12,  oblong-linear,  the  four  answering  to 
the  principal  angles  or  nerves  of  the  akene  rather  longer.  —  B.  stachadifolia  &  var. 
Californica,  DC.,  a  stunted  form,  with  leaves  less  lobed,  or  the  uppermost,  as  often 
happens,  entire. 

Rocks  and  hluifs,  common  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  Santa  Barbara.  Decidedly 
shrubby.  Leaves  somewhat  like  tliose  of  Artemisia  vulgnris.  Heads  3  or  4  lines  long  :  scales 
of  the  involucre  distinct  to  the  base  or  nearly  so,  becoming  concave  at  maturity.  Kays  6  to  8. 
If  this  is  the  Eriophyllum  stccchadifolium  of  Lagasca,  that  specific  name  has  priority  ;  but 
the  leaves  of  that  are  (by  implication)  entire,  and  it  may  be  an  unrecognized  species  from  Mexico, 
as  stated. 

2.  B.  confertiflora,  DC.  A  foot  or  two  high,  white  with  a  coat  of  close  wool, 
which  is  somewhat  deciduous  with  age  :  branches  erect  and  commonly  fastigiate, 
slender,  naked  at  summit  and  terminated  by  a  small  and  dense  few-  to  many- 
flowered  corymbose  cyme  :  leaves  small,  of  cuneate  outline,  pinnately  5  -  7-parted 
(rarely  3-parted)  into  narrow  linear  lobes  :  involucre  obovoid  or  narrow  campanulate ; 
its  scales  about  5,  broadly  oval  :  receptacle  convex  or  low  conical  in  the  centre,  not 
alveolate  :  scales  of  the  pappus  8  to  14,  oblong-linear,  somewhat  unequal. 

Var.  trifida,  Gray  {B.  trifida,  Nutt.),  seems  to  be  merely  a  form  growing  in 
more  exposed  stations ;  with  the  leaves  mostly  sessile  or  tapering  into  a  broadly 
margined  petiole,  and  3  -  5-cleft  at  the  apex  into  shorter  lobes. 

Hillsides,  &c.,  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  south  to  San  Diego. 
Shrubby  at  base,  the  flowering  shoots  mainly  herbaceous.  Involucre  2  lines  long.  Flowers 
deep  golden  yellow  :  rays  4  or  5,  broadly  oval  or  orbicular. 


Bahia.  COMPOSITE.  381 

*  *  Heads  larger,  solitary,  termihating  nalced  peduncles  :  scales  of  tlie  involucre  oval 
or  oblong :  stems  herbaceous  or  nearly  so,  mostly  numerous  from  the  root,  erect  or 
ascending  from  a  decumbent  base  ;  the  white  loool  usually  jioccose  and  copious  :  lower 
haves  often  opposite,  the  others  alternate. 

•4-  Leaves  narrow  or  cut  into  narrow  lobes  :  ahenes  mostly  slender :  pappus  conspicu- 
ous, of  8  or  10  oblong  or  oval  scales,  the  alternate  ones  commonly  shorter  or 
smaller. 

3.  B.  lanata,  DC.  A  foot  or  two  high,  slender  :  leaves  pinnately  cleft  or  parted 
into  3  to  7  lanceolate  or  linear  lobes,  which  are  entire  or  sometimes  again  few-lobed 
or  incisely  toothed  ;  uppermost  and  lowest  leaves  often  undivided  :  peduncles  slen- 
der :  rays  mostly  8  or  9,  oblong,  conspicuous  :  akenes  glabrous  or  minutely  hirsute- 
puberulent.  —  B.  lanata^  tenuifolia,  leucophylla,  &  achilloeoides,  DC.  Achillea 
lanata,  Pursh.  Trichophylhim  lanatum,  Nutt.  Helenium  lanatum,  Spreng.  Uri- 
ophyllum  ccespitosum,  Dougl.  in  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1167,  one  of  the  broader  leaved  forms. 
The  following  are  some  of  the  varieties  or  forms  of  this  polymorphous  species  :  first 
taking  for  the  type  Pursh's  and  Xuttall's  original,  from  the  interior  of  Oregon,  <fec,  ; 
with  middle-sized  heads,  glabrous  and  shortish  akenes,  and  narrowly  or  ligulate- 
linear  lobes  to  the  leaves.  £.  leucophylla,  DC,  is  founded  on  a  form  of  this,  with 
leaves  rather  laciniate-toothed  or  cleft  than  pinnatitid,  and  the  wool  more  persistent 
on  the  upper  surface. 

Var.  tenuifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray  (B.  tenuifolia,  DC),  is  merely  the  most  slender 
form,  simple-stemmed,  with  very  narrow  lobes  to  the  leaves,  and  small  heads. 

Var,  grandiflora:  has  larger  heads,  the  involucre  (at  most  half  an  inch  high) 
densely  clothed  with  persistent  wool :  akenes  sparsely  hirsute-puberulent :  leaves 
usually  retaining  the  wool  on  both  sides,  and  few-lobed  or  laciniate,  or  the  upper 
linear  and  entire.  —  B.  leucophylla,  Torr.  &  Gray,  in  part.  B.  lanata,  Benth.  PI. 
Hartw.  317. 

Var.  achillaeoides  {B.  achillceoides,  DC),  with  branching  leafy  stems,  more  or 
less  laciniately  bipinnatihd  leaves,  middle-sized  or  small  heads,  and  minutely  hir- 
sute-puberulent (sometimes  glabrate)  akenes. 

Var.  brachypoda:  a  stout  form,  with  thickish  and  obovate  leaves  pinnatifid 
into  short  linear-oblong  (entire  or  1  -  2-toothed)  lobes,  some  of  the  upper  opposite  : 
heads  ratlier  small,  corymbose-clustered  or  in  threes  on  short  or  shortish  peduncles  : 
akenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Common  in  California,  especially  northward  near  the  coast,  extending  to  Puget  Sound  and  the 
interior  of  Oregon  ;  the  typical  form  not  seen  south  of  Ukiah.  Var.  grandiflora,  on  hillsides, 
along  the  Sacramento  and  its  tributaries.  (A  form  between  this  and  the  next  variety,  Guadalupe 
Island  off  Lower  California,  Dr.  Palmer.)  Var.  achillmoides,  near  San  Francisco  and  northward. 
Var.  brachypoda,  on  the  sea-coast  at  Shelter  Cove,  Mendocino  Co.  ;  a  sea-side  and  seemingly 
rather  abnormal  form,  perhaps  of  De  CandoUe's  B.  leucophylla.  Receptacle  varying  from  convex 
to  decidedly  conical ;  but  the  differences  in  this  respect  not  correlated  with  the  other  very 
various  differences  in  foliage,  size  of  the  head,  smoothness  or  otherwise  of  the  akenes,  &c.  Tube 
of  the  corolla  mostly  glandular-hirsute,  sometimes  beset  with  almost  sessile  glands.  Scales  of  the 
pappus  varying  from  oval  to  broadly  linear,  sometimes  of  two  lengths  and  forms,  sometimes  all 
nearly  alike.     It  seems  impossible  to  distinguish  the  forms  here  indicated  into  species. 

4.  B.  integrifolia,  DC.  About  a  span  high,  in  tufts  :  leaves  varying  from 
linear  to  spatulate,  entire,  incisely  few-toothed,  or  the  lower  and  more  dilated  ones 
3  -  5-lobed  :  heads  rather  small  or  middle-sized  :  rays  6  to  8  :  disk-corollas  minutely 
glandular,  especially  the  tube  :  akenes  glabrous,  or  sometimes  obscurely  glandular 
towards  the  summit.  —  Trichophyllum  multiflorum,  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii. 
37.  T.  integrifolium,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  316.  Bahia  leucophylla,  Torr.  &  Gray,  in  part. 
B.  cuneata,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  49,  a  form  with  more  toothed  or 
lobed  leaves. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  at  or  above  8,000  feet,  from  Mono  Pass  northward,  through  Nevada  and 
the  interior  of  Oregon,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.     Involucre  3  or  4  lines  high.     Receptacle  vary- 


382  COMPOSITE.  s  Bahia. 

ing  from  convex  to  low  conical.     B.  integrifolia  is  the  older  specific  name  under  this  genus,  and 
the  better  one,  although  I'richophyllum  multijlorum  was  earlier  published. 

5.  B.  gracilis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  span  or  so  in  height,  branched  from  the  base, 
slender  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  entire,  or  dilated  above  and  3-parted  or  3-lobed : 
heads  slender-peduncled,  rather  small :  rays  5  to  7  :  disk-corollas  and  akenes  conspicu- 
ously glandular.  — B.  leucophylla,  in  part,  Eaton  in  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  173. 

Known  thus  far  only  from  Snake  Fort,  interior  of  Oregon  {Tolmie),  and  the  not  remote 
Robert's  Station,  Nevada,  Watson.  Tohnie's  plant  has  simple  entire  leaves,  as  far  as  known, 
head  rather  large  in  proportion,  the  involucre  4  lines  high,  aiid  the  receptacle  low  convex.  The 
variety  collected  by  Watson  is  canescent  with  fine  appressed  wool,  leaves  mainly  3-parted,  nar- 
rower and  rather  smaller  heads,  and  a  narrower  conical  receptacle.  It  is  likely  to  occur,  in  one  or 
both  forms,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State. 

-t-  -H  Leaves  mostly  broader  and  vnth  short  and  broader  lobes :  pappus  very  short, 
sometimes  obsolete  or  wanting  ! 

6.  B.  arachnoidea,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  A  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  branched, 
disposed  to  become  rather  woody  at  base,  clothed  with  loose  lloccose  wool :  leaves 
dilated,  varying  from  rhombic  or  cuneate  in  outline  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly 
thin,  3  —  5-lobed  or  incised  ;  the  lobes  or  coarse  teeth  mostly  oblong  :  involucre 
broadly  campanulate  or  hemispherical  (3  or  4  lines  high):  rays  10  to  13,  large: 
disk-corollas  with  very  glandular-hirsute  tube  :  receptacle  low  convex  or  sometimes 
more  elevated  :  akenes  comparatively  short  and  thickish,  hardly  longer  than  the 
disk-corolla  :  pappus  of  few  or  several  very  short  scales,  sometimes  however  longer 
than  the  breadth  of  the  akene,  sometimes  almost  or  quite  obsolete.  —  Gray,  PL 
Eendl.  100.     B.  latifolia,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  30. 

Open  and  shady  ])laces,  especially  among  Redwoods,  common  near  the  coast  from  Santa  Cniz 
to  Mendocino  Co.  Leaves  more  frequently  opposite  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  and  on  sterile 
shoots  than  in  the  other  species.  Pappus  sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  border,  or  even  wanting 
altogether.  In  a  .specimen  of  this  sort,  collected  by  Bolander  in  the  Mariposa  Sequoia  gi'ove, 
<iuite  beyond  the  ordinary  range  of  this  sj)ecies,  the  leaves  on  the  low  flowering  stems  are  un- 
usually nan-ow,  so  that  the  plant  might  almost  be  taken  for  an  epappose  state  of  B.  integrifolia. 
But  the  proper  tube  of  the  disk-corolla,  as  usual  in  the  present  species,  is  densely  very  hirsute 
with  many-jointed  and  seemingly  glandular  haira. 

7.  B.  parviflora,  Gray.  A  span  or  less  high,  diffusely  branching,  floccose- 
woolly,  slender :  leaves  linear-oblong  or  spatulate,  3  -  5-lobed,  or  the  upper  entire, 
from  half  to  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or  less  in  length  :  involucre  narrow,  only  2  lines 
long  :  rays  5  or  6,  hardly  longer  than  the  disk  :  disk-corollas  nearly  glabrous  : 
receptacle  conical :  akenes  someAvhat  fusiform,  the  outermost  minutely  hirsute,  the 
inner  glabrous  :  pappus  of  short  nearly  equal  scales.  —  B.  Wallacei,  Gray  in  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  vii.  145,  not  of  Pacif.  E.  Eep. 

Near  Fort  Tejon,  Xantus.     The  smallest  of  the  genus. 

§  2.  Annual,  jlocculose-woolly :  leaves  alternate,  entire:  scales  of  the  involucre  united 
by  their  margins  info  a  campanulate  8  -  9-lobed  ciip  :  style-branches  truncate  : 
scales  of  the  pappus  wholly  nerveless.  —  Pseudo-Monolopia,  Gray. 

8.  B.  ambigua,  Gray.  More  than  a  span  high,  slender,  loosely  branched  ;  the 
branches  terminated  by  slender-peduncled  small  heads  :  leaves  spatulate-linear  or 
oblanceolate,  entire,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile  :  receptacle  conical,  narrow  :  rays 
8  or  9,  oval,  hardly  exceeding  the  ovate-lanceolate  lobes  of  the  involucre  :  tube  of 
disk-corollas  hirsute :  akenes  linear  or  the  outermost  oblong-linear,  prismatic, 
glabrous,  or  the  outer  ones  slightly  hairy  :  pappus  a  crown  of  6  to  9  very  short 
and  obtuse  hyaline  scales,  or  sometimes  none.  —  Lasthenia  (Monolopia)  ambigua, 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  547. 

Near  Fort  Tejon,  Dr.  Horn,  1864.  Not  since  met  with.  Leaves  less  than  an  inch  long,  2 
lines  or  less  wide.  Involucre  about  3  lines  long  ;  the  scales  strictly  in  a  single  series  and  united 
for  two  thirds  of  their  length  into  a  rather  narrow  campanulate  cup.     Receptacle  minutely  scro- 


Monolopia.  COMPOSITES.  383 

biculate,  barely  smooth.  Rays  barely  two  lines  in  length,  oval,  slightly  3-crenate  at  the  end. 
Disk-corollas  with  almost  campanulate  limb  ;  the  ovate  teeth  or  short  lobes  nearly  beardless.  As 
this  has  not  only  the  pappus  but  tlie  narrow  prismatic  akenes  of  Bahia,  it  is  referred  to  this 
genus,  as  Bentham  suggested,  notwithstanding  the  ganiophyllous  involucre. 

70.  MONOLOPIA,  DC. 

Head  maiiy-flowered,  with  8  to  10  pistillate  rays;  some  of  the  disk-flowers  often 
sterile.  Involucre  a  single  (or  in  M.  minor  somewhat  double)  series  of  thin-herba- 
ceous flat  equal  scales,  united  at  base  or  into  a  hemispherical  cup.  Receptacle  more 
or  less  conical,  naked.  Rays  broad,  2  -  4-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  summit,  some- 
times with  an  opposite  small  lobe  or  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  ligule  :  disk- 
corollas  with  a  rather  slender  tube  and  a  dilated-funnelform  or  campanulate  throat 
or  limb,  the  ovate  lobes  more  or  less  bearded.  Anthers  tipped  with  ovate  append- 
ages. Style-branches  truncate-obtuse.  Akenes  obovate  or  oblong,  quadrangular- 
compressed  or  flatter,  the  outer  ones  obcompressed  or  triangular,  with  terminal 
areola  small,  wholly  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Californian  floccose- woolly  or  cottony 
annuals  :  with  mostly  alternate  or  sometimes  mainly  opposite  entire  or  pinnately 
parted  leaves,  and  terminal  slender-peduncled  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

The  type  of  the  genus,  our  second  section,  is  M.  majar.  Except  for  this  species  it  were  better 
to  include  the  first  section  in  Bahia.  The  best  character  of  the  genus  is  furnished  by  the 
broader  and  flattened  akenes,  supplemented  by  the  constant  absence  of  pappus,  —  not  in  the 
gamophyllous  involucre,  which  varies  in  the  original  species,  and  nearly  fails  iu  one  form  of  it. 

§  1.  Loiv,  a  span  high :  leaves  {alternate)  not  clasping,  sometimes  petioled  and  pin- 
natijid  :  rays  destitute  of  the  little  appendage,  barely  2  -  ^-toothed  at  the  apex. 
—  Pseudo-Bahia,  Gray. 

1.  M.  bahicefolia,  Benth.  Slender,  whitish  with  close  cottony  wool :  leaves 
linear-oblanceolate  or  spatulate  and  entire,  or  some  of  them  obtusely  3-lobed  (about 
half  an  inch  long) :  scales  of  the  involucre  united  about  to  the  middle  :  akenes 
hairy,  especially  towards  the  rounded  summit.  —  PI.  Hartw.  317. 

Var.  pinnatifida,  Gray.  Leaves  (sometimes  an  inch  long)  nearly  all  once  or 
even  twice  pinnately  parted  into  oblong  or  linear  lobes.  —  Monolopia  Heermanni, 
Durand. 

Hillsides,  &c.,  "Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  Hnrtwcg.  The  variety,  Calaveras  Co.,  Dr.  Heermann. 
Also  near  Auburn,  Placer  Co.,  Bolanclcr.  Involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  hemispherical,  2^ 
lines  high.  Rays  about  8,  oval  or  oblong,  2  or  3  lines  long.  Receptacle,  at  least  in  the  variety, 
narrowly  conical.     Akenes  a  line  long,  rather  broad  and  flatfish,  with  small  areola. 

2.  M.  minor,  DC.  Loosely  very  woolly,  mostly  pinnately  3  -  5-parted  into 
linear  divisions  :  scales  of  the  involucre  united  only  below  the  middle,  rather  obvi- 
ously in  two  series  :  ovary  glabrous.  —  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  343. 

California,  the  locality  unknown,  collected  only  by  Douglas.  Head  hemispherical  :  receptacle 
apparently  little  elevated.     Ovaries  obovate-oblong.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  bearded. 

§  2.  Larger :  leaves  entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  sessile  and  partly  clasping :  rays 
dilated,  coarsely  3  —  ^-toothed  or  lohed  at  the  summit,  the  base  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  style  appendaged  with  a  small  and  rounded  denticulate  lobe.  — 
True  Monolopia. 

3.  M.  major,  DC.  White  or  whitish  with  floccose  wool,  sometimes  becoming 
glabrate  and  green,  a  span  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  broadly 
lanceolate  or  the  upper  lanceolate-oblong,  entire  or  coarsely  and  unequally  repand- 
serrate  :  scales  of  the  broadly  campanulate  or  hemispherical  involucre  united  to  or 
above  the  middle  :  akenes  glabrous  or  very  minutely  hirsute-puberulent.  —  Hook. 
Ic.  PI.  t.  344,  k  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3839. 


384  COMPOSITE.  .^         Monolopia. 

Var.  lanceolata,  Gray,  is  merely  a  state  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre  sepa- 
rate down  ahiiost  to  the  base,  and  the  akenes  perliaps  uniformly  puberulent.  — 
M.  lanceolata,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  175. 

Common  through  tlie  central  part  of  the  State,  and  from  San  Francisco  Bay  to  San  Diego. 
The  variety  about  Los  Angeles,  &;c.,  Nuttall,  Parry,  Brewer.  Also  on  the  San  Joaquin,  Fremont. 
Leaves  1  to  4  inches  long  ;  the  lower  ones  not  rarely  opposite.  Heads  pretty  large.  Kays 
about  10,  from  a  third  to  a  full  inch  long,  proportionally  broad,  with  base  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  short  and  slender  tube.  Akenes  a  line  to  a  line  and  a  half  long.  It  is  through  some  mis- 
take, as  the  specimens  and  original  description  show,  that  Bentham  refers  Nuttall's  M.  lanceolata 
to  Bahia  aj'ochnaidea.     It  is  really  a  state  rather  than  a  varicty.of  M.  major. 

71.  LASTHENIA,  Cass. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  5  to  15  pistillate  rays;  all  the  flowers  fertile.  Invo- 
lucre a  single  series  of  herbaceous  scales,  united  by  their  edges  almost  to  their  tips 
into  a  5—  15-toothed  campanulate  or  hemispherical  cup.  Receptacle  conical,  naked, 
muricate  or  papillose  with  projecting  points  which  bear  the  akenes.  Eays  very 
short  and  included,  obliquely  truncate,  or  in  one  species  large  and  exserted  :  disk- 
corollas  with  narrow  tube  and  campanulate  or  cyathiform  4  -  5-lobed  limb.  An- 
thers tipped  with  small  ovate  or  oblong  appendages.  Style-branches  capitate-truncate 
or  obtuse.  Akenes  linear  or  linear-oblong,  compressed  (the  faces  hardly  if  at  all 
angled  or  obviously  costate),  their  terminal  areola  large,  bearing  a  pappus  of  5  to  10 
firm  and  thickish  mostly  subulate-pointed  scales  nearly  as  long  as  the  disk-corolla, 
or  in  one  species  none.  —  Slender  (Western  American)  annuals,  green  and  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  somewhat  succulent ;  with  the  linear  and  mostly  entire  leaves 
opposite  (even  to  the  uppermost),  sessile  and  more  or  less  connate  at  the  base ;  the 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  tenninal  peduncles,  which  are  more  or  less  thickened  at 
the  summit,  sometimes  nodding.  —  The  first  section  is  intermediate  between  the 
genuine  Lasthenia  and  Monolopia. 

§  1.  Rays  ample  and  conspicuous,  numerous:  akenes  linear-oblong,  wholly  destitute 

of  pappus. HOLOGYMNE. 

1.  L.  glabrata,  Lindl.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base  and  ditt'use,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent :  leaves  sometimes  one-toothed 
or  lobed  on  each  side  (1  to  3  inches  long,  1  to  3  lines  wide) :  involucre  10 -15- 
toothed  :  rays  oval,  2  -  3-toothed  at  the  end  :  disk-corollas  as  long  as  the  glabrous 
akene,  their  lobes  sparsely  papillose-barbellate  outside  (as  in  Monolopia).  —  L.  Cali- 
fornica  &  glabrata,  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1780,  &  t.  1823.  Hologymne  glabrata, 
Bartling. ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3730.     Monolopia  glabrata,  Fischer  &  Meyer. 

Low  grounds,  common  from  Mendocino  Co.  and  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Santa  Barbara.  In  the 
larger  forms  showy  ;  the  expanded  ray  becoming  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter. 

§  2.   Corollas  short ;  the  feio  and  very  short  rays  wholly  inconspicuous,  not  exceeding 
the  disk-flowers,  little  surpassing  the  pappus.  —  True  Lasthenia. 

2.  L.  glaberrima,  DC.  Low,  with  stems  weak  or  decumbent,  a  span  or  two 
long  :  leaves  rather  succulent,  entire  (an  inch  or  two  long,  a  line  or  two  broad) : 
involucre  broad,  about  15-toothed:  corollas  shorter  than  the  rather  broadly  linear 
and  minutely  pubescent  akenes,  their  lobes  naked  :  pappus  of  5  to  10  firm  chaffy 
scales,  2  or  3  of  them  subulate-pointed  or  short-awned,  the  others  mostly  lacini- 
ately  cleft  or  erose. 

Wet  meadows,  along  or  near  the  coast,  from  Monterey  ?  to  Mendocino  Co.,  "and  Oregon. 
Involucre  about  3  lines  high.  Receptacle  broadly  conical.  Oui-s  is  not  very  difierent  from  the 
Chilian  species,  the  only  remaining  one  of  the  genus. 


Hulsea.  COMPOSITE.  385 

72.  AMBLYOPAPPUS,  Hook.  &  Am. 

Head  several-flowered,  heterogamous  but  discoid,  4  or  5  marginal  flowers  pistil- 
late;  the  10  or  12  others  perfect ;  all  fertile.  Involucre  of  4  to  6  oval  or  obovate 
thin-herbaceous  equal  scales,  as  long  as  the  disk,  their  concave-carinate  centre  partly 
embracing  ray-akenes.  Eeceptacle  small,  conical.  Corollas  all  very  short,  tubular, 
and  with  short  and  obtuse  at  length  connivent  teeth ;  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
unequally  2  -  4-toothed  and  shorter  than  their  style ;  those  of  the  perfect  flowers 
5-toothed.  Anthers  short.  Style-branches  short,  in  the  perfect  flowers  truncate 
and  minutely  tufted  at  the  summit.  Akenes  oblong-turbinate,  4-augled.  Pappus 
of  8  to  12  equal  oblong  blunt  and  nerveless  chaffy  scales,  which  are  opaque  and 
thickened  at  base,  much  shorter  than  the  akene,  about  equalling  the  corolla.  —  Only 
one  species. 

1.  A.  piisillus,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  low  glabrous  but  somewhat  glutinous  aromatic 
annual,  a  span  or  so  high,  corymbosely  branched  above,  and  with  small  heads  of 
yellowish  flowers  terminating  the  numerous  branchlets  :  leaves  alternate  or  the 
lower  opposite,  narrowly  linear,  mostly  simple  and  entire,  some  pinnately  3— 5-parted. 
■ — Hook.  &  Arn.  in  Hook.  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  321.  Aroniia  tenuifolia,  Nutt.  Infantea 
Chilensis,  C.  Gay,  Fl.  Chil.  iv.  257,  t.  48. 

Around  San  Diego  :  probably  introduced  from  Chili,  where  it  is  common  along  the  coast.  It 
also  inhabits  Guadalupe  Island,  otf  Lower  California. 

73.  AMAURIA,  Benth. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  pistillate  rays  ;  all  the  flowers  fertile.  Invo- 
lucre hemispherical ;  its  scales  linear,  almost  equal,  in  2  or  3  series,  the  outer  nearly 
herbaceous,  the  inner  somewhat  scarious.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  almost 
entire :  disk-corollas  narrow,  5-toothed.  Style-branches  filiform,  tipped  with  a 
short-subulate  acute  appendage.  Akenes  linear,  4-angled,  destitute  of  pappus.  — 
Only  the  following  species. 

1.  A.  rotundifolia,  Benth.  A  somewhat  shrubby  (?)  viscid-pubescent  and  low 
plant ;  with  the  leaves  opposite  or  the  upper  alternate,  petioled,  orbicular-cordate, 
incisely  toothed  or  lobed  :  heads  (about  half  an  inch  in  diameter)  loosely  corym- 
bose :  corollas  yellow,  those  of  the  disk  and  the  tube  of  the  (about  20)  rays  gland- 
ular-hispid :  akenes  nearly  glabrous.  —  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  32,  k  Gen.  PI.  ii.  404. 

San  Quentin,  Lower  California,  lat.  30°  21',  Hinds.  Known  only  by  the  specimen  described 
by  Bentham.  The  habitat  is  so  near  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State  that  this  obscure  plant 
may  be  looked  for  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Diego. 

74.     HULSEA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  narrow  pistillate  rays  and  very  many  disk- 
flowers  ;  all  fertile.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  broader,  of  narrow  and  lax  some- 
what equal  scales  in  2  or  3  series,  the  outermost  herbaceous,  the  innermost  more 
scarious.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked,  somewhat  foveolate.  Eays  linear,  entire  or 
minutely  2-3-toothed  at  the  tip:  disk-corollas  narrow  and  elongated,  and  with 
a  slender  proper  tube,  5-toothed.  Anthers  tipped  with  an  ovate  appendage.  Style- 
branches  with  somewhat  dilated  rounded  tips.  Akenes  clavate-linear,  compressed- 
quadrangular,  black  at  maturity,  villous.  Pappus  of  4  short  and  very  thin  hyaline 
chafty  scales,  which  are  pointless  and  nerveless,  mostly  broad,  and  lacerate  at  the  sum- 


386  COMPOSITE.  *  Hulsea. 

mit.  —  Perennial  and  some  of  them  apparently  biennial  or  annual  herbs,  all  of  the 
Calilbrnian  Sierra  i^evada,  glandular-pubescent,  and  some  also  woolly ;  with  alter- 
nate pinnately  lobed  or  toothed  leaves,  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  or  the 
rays  in  one  species  purple. 

An  interesting  genus,  dedicated  to  the  discoverer  of  the  first  species,  the  late  Dr.  G.  W.  Hulse, 
formerly  of  Louisiana,  who  made  some  collections  in  California. 

*  Stems  elongated  and  bearing  several  racemose  or"  corymbose  heads :  scales  of  the 

involucre  linear  and  acuminate. 

1.  H,  Califomica,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Tall,  viscid-pubescent :  heads  3  to  7  on  an 
apparently  naked  stem  or  peduncle,  subtended  by  ovate  lanceolate  bracts  (half  an 
inch  long) :  rays  yellow  :  scales  of  the  pappus  rounded-cuneate,  the  truncate  apex 
denticulate.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  98. 

Mountains  east  of  San  Diego,  in  bushy  places,  Parry.  Base  of  stem  and  leaves  still  unknown. 
Rays  half  an  inch  long,  furnished  with  sterile  filaments.     Akenes  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long. 

2.  H.  heterochroma,  Gray.  Two  feet  high  or  more,  viscid-pubescent,  leafy  to 
the  top :  leaves  oblong,  thin,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed  ;  the  uppermost  subtend- 
ing the  4  or  5  racemose  heads  ovate  and  partly  clasping ;  lowest  narrowed  to  the 
sessile  base  :  corollas  hirsute  :  rays  very  numerous,  purple  :  scales  of  the  pappus 
erose-denticulate,  two  of  them  oblong,  the  alternate  two  much  shorter.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  369. 

Yosemite  Valley,  on  granite  debris,  Bolander.  Involucre  fully  half  an  inch  high.  Rays  40  or 
50  ;  the  small  ligule  only  2  or  3  lines  long,  sparsely  hirsute  :  tubes  of  all  the  corollas  very  hir- 
sute ;  those  of  the  disk  apparently  tipped  with  purple  when  old.     Akenes  3^  lines  long. 

*  *  Steins  or  branches  leafy  and  terminated  by  a  solitary  head. 

3.  H.  brevifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  high,  glandular-pubescent :  stem  simple 
or  with  slender  suuple  branches  :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  the  lower  spatulate, 
repand-toothed,  obtuse,  sessile  :  head  rather  small  and  narrow  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear,  barely  in  two  series:  rays  only  10  or  12,  light  yellow  :  scales  of  the 
pappus  nearly  entire,  oblong,  the  alternate  ones  rather  shorter. 

In  the  Mariposa  Sequoia  grove,  Bolander.  Leaves  an  inch  and  a  half  or  less  in  length.  Invo- 
lucre half  an  inch  high.  Rays  3  or  4  lines  long.  Akenes  3  or  4  lines  long.  The  habit  of  the 
plant  is  more  like  that  of  the  foregoing  species  ;  but  the  stem  or  branches  with  only  terminal 
heads. 

4.  H.  algida,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  glandular-pubescent,  and  when 
young  more  or  less  villous  or  woolly  :  stem  stout  and  simple  (or  several  from  a 
thickish  rootstock  or  root),  very  leafy  below  :  leaves  ligulate  or  linear-spatulate, 
coarsely  toothed  or  incisely  almost  pinnatifid,  sessile ;  the  lower  crowded  and  with 
entire  scarious  spathaceous  bases  partly  sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem ;  the  upper 
sparser  and  gradually  reduced  to  linear  bracts :  head  large  and  broad  :  involucre 
woolly,  its  linear-attenuate  scales  numerous  in  at  least  3  series,  loose  :  rays  50  to  60, 
yellow  :  pappus  of  ver}'^  broad  and  short  strongly  fimbriate-lacerate  scales.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  547. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  on  rocks,  &c.,  at  and  above  10,000  feet ;  Mount  Dana  and  Wood's  Peak, 
Breicer,  Bolander.  Mount  Lyell,  /.  Muir.  Above  Sierra  Valley,  Lcmmon.  Lowest  leaves  3  to 
6  inches  long,  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  wide.  Heads  almost  an  inch  high,  with  rays  half  an 
inch  long.  Akenes  3  lines  long  :  pappus  not  longer  than  the  hairs  of  the  akene,  the  scales  some- 
times concreted.  Plant,  according  to  Dr.  Bolander,  "  very  odoriferous  with  the  copious  balsamic 
secretion." 

*  *  *  Stems  depressed  or  largely  subterranean  (in  volcanic  scoria),  leafy  at  summit, 

tei'minated  by  a  solitary  head :  peduncle  sometimes  scape-like. 

5.  H.  nana,  Gray.  Glandular-pubescent :  leaves  pinnatifid  or  incised,  and 
with  a  rather  long  margined  petiole  :  peduncle  an  inch  or  two  long  :  scales  of  the 


Palafoxia.  COMPOSITE.  ^^^ 

involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  in  2  series  :  rays  20  or  30,  yellow  :  scales  of  the  pap- 
pus fimbriate-lacerate. — Pacif.  R  Kep.  vi.  76,  t.  12. 

Var.  Larseni,  with  tufted  stems  leafy  almost  to  the  head. 

Crater  Pass,  Oregon,  lat.  44°,  Newberry.  The  variety  on  Lassen's  Peak,  Bolander  and 
Larsen. 

6.  H.  vestita,  Gray.  White- woolly  when  young ;  the  scapes  soon  naked  and 
glandular  :  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  entire  or  nearly 
so  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear  or  lanceolate,  in  2  or  3  series  :  rays  20  to  30,  yel- 
low :  scales  of  the  very  silvery  and  conspicuous  pappus  erose-toothed,  the  two 
longer  ones  oblong  and  equalling  the  proper  tube  of  the  corolla,  the  alternate  ones 
shorter  as  well  as  broader  and  truncate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  547. 

On  a  volcanic  hill  south  of  Mono  Lake,  at  the  height  of  9, 000  feet,  Brewer.  Leaves  an  inch  or 
so  long,  very  white  with  the  floccose  wool,  which  may  be  deciduous.  Head  an  inch  high  at 
maturity.     Rays  barely  3  lines  long. 

75.  RIGIOPAPPUS,  Gi^y. 

Head  rather  many-flowered,  with  5  to  1 2  pistillate  rays ;  all  the  flowers  fertile. 
Involucre  a  single  or  somewhat  double  series  of  rather  rigid  herbaceous  subulate- 
linear  erect  scales,  similar  to  the  uppermost  leaves,  at  length  concave  and  half 
embracing  akenes.  Receptacle  flat  and  naked.  Eays  not  exceeding  the  disk,  the 
oblong  entire  or  2-toothed  ligule  not  longer  than  its  tube  :  disk-corollas  slender  and 
with  3  to  5  short  erect  teeth.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  with  short  and  flat 
linear  stigmatic  portion,  tipped  with  a  longer  slender-subulate  hispid  appendage. 
Akenes  linear,  slender,  compressed,  minutely  rugose,  sparsely  hirsute,  those  of  the 
disk  more  or  less  4-angled.  Pappus  of  4  or  5  rigid  and  wholly  opaque  subulate 
awn-shaped  scales,  as  long  as  or  surpassing  the  corollas,  or  in  the  ray  one  or  two 
much  shorter.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  R.  leptocladus,  Gray.  Slender  annual,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  or  more,  mi- 
nutely hairy  and  roughish,  with  narrow  linear  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  corymbose 
or  paniculate  filiform  branches,  inclined  to  be  long  and  naked,  terminated  by  small 
heads  of  inconspicuous  flesh-colored  or  purplish  flowers.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  548 ; 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  406. 

Dry  ground  in  the  foot-hills,  both  of  the  Coast  Range  (Napa  Co.,  &c.)  and  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ; 
extending  into  Oregon  (where  it  was  first  collected  by  Dr.  Lyall)  and  Nevada. 

76.  PALAFOXIA,  Lagasca. 

Head  10- 30-flowered;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular  (but  the  marginal 
sometimes  with  enlarged  and  irregular  ray-like  corollas,  and  in  one  eastern  species 
with  pistillate  3-cleft  rays).  Involucre  campanulate  or  turbinate ;  the  scales  mem- 
branaceous or  herbaceous,  in  one  or  two  series.  Receptacle  flat  and  naked.  Corolla 
various;  the  lobes  usually  long  and  narrow.  Style-branches  filiform,  minutely 
glandular-hirsute.  Akenes  4-5-angled,  linear  or  elongated-obpyramidal.  Pappus 
of  4  to  12  hyaline  chaflfy  scales  traversed  by  a  strong  midrib,  commonly  shorter 
and  blunter  in  the  outermost  flowers  (rarely  nearly  wanting).  —  Herbs,  or  some- 
times shrubby,  roughish-pubescent  or  scabrous,  and  mostly  glandular  above ;  with 
narrow  alternate  and  entire  1  -  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small  or  middle-sized  solitary  or 
loosely  corymbose  heads  of  rose-colored  or  flesh-colored  flowers. 

A  small  genus  confined  to  the  southern  borders  of  the  United  States  and  to  Mexico,  polymor- 
phous as  to  the  corollas,  which  in  all  the  eastern  North- American  species  have  a  campanulate 


388  COMPOSIT.E.  ^  Palafoxia. 

limb  very  deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes.  One  of  the  following  species  occurs 
on  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State  ;  the  other  only  further  south,  but  it  is  here  included 
for  comparison. 

1.  P.  linearis,  Lagasca.  Herbaceous,  cinereous-scabrous,  a  foot  to  three  feet  in 
height :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  acute  :  heads  narrow,  loosely 
corymbose  and  slender  peduncled  :  scales  of  tlie  involucre  narrow  linear  in  a  single 
series  :  flowers  all  perfect  and  alike  or  nearly  so  :  the  pale  purple  corollas  with  lobes 
shorter  than  the  elongated  nearly  cylindrical  throat ;  .pappus  of  4  to  8  linear  scales, 
which  are  more  or  less  pointed  or  short  awned  by  the  projection  of  the  tapering  tip 
of  the  very  stout  midrib,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  or  in  the  outer  flowers  some- 
times very  short  and  blunt.  —  Hook.  Eot.  Mag.  t.  2132.  Ageratum  lineare,  Cav. 
Ic.  iii.  t.  205. 

Along  the  Colorado,  at  Fort  Yuma,  Mohave,  &c. ,  Coulter,  SchoU,  Newberry,  Cooper.  Extends 
through  the  adjacent  jiarts  of  Arizona  to  Mexico.  Heads  an  inch  or  less  in  length.  This  is  the 
species  on  which  the  genus  was  founded. 

2.  P.  leucophylla,  Gray.  Shrubby,  6  to  10  feet  high :  leaves  linear,  obtuse, 
thickish,  whitened  with  a  close  and  dense  silky-hirsute  pubescence  :  pappus  of  4 
linear-oblong  blunt  and  emarginate-scales,  considerably  shorter  than  the  flesh- 
colored  corolla  and  the  4  alternate  shorter  ones,  which  are  spatulate-oblong,  with 
midrib  vanishing  at  the  middle ;  some  of  the  outer  akenes  with  a  short  corneous 
crown  instead  of  the  scales  ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  291. 

Carmen  Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  Dr.  Palmer. 

77.  CHiENACTIS,  DC. 

Head  homogamous ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular,  but  an  outer  series  almost 
always  more  or  less  enlarged,  usually  forming  a  sort  of  ray.  Involucre  campanulate 
or  hemispherical ;  its  scales  narrow,  more  or  less  herbaceous,  equal,  in  one  or  two 
series,  usually  becoming  concave  and  inclined  to  embrace  subtended  akenes.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  foveolate  and  naked,  in  one  species  with  bristle-shaped  rigid  chaff  sub- 
tending most  of  the  flowers  !  Corollas  tubular  inclining  to  funnel  form,  and  with  5 
short  obtuse  lobes,  or  the  marginal  ones  either  slightly  or  conspicuously  enlarged 
above,  with  the  dilated  limb  5-cleft,  sometimes  irregularly  or  obliquely  so,  approach- 
ing to  palmate  ;  their  nerves  deeply  intramarginal.  Anthers  linear.  Style-branches 
narrow,  tapering  into  a  slender-subulate  or  occasionally  obtuse  minutely  hirsute 
appendage.  Akenes  slender,  linear,  tapering  to  the  base,  more  or  less  4-angled, 
commonly  pubescent.  Pappus  of  4  to  12  awnless  and  nearly  or  quite  nerveless 
hyaline  chaffy  scales  (in  the  marginal  flowers  mostly  shorter),  in  one  anomalous 
species  wanting.  —  Herbs,  chiefly  of  humble  stature,  annuals  or  biennials  (or  some 
possibly  perennial),  all  of  the  Californian  region ;  with  alternate  1  -  3-pinnately 
dissected  leaves,  and  middle-sized  or  large  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow,  white,  or 
fl.esh-colored  flowers  terminating  the  loose  or  corymbose  branches.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  73. 

Macrocarphus,  Nutt.,  hardly  fonns  a  primary  section,  and  C.  carphoclinia,  with  its  anomaly 
of  chaff  to  the  receptacle,  is  otherwise  just  like  the  related  species.  In  one  or  two  species  the 
receptacle  might  perhaps  be  said  to  be  chaffy  next  the  margin,  there  being  two  ranks  of  iuvo- 
lucral  scales  subtending  flowers. 

§  1.  Pajypus  present. — True  Ch^enactis. 

*   Corollas  yellcno,  the  outermost  ones  obviously  enlarged  at  the  summit,   and  their 
limb  more  or  less  irregularly  5-lobed,  forming  a  sort  of  ray. 


Chmnactis.  COMPOSITE.  389 

-t-  Pappus  of  4  or  sometimes  5  about  equal  mostly  oblong-lanceolate  acutish  scales,  or 
in  the  marginal  flowers  irregular  and  unequal  as  well  as  shoHer. 

1.  C.  lanosa,  DC.  Whitish  with  floccose  but  deciduous  wool,  the  older  leaves 
becoming  glabrous,  a  span  or  more  high,  branched  and  leafy  only  at  the  base  :  the 
simple  naked  peduncles  therefore  long  and  scape-like,  bearing  solitary  heads  :  leaves 
with  few  narrowly  linear  divisions,  or  the  uppermost  entire  :  enlarged  marginal 
corollas  with  short  ovate  lobes,  hardly  surpassing  those  of  the  disk. 

Sandy  hills,  from  Monterey  to  near  San  Diego.     Heads  barely  half  an  inch  high,  on  peduncles 

3  to  6  inches  long. 

2.  C.  glabriuscula,  DC.  Lightly  floccose-wooUy,  at  length  somewhat  glabrous, 
branching  throughout,  a  foot  or  so  high  :  leaves  with  several  rather  short  thickish 
obtuse  linear  divisions  :  heads  on  stout  rather  long  peduncles  :  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre rather  broadly  linear  and  obtuse  :  marginal  corollas  with  conspicuously  enlarged 
and  radiating  palmate  limb,  the  lobes  oval  or  oblong.  —  Var.  megacepliala,  Gray  in 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  104,  is  merely  a  stouter  form,  with  mostly  larger  heads  and 
flowers  ;  so  is  C.  demidata,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  177. 

Open  grounds,  from  the  Upper  Sacramento,  and  along  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  to  Los 
Angeles.  Rather  stout.  Heads  from  half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  high,  inclined  to  be  corym- 
bose, on  pedunc'es  from  2  to  7  inches  long. 

3.  C.  tenuifolia,  Xutt.  Slightly  and  delicately  woolly  when  young,  becoming 
nearly  glabrous,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  leafy  and  branching  to  the  top  : 
leaves  once  or  somewhat  twice  pinnately  parted  into  very  narrow  or  filiform  lobes  : 
heads  somewhat  corymbose,  on  short  peduncles  :  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre 
narrowly  linear  and  very  numerous  :  enlarged  marginal  corollas  with  short  some- 
what irregular  lobes  and  not  surpassing  those  of  the  disk.  —  C.  filifolia,  Gray,  PI. 
Fendl.  98. 

Vicinity  of  San  Diego.  Heads  barely  4  or  5  lines  high,  broad  in  proportion,  on  peduncles  of 
an  inch  or  less  in  length.  Involucre  rather  short.  Akenes  much  shorter  than  in  the  preceding 
species.  The  C.  filifolia,  described  from  a  single  specimen  belonging  to  the  Dublin  University 
herbarium,  is  probably  a  form  of  this  rather  than  of  the  preceding  species. 

-{-  -f-  Pappus,  at  least  of  the  disk-flowers,  double,  of  4  ordinary  and  of  \  to  ^  very 
much  smaller  alternating  scales. 

4.  C.  heterocarpha,  Gray.  A  span  to  nearly  a  foot  high,  lightly  and  loosely 
woolly  when  young,  simple  or  branching  above,  leafy  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into 

4  to  9  narrowly  linear  unequal  divisions  :  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear : 
enlarged  marginal  corollas  with  oblong  lobes  mostly  surpassing  the  disk,  —  PL 
Fendl.  98. 

Var.  tanacetifolia,  Gray.  Dwarf,  with  bipinnately  parted  leaves  mostly  tufted 
at  the  base ;  their  lobes  numerous,  very  short,  crowded,  often  oblong  or  oval :  root 
biennial.  —  C.  tanacetifolia,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  545. 

On  the  Sacramento  and  its  tributaries,  Ukiah,  &c.,  Fremont,  Hartweg,  Bolander.  The  vari- 
ety. Lake  Co.,  near  Clear  Lake,  Bokmcler.  Heads  about  half  an  inch  high  ;  the  peduncle  an 
inch  or  two  long.  Pappus  of  the  outermost  flowers  sometimes  as  in  the  inner,  or  irregular  and 
shorter,  sometimes  much  shorter  and  the  small  outer  scales  wanting. 

*  *   Corollas  white  or  flesh-colored, 

+-  The  marginal  ones  obviously  enlarged  and  somewhat  obliquely  5-lobed,  but  not 
surpassing  t/ie  disk  :  pappus  of  only  4  or  sometimes  5  usually  equal  scales :  scales 
of  the  involucre  numerous  and  narrow-linear.  Herbage  with  minute  woolliness 
which  early  disappears,  then  glabrous,  minutely  granular  or  glandular  above. 

5.  C,  brachypappa,  Gray.  Corymbosely  branched,  a  foot  high  :  leaves  twice 
pinnately  parted  into  short-linear  and  rather  rigid  divaricate  lobes  :  peduncles  short : 
scales  of  the  pappus  truncate  and  almost  square  or  slightly  cuneate,  one  fourth  of 
the  length  of  the  akene.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  390. 


390  COMPOSITE.  tr  Chcenactis. 

Southeastern  Nevada,  Miss  Searls  ;  may  be  looked  for  on  the  Colorado  :  added  to  complete  the 
account  of  the  genus. 

6.  C.  Stevioides,  Hook.  &  Am.  Corymbosely  branched,  a  span  or  more  high  ; 
leaves  once  or  somewhat  twice  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes,  tlie  upper 
mostly  entire  :  scales  of  the  pappus  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  not  much 
shorter  than  the  akene. 

Sand-hills  on  the  Colorado,  near  the  Mohave,  &c.,  and  through  Nevada  north  to  Pyramid  Lake 
and  east  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  Heads  rather  small,  on  peduncles  from  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  in  length. 

-i-  -{-  The  marginal  corollas  little  or  not  at  all  enlarged,  regular  or  nearly  so. 

++  /Scales  of  the  involucre  tapering  into  a  filiform  or  setaceous-subulate  tip  :  pappus  of 
4  equal  scales :  pubescence  minute  and  glandular,  no  woolliness. 

7.  C.  carphoclinia,  Gray.  Corymbosely  branched,  slender,  rigid,  a  span  high  : 
leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  nearly  filiform  lobes  :  involucre  campanu- 
late ;  its  scales  with  rather  abrupt  and  short  setaceous  or  subulate  tips  (sometimes 
sparsely  hispid  as  well  as  glandular-viscid)  :  receptacle  furnished  with  5  to  10  slen- 
der and  rigid  persistent  awns  subtending  flowers  and  almost  equalling  them  in 
length  :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  akene, 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  or  in  a  few  of  the  outermost  flowers  short 
and  truncate.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  94. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State  ;  at  Fort  Yuma  (Thomas)  ;  on  the  Gila  and  Colorado  Desert 
(Schott,  A.  B.  Gray)  to  S.  Utah,  Parry.  Also  Nortliwestern  Nevada  near  the  borders  of  Cali- 
fornia, Lemmon.  Remarkable  for  the  palcai  (rather  than  firtibrillce)  of  the  receptacle  in  the  form 
of  awns,  subtending  some  or  most  of  the  disk-flowers. 

8.  C.  attenuata,  Gray.  Eesembles  the  preceding ;  but  leaves  apparently  less 
divided  and  more  filiform  :  heads  smaller  (5  lines  long),  much  narrower  and  fewer- 
flowered  :  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  and  more  concave  or  involute  :  receptacle 
naked,  as  in  the  genus  generally  :  scales  of  the  pappus  broadly  obovate-cuneate  and 
truncate,  many  times  shorter  than  the  corolla  or  the  akene,  little  exceeding  the 
hirsute  hairs  of  the  latter,  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  73. 

Ehrenberg,  Arizona,  A.  E.  Janvier,  from  W.  M.  Canby ;  possibly  on  the  borders  of  California 
also  :  added  to  complete  the  genus. 

++  +-J-  Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse  and  pointless  :  pappus  double,  i.  e.  of  A  long  and  4 
very  short  and  differentli/shaped  scales  :  leaves  once  or  somewhat  twice  pinnatifid  or 
the  uppermost  entire  :  woolliness  thin  and  soon  deciduous. 

9.  C.  Xantiana,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  rather  stout ;  the  stem 
or  branches  terminated  by  a  solitary  large  head  on  a  thickish  peduncle  :  leaves 
pinnately  parted  into  3  to  7  narrowly  linear  and  distant  lobes,  the  terminal  one 
elongated  :  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  rather  loose  :  anthers  at  length 
mainly  exserted  :  pappus  of  4  lanceolate  scales  almost  equalling  the  corolla,  and 
4  exterior  ones  which  are  obovate  or  obcordate  and  several  times  shorter.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  v.  545. 

Var.  integrifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  slender  simple-stemmed  form,  with  most  of  the 
narrow  linear  elongated  leaves  entire,  rarely  a  lobe  or  two,  and  the  head  narrower 
and  fewer-flowered. 

Near  Fort  Tejon,  Xantus.  Owens  Valley,  Dr.  Horn  (the  variety).  Western  borders  of 
Nevada,  Anderson,  Lemmon.  Head  an  inch  or  less  high,  on  a  mostly  fistulous  peduncle  of  an 
inch  or  two  in  length  ;  one  or  two  of  the  uppermost  simple  leaves  passing  into  involucral  bracts. 
Corollas  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  short  lobes  of  those  of  the  disk  sparsely  bearded  exter- 
nally ;  those  of  the  margin  twice  or  thrice  as  large.     Akenes  fully  3  lines  long. 

10.  C.  macrantha,  D.  C.  Eaton.  A  span  high  :  leaves  pinnately  or  soinewhat 
twice  pinnately  parted  into  broadly  linear  or  oblong  lobes  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear  :  anthers  included  :  pappus  of  4  linear-oblong  scales  about  half  the  length  of 


GaiUardia.  COMPOSITE.  391 

the  corolla  and  4  cuneate-oblong  oftes  three  or  four  times  shorter.  —  Bot.  King  Exp. 
171,  t.  18. 

"Western  borders  of  Nevada  {Newberry,  Watson,  Lemmon)  ;  therefore  probably  within  the 
State  :  extends  east  to  S.  Utah,  Capt.  Bishop,  Parry.  Heads  from  half  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  on  short  slender  peduncles.  Corollas  flesh-colored,  some  of  the  marginal  with  more  or 
less  enlarged  limb. 

++++++  Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse  or  jjointless :  pappus  of  8  to  12  similar  oblong- 
linear  scales,  little  shorter  than  the  flesh-colored  corolla :  leaves  commonly  twice  pin- 
natifid  into  fine  and  short  very  obtuse  lobes.     {Macrocarphus,  IsvAX.) 

11.  C.  Douglasii,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  from  an  annual  or 
hiennial  root,  white-tomeutose  or  glabrate  :  leaves  narrow-oblong  in  outline ;  the 
lobes  very  many  and  crowded  :  heads  corymbose,  rarely  solitary  (half  to  two  thirds 
of  an  inch  high).  —  C.  Douglasii  &  C.  achillecefolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.  ;  Torr.  in  Stans- 
bury  Eep.  t.  6.     Hymenopappus  Douglasii,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  316. 

Through  the  Sien-a  Nevada,  thence  through  Oregon  and  east  to  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

1 2.  C.  Nevadensis,  Gray.  Less  than  a  span  high,  depressed,  in  a  perennial 
tuft :  leaves  with  ovate  or  cuneate  general  outline  and  much  fewer  lobes,  white 
woolly  :  heads  solitary,  on  peduncles  a  little  surpassing  the  crowded  leaves.  —  Hyme- 
nopappus Nevadensis,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  v. 

Alpine  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Lassen's  Peak  {Brewer,  Lemmon) ;  above  Summit  {Kel- 
logg) ;  Mono  Co.,  Muir. 

§  2.  Pappus  wanting  :  scales  of  the  involucre  acute.  —  AcARPHiEA,  Gray. 

13.  C.  artemisisefolia,  Gray.  Somewhat  viscid-pubescent,  a  foot  or  two  high  : 
the  naked  summit  paniculate,  bearing  slender-peduncled  rather  small  heads  :  leaves 
1  -  3-pinnately  divided  or  parted,  the  small  ultimate  divisions  short  and  linear : 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate  :  corollas  apparently  flesh  color  (rather  than 
"  pale  yellow  ") ;  the  marginal  ones  little  or  hardly  at  all  enlarged.  —  Acarphoia 
artemisicefolia.  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  98  ;    Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  95,  t.  32. 

Near  San  Diego,  Coulter,  Parry,  Cleveland. 

78.   GAILLABDIA,  Fougeroux. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  several  neutral  rays.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  or 
3  series ;  the  outer  larger,  foliaceous  and  taper -pointed,  spreading  or  at  length  re- 
flexed  above  the  coriaceous  and  appressed  base  ;  the  inner  smaller  and  partly  scari- 
ous.  Receptacle  convex  or  hemispherical,  with  one  or  more  awns  among  the  flowers 
which  may  be  taken  to  represent  chalF.  Pays  cuneate,  palmately  3-cleft  at  the 
end  :  disk-corollas  elongated-cylindraceous,  with  5  pointed  teeth,  which  are  bearded 
with  jointed  hairs.  Anthers  with  long  ovate-lanceolate  tips.  Style -branches  tipped 
with  a  bristly  tuft,  and  extended  beyond  it  into  a  filiform  hispid  appendage. 
Akenes  obpyramidal  or  oblong- turbinate,  each  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  villous  hairs. 
Pappus  of  6  to  10  hyaline  chaffy  scales,  traversed  by  a  strong  midrib,  which  is  con- 
tinued into  a  naked  awn  of  about  the  length  of  the  corolla,  or  in  the  sterile  rays 
the  scales  awnless.  —  Scabious-like  herbs,  all  North  American,  pubescent  with 
many-jointed  hairs ;  the  leaves  alternate,  minutely  impressed-punctate,  varying  from 
entire  to  incised  or  even  pinnatifid  ;  heads  solitary  and  long-peduncled,  large  and 
showy ;  disk-flowers  usually  purplish  or  brownish  ;  the  rays  yellow  or  partly  dark 
purple. 


392  COMPOSITE.  »  QaUlardia. 

G.  PiNNATiFiDA,  ToiT.,  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  may  approach  California  by  way  of  Ari- 
zona. The  following  Western  species  is  almost  sure  to  be  found  along  the  northern  borders  of  the 
State,  and  is  therefore  admitted.  It  is  the  only  truly  perennial  species,  except  the  rare  and 
remarkable  G.  acaiUis,  Gray,  in  Am.  Naturalist,  ix.  273,  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  Parry  in 
Southern  Utah. 

1.  Gr.  aristata,  Pursh.  Perennial,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  lowest  leaves 
spatulate  or  oblauceolate,  sometimes  pinnatifid,  tapering  into  petioles ;  the  upper 
sessile  and  often  entire  :  bristles  on  the  receptacle  slender,  much  longer  than  the 
akenes,  sometimes  almost  as  long  as  the  corolla  :  rays  10  to  18,  an  inch  or  more  in 
length,  yellow,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple  at  the  very  base.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Re", 
t.  1186  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2940. 

Plains  and  open  gi-oimd,  common  through  Oregon,  extending  to  the  Saskatchewan  region. 

79.   HELENIUM,  Linn.        Sneeze-weed. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  or  several  pistillate  (rarely  infertile  or 
neutral)  rays  :  disk-flowers  small  and  very  numerous,  all  fertile.  Involucre  of  one 
or  two  series  of  mostly  small  scales  ;  the  outer  ones  foliaceous  or  herbaceous,  narrow 
and  unequal ;  innermost  shorter  and  more  membranaceous  ;  all  spreading  and  at 
length  reflexed.  Eeceptacle  mostly  globular  or  hemispherical,  naked.  Rays  nearly 
or  quite  destitute  of  tube,  mostly  cuneate,  palmately  3  -  5-lobed,  itsually  drooping  : 
disk-corollas  cylindraceous  above  the  usually  very  short  and  narrow  proper  tube  ; 
the  5  or  sometimes  4  teeth  short  and  obtuse,  glandular.  Style-branches  with  capi- 
tate-truncate tips.  Akenes  turbinate,  striate-ribbed,  hairy  on  the  ribs.  Pappus  of 
5  to  12  thin  or  hyaline  chaff"y  scales,  with  or  without  a  midrib,  and  either  blunt, 
apiculate,  or  awn-pointed.  —  Erect  simple  or  branching  herbs  (N.  American  and 
Mexican) ;  with  all  the  leaves  alternate  and  all  but  the  lower  sessile,  often  decur- 
rent  into  wings  on  the  striate  stem  ;  heads  small  or  large,  on  naked  peduncles 
terminating  the  stem  or  branches  ;  iiowei-s  yellow,  or  those  of  the  disk  at  tip  turn- 
ing brownish  or  purplish  (the  rays  in  some  eastern  species  in  part  brown-purple). 
Foliage  minutely  impressed-punctate,  or  dotted  with  resinous  globules,  puberulent 
or  nearly  glabrous.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  202. 

*  Heads  large,  the  disk  an  inch  in  diameter  and  the  rays  about  an  inch  long :  root 
perennial :  stems,  dec,  someivhat  woolly-puhescerd  when  young. 

1.  H.  Hoopesii,  Gray.  Stem  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  bear- 
ing 1  to  6  heads  on  rather  slender  peduncles  :  leaves  pale,  glabrous  or  becoming  so, 
thickish,  entire,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  Avith  a  long  tapering  base  : 
rays  cuneate-linear  and  moderately  2-3-toothed  at  tip,  these  and  the  involucre 
tardily  reflexed  :  scales  of  the  pappus  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  into  a  subulate 
or  awn-like  point,  a  little  shorter  than  the  disk-corolla.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  65. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  Sonora  Pass  {Brewer,  Bolander)  ;  thence  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 
Leaves  2  to  4,  or  the  lowest  8  to  10,  inches  long,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide.  Disk- 
corolla  with  a  rather  long  tube.     Akenes  rather  slender. 

2.  H.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Stem  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  leafy  below  :  heads  on  mostly  long  and  naked  very  thick  peduncles  en- 
larging at  the  summit  :  leaves  obovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  :  rays  cuneate, 
3-lobed,  deflexed  (in  the  usual  manner  of  the  genus) :  scales  of  the  pappus  lanceolate 
or  subulate,  commonly  beset  with  3  or  4  almost  setiform  teeth,  and  tapering  into  a 
slender  awn  which  almost  equals  the  disk-corolla.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  358. 


Adinella.  COMPOSITE.  393 

Meadows  and  swamps  near  the  sea,  in*Mendocino  and  Humboldt  Counties,  Bolaiider.  A  most 
striking  large-flowered  species.  Rays  an  inch  long  when  well  developed.  Disk  at  first  depressed- 
hemispherical,  becoming  globular  in  fruit  :  the  summit  of  the  peduncle  thickened  under  it. 

%  *  Heads  rather  large,  the  globose  disk  half  an  inch  or  more  toide,  and  the  rays  half 
to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long :  root  perennial :  herbage  glabrous  or  minutely 
pubescent. 

3.  H.  autumnale,  Linn.  Stem  leafy  to  the  corymbose  summit,  a  foot  to  3  or 
4  feet  high  :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  (2  to  4  inches  long),  often  serrate  :  heads 
mostly  several  on  slender  rather  short  peduncles  :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate  and  awn-pointed,  from  half  to  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  corolla. 

Probably  along  the  northern  borders  of  the  State,  being  common  in  Oregon  (the  var.  grandi- 
florum,  Torr.  k  Gray),  also  in  Nevada  ;  thence  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

4.  H.  Bigelovii,  Gray.  Stem  from  one  to  three  feet  high,  commonly  simple  : 
leaves  lanceolate  or  elongated-oblong  varying  to  linear,  entire  (3  to  6  inches  long,  3 
to  6  lines  or  rarely  over  an  inch  wide) :  head  on  a  slender  peduncle  from  3  to  18  inches 
long  :  rays  numerous,  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length  :  disk  depressed-globose,  from 
half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter  :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolate  or 
subulate,  tapering  into  an  awn  considerably  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Pacif  R. 
Eep.  iv.  107. 

Wet  ground.  Sierra  to  Yosemite  Valley,  &c.,  and  westward  to  Lake  Co.  A  very  branching 
specimen,  with  much  shorter  rays,  collected  by  Prof.  Brewer,  (near  Monterey  ?)  may  be  an  extreme 
form  of  this  rather  than  of  the  following  species. 

*  *  *  Heads  middle-sized  or  small ;  the  rays  shorter  than  the  globose  disk,  about  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  or  less  long :  root  annual  or  biennial :  stems  loosely  branching. 

5.  H.  pubemlum,  DC.  Two  to  four  feet  high,  paniculately  much  branched, 
minutelj^  cinereous-puberulent  :  branches  terminating  in  long  slender  peduncles  : 
leaves  lanceolate  and  entire,  or  the  lower  oblong  and  rarely  incisely  toothed,  nearly 
all  much  decurrent :  involucre  mostly  short  and  inconspicuous,  as  also  the  reflexed 
rays  :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate,  with  a  short  mucronate  tip  or  awn,  one  third  or 
one  fourth  the  length  of  the  corolla. 

Common  along  water-courses  and  shores  through  the  western  portion  of  the  State,  from  San 
Francisco  Bay  southward.  Disk  half  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter.  Rays  2  or  at  most  3  lines 
long,  usually  few.  //.  Mcxicanum,  so  called,  in  the  Botany  of  Whipple's  Expedition,  from 
Bolinas  Bay,  appeai-s  to  be  a  form  of  ff.  puberulum,  to  which  may  also  belong  Coulter's  Ko. 
357,  although  it  has  more  slender  rays  and  blunt  pappus-scales.  The  materials  of  both  are 
insufficient. 

6.  H.  laciniatum,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  branched  from  the  base, 
cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  laciniate-pinnatifid,  little 
decurrent,  one  or  two  inches  long  :  scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  longer  than  the 
rays,  these  shorter  than  the  disk  :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate,  abruptly  tapering  into 
a  conspicuous  awn,  a  little  shorter  than  the  broad  corolla,  about  the  length  of  the 
akene.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  203. 

"  California,"  probably  on  the  southeastern  borders.  Coulter  (No.  356,  358).  Yaqui  River, 
Sonora,  Dr.  Palmer.  Peduncles  about  3  inches  long.  Head  with  yellow  disk  4  to  6  lines  in 
diameter ;  the  rays  2  or  3  lines  long.  Disk-corollas  a  line  long,  their  proper  tube  extremely 
short. 

80.  ACTINELLA,  Nutt. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  8  to  1 2  pistillate  rays  ;  all  the  flowers  fertile.  Invo- 
lucre hemispherical ;  its  scales  in  2  or  3  series,  nearly  equal,  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
rigid  or  coriaceous  (or  the  inner  with  margins  membranaceous),  appressed.  Recep- 
tacle conical  or  strongly  convex,  naked,  sometimes  villous.  Rays  conspicuous, 
3-toothed   or  3-lobed  at  the  truncate  extremity ;   disk-corollas  elongated-cylindra- 


394  COMPOSITE.  ■#  Actinella. 

ceous,  with  5  erect  short  (often  glandular-bearded)  teeth.  Style-branches  of  the 
perfect  flowers  with  dilated-truncate  minutely  penicillate  tip.  Akenes  short,  turbinate, 
silky-hirsute.  Pappus  of  5  to  12  hyaline  1 -nerved  or  nerveless  chaffy  scales;  the 
nerve  when  conspicuous  sometimes  projecting  into  an  awn.  —  Chiefly  perennials 
(of  W.  I^orth  America),  low  or  acatdescent,  disposed  to  be  woolly  at  base  of  the 
stem ;  the  leaves  alternate,  pinnately  parted  or  entire,  usually  resinous-impressed- 
punctate  :  heads  peduncled,  terminating  the  stem,  .^cape,  or  branches,  sometimes 
loosely  corymbose  :  flowers  yellow. 

The  acaulescent  species  inhabit  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  plains  eastward.  Those  in  and 
near  California  have  leafy  and  branching  rigid  stems,  in  tufts  from  persistent  somewhat  woody 
rootstocks. 

1.  A.  Richardsonii,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  varying  from 
hoary  with  short  woolliness  to  nearly  glabrous,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  rigid,  peti- 
oled,  3  -  7-parted  into  linear  or  almost  filiform  divisions,  or  some  of  them  entire  : 
heads  mostly  numerous  and  corymbose  :  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  the 
outer  series  united  at  base  :  receptacle  conical,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent  when 
young  :  scales  of  the  pappus  5  to  7,  ovate-lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate,  either 
slightly  or  considerably  shorter  than  the  disk-corollas,  mid-nerve  hardly  any.  — 
Picradenia  Richardsonii,  Hook.  Fl.  i.  317,  t.  108. 

Var.  canescens,  D.  C.  Eaton.  A  hoary  form,  barely  a  span  high,  with  fewer 
and  larger  heads,  and  shorter  ovate  and  merely  acute  scales  of  the  pappus.  —  Bot. 
King  Exp.  175. 

Collected  on  the  northern  borders  of  the  State  in  the  Wilkes  Expedition  :  common  in  the 
interior  of  Oregon  and  in  Nevada,  extending  to  and  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Sierra  Valley, 
Lcmmon.  The  latter  a  form  with  large  heads  (about  5  lines  high),  in  this  respect,  and  somewhat 
in  the  pappus,  approaching  the  remarkable  var.  canescens,  which  was  found  only  on  one  of  the 
Eastern  Humboldt  Mountains. 

2.  A.  Cooperi,  Gray.  Two  feet  high,  with  loose  and  more  simple  virgate 
branches  terminated  by  single  heads,  minutely  puberulent :  lower  leaves  unknown  ; 
upper  ones  3-parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions  :  receptacle  convex,  densely  villous  : 
rays  elongated,  acutely  3-cleft  at  the  summit :  scales  of  the  pappus  5,  broadly  ovate 
and  obtuse  or  slightly  pointed,  traversed  by  an  obscure  midnerve,  not  half  the 
length  of  the  disk-corollas.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  359. 

Southeastern  border  of  the  State,  on  Providence  Mountains,  at  the  altitude  of  5,000  feet,  Dr. 
Cooper.     Head  as  large  as  in  the  variety  of  the  preceding  ;  the  rays  longer. 

81.   SYNTRICHOPAPPUS,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  6  pistillate  mys ;  all  the  flowers  fertile.  Involucre 
cylindraceous,  of  5  equal  and  oblong  carinate-concave  scales,  which  partly  enclose  the 
ray-akenes.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Eays  oval,  obtusely  2  -  3-toothed  at  the  apex  : 
disk-corollas  nearly  funnelform,  glabrous  and  naked,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  ovate- 
oblong.  Anthers  tipped  with  a  long  lanceolate  appendage.  Style-branches  linear, 
surmounted  by  an  ovate-lanceolate  flat  appendage.  Akenes  linear-turbinate,  with 
5  strong  and  obtuse  hirsute-villous  ribs,  truncate  at  summit,  the  tenninal  areola 
large.  Pappus  of  numerous  barbellate  white  bristles  in  a  single  series,  shorter  than 
the  disk-corolla,  united  at  base  in  a  ring  (and  some  of  them  higher  up),  and  decidu- 
ous together.  —  A  low  diffuse  white-woolly  annual,  with  alternate  3-lobed  leaves, 
and  wholly  the  aspect  of  Actinolepis,  to  which  it  is  clearly  related.  —  Gray  in  Pacif. 
R.  Eep.  iv.  106,  t.  15. 


Blennnsperma.  COMPOSITE.  395 

1.  S.  Fremontii,  Gray.  Two  or  three  inches  high,  much  resembUng  Adino- 
lepis  WaUacei :  leaves  spatulate  or  narrow  cuneate,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  or  some- 
times nearly  entire  :  earliest  head  slender-peduncled,  the  others  clustered  :  jdowers 
golden  yellow. 

In  the  desert  region  of  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State  (Soda  Lake,  Dr.  Cooper),  and  in 
S.  Nevada  and  Utah  {Fremont,  Newherry,  Capt.  Bishop,  Pcdmer).  Heads  3  lines,  rays  barely  2 
lines  long. 

82.  TRICHOPTILIUM,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  aU  perfect  and  tubular.  Involucre  hemispher- 
ical, of  about  10  ovate-lanceolate  thin-herbaceous  almost  equal  scales,  somewhat  in 
two  series.  Receptacle  flat  and  naked.  Corolla  cylindraceous,  with  5  short  and 
spreading  ovate  lobes  :  filaments  inserted  just  above  its  base.  Style-branches  with 
dilated  and  very  obtuse  or  truncate  tips,  but  no  proper  appendage.  Akeues  oblong- 
turbinate,  hirsute.  Pappus  of  5  broad  hyaline  or  at  length  firmer  nerveless  chaffy 
scales,  which  are  dissected  into  slender  but  rather  rigid  bristles,  the  middle  ones 
little  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  T.  incisum,  Gray.  A  small  and  depressed  winter-annual,  diff'usely  branched 
from  the  root,  a  span  or  less  in  height,  clothed  throughout  with  long  and  loose  or 
somewhat  deciduous  white  wool,  under  which  it  is  somewhat  hirsute  or  glandular  : 
leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  oblong-cuneate  or  spatulate,  coarsely  and 
sharply  toothed  or  cut-lobed  :  heads  (about  4  lines  long)  solitary  on  slender  pedun- 
cles, the  earlier  ones  scape-like:  corolla  "yellow."  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  97;  Torr. 
Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.,  t.  5. 

Gravelly  hills,  of  the  Colorado  desert  region  near  Fort  Yuma,  Mohave,  &c.,  Fremont,  Thurber, 
Lieut.  Bio  Barry,  Cooper.  The  latter,  who  found  it  in  ravines  of  the  Caldo  Valley,  states  that 
the  flowers  are  yellow.  Akenes  membranaceous,  slightly  5  -.6-nerved,  somewhat  angular  :  pap- 
pus-scales (including  the  bristles,  of  which  the  outer  are  regularly  shorter)  about  the  length  of 
the  akene. 

83.  BLENNOSPERMA,  Less. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  5  to  12  pistillate  rays,  and  sometimes  as  many  apeta- 
lous  pistillate  flowers  ;  the  disk-flowers  numerous,  all  sterile.  Scales  of  the  hemi- 
spherical involucre  5  to  12,  in  a  single  series,  equal,  oblong,  plane,  membranaceous, 
somewhat  united  at  base.  Receptacle  flattish,  naked.  Rays  an  elliptical  or  oblong 
entire  Jigule  sessile  on  the  ovary,  without  a  tube.  Corollas  of  the  disk-flowers  with 
narrow  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  the  broadly  campanulate  4  —  5-lobed  limb. 
Anthers  oval.  Style  in  the  fertile  flowers  with  flat  linear  or  oblong  stigmatic  lobes, 
in  the  staminate  flowers  undivided  and  capitate  or  disk-shaped  at  summit :  these 
flowers  with  barely  a  rudiment  of  ovary.  Fertile  (ray)  akenes  pyriform,  obscurely 
8-10-ribbed,  destitute  of  pappus,  powdered  as  it  were  with  papillae  which  when 
moistened  apparently  develop  into  jelly.  —  Low  and  diff'usely  branching  annuals 
(of  Chili  and  California),  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  with  alternate  leaves  pinnately 
parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions,  and  rather  small  pedunculate  heads  of  light 
yellow  flowers,  terminating  the  branches.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  272 ;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  ix.  200. 

1.  B.  Californicum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  About  a  span  high  :  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre and  rays  7  to  12  :  a  series  of  pistillate  flowers  within  and  alternating  Avith  the 
rays  :  style-branches  of  the  fertile  flowers  oval  or  oblong,  flat.  —  Coniothele  Cali- 
fornica^  DC. 


396  COMPOSITE.  >  Perityle. 

Moist  ground,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  to  San  Diego.  Scales  of  the  involucre  sometimes  tipped 
with  i)urple.  Kays  2  or  3  lines  long.  The  minute  papilliB  on  the  akene,  as  seen  under  the 
microscope,  swell  uj)  when  wetted,  open  at  the  extremity  or  split  into  two  valves,  and  emit  two 
long  filaments  of  extreme  tenuity,  the  whole  apparently  forming  a  gelatinous  mass  enveloping  the 
akene  ;  just  as  occurs  in  Crocidium  and  in  some  species  of  Scnecio,  kc.  From  this  peculiarity  it 
took  its  generic  name,  which  means  "mucilaginous  seed." 

Cjiocidium  multicaule.  Hook.,  is  a  small  plant  resembling  Blcnnosperma,  but  with  a  fuga- 
cious capillary  j)apiius.  It  is  common  along  the  coast  of  Oregon,  but  has  not  been  detected  in 
California  ;  the  specimen  so  named  in  the  Botany  of  the  Mexican  Boundary,  collected  by  Dr. 
Stillman,  proving  to  be  Blennospcrma.     See  Proc.  Am.  Acac^.  ix.  206. 

84.  PERITYLE,  Benth. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  pistillate  rays  or  occasionally  none ;  the  flowers  all 
fertile.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  nearly  equal  scales,  slightly  carinate  on  the 
back,  in  a  single  or  double  series.  Receptacle  flattish  or  conical,  naked.  Eays  3- 
toothed  :  disk-corollas  4-toothed  ;  the  tube  glandular.  Style-branches  tipped  with 
(or  insensibly  changing  into)  a  short  and  obtuse  or  more  commonly  subulate  or 
filiform,  hairy  appendage.  Akenes  oblong,  flat  (laterally  compressed),  dark-colored, 
bordered  by  a  cartilaginous  mostly  ciliate- bearded  margin.  Pappus  a  series  of 
hyaline  or  setiform  scales,  usually  more  or  less  united  into  a  cup  or  crown,  and 
commonly  a  slender  awn  from  one  or  both  margins.  —  Low  annuals  or  perennials, 
of  the  southern  part  of  California  and  adjacent  regions  ;  with  petioled  usually 
palmately-lobed  or  incised  and  membranaceous  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones  oppo- 
site, and  pedunculate  rather  small  heads  terminating  corymbose  or  paniculate 
branches  (rarely  in  a  corymbose  cyme).  Eays  white  (or  sometimes  yeUow  1) :  disk- 
flowers  yellow.  —  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  23,  t.  15,  &  Gen.  PI.  ii.  398;  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  ix.  194. 

In  our  view,  as  stated  in  the  paper  above  cited,  the  crown  of  pappus  furnishes  a  better  character 
than  the  style-appendages,  or  anything  in  the  involucre,  to  distinguish  this  genus  from  Lap- 
hamia,  one  species  of  which  also  has  short  and  blunt  style-appendages.  Laphami'i  iieai'ly  takes 
the  place  of  Perityle  eastward,  and  one  species  of  it  inhabits  the  southern  part  of  Nevada. 

P.  IXCANA,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ined.,  recently  discovered  on  Guadalupe  Island,  Lower 
California,  is  an  anomalous  species,  stout  and  somewhat  frutescent,  as  white-woolly  as  Scnccio 
Cineraria,  and  with  numerous  rayless  heads  in  a  crowded  and  naked  pedunculate  corymb. 

1.  P.  Califomica,  Benth.  Pubescent  or  glabrate  :  leaves  mostly  opposite, 
broadly  ovate  or  deltoid,  incisely  toothed  or  somewhat  lobed  :  rays  oblong,  perhaps 
yellow  :  style-appendages  short  and  obtuse  :  akenes  hispid-ciliate  :  the  outermost 
obovate  and  with  much  thickened  corky-cartilaginous  margins,  the  inner  obovate- 
oblong  and  with  nerve-like  margins,  narrowed  at  the  top  :  awns  of  the  pappus  one 
or  two,  scabrous. 

Probably  only  in  Lower  California;  Bay  of  Magdalena,  Hinds;  Cape  San  Lucas,  Xantics. 
Heads  3  or  4  lines  long.  Throat,  i.  e.  the  expanded  upper  part,  of  the  disk-corolla,  rather  shorter 
than  its  tube.     Receptacle  almost  flat. 

2.  P.  plumigera,  Gray.  Glandular-puberulent  above,  the  base  of  stem  un- 
known :  leaves  of  the  branches  ovate  or  oblong,  small,  toothed  :  heads  smaller  than 
in  the  foregoing :  rays  oblong,  apparently  white  :  style-appendages  short  and  obtuse : 
akenes  oblong,  not  contracted  at  the  apex,  very  densely  villous-ciliate  :  awn  of  the 
pappus  only  one,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  sparsely  hispid-plumose  above.  —  PI. 
Fendl.  77. 

California,  Coiolter.  Probably  from  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State  or  adjacent  portion 
of  Arizona.     Eecei)tacle  strongly  convex. 

3.  P.  Acmella,  Gray,  1.  c.  Puberulent  and  somewhat  glandular  :  lower  leaves 
opposite,  ovate  and  deeply  3-cleft ;   the  upper  alternate  and  somewhat   hastately 


Dysodia.  COMPOSITE.    .  397 

3-lobed :  heads  small :  rays  broadly  cuneate-oblong :  style-appendages  short  and 
acutish  :  akenes  oblong,  densely  hispid-ciliate  :  awns  of  the  pappus  2,  much  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  scabrous.  —  SpUanthes  Pseiido-Acmella,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey, 
150.     Boltonia  §  Dichetophora,  sp.,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  269. 

Monterey  Bay,  Lay  &  Collie.  Southern  part  of  the  State,  Coulter.  Receptacle  merely  convex. 
Heads  2  lines  high.     Throat  and  limb  of  the  disk-corollas  longer  than  the  tube. 

4.  P.  Emoryi,  Torr.  Sparsely  hirsute  as  well  as  glandular  :  leaves  round-cordate 
or  fan-shaped  in  outline,  5  —  9-cleft  and  the  lobes  copiously  incised,  the  upper  alter- 
nate and  less  lobed  :  scales  of  the  involucre  rather  broad  :  rays  short,  white,  broadly 
oval :  style-appendages  oblong  and  obtuse  :  akenes  narrowly  oblong,  hispid-ciliate  : 
awn  of  the  pappus  only  one,  very  slender,  sparsely  barbellate  above,  or  in 

Var.  nuda,  Gray,  with  no  awn.  —  P.  nuda,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  iv.  100. 

Desert  region,  along  the  Rio  Colorado  on  both  sides,  near  Fort  Yuma,  &c.,  and  on  the  Gila. 
Heads  rather  large  for  the  genus,  3  or  4  lines  high  :  receptacle  broad,  nearly  flat.  Rays  said  in 
the  Botany  of  the  Mexican  Boundary,  p.  82,  to  be  "  plainly  yellow  "  ;  but  the  ticket  of  Dr. 
Cooper's  specimens  from  the  same  district  states  that  they  are  white.  So  they  are  in  Palmer's 
Giiadalupe  plant.  Throat  or  expanded  part  of  the  disk-corolla  shorter  than  the  tube.  Style- 
appendages  certainly  short  and  obtuse  in  the  original  specimens.  Yet  in  one,  seemingly  of 
the  same  species  (var.  nuda),  but  with  larger  rays,  collected  in  1870  on  Carmen  Island,  Lower 
California,  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer,  these  appendages  are  somewhat  longer  and  subulate-acute  !  So, 
also,  in  specimens  recently  collected  by  him  on  Guadalupe  Island.  This  is  evidently  a  winter- 
annual  ;  and  so  apparently  are  all  the  foregoing. 

5.  P.  leptoglossa,  Gray.  Cinereous-puberulent  :  leaves  (of  branches)  small 
and  alternate,  ovate  and  somewhat  cordate,  slender-petioled,  coarsely  or  doubly 
toothed :  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  :  rays  linear,  rather  long  :  style-appendages 
filiform  and  acute  :  akenes  linear-oblong,  hispid-ciliolate  :  awn  of  the  pappus  only 
one,  very  slender,  barely  scabrous.  —  PI.  Fendl.  77. 

California,  Coulter.  Known  only  from  his  collection.  Heads  large  for  the  genus,  5  lines  long  ; 
receptacle  merely  convex.  Rays  4  to  6  lines  long  :  disk-corollas  with  slender  tube  and  a  remark- 
ably long  and  narrow  cylindrical  throat. 

P.  Paiiryi,  p.  aglossa,  and  P.  coronopifolia,  Gray,  the  latter  with  distinctly  white  rays, 
belong  to  a  region  further  eastward. 

85.  DYSODIA,  Cav. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  few  or  numerous  pistillate  rays  or  sometimes  none ;  all 
the  flowers  fertile.  Involucre  cylindraceous  or  campanulate,  of  rather  rigid  equal 
scales  in  a  single  series,  often  united  below,  commonly  subtended  by  a  row  of  bracts. 
Eeceptacle  flattish,  naked,  often  alveolate,  fimbrillate,  or  hirsute.  Rays  entire  or 
2  -  .3-toothed  at  the  apex  :  disk-corollas  narrow,  5-toothed.  Style-branches  of  the 
perfect  flowers  slender  and  tipped  with  a  subulate  or  nearly  filiform  hispid  append- 
age. Akenes  linear  or  linear-cuneate,  4  -  5-angled  or  many-nerved.  Pappus  single, 
of  10  (or  rarely  more)  firm  chaffy  scales  which  are  deeply  dissected  into  many  rigid 
scabrous  bristles,  about  equalling  the  corolla.  —  Herbs  (all  Mexican  and  N.  Ameri- 
can) ;  with  strong  and  mostly  disagreeable  scent  (whence  the  generic  name),  opposite 
or  alternate  leaves,  and  peduncled  heads  of  yellow,  orange,  or  reddish  flowers  :  scat- 
tered oil-glands  rather  conspicuous  in  the  foliage  and  involucre. 

D.  CHRYSAXTHEMOiDES,  Lagasca,  common  along  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  and  thence  to 
Mexico,  may  ap[troach  California  by  way  of  Arizona. 

D.  SPECIOSA,  Gray,  a  striking  and  apparently  shrubby  species,  Avith  rounded  ternate  leaflets 
and  large  heads,  was  discovered  at  Cape  San  Lucas  in  Lower  California,  far  beyond  our  limits. 
The  following  have  been  found  in  the  State. 

1.  D.  porophylloides,  Gray.  Loosely  much  branched,  about  2  feet  high, 
glabrous  :  branches  slender  and  rigid,  striate,  terminated  by  middle-sized  heads  : 


398  COMPOSITE.  *  Dysodia. 

leaves  alternate,  small,  mostly  3  —  5-parted  into  linear-lanceolate  or  subulate  divis- 
ions, which  are  seldom  gland-bearing ;  all  the  upper  reduced  to  subulate  bracts ; 
those  subtending  the  involucre  very  short  and  simple :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
abruptly  acute,  beset  with  oblong  oil-glands,  coalescent :  rays  few  and  inconspicu- 
ous :  "  flowers  yellow  "  :  scales  of  the  pappus  deeply  parted  into  about  9  bristles.  — 
PL  Thurb.  322. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State  at  San  Felipe  (Thurber),  and  Fort  Mohave,  Dr.  Cooper. 
Also  collected  at  Camp  Grant,  S.  Arizona,  by  Dr.  Palmer,  wjth  more  developed  leaflets.  Head 
half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long.  Rays  linear,  not  longer  than  the  disk,  hardly  surpassing 
the  style. 

2.  D.  Cooperi,  Gray.  Scabrous-puberulent,  "  2  feet  high,"  stouter  than  the 
preceding  and  with  head  fully  an  inch  long  :  leaves  (of  branch)  lanceolate,  rigid, 
coarsely  and  spinulosely  few-toothed,  and  parted  near  the  sessile  base  so  as  to  form 
a  pair  of  subulate  stipule-like  lateral  lobes  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  and  scales  linear- 
subulate  and  attenuate-acuminate,  gradually  passing  into  each  other,  carinate  with 
strong  midrib  :  rays  somewhat  exserted,  "  purple  "  :  pappus  as  in  the  preceding.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  201. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  eastern  side  of  Providence  Mountains,  Dr.  Cooper.  The 
lower  leaves  are  probably  more  divided. 

86.  NICOLLETIA,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  a  series  of  pistillate  rays ;  all  the  flowers  fertile.  Invo- 
lucre cylindraceous,  of  8  to  12  equal  oblong  scales,  calyculate  with  one  or  two  small 
exterior  scales.  Receptacle  convex,  naked.  Rays  oblong,  minutely  2  -  3-toothed  : 
disk-corollas  slender,  5-toothed.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  slender,  con- 
tinued into  filiform  acute  hispid  appendages.  Akenes  linear,  slender,  terete,  taper- 
ing to  the  base,  pubescent.  Pappus  double  ;  the  outer  a  series  of  capillary  bristles 
like  those  of  Porophyllum  ;  the  inner  of  5  thin  chaffy  scales  with  midrib  produced 
into  a  bristle  or  awn,  nearly  equalling  the  disk-corolla.  —  Low  and  branching 
glabrous  annuals  ;  with  alternate  leaves,  pinnately  divided  into  a  few  narrowly 
linear  or  subulate  lobes,  and  short-peduncled  rather  large  heads  terminating  the 
branches.  Oil-glands  in  the  foliage  and  involucre  few  and  large.  Rays  pink  or 
purple,  the  disk-flowers  (always?)  yellow. — Torr.  Frem.  Rep.  2d  Exp.  315;  PI. 
Wright,  i.  119,  t.  8  ;  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  93. 

There  are  two  species,  both  rare  ;  one  found  near  the  southwestern  borders  of  Texas,  the  other 
near  the  southeastern  borders  of  California.  The  genus  was  dedicated  to  the  memory  of  the 
distinguished  geographical  explorer  and  astronomer,  J.N.  Nicollet,  under  whom  Fremont  initiated 
his  work. 

1.  N.  OCCidentaliS,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  thickish  and 
with  short  lobes,  the  uppermost  close  to  the  head  :  scales  of  the  pappus  lanceolate- 
subulate,  tapering  into  a  short  slender  awn. 

Sandy  banks  of  the  Mohave  River,  Fremont,  Dr.  Cooper.  The  latter  found  it  at  Camp  Cady, 
and  has  recoi*ded  that  the  rays  are  purple,  the  disk  yellow. 

87.  POROPHYLLUM,  VaiUant. 
Head  several  -  many-flowered,  with  all  the  flowers  perfect.  Involucre  cyhndrical 
or  cylindraceous,  of  5  to  10  oblong  or  linear  equal  scales  in  a  single  series.  Recep- 
tacle small,  naked.  Corollas  with  a  slender  or  filiform  tube,  and  a  narrow  5-cleft 
limb.  Style-branches  slender,  tipped  with  a  subulate-filiform  hispid  appendage. 
Akenes  long  and  slender,  nearly  terete,  striate  or  angled.     Pappus  of  copious  rather 


Pectis.  COMPOSITE.  399 

rigid  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  corolla.  —  Herbs,  sometimes 

with  ligneous  base,  glabrous  and  often  glaucous ;  with  slender  branches  terminated 

by  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow,  whitish,  or  purplish  flowers,  and  alternate  or  below 

opposite  leaves ;  these  and  the  scales  of  the  involucre  marked  by  scattered  immersed 

Oil-glands,  in  the  manner  of  Tagetes,  &c.,  therefore  strong-scented. 

Species  all  American,  chiefly  of  Mexico  and  farther  south,  a  few  along  the  borders  of  the 
United  States,  two  in  Lower  California,  but  only  the  following  within  the  State. 

1.  P.  gracile,  Benth.  Slender,  loosely  much  branched  from  a  rather  woody 
base,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  lower  leaves  linear  with  tapering  base,  the  upper  nearly 
filiform  or  slender-subulate  :  scales  of  the  involucre  4  to  6,  oblong-linear,  obtuse, 
with  narrow  scarious  margins:  head  5  — 15-flowered  :  akenes  scabrous-puberulent, 
narrowed  at  the  summit.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  29.     P.  Greggii,  var.  minor,  Gray. 

Gravelly  banks,  Fort  Mohave  and  southward  {Dr.  Cooper,  &c.),  San  Diego,  Cleveland.  Heads 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  long  :  flowers  "purple"  or  "dirty  white."  Herbage  with  a  strong 
fragrant  or  fennel-like  odor.  According  to  Air.  Johnson,  who  collected  it  on  the  Colorado  River, 
it  is  there  called  "  Poison-flower." 

88.   PECTIS,  Linn. 

Head  several -many-flowered,  with  pistillate  rays;  the  flowers  all  fertile.  Involucre 
cylindrical  or  campanulate,  of  a  few  equal  and  mostly  carinate-concave  scales  in  a  single 
series.  Eeceptacle  small,  naked.  Rays  entire  or  2-  3-toothed  at  the  apex :  disk-corollas 
mostly  slender,  5-toothed,  sometimes  unequally.  Style  long,  somewhat  thickened  up- 
wards and  minutely  hispid ;  the  branches  very  short  and  obtuse  or  truncate.  Akenes 
linear  or  filiform,  many-striate.  Pappus  of  few  or  rather  numerous  bristles,  or  some- 
times of  a  few  awns,  with  or  without  some  small  chaffy  scales,  sometimes  in  some 
or  all  the  flowers  of  little  scales  only,  these  united  into  a  crown.  —  Low  odorous 
herbs  (all  American)  ;  with  opposite  narrow  and  chiefly  entire  leaves,  their  margins 
beset  with  some  long  bristles,  at  least  toward  the  base,  in  tlieir  substance  as  in  that 
of  the  involucre  bearing  some  scattered  oil-glands.  Heads  small,  or  sometimes  rather 
ample  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  scattered  :  flowers  yellow. 

P.  PUNCTATA,  Jacq.  (Pectidium,  DC),  with  its  pappus  of  3  or  4  very  rigid  smooth  awns,  and 
P.  MlTLTiSETA,  Benth.,  with  a  pappus  of  2  or  3  bristles  or  none  in  the  disk,  and  leaves  conspicu- 
iusly  bristle-fringed,  grow  in  Lower  California.  P.  vrostrata,  Cav.,  with  broadish  leaves  and 
sessJe  hea  s,  comes  into  Arizona  ;  as  does  P.  IxMBKubis,  Gray,  a  tall  species  remarkable  for  the 
want  of  bristles  to  the  leaves.  The  following  are  attributed  to  California  solely  on  the  authority 
of  Coulter's  collection,  fi'om  which  they  were  fii-st  described  ;  and  they  may  all  have  been  col- 
lected east  of  the  Rio  Colorado. 

1.  P.  papposa,  Gray.  Annual,  glabrous,  diff'usely  much  branched,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high,  "  lemon-scented  "  :  leaves  elongated-linear  (2  or  3  inches  long,  less  than  a 
line  wide),  furnished  with  very  few  bristles  at  base  :  heads  slender-peduncled,  scat- 
tered or  corymbose,  about  20-flowered  :  scales  of  the  involucre  6  to  8,  linear :  rays 
elongated,  linear-oblong  :  pappus  in  the  ray  a  scaly  crown,  in  the  disk  of  15  to  20 
capillary  and  very  unequal  barbellate  bristles.  —  PI.  Fendl.  62. 

California,  Coulter,  No.  331.  Common  in  the  Gila  Valley  and  through  Arizona,  Schott,  Palmer, 
Wnght,  kc.  Akenes  slender,  minutely  hirsute  with  glandular-tipped  and  sometimes  hooked 
hairs.     Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  infolding  the  ray-akenes,  as  in  all  our  s^iecies. 

2.  P.  Conlteri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Annual,  pubenilent,  diffuse,  2  or  3  inches  high  : 
leaves  narrowly  linear  (about  half  an  inch  long),  sparsely  bristle-fringed  :  heads  on 
peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves  :  scales  of  the  involucre  and  exserted  rays 
about  5,  both  oblong  :  pappus  in  ray  and  disk  nearly  alike,  of  2  to  4  short  and 
stout  awns  which  are  retrorsely  bristly-barbed. 


400  COMPOSITE.  ^  Pedis. 

California,  Cmilter,  No.  330.  Arizona,  Dr.  Palmer.  Involucre  2  or  3  lines  long  ;  the  -whole 
head  4  or  5  lines  long,  rather  few-flowered. 

3.  P.  filipes,  Gray,  1.  c.  Annual,  slender  and  diffuse,  glabrous  :  leaves  narrowly 
linear  (an  incli  or  more  long,  seldom  a  line  wide),  sparingly  bristle-fringed  at  base  : 
peduncles  capillary,  one  or  two  inches  long :  scales  of  the  involucre  5,  rather  broadly 
linear,  obtuse  :  rays  exserted,  oblong  :  disk-flowers  about  5  :  akenes  slender  :  pappus 
of  about  2  (1  to  3)  slender  awns  which  are  gradually  slightly  dilated  at  base  and 
minutely  scabrous  towards  the  apex,  in  the  disk  sometimes  a  minute  crown  with  a 
solitary  awn. 

California,  Coulter,  No.  329.  New  Mexico,  Thurber,  Bigclow,  Henry.  Janos,  Chihuahua, 
SchoU.  Involucre  narrow,  2  to  2^  lines  long.  Only  Coulter's  plant  shows  the  short  crown  of 
the  disk-pappus.  There  is  no  trace  of  it,  and  the  awns  are  2  or  3,  in  the  other  specimens,  which 
are  from  a  district  farther  east  than  that  probably  traversed  by  Coulter.  Bentham  thinks  it 
likely  to  be  P.  Taliscana,  Hook.  &  Am.  ;  but  it  does  not  accord  with  the  character  of  that 
species.     Probably  it  has  not  been  collected  within  California, 


Tribe  VII.     ANTHEMIDE^. 

Distinguished  from  Helenioidece  by  the  drier  more  scariously  margined  or  tipped 
and  imbricated  scales  of  the  involucre ;  from  AsteroidecB  by  the  same  and  by  the 
truncate  tips  of  the  style  in  the  perfect  flowers,  never  continued  into  an  appendage ; 
the  pappus  none  or  a  mere  crown.  Belonging  mainly  to  the  Old  World,  very  few 
in  Western  North  America,  except  of  Artemisia. 

89.  ACHILLEA,  Linn.        Yarrow. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  few  or  several  pistillate  rays ;  all  the  flowers  fertile. 
Scales  of  the  narrow  involucre  imbricated  in  few  series,  appressed,  mostly  with 
scarious  margins.  Eeceptacle  from  flattish  to  conical,  with  thin  chaff  subtending 
the  flowers.  Eays  mostly  short  or  broad.  Akenes  oblong  or  obovate,  obcompressed, 
surrounded  by  a  narrow  and  cartilaginous  margin,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Perennial 
iierbs  (numerous  in  the  Old  World,  but  very  few  in  the  New),  rather  strong-scented; 
with  alternate  either  serrate  or  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and  small  corymbose 
heads  of  yellow  or  white  or  sometimes  rose-colored  flowers. 

1.  A.  IVEillefoliliin,  Linn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  or  lower  on  mountains,  villous- 
Avoolly  at  least  when  young :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  in  general  outline,  twice 
pinnately  parted  into  fine  linear  acute  and  3  —  5-cleft  lobes  :  heads  small,  crowded 
in  a  compound  corymb-like  cyme  :  rays  4  or  5,  obovate,  white,  rarely  rose-color 
(occasionally  becoming  tubular) :  akenes  slightly  margined. 

Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  11,000  feet,  extending  through  all  the  mountains  north- 
ward and  eastward  ;  not  rare  in  the  western  part  of  the  State  at  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  there 
perhaps  introduced  from  the  Old  World  ;  but  clearly  indigenous  all  round  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere. 

90.  ANTHEMIS,  Linn.         Chamomile. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  pistillate  or  sometimes  neutral  rays ;  the 
disk-flowers  fertile.  Involucre  hemispherical ;  the  scales  very  numerous,  imbricated 
and  appressed,  scarious-margined,  with  a  more  rigid  centre.  Receptacle  from  con- 
vex to  oblong-conical,  chaffy  with  slender  or  thin  scales  or  awns,  subtending  the 
flowers,  at  least  the  central  ones.  Eays  comm:)nly  conspicuous.  Akenes  obovoid 
or  oblong,  4-5-angled,  8-10-ribbed,  or  many-striate,  truncate  at  the  apex.     Pappus 


Matricaria.  COMPOSITE.  40 1 

none  or  a  short  chaffy  crown.  —  Herbs,  of  numerous  species  in  the  Old  World,  a 
very  few  have  become  roadside  weeds  in  the  United  States.  The  only  common 
one  is  the  May-weed,  which  has  reached  California,  viz., 

1.  A.  Cotula,  Linn.  A  much  branched,  somewhat  pubescent,  strong-scented 
and  acrid  annual,  a  foot  or  less  high  :  the  alternate  leaves  thrice  pinnately  divided 
into  small  linear-subulate  lobes  :  heads  rather  small  terminating  the  branches, 
somewhat  corymbose  :  rays  soon  reflexed,  white,  sterile,  having  an  imperfect  style 
or  none  :  disk-flowers  yellow  :  receptacle  conical,  naked  toward  the  margin,  but 
with  almost  bristle-shaped  chaff  near  the  centre  :  pappus  none.  —  Maruta  Cotula, 
Cass.  :  differing  from  true  Anthemis  in  the  sterile  rays,  &c. 
Sparingly  found  along  roadsides  :  introduced,  but  not  yet  common. 

91.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  Linn. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  numerous  pistillate  rays ;  the  disk-flowers  usually  all 
fertile.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  flatter ;  the  more  or  less  scarious  short  and 
appressed  scales  imbricated  in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked. 
Eays  usually  elongated  :  disk-corollas  often  flattened  (obeompressed)  or  2-winged 
below,  4  -  5-toothed.  Akenes  short,  nearly  terete,  several-ribbed  or  angled,  trun- 
cate at  the  tip,  mostly  (in  ours)  destitute  of  pappus. 

A  large  and  diversified  genus  in  the  Old  World  (especially  when  it  includes  Leucanthemwm,  and 
Pijrcthrwm),  but  not  indigenous  to  North  America  except  in  the  arctic  regions.  Only  one  species 
is  much  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  viz. 

1.  C.  Leucanthemum,  Linn.  A  perennial  weed,  spreading  from  short  run- 
ning rootstocks,  nearly  glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high :  stems  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  the  naked  summit  bearing  a  large  head  :  leaves  incisely  pinnatifid  or 
toothed  ;  the  lower  spatulate  ;  the  upper  becoming  linear  and  smaller  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  with  somewhat  rusty  tips  :  rays  white  (over  half  an  inch  long) :  disk 
yellow  :  akenes  many-ribbed.  — Leucanthemum,  vulgare,  Lam. 

In  fields  at  Santa  Cruz  ;  probably  in  some  other  places  :  introduced  from  the  Old  "World.  Not 
yet,  perhaps  may  not  become,  in  California  the  troublesome  weed  that  it  is  in  the  Atlantic  States, 
where  it  takes  possession  of  meadows,  and  is  known  as  Ox-eye  Daisy,  White  Daisy,  and  White- 
weed. 

92.  MATRICARIA,  Linn. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  or  without  rays.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  flatter, 
of  numerous  and  more  or  less  scarioiis  appressed  scales  in  few  series.  Eeceptacle 
conical  or  ovate,  naked.  Corollas,  akenes,  &c.,  as  in  the  preceding  genus.  Pappus 
none  or  a  minute  crown.  —  A  rather  large  genus  of  the  Old  World ;  only  the  fol- 
lowing on  the  Pacific  coast,  where  it  is  apparently  indigenous. 

1.  M.  discoidea,  DC.  Annual,  a  span  or  two  high,  branching,  glabrous, 
leafy  :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  dissected  into  numerous  short  and  narrow 
linear  divisions  :  heads  small,  short-peduncled  :  involucre  of  broadly  oval  scales 
with  Avhite-scarious  margins :  rays  none :  disk  greenish-yellow,  much  elevated : 
receptacle  high  conical :  akenes  with  an  obscure  coroniform  margin  in  place  of  pap- 
pus. —  M.  tanacetoides,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Santolina  suaveolens,  Pursh.  Tanacetum. 
matricarioides.  Less.  T.  suaveolens,  Hook.  T.  pauciflorum,  DC.  Artemisia  matri- 
carioides,  Less.  Cotula  matricarioides,  Bongard.  Lepidotheca  (in  errata)  or  Lepi- 
danthiis  suaveoleiu,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc. 

Waste  grounds,  through  the  whole  length  of  the  State,  and  north  to  Unalaska.  It  has 
migrated  to  and  beyond  the  Mississippi  as  a  weed,  as  also  to  some  places  in  the  north  of  Europe. 
Said  to  be  used  in  California  as  a  domestic  remedy  for  agues  and  bowel-complaints.  Heads  a 
quarter  of  an  inch,  or  in  fruit  half  an  inch  in  length,  greenish-yellow. 


402  COMPOSITE.  a  Tanacetum. 

93.  TANACETUM,  Linn.        Tansy. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  outermost 
series  pistillate,  or  rarely  these  wanting  when  the  flowers  are  all  perfect,  mostly  all 
fertile.  Involucre  of  numerous  dry  more  or  less  scarious  and  brownish  imbricated 
and  appressed  scales.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Corollas  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  equally  or  obliquely  2  -  5-toothed  ;  of  the  perfect  flowers  5-toothed.  Akenes 
generally  about  5-ribbed  or  angled,  or  the  marginal  ones  3-sided ;  the  broad  trun- 
cate summit  bearing  a  short  and  scarious  coroniform  pappus,  or  none.  —  Strong- 
scented  herbs ;  with  alternate  mostly  compound  or  lobed  leaves,  and  corymbose  or 
rarely  solitary  erect  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

A  moderately  large  genus  in  the  Old  World,  widely  represented  by  T.  vulgare,  Linn.,  the  com- 
mon Tansy,  which,  so  far  as  we  know,  is  not  at  all  naturalized  in  California  ;  but  there  is  a 
stouter  indigenous  species  on  the  coast  related  to  it.  Then,  in  the  interior  dry  region  there  are 
three  or  four  peculiar  species  (section  Spliceromeria  of  Nuttall)  related  to  certain  others  in  Asia  ; 
the  one  found  in  California  much  approaches  Artemisia.     Ours  are  perennials. 

*  Pappus  evident :  leaves  very  much  dissected  into  innumei'able  divisions. 

1.  T.  Huronense,  Nutt.  Soft-hairy,  usually  much  so  when  young  :  stems 
stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  dissected ;  the 
very  small  and  numerous  lobes  oblong  or  linear  and  much  crowded  :  heads  large, 
half  an  inch  in  diameter,  on  stout  peduncles  :  corollas  of  the  pistillate  flowers  rather 
conspicuous  and  somewhat  ray-like,  3  -  5-lobed,  the  tube  flattened,  slightly  winged 
at  base  :  akenes  very  obscurely  ribbed  :  pappus  toothed.  —  T.  camphoratum,  Less. 
T.  Doiiglasii,  DC.  T.  elegans,  Decaisne,  Fl.  Serres,  t.  1191.  Omalanthus  camplio- 
ratus,  Less.      Omalotes  camphorata,  DC. 

Sandhills,  along  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  to  Puget  Sound.  Also  on  the  Upper  Great 
Jjakes,  and  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  the  northern  borders  of  Maine. 

*  *  Pappus  none  :  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  dissected  into  ratJier  few  divisions. 

2.  T.  potentilloides,  Gray.  ^Silvery-silky  :  stems  numerous  from  a  stout  root, 
diffuse  or  ascending,  a  span  to  a  foot  long,  sparsely  leafy  :  radical  leaves  twice  pin- 
nately divided  and  petioled,  the  cauline  mostly  sessile  and  once  divided  into  linear 
entire  lobes ;  uppermost  reduced  to  nearly  simple  bracts  :  heads  3  to  6  in  a  loose 
corymb  (sometimes  rather  panicled),  hemispherical,  about  3  lines  broad  :  scales  of 
the  involucre  about  10,  broadly  obovate,  silky-tomentose  :  receptacle  flattish,  very 
hirsute  :  flowers  all  fertile ;  the  pistillate  ones  with  a  small  and  slender  2-3- 
toothed  corolla  ;  akenes  obovate-turbinate,  3  -  5-angular,  thin  and  vesicular,  with 
truncate  broad  summit.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  204.  Artemisia  potentilloides,  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  551. 

Eastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon),  and  Carson  City,  Nevada, 
Anderson.  The  corymbose  heads  as  well  as  the  broad  and  abrupt  top  of  the  akene  refer  this  to 
Tanacetum.  The  akene  is  thin  and  utricular,  forming  a  loose  investment  to  the  seed  :  when 
soaked  it  swells  up  and  becomes  jelly-like ;  and  its  cells  under  the  microscope  show  spiral 
threads. 

94.  ARTEMISIA,  Linn.        Wormwood.     Sage-bush. 

Head  several  r-  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  with  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  the 
outermost  series  pistillate,  or  homogamous  by  the  absence  of  these  ;  the  more 
numerous  perfect  flowers  either  fertile  or  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and 
more  or  less  scarious-margined,  imbricated  in  few  series,  appressed.  Receptacle  flat- 
"^ish,  convex,  or  hemispherical,  naked,  sometimes  hairy.  Corollas  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  slender  and  small,  2  -  3-toothed ;  of  the  perfect  flowers  enlarged  above. 


6. 

A. 

DRACUNCULOIDES. 

2. 

A. 

NORVEGICA. 

3. 

A. 

VULGARIS. 

4. 

A. 

DISCOLOR. 

5. 

A. 

LUDOVICIANA. 

7. 

A. 

PYCNOCEPHALA. 

8. 

A. 

SPINESCENS. 

1. 

A. 

Califoenica. 

9. 

A. 

TRIDENTATA. 

10. 

A. 

TRIFIDA, 

11. 

A. 

ARBUSCULA- 

Artemisia.  COMPOSITE.  403 

5-toothe(l.  Anthers  usually  with  narrow  tips.  Akenes  ohovoid  or  oblong,  mostly 
rounded  at  the  apex  and  with  a  rather  small  terminal  areola,  almost  always  glabrous. 
Pappus  none,  or  in  one  species  a  A'^estige.  —  Herbs  or  undershrubs,  bitter  and 
odorous  ;  with  alternate  leaves  most  commonly  dissected,  and  the  numerous  small 
heads  of  yellow  or  yellowish  flowers  usually  nodding,  and  racemose  or  panicled, 
sometimes  paniculate-spicate. 

An  immense  genus  mainly  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  its  headquarters  in  Northern  Asia  ;  not 
many  species  in  California,  and  fewer  still  in  the  Atlantic  States  ;  but  abounding  through  the 
interior  arid  region,  where  the  Sngc-bushes  form  a  characteristic  feature.  Our  species  are  all  per- 
ennials, A.  biennis,  Willd.,  not  having  been  found  so  far  west.  To  facilitate  the  determination 
of  the  species  an  artificial  key  is  appended. 
Herbaceous,  or  hardly  woody  at  the  base  ; 

Green  and  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  linear,  entire, 
Green,  becoming  glabrous  :  leaves  twice  pinnately  parted, 
White-cottony  underneath  the  leaves  ;  upper  face  green. 
Lobes  of  the  leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
Lobes  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
White-cottony  throughout, 
Silky  villous  all  over. 
Shrubby  and  spiny  :  heads  few  and  scattered, 
Shrubby,  unarmed.     (See  also  No.  7.) 

Grayish-puberulent :  pinnate  leaves  with  long  filiform  divisions, 
White-pubescent :  leaves  palmately  cleft  or  toothed,  sometimes  entire. 
One  to  6  feet  high  :  leaves  about  3-toothed, 
A  span  or  two  high  :  leaves  deeply  cleft  or  some  entire  : 
Their  3  lobes  linear. 
Their  3  to  5  lobes  obovate  or  spatulate, 

§  1.  Flowers  heterogamoiis  (some  of  the  marginal  ones  pistillate  only),  hut  all  fertile : 

receptacle  not  villous.  —  Abrotanum,  Besser. 

«    Shrubbp :  lobes  of  the  cinereou^-puhervlent  leaves  filiform-linear. 

1.  A.  Califomica,  Less.  About  4  feet  high,  with  a  decidedly  woody  base, 
very  leafy  :  leaves  all  pinnately  3  —  7-parted  into  almost  filiform  divisions,  or  some 
of  the  uppermost  entire  :  heads  small  and  numerous  in  narrow  racemose  panicles  : 
scales  of  the  involucre  broad,  nearly  glabrous  :  akenes  somewhat  turbinate  and 
3  -  5-ribbed,  utricular,  with  a  very  broad  and  somewhat  toothed  summit.  —  A. 
Fischeriana,  Besser.     A.  foliosa  &  A.  abrotanoides,  Nutt. 

Dry  banks,  from  below  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Francisco.  Heads  roundish,  about  2  lines  in 
diameter.     Receptacle  hemispherical,  naked,  not  hairy,  as  said  by  Nuttall. 

*  *    Herbaceous  :  leaves  or  their  lobes  linear-lanceolate  or  broader. 
-f-  Not  white-cottony :  corolla  sparsely  hairy. 

2.  A.  Norvegica,  Fries.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  stout,  loosely  villous-pubescent 
when  young,  or  glabrous  :  leaves  mostly  bipinnately  parted  or  cleft  into  linear- 
lanceolate  or  broader  acute  lobes,  or  the  uppermost  reduced  to  trifid  or  simple 
bracts :  heads  large,  in  a  simple  naked  panicle  or  loose  raceme  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre oblong,  brownish  :  akenes  oblong,  about  5-angled.  —  Novit.  Suec.  ed.  1  (1817), 
56.  A.  rupestris,  Fl.  Dan.  t.  801.  A.  arctica,  Less.  (1831).  A.  Chamissoniana, 
Besser  in  Hook.  Fl. 

North  side  of  Wood's  Peak  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  9,000  feet.  Brewer.  Also  in  the  Rocky  and 
other  high  mountains  to  Alaska,  Arctic  America,  E.  Siberia,  and  the  Norwegian  Alps.  Heads 
globular,  about  4  lines  in  diameter. 

+■  +-  Leaves  white-cottony-tomentose  underneath  or  on  both  sides :  corolla  glabrous. 

3.  A.  vulgaris,  Linn.  A  foot  or  two  high  ;  branching :  leaves  green  and  gla- 
brous or  soon  becoming  so  above,  cottony-tomentose  beneath,  laciniately  once  or 
twice  pinnatifid,  or  some  of  the  upper  sparingly  lobed  or  toothed ;  the  lobes  lanceo-- 


404  COMPOSITiE.  >  Artemisia. 

late,  tapering  and  acute  :  heads  numerous,  spicately  clustered  in  a  leafy  panicle, 
ovoid  or  globular,  loosely  woolly-canescent  or  becoming  glabrous,  —  The  typical 
forms  are  common  throughout  the  northern  portion  of  the  Old  World,  especially  in 
Asia. 

Var.  Californica,  Besser.  Stems  commonly  simple  and  tall :  leaves  sparingly 
pinnatifid,  3  -  5-parted,  and  the  upper  merely  toothed  or  entire.  —  A.  heteropkylla, 
Nutt.,  &c. 

Dry  soil,  not  rare  near  the  coast  from  San  Francisco  noBthward  (a  very  large  form  at  Shelter 
Cove,  Humboldt  Co.,  Bolander)  :  also  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  A  very  widely  spread  and  most 
variable  species,  into  which  both  the  following  appear  to  pass  by  transitions. 

4.  A.  discolor,  Dough  Low  and  slender,  a  foot  high  :  leaves  green  and  gla- 
brous above,  linely  cottony-tomentose  beneath,  nearly  all  once  or  twice  pinnately 
parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes  :  heads  smaller,  spicately  clustered  in  a  narrow  and 
rather  naked  raceme-like  panicle,  globular,  nearly  glabrous. 

SieiTa  Nevada  at  Ebbett's  Pass,  &c. ,  Brewer.  Thence  northward  and  eastward  to  the  Cascade 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Exactly  the  A.  discolor  has  not  been  met  with  in  California.  The 
specimens  are  between  it  and  some  forms  of  the  preceding,  and,  with  the  Nevada  plant  of  King's 
Expedition,  varying  to  A.  incompta,  Nutt. 

5.  A.  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.  From  one  to  three  feet  high,  cottony-tomentose 
throughout :  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  sparingly  toothed, 
or  some  of  the  lower  occasionally  3  —  5-cleft,  the  upper  surfaces  ometimes  losing  its 
wool ;  heads  very  numerous  and  spicately  clustered  in  a  narrow  and  usually  dense 
panicle,  ovoid  or  globular,  small. 

Dry  open  grounds,  Monterey  and  elsewhere  in  the  western  part  of  the  State  (with  broad  and 
entire  leaves,  Hartweg,  Rattan,  &c.) :  more  common,  in  narrow-leaved  forms,  on  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  thence  abundant  to  and  much  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

§  2.  Flowers  heterogamous,  as  in  the  preceding  section,  hut  only  the  pistillate  flowers 
at  the  margin  fertile ;  the  ovary  of  the  otJierivise  perfect  flowers  abortive,  their 
style  mostly  undivided  and  tufted  at  the  apex.  —  Dracunculus,  Besser, 

-(-  Fertile  akenes  and  corollas  glabrous :  stems  herbaceous  or  barely  woody  at  base, 

6.  A.  dracunculoides,  Pursh.  Green  and  glabrous,  or  a  little  pubescent 
when  young,  branching,  2  to  4  feet  high,  in  tufts  :  leaves  linear,  entire,  some  of  the 
lower  rarely  3-cleft :  heads  small  and  very  numerous  in  an  ample  compound  leafy 
panicle,  mostly  pedicelled. 

Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  also  found  westward  (banks  of  San  Leandro  Creek,  Bolander  ; 
Fort  Tejon,  Dr.  Hm-n)  ;  and  through  Nevada  and  Oregon  to  beyond  the  Mississippi.  Heads 
only  a  line  or  so  in  diameter,  glabrous.  The  herbage  is  destitute  of  the  sharp  odor  and  taste  of 
A.  Dracuiiculus. 

7.  A.  pycnocephala,  DC.  Densely  silky-villous  all  over  :  stems  mostly  sim- 
ple, a  foot  or  two  high,  somewhat  woody  at  base  :  leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnately 
parted  into  rather  few  and  crowded  chiefly  linear  lobes  :  heads  numerous,  spicately 
clustered  in  a  dense  virgate  panicle.  — Also  A.  pachystachya,  DC. 

Sand  hills  along  the  coast  from  Monterey  to  Humboldt  Co.  Heads  fully  2  lines  in  diameter : 
involucre  very  villous. 

+■  -t-  Fertile  akenes  and  the  corollas  villous  tvith  long  crisped  hairs  :  stems  woody. 

(^Picrothamnus,  Nutt.) 

8.  A.  spinescens,  D.  C.  Eaton.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  with  stout  and 
spreading  rigid  branches,  bearing  sharp  spines,  villous-tomentose  :  leaves  small, 
petioled,  pedately  once  or  twice  parted  into  linear-spatulate  or  oblong  lobes  :  heads 
rather  few  and  loosely  racemose  or  spicate  on  a  persistent  spinescent  rhachis :  scales 
of  the  involucre  few  (5  or  6),  round-obovate,  herbaceous  with  scarious  margins.  — 
Bot.  King  Exp.  180,  t.  19.     Picrothamntis  desertorum,  Nutt. 


Cotula.  COMPOSITE.  405 

Through  the  interior  desert,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ; 
probably  within  the  borders  of  the  State.  Well  refeiTed  by  Prof.  Eaton  to  Artemisia;  but  the 
habit  and  the  woolly  akenes  are  peculiar. 

§  3.  Floivers  in  the  head  all  perfect  and  fertile.  —  Seriphidium,  Besser. 

The  N.  American  species  of  this  section  are  the  true  Sage-bushes  or  Sage-brushes  of  the  interior 
arid  region.  Their  heads  are  always  few-flowered,  generally  narrow,  and  the  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre little  scarious. 

A.  CAXA,  Puish,  the  IFild  Sage  of  I^ewis  and  Clarke,  or  what  Pursh  took  to  represent  it,  is  the 
more  northern  species,  with  linear  entire  leaves,  and  probably  does  not  nearly  approach  the 
borders  of  California. 

9.  A.  tridentata,  N"utt.  Shrubby,  a  foot  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  bushy-branched, 
canescent :  leaves  crowded,  cuneate  varying  to  linear-cuneate,  obtusely  3-toothed  at 
the  truncate  apex,  or  the  uppermost  entire  :  heads  spicate-clustered  on  the  branches 
of  the  compound  narrow  panicle,  obovoid  or  oblong,  5  -  6-flowered. 

Eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Sonora  and  Mono  Passes,  through  Nevada  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  in  immense  abundance.  The  larger  stems  attain  the  diameter  of  5  or  6  inches 
in  favorable  situations.     Heads  about  2  lines  long. 

10.  A.  trifida,  Nutt.  Shrubby,  a  span  or  two  high,  in  tufts,  canescent  :  leaves 
linear  and  entire,  or  many  of  them  linear-cuneate  and  deeply  cleft  into  3  linear 
lobes  :  heads  more  simply  spicate,  3  -  8-flowered. 

Ebbett's  Pass  and  Mount  Dana  (Brewer,  Bolander) ;  and  through  Northern  Nevada  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  ;  often  accompanying  the  foregoing. 

11.  A.  arbuscula,  Nutt.  Shrubby  in  dense  tufts,  barely  a  span  high,  very 
canescent :  leaves  cuneate,  deeply  3-cleft,  or  the  side  divisions  again  3-lobed ;  the 
lobes  from  obovate  to  linear-spatulate :  heads  loosely  spicate,  about  8-flowered  :  outer 
scales  of  the  involucre  more  herbaceous  and  rigid. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Summit  Station,  E.  L.  Greeiu.  Thence  eastward  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

95.  COTULA,  Linn. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  one  or  more  rows  of  marginal  flowers  pistil- 
late and  apetalous,  mostly  pedicellate;  the  proper  disk-flowers  perfect  and  either 
fertile  or  sterile.  Involucre  of  about  two  ranks  of  nearly  equal  somewhat  scarious- 
margined  scales.  Receptacle  commonly  flat  or  convex,  naked,  papillose.  Disk- 
corollas  short,  4-toothed.  Akenes  obcompressed,  mostly  with  thick  or  spongy 
margins  or  wings,  and  notched  at  summit,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  Small  annuals  or 
some  perennials,  strong-scented  when  bruised ;  with  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary 
slender-ped  uncled  inconspicuous  heads  of  yellow  flowers  :  chiefly  of  the  southern 
hemisphere,  whence  two  species  have  reached  California. 

1.  C.  coronopifolia,  Linn.  Glabrous,  rather  succulent :  stems  creeping  and 
ascending,  a  span  to  a  foot  long  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  laciniate-pin- 
natilid,  toothed,  or  the  upper  entire,  the  base  or  broad  petiole  clasping  or  sheathing  : 
marginal  and  pistillate  flowers  in  a  single  series  and  on  long  pedicels  :  disk-flowers 
on  shorter  pedicels. 

Wet  places  around  San  Francisco  Bay  :  doubtless  introduced.  Now  widely  diffused  over  the 
world,  mainly  in  the  southern  hemisphere.     Head  half  an  inch  in  diameter  or  less. 

2.  C.  australis,  Hook.  f.  Somewhat  hairy  :  stems  slender,  diflFusely  much 
branched,  a  span  high  :  leaves  usually  twice  pinnately  parted  into  linear  divisions  : 
heads  very  small  :  marginal  pistillate  flowers  in  two  or  three  ranks,  pedicelled ;  the 
disk-flowers  hardly  so.  —  Fl.  N.  Zeal.  i.  128. 

Waste  places,  San  Francisco,  Kellogg :  also  gathered  in  Oregon  by  E.  Mall.  Probably  a  waif 
from  Australia  or  New  Zealand,  where  it  abounds. 


406  COMPOSITE.  Soliva. 

96.   SOLIVA,  Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  of  many  pistillate  and  apetalous  flowers,  and 
a  few  perfect  but  mostly  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre.  Scales  of  the  involucre  5  to 
10,  nearly  equal,  in  one  or  two  series,  scarious-margined.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked. 
Disk-flowers  tubular,  thickish,  2  -  6-toothed  ;  their  style  often  undivided.  Akenes 
obcompressed,  with  rigid  wings  or  callous  margins,  t^e  summit  of  which  is  usually 
pointed,  and  the  apex  armed  by  the  indurated  persistent  style,  destitute  of  pappus. 
—  Small  and  depressed  herbs  of  S.  America  (one  naturalized  on  the  shores  of  the 
Atlantic  United  States,  and  one  seemingly  indigenous  to  California) :  leaves  petioled 
and  pinnately  divided  into  small  and  narrow  segments  :  heads  sessile,  in  fruit  glo- 
bose :  flowers  greenish  or  yellowish. 

1.  S.  daucifolia,  Nutt.  Annual,  diffuse  or  creeping,  about  a  span  high,  soft- 
hairy  :  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  dissected  into  rather  few  linear  acute  divisions : 
heads  small  (2  or  3  lines  broad),  sessile  in  the  forks  :  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate, 
acuminate  :  akenes  minutely  hairy,  obovate,  with  the  broad  or  narrow  and  thin 
wings  entire,  each  terminating  upwards  in  an  incurved  tooth  or  point.  —  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  ii.  425. 

Moist  grounds  near  the  coast,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Mendocino  Co.  Much  like  S.  sessilis  of 
Chili  ;  the  wings  of  the  akenes  very  variable  in  breadth,  broad  and  thin  in  some  well-developed 
specimens,  often  wanting  towards  the  base  of  the  akene,  or  rarely  developed  there  into  separate 
teeth  or  lobes. 

Tribe  VIII.     SENECIONIDE^. 

Distinguished  generally  by  the  involucre  of  one  or  two  series  of  more  or  less 

herbaceous  equal  scales,  or  calyculate  with  some  shorter  ones  at  base  ;  the  pappus  of 

soft  and  fine  capillary  bristles,  generally  more  delicate  than  in  any  of  the  preceding 

tribes ;  and  the  receptacle  not  chafiy.     Anthers  often  sagittate  at  base,  but  without 

tails.     Style-branches  of  perfect  flowers  various,  but  commonly  truncate  or  somewhat 

capitate  at  tip,  rarely  prolonged  into  an  appendage.     Flowers  almost  always  yellow. 

Crocidium  mui.ticattle,  Hook.,  found  on  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  River,  a  delicate  little 
plant  with  the  aspect  of  Scnecio,  is  likely  to  occur  on  the  northwestern  borders  of  the  State. 

97.   PETASITES,  Toum. 

Head  many-flowered,  heterogamous,  more  or  less  dioecious ;  the  numerous  pistillate 
flowers  in  the  margin  either  with  filiform  or  (in  ours)  with  distinctly  ligulate  rays. 
Involucre  campanulate  or  cylindraceous ;  its  scales  nearly  in  a  single  series,  and 
usually  with  some  small  and  loose  subulate  bracts  at  base.  Eeceptacle  flat.  Flowers 
in  the  sterile  plant  very  numerous  in  the  disk  and  rather  few  m  the  ray ;  in  the 
fertile  very  few  perfect  or  infertile  ones  at  the  centre,  the  rest  pistillate.  Corolla 
of  the  hermaphrodite  flowers  with  a  5-cleft  limb  ;  their  style  entire  or  barely 
2-lobed  at  the  club-shaped  puberulent  summit.  Akenes  glabrous,  5  -  10-ribbed. 
Pappus  of  copious  long  and  soft  capillary  bristles,  fewer  in  the  sterile  flowers.  — 
Herbs  of  northern  regions ;  with  creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  large  radical  pal- 
mately  veined  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  stout  scapes  in  spring,  beset  with  scaly 
or  imperfectly  foliaceous  clasping  bracts,  and  terminated  by  a  racemose  or  cymose 
cluster  of  rather  small  heads :  flowers  purplish  or  white.  —  Petasit€s&  Nardosmia,  DC. 


Tetradijmia.  COMPOSITJi:.  407 

* 

The  American  species  are  of  the  Nardosmia  section,  with  more  corymbose  heads  and  decided 
rays.  Tlie  few  species  of  the  group  are  very  nearly  related  :  the  most  southern  one,  and  the  only 
one  found  in  California,  is  the  following.  But  P.  sagittata  {Nardosmia,  Hook.),  of  the  Rocky 
JSIountains,  may  possibly  occur. 

1.  P.  palmata.  Clothed  with  loose  cottony  wool  Avhen  young,  becoming  gla- 
brous with  age  :  leaves  rounded  in  outline,  very  deeply  5  — 7-cleft,  the  lobes  incisely 
toothed  or  lobed  :  flowers  dull  white,  deliciously  scented  :  rays  in  the  sterile  heads 
oblong  and  conspicuous,  in  the  fertile  ones  narrow  and  shorter  than  their  style.  — 
Tiissilago  palmata,  Ait.  Kew.  ed.  1.,  iii.  188,  t.  2.     Nardosmia  palmata,  Hook. 

Damp  woodlands,  from  San  Francisco  northward.  Also  in  Oregon  and  sparingly  to  New  Eng- 
land and  Labrador. 

98.  TETRADYMIA,  DC. 

Head  4-9-  (rarely  18-)  flowered,  homogamous ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  per- 
fect. Involucre  cylindrical  or  rarely  campanulate ;  its  scales  4,  5,  or  sometimes 
more  numerous,  oblong  or  narrower,  rather  rigid,  more  or  less  concave  and  carinate, 
nearly  equal,  in  one  or  two  series,  and  rarely  with  short  external  ones  at  the  base. 
Eeceptacle  small,  flat  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  with  a  slender  tube,  abruptly  dilated 
into  a  5-parted  limb  ;  the  lobes  linear  or  lanceolate,  traversed  by  a  more  or  less 
evident  mid-nerve.  Anthers  exserted,  linear,  mucronately  sagittate,  the  auricles 
connate.  Style-branches  with  minutely  penicillate  apex  tipped  with  a  very  short 
and  obtuse  or  sometimes  more  conspicuous  and  acute  cone.  Akenes  terete,  oblong 
or  somewhat  fusiform,  obscurely  5-nerved,  long-villous  or  glabrous.  Pappus  of 
copious  fine  and  soft  capillary  scabrous  bristles.  —  Low  and  much  branched  shrubs 
(of  the  interior  arid  region,  mainly  between  the  Sierra  and  the  Rocky  Mountains)  ; 
with  alternate  linear  or  subulate  entire  leaves,  and  corymbose  or  racemose  clusters 
of  middle-sized  heads  :  corollas  yellow.  —  DC.  Prodr.  vi.  240 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  ix.  207. 

In  the  paper  above  cited,  the  genus  is  extended  so  as  to  include  an  ambiguous  species,  con- 
stituting the  third  section. 

§  1.  White-woolli/,  except  the  small  terete  fascicled  leaves  in  the  axils  of  the  primary 
leaves  converted  into  spines :  involucre  of  5  or  6  scales,  5  -  ^-flowered :  bristles 
of  the  pappus  in  a  single  series,  almost  equalled  and  concealed  by  the  finer  but 
similar  pajypiis-like  long  white  hairs  which  densely  clothe  the  akene  !  —  Lago- 
THAMNUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     {Lagothamnns,  ISTutt.) 

1.  T.  spinosa,  Hook.  &  Am.  From  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  rigid  divaricate 
branches,  clothed  with  dense  white  wool  and  armed  with  sharp  slender  spines  : 
leaves  crowded  in  the  fascicles,  succulent,  linear  or  terete,  glabrous  (about  3  lines 
long),  mostly  shorter  than  the  spines :  heads  racemose  or  scattered  along  the  branches 
(half  an  inch  long),  short-peduncled.  —  Lagothamnus  microphyllus  &  L.  ambiguus, 

is"utt. 

Eastern  borders  of  the  State  ;  San  Bemadino  Co.,  on  Providence  Mountains  (Cooper),  and 
through  the  Nevada  desert  to  Idaho. 

§  2.  White-woolly,  or  sometimes  almost  glabrate :  involucre  of  4:  or  5  concave  scales 
containing  four  flowers  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  very  copious  :  akenes  either 
very  villous  or  in  the  same  species  glabrate  or  glabrous/  —  Eutetradymia, 
Torr.  &  Gray. 

2.  T.  canescens,  DC.  A  foot  or  two  high,  unarmed,  silvery-tomentose  :  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  varying  to  linear-lanceolate  or  somewhat  spatulate  (and  from  an 


408  COMPOSITE,  Tetradymia. 

inch  to  barely  half  an  inch  long),  the  wool  persistent ;  heads  cotymbosely  clustered. 
—  Deless.  Ic.  iv,  t.  GO. 

Dry  hills  and  plains  ;  from  Mono  Lake,  &c.  (Bretcer)  through  Nevada  to  the  interior  of  Oregon 
and  Idaho,  and,  in  the  var.  inernds  {T.  inermis,  Nutt.,  which  has  shorter  leaves  and  heads)  east- 
ward to  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming.  Heads  in  the  larger-leaved  form  about  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  long  ;  in  the  other  sometimes  only  half  an  inch.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly 
linear,  the  mid-nei"ve  or  axis  commonly  carinate-thickened  from  the  apex  downward.  Tips  of  the 
style-branches  usually  nearly  as  figured  in  the  plate  cited,  or, the  base  of  the  cone  distinctly  his- 
pid, but  occasionally  the  cone  is  more  prominent,  acute,  and  hispid  with  a  few  stiff  bristles.  In 
such  specimens,  and  also  in  some  others,  the  ovaries  are  perfectly  glabrous  ;  in  others,  the  akenes 
become  glabrous. 

3.  T.  glabrata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  unarmed,  cottony-tomentose 
with  very  white  but  more  deciduous  wool :  leaves  rather  fleshy,  becoming  glabrous 
in  age  ;  the  primary  ones  linear-subulate  and  conspicuously  mucronate  (half  an  inch 
long),  erect  or  appressed  on  the  branches  of  the  season ;  those  of  the  fascicles  shorter 
and  obtuse:  heads  corymbose.  —  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  ii.  122,  t.  5;  Eaton  in  Eot,  King 
Exp.  193. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  borders  of  the  State,  Beckwith,  Anderson,  Lemmon. 
Thence  through  the  desert  to  Salt  Lake.  Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  Style- 
branches  tipped  with  a  very  short  and  obtuse  cone.     Akenes  seemingly  always  densely  villous. 

T.  NuTTALLii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  the  spiny  species  of  this  section,  apparently  has  not  been  met 
with  west  of  Utah  or  Idaho. 

§  3.  Early  glabrate,  unarmed :  leaves  all  reduced  to  subulate  green  scales ;  those  at 
the  summit  of  the  hranchlets  passing  into  the  scales  of  the  15  —  IS-Jlowered 
campanulate  invobicre,  which  thus  becomes  imbricated! — Lepidosparton,  Gray. 

4.  T.  squamata,  Gray.  Paniculately  branched,  3  or  4  feet  high :  branches 
slender  :  leaves  reduced  to  very  small  thick  and  rigid-pointed  scales  :  heads  ra- 
cemose or  paniculate  :  involucre  glabrous,  of  8  to  1 2  inner  scales  in  2  or  more  series 
and  subtended  by  several  or  numerous  shorter  bracts  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  linear- 
lanceolate  :  style-branches  with  acute  and  minutely  hairy  tips  :  akenes  rather  short, 
completely  glabrous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  207.  Linosyris  squamata,  Gray,  1.  c. 
viii.  290. 

Var.  Bre'Weri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Branches  slender  and  rush- like,  minutely  and  remotely 
scaly  :  involucre  subtended  by  few  bracts.  —  Carphephorus  junceus,  Durand,  Pi. 
Heerm.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  8,  not  of  Benth. 

Low  hills  and  canons.  Sierra  Santa  Monica,  towards  the  sea.  Brewer.  Tejon  Pass,  Hecrmann. 
The  above  is  the  var.  Brewcri.  The  var.  Pabncri  is  of  the  Colorado  desert  in  Arizona  {Dr. 
Pahncr)  :  it  has  more  rigid  branchlets,  rather  closely  beset  with  thickish  green  scales,  those  of  the 
pedicels  thinner,  imbricated  and  passing  into  those  of  the  involucre,  wdiich  thus  appears  to  be 
many-ranked  ;  and  the  pappus  is  very  copious.  Head  in  both  forms  about  4  lines  long.  Although 
quite  glabrous,  the  vestiges  of  wool  in  the  axils,  at  least  in  var.  Pahneri,  show  that  the  plant 
may  have  been  white-cottony  at  first. 

99.   LUINA,  Benth. 

Head  about  lO-flowered,  homogamous;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Invo- 
lucre campanulate,  of  10  or  12  linear-lanceolate  dry  and  rather  rigid  carinate-one- 
nerved  equal  scales,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Receptacle  flat.  Corollas  with  a 
slender  tube  and  a  tubular-funnelform  5-lobed  limb ;  its  lobes  ovate- lanceolate, 
spreading,  with  mid-nerves  more  or  less  evident  and  extending  down  the  throat. 
Anthers  soon  exserted,  linear,  minutely  and  mucronately  sagittate  at  base.  Style- 
branches  linear-semiterete,  minutely  papillose-pubenilent  externally,  very  obtuse, 
totally  destitute  of  appendage.  Akenes  terete,  obscurely  lO-striate,  glabrous,  or 
with  a  few  scattered  fine  hairs.  Pappus  of  copious  soft  and  white  scabrous  capil- 
lary bristles.  —  A  cottony-woolly  low  herb ;  with  simple  stems  from  a  stout  woody 


Psathyrotes.  COMPOSITE.  409 

rootstock  or  caudex,  alternate  sessile  and  entire  leaves,  and  small  corymbose  heads 
of  light  yellow  flowers.  —  Benth.  in  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  1139,  &  Gen.  PI.  ii.  438. 

1.  L.  hypoleuca,  Benth.  A  foot  high,  equally  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  ovate- 
oblong  or  elliptical,  obtuse,  an  inch  long,  reticulate-veiny,  very  white  beneath, 
becoming  green  and  glabrous  above  with  age  :  heads  half  an  inch  long,  on  rather 
slender  peduncles,  3  to  9  in  an  open  cluster  :  corolla-lobes  almost  half  the  length  of 
the  funnelform  throat. 

Var.  Californica,  Gray.  More  densely  woolly  :  upper  surface  of  the  leaves 
hardly  becoming  naked  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  only  a  third  or  fourth  of  the  length  of 
the  throat.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  206. 

The  species  was  collected  by  Dr.  Lyall  only  in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  on  the  frontiers  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia.  Var.  Calif ortiica,  on  Chimney  Rock,  Mendocino  Co.,  and  on  the  coast  mountains 
back  of  Santa  Cruz,  California,  Kellogg. 

100.   PSATHYROTES,  Gray. 

Head  rather  many-flowered,  homogamous;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect. 
Involucre  campanulate,  of  one  or  two  series  of  nearly  equal  somewhat  herbaceous 
scales,  or  the  inner  more  scarious.  Eeceptacle  flat  or  barely  convex,  naked.  Corol- 
las narrow,  with  proper  tube  usually  very  short,  5-toothed ;  the  teeth  short  and 
obtuse,  externally  glandular  or  visoid-bearded.  Anthers  minutely  sagittate-auricled 
at  base.  Style-branches  obtuse  or  somewhat  truncate,  destitute  of  any  distinct 
appendage.  Akenes  turbinate  or  oblong  with  narrow  base,  villous  or  hirsute. 
Pappus  of  copious  and  unequal  rather  rigid  (naked  or  merely  scabrous)  capillary 
bristles,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  generally  rusty  or  brownish.  —  Low  and  more  or 
less  glandular  or  viscid-pubescent  herbs,  of  heavy  or  balsamic  odor  (mostly  of  the 
interior  desert  region) ;  with  alternate  leaves,  and  rather  small  or  middle  sized  heads 
of  light  yellow  or  yellowish  flowers.  —  PI.  Wright,  ii.  100,  t.  13,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  363,  &  ix.  206. 

§  1.  Very  low  or  prostrate  and  diffusely  much  branched  annuals  :  leaves  rounded  and 
toothed  or  angled,  on  long  petioles  :  heads  short-petioled  in  the  forks,  nodding 
after  flowering :  akenes  turbinate,  very  villous :  bristles  of  tlie  pappus  rigid 
and.  almost  in  a  single  series. 

1.  P.  annua,  Gray,  1.  c.  Scurfy-pubescent  or  mealy-hoary  :  leaves  coarsely  an- 
gulate-toothed,  the  lower  rounded  or  reniform  and  the  upper  dilated-cuneate  :  corol- 
las yellowish.  —  Bulbostylis  {Psathyrotes)  annua,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  179. 

In  saline  desert  soil,  Mono  Lake  {Brewer),  western  part  of  Nevada  {Torrey,  Watson),  and  prob- 
ably Arizona  (not  New  Mexico)  ;  first  collected  by  Dr.  Gambcl.  A  span  high  :  leaves  about 
half  an  inch  long  and  broad  :  heads  3  or  4  lines  high.  The  herbage  much  resembles  some  species 
of  Alriplex  of  the  Obione  section.  Style-branches  of  this  and  the  following  capitellate-truncate 
with  a  slight  penicillation,  of  the  Senecionoid  or  Helenioid  type. 

2.  P.  ramosissima,  Gray,  1.  c.  Resembles  the  foregoing,  but  truly  woolly  : 
leaves  crenately  few-toothed  :  corollas  bright  yellow  :  akenes  short-turbinate.  — 
Tetradymia  {Polydymia)  ramosissima,  Torr.  in  Emory  Rep.   1848,   145. 

Gravelly  hills  of  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  near  Fort  Mohave  (Cooper)  :  and  in 
Arizona  on  the  Gila,  Emory,  Fremont,  Thurber,  Parry. 

§  2.  Erect,  rigid,  and  seemingly  rather  woody  at  base :  leaves  sessile  and  filiform : 
akenes  oblong  :  bristles  of  the  pappus  less  rigid.  —  Peucephyllum,  Gray. 

3.  P.  Schottii,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  with  ascending  branches, 
leafy  to  the  solitary  erect  head,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  but  somewhat  glutinous  : 


410  COMPOSITE.  Senecio. 

leaves  rigid,  almost  acerose  but  pointless,  impressed-punctate :  head  10-16-flowered, 
fully  half  an  inch  long ;  scales  of  the  involucre  about  1 2  in  a  single  series,  witli  tips 
resembling  the  leaves,  and  the  thinner  base  somewhat  dilated :  akenes  (or  rather 
ovaries)  oblong.  —  PeucephyUum  Schottii,  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  74. 

Colorado  bottom  in  Sonora  (Mexico),  Schott,  Feb.  3,  1855.  A  flowerless  specimen  collected 
by  Dr.  Newberry  on  the  "  Colorado  of  California,  January  15,"  may  be  this  ;  but  is  more  gluti- 
nous, and  is  perhaps  a  Bigelovia  or  jlplopappus.  Leaves  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  punctate  in 
the  manner  of  Ajjlopappus  and  of  many  Eupatoriaccoe.  The.  flowers  were  said  to  be  yellow,  but 
they  seem  to  have  been  only  yellowish.  The  style-branches"  are  like  those  of  Luina,  or  more 
obtuse,  and  wholly  destitute  of  any  appendage  or  tip. 

101.   SENECIO,  Linn.        Groundsel. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  pistillate  rays,  or  occasionally  homogamous  by  the  want 
of  the  rays ;  the  flowers  all  fertile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  herbaceous,  mostly 
narrow,  equal  in  a  single  series,  or  calyculate  with  a  few  short  scales  at  the  base. 
Receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex,  naked.  Disk-corollas  usually  narrow,  5-tootlied 
or  5-lobed.  Style-appendages  of  the  disk-flowers  mostly  capitate-truncate,  the  apex 
minutely  tufted  or  hispid,  rarely  with  a  little  cusp.  Akenes  terete  or  somewhat 
angled,  usually  5-  10-ribbed.  Pappus  of  very  numerous  and  mostly  white  fine  and 
soft  capillary  and  merely  scabrous  bristles.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants ;  with  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  usually  corymbose  or  solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers  (at  least  in  all 
the  American  species)  :  akenes  commonly  glabrous,  or  beset  with  some  short  hairs 
or  papillae,  which  become  turgid  when  wetted,  open  at  the  apex,  and  emit  one  or 
two  uncoiling  spiral  threads. 

This  is  counted  as  the  largest  genus  of  Phsenogamous  plants  (of  little  under  1,000  species),  and 
is  very  widely  spread  over  the  world,  the  species  of  each  great  region  for  the  most  part  peculiar. 
But  North  America  is  by  no  means  lich  in  species,  the  central  regions,  however,  more  so  than 
either  the  Atlantic  States  or  the  Pacific  slope. 

S.  Cineraria,  DC,  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  a  common  house-plant  (known  in  cultiva- 
tion as  the  Dusty  Miller,  from  its  whiteness),  is  in  Kellogg  and  Harford's  distributed  collection, 
said  to  have  been  gathered  on  the  shore  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  near  Alameda.  It  is  doubt- 
less a  waif  from  cultivation. 

S. ?  FLOCCIFERUS,  DC,  is  MalacothHx  saxatilis. 

*    Root  annual :  rays  none  or  minute :  weeds  introduced  from  Europe  into  waste  or 

cultivated  grounds. 

1.  S.  vulgaris,  Linn.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  branching,  leafy  to  the  top  : 
leaves  clasping  at  base,  pinnatifid ;  the  oblong  lobes  and  the  spaces  between  them 
sharply  toothed:  scales  at  the  base  of  the  involucre  conspicuous  and  blackish- 
tipped:  rays  none. 

Near  San  Francisco,  &c. :  the  common  Groicndsel  of  Europe. 

2.  S.  sylvaticus,  Linn.  More  slender  :  leaves  less  clasping  and  with  narrower 
lobes  :  heads  smaller  :  scales  at  the  base  of  the  involucre  few,  minute,  not  blackish  : 
rays  present  but  minute,  hardly  longer  than  the  disk-flowers. 

Introduced  from  Europe  :  San  Luis  Obispo  {Brewer),  and  San  Diego,  Cooper.  Mare  Island, 
Greene. 

*  *    Root  annual :  rays  conspicuous  :  indigenous  species. 

3.  S.  Califomicus,  DC.  A  foot  or  two  high,  wdth  slender  rather  simple  stem, 
glabrous  or  with  some  scattered  hairs :  leaves  lanceolate,  linear,  or  the  lowest  oblong, 
varying  from  sparsely  denticulate  to  pinnatifid ;  the  cauline  with  mostly  clasping 
base ;  their  lobes  oblong  or  broadly  linear  :  heads  corymbose  :  rays  elongated  : 
akenes  canescent.  —  aS".  Coronopus,  Nutt.,  a  form  of  this  with  the  leaves  deeply  or 
even  doubly  pinnatifid. 


Smecio.  COMPOSITE.  411 

Low  grounds,  common  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  and  in  all  the  soutliera  part  of  the 
State.     Heads  barely  or  less  than  half  an  inch  in  length. 

*  *  *    Root  iMrennial. 
-t-  Leaves  or  the  lubes  of  pinnately  parted  leaves  all  linear  and  entire :  stems  often 

more  or  less  woody  at  base. 

4.  S.  Douglasii,  DC.  White  Avith  cottony  wool,  or  becoming  nearly  glabrous  : 
stems  in  tufts,  2  to  6  or  7  feet  high,  the  lower  portion  or  base  persistent  and  even 
shrubby,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  linear,  entire  and  acute  (2  to  4  inches  long  and 
less  than  2  lines  wide),  or  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  9  similar  lob.s  :  heads  corym- 
bose or  sometimes  nearly  solitary  terminating  the  branches,  rather  large  (half  to  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long)  :  involucre  calyculate  with  loose  slender  subulate  bracts, 
some  of  them  little  shorter  than  the  acute  or  acuminate  proper  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre :  rays  elongated  :  akenes  minutely  canescent. 

Gravelly  or  rocky  banks  of  streams,  &c.,  from  Lake  Co.  southward  through  the  State,  and  into 
Arizona  and  Nevada.  S.  lomjilobus,  Benth.,  of  Mexico,  to  which  belongs  S.  filifolius,  S.  sparti- 
oides,  and  probably  S.  lliddellii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  with  mostly  smaller  heads,  more  herbaceous 
involucre,  and  shorter  and  few  calyculate  bracts,  represents  this  in  and  eastward  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  apparently  passes  into  it.  S.  Jiegiomontanas,  DC.  Prodr.  vi.  429,  is  probably 
another  synonym,  and  the  "Keal  del  Monte"  of  Ha^nke  is  Monterey,  California. 

-f-  +-  Leaves  broader,  all  or  some  of  them  pinnately  parted  or  pinnate:  rays  num,erous 
or  several  and  conspicuous :  akenes  glabrous. 

5.  S.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Early  glabrous  :  stem  slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more 
high  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock,  sparsely  leaved  :  radical  and  lower  cauline 
leaves  petioled  and  pinnately  divided,  thin  and  membranaceous ;  leaflets  3  to  7, 
roundish  or  cuneate,  incisely  and  obtusely  lobeil,  the  terminal  leaflet  larger  and 
sometimes  slightly  cordate,  the  lower  on  the  radical  leaves  often  small  or  minute 
and  entire,  on  the  cauline  leaves  stipule-like  :  heads  few  or  several  and  corym- 
bose :  involucre  nearly  destitute  of  bracts  at  the  base  :  rays  4  to  6.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  362. 

Sandstone  bluffs,  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander.     Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  Harford  d^ndi  Dunn. 

6.  S.  eurycephalus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Floccose- woolly  or  early  glabrous  :  stem 
rather  stout,  2  feet  or  more  high  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided,  somewhat 
lyrate ;  lobes  or  leaflets  7  to  15,  cuneate  and  acutely  incised  or  cleft,  or  in  the  upper 
leaves  becoming  linear :  heads  mostly  numerous  in  an  ample  corymb  and  large  : 
involucre  broadly  campanulate,  with  very  few  and  inconspicuous  calyculate  bracts  : 
rays  10  to  12,  elongated.  —  PL  Fendl.  109. 

Low  grounds,  from  Sonoma  Co.  and  the  Sacramento,  along  the  Contra  Costa  Range,  &c.  A 
very  large  and  coarse-leaved  form  (var.  major.  Gray,  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  Ill)  in  Calaveras  Co., 
near  Murphy's,  BUielow.  A  variable  species,  both  in  foliage  and  the  size  of  the  heads.  These, 
in  the  larger,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  and  fully  half  an  inch  broad,  and  bearing  rays  half  an 
inch  in  length  :  in  specimens  from  Monte  Diablo,  in  Kellogg  and  Harford's  collection,  of  only 
about  half  that  size,  not  larger  than  those  of  S.  aureus. 

7.  S.  aureus,  Linn.  Very  loosely  floccose-woolly  -when  young,  soon  naked,  or 
even  glabrous  from  the  first,  a  foot  or  two  high,  or  alpine  forms  smaller :  radical 
leaves  or  some  of  them  entire  or  merely  serrate,  from  round-cordate  to  oblong  or 
spatulate,  slender-petioled ;  the  others  mostly  lyrately  pinnatifid  or  lyrate,  or  only 
incisely  toothed ;  upper  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  spatulate  or  lanceolate  :  heads 
few  or  numerous,  corymbose  (3  to  5  lines  high)  :  involucre  scarcely  cidyculate  :  mys 
8  to  12,  occasionally  wanting.  —  An  exceedingly  variable  species;  the  typical  form 
with  thinnish  and  soon  glabrous  leaves,  the  radical  ones  cordate  or  roundish  and 
toothed,  and  the  lowest  cauline  apt  to  be  lyrate. 

Var.  multilobatUS,  Gray  (or  -S'.  multilobatus,  Torr.  &  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.,  and  -S*. 
Fendleri,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  in  part),  if  perennial,  is  a  form  with  thickish 
leaves,  nearly  all  lyrately  or  otherwise  pinnately  parted,  and  the  heads  numerous. 


412  COMPOSITE.  Senecio. 

Var.  Balsamitae,  Torr.  &  Gray,  has  thinner  leaves,  even  the  radical  ones  lan- 
ceolate or  elongated-oblong,  the  cauline  pinuately-parted, 

Var.  borealis,  Torr.  &  Gray,  is  a  low  form,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  soon 
glabrous,  with  tliick  and  firm  small  leaves;  the  radical  obovate  or  spatulate  and 
merely  toothed,  sometimes  only  at  the  apex ;  cauline  ones  usually  few  :  heads  on? 
or  two,  or  several.     Alpine  forms  of  this  pass  into  the  next  species. 

Moist  or  wet  ground,  cliiefly  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  the  ordinary  form  from  near  Mount  Dana 
{Brewer),  thence  eastward  and  northward  to  the  AtLantic.  /The  var.  multilobatas  hardly  in  Cali- 
fornia (as  the  original  is  from  Nevada  or  Utah,  and  Coulter's  jjlant  very  likely  is  of  the  foregoing 
species),  but  occurs  as  near  as  the  Pah-Ute  Mountains  in  Nevada.  Var.  Balsamitce  has  been 
collected  no  nearer  than  Oregon.  Var.  borealis  at  Carson,  Summit,  &c.,  and  an  alpine  form 
connecting  it  with  S.  canus  from  high  peaks.  Mount  Dana,  &c.  The  most  polymorphous  species 
of  the  genus. 

-i-  -f-  -(-  Leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  entire,  serrate,  or  rarely  some  of  them  laciniate : 

akenes  glabrous. 
++  Low,  small-leaved :  heads  few  or  solitary. 

8.  S.  canus,  Hook.  A  span  or  two  high,  white  with  a  dense  close  wool  which 
is  mostly  permanent :  leaves  entire  or  rarely  few-toothed ;  the  radical  and  lowest 
oblong,  oval,  or  spatulate  (an  inch  or  less  in  length  and  with  rather  slender  peti- 
oles) ;  the  upper  occasionally  sinuate-pinnatifid  :  heads  few  :  involucre  nearly  naked 
at  base:  rays  8  to  12,  oblong,  yellow,  occasionally  wanting.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  333, 
t.  116. 

Highest  portions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Mount  Dana  to  Silver  Mountain,  &c.,  at  9,000  to 
12,000  feet  {Brewer,  Bolandcr) ;  also  on  the  Humboldt  and  Rocky  Mountains,  and  thence  far 
northward.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  the  Sierra  apparently  passing  into  an  alpine  state  of  *S'.  aureus. 
Heads  4  to  6  lines  high  :  rays  3  or  4  lines  long. 

9.  S.  Fremontii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  span  or  two  in  height,  diffusely  much 
branched  from  the  root,  glabrous,  leafy  :  leaves  thickish  and  rather  succulent,  an 
inch  long  or  less,  from  round-obovate  to  spatulate,  obtusely  and  irregularly  toothed, 
tapering  into  a  narrow-cuneate  base  or  short  winged  petiole :  heads  on  short  and 
bracted  peduncles  terminating  the  stems  or  short  branches  :  involucre  sparingly 
calyculate  at  base:  rays  8  to  12,  yellow. —  Fl.  ii.  445;  Gray  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  67 ;  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  192. 

On  Lassen's  Peak,  Lemmon.  A  rather  small  form.  A  species  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  before 
found  as  far  west  as  those  of  Utah. 

10.  S.  Gi-reenei,  Gray.  Less  than  a  foot  high,  lightly  clothed  with  loose  cob- 
webby wool  when  young,  inclined  to  be  glabrous  with  age  :  leaves  chiefly  radical, 
oval  or  roundish  and  mostly  with  a  cuneate  base,  coarsely  crenate-serrate  (an  inch  or 
more  in  length)  rather  long-petioled;  the  cauline  smaller  and  nearly  sessile,  sometimes 
reduced  to  subulate  bracts  :  heads  mostly  solitary,  sometimes  3,  large  :  involucre 
(half  an  inch  or  more  long)  campanulate,  wholly  naked  at  base :  rays  9  to  14,  oblong- 
linear,  deep  orange  or  flame  color;  disk-corollas  also  orange  at  the  tips:  style- 
branches  bristly-fringed  round  the  base  of  the  obtusely  conical  tip,  which  is  pointed 
with  a  central  cusp.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  75. 

Woods  near  the  Geysers,  Napa  Co.,  E.  L.  Greeiu.  Rays  fully  half  an  inch  long.  Akenes 
glabrous.     A  showy  species. 

++  ++  Taller,  a  foot  or  two,  sometimes  a  yard  or  more  high,  naked  at  summit,  the  upper 
leaves  decreasing  to  bracts,  commonly  with  loose  woolliness  ivhen  young,  but  green 
and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  with  age. 

=  Heads  pretty  large  and  broad  ;  the  campanulate  or  hemispherical  involucre  4  to  6 
lines  long,  loosely  calyculate  with  some  slender-subulate  bracts. 

11.  S.  Clarkianus,  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous,  apparently  from  the  first:  stem 
strict,  3  or  4  feet  high,  striate-angled,  leafy  almost  to  the  top,  bearing  several  or 


Senecio.  COMPOSITE.  413 

* 
numerous  corymbose  heads :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  elongated  (4  to  8  inches  long), 
tai^ering  to  both  ends  and  the  lower  into  petioles,  laciniately  dentate  or  even  pin- 
natitid  into  narrow  and  acute  salient  teeth  or  lobes :  bracts  subtending  the  involucre 
ahnost  hliform,  some  of  them  nearly  equalling  the  numerous  and  narrow  acute  proper 
scales:  rays  10  to  15,  elongated.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  362. 

Mariposa  Co. ,  in  the  natural  meadow  at  Clark's  Eancli  (named  for  the  proprietor,  Galen  Clark, 
Esq.,  Commissioner  of  the  Mariposa  Grove  and  Yosemite  Valley),  Bolander.  Heads  from  half  to 
two  thirds  of  an  inch  long.  Teeth  or  lobes  of  the  leaves  horizontal,  sometimes  half  an  inch  long 
and  subulate-lanceolate,  sometimes  very  short.     Kern  Co.,  Rothrock. 

12.  S.  Mendocinensis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Beset  or  clothed  with  some  loose  wool 
when  young,  almost  glabrous  with  age  :  stem  stout,  2  or  3  feet  high,  striate,  naked 
at  summit,  bearing  several  corymbose  heads  :  leaves  somewhat  succulent,  repand- 
toothed  or  denticulate ;  the  radical  and  lower  cauline  varying  from  oval  to  lanceo- 
late (3  to  5  inches  long),  mostly  narrowed  into  margined  petioles ;  the  upper  much 
smaller,  narrowly  lanceolate  and  sessile,  and  above  reduced  to  subulate  bracts  : 
calyculate  bracts  of  the  involucre  slender-subulate,  rather  copious,  little  shorter  than 
the  numerous  lanceolate  very  acuminate  proper  scales:  rays  12  to  15,  oblong,  rather 
short :  akenes  prismatic. 

Near  the  coast  of  Mendocino  and  Humboldt  Counties,  Bolander,  Harford.  Also  collected 
in  Oregon  by  Kellogg.  Heads  two  thirds  of  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  broad  and  very  many- 
flowered,  with  thickened  turbinate  base  or  summit  of  peduncle,  which  is  doubtless  fleshy  in  the 
manner  of  the  allied  S.  integerrimus.  Akenes  prismatic  and  strongly  striate-angled,  nearly  3 
lines  long.  It  is  this  species  rather  than  S.  luyr.ns  that  is  to  be  compared  with  the  East  Asian 
forms  of  S.  prcUensis  (var.  polycephalus,  Eegel ;  S.  Pierotii,  Mifjuel,  &c.),  which  have  heads  of 
about  the  same  size,  but  the  involucre  not  calyculate. 

S.  INTEGERRIMUS,  Nutt.,  of  the  mouutains  of  Utah,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming,  perhaps  also  in 
Nevada,  is  less  tall,  barely  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  entire  or  finely  glandular-denticulate  leaves, 
and  smaller  heads  similarly  fleshy-thickened  at  base.  The  scales  of  the  involucre  are  broader 
and  rather  obtuse,  and  the  calyculate  bracts  much  fewer  and  mostly  short  :  akenes  more 
striate. 

=  =  Heads  smaller  and  narrower :  involucre  not  over  3  or  sometimes  4  lines  long, 
obscurely  and  sparingly  calyculate. 

1 3.  S.  lugens,  Richards.  Clothed  with  a  thin  and  loose  floccose  wool  when 
young,  early  or  later  glabrate,  sometimes  appearing  as  if  wholly  glabrous :  stem  from 
a  foot  or  less  to  2  or  rarely  3  feet  high,  bearing  several  or  numerous  closely  corym- 
bose heads  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  obovate-oblong  and  oblanceolate  or  rarely 
ovate,  glandular-denticulate,  rarely  more  toothed  (2  to  5  inches  long),  tapering  into 
short  margined  petioles ;  the  upper  cauline  mostly  reduced  to  lanceolate  or  subu- 
late bracts  :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  barely  acute  or  obtusish,  their 
tips  almost  always  blackish  :  rays  6  to  12,  linear-oblong,  conspicuous  (rarely  want- 
ing) :  akenes  angled.  — Hook.  Fl.-i.  332,  t.  114. 

Var.  exaltatus.  Taller  or  more  robust :  leaves  repandly  or  some  of  the  upper 
even  laciniately  toothed ;  the  radical  slender-petioled.  —  S.  exaltatus  &  S.  cordatns, 

:N"utt. 

Low  grounds,  not  rare  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  the  altitude  of  8,000  to  10,000  feet ;  eastward  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  northward  to  Arctic  America.  Var.  exaltatus,  at  Cisco,  Cahto,  &c.,  and 
in  Oregon.  Involucre  3  or  at  most  4  lines  liigh,  from  cylindraceous  to  campanulate.  Rays  4  or 
5  lines  long.  The  typical  S.  lugens  is  green  or  early  glabrous,  rather  narrow-leaved,  and  the 
upper  or  even  almost  all  the  cauline  leaves  much  reduced  in  size,  so  that  the  stem,  which  seldom 
e  cceeds  a  foot  or  two  in  height,  is  often  naked  for  most  of  its  length.  The  var.  exaltatus  (as 
understood  from  Nuttall's  character  rather  than  from  some  specimens  named  by  him)  is  a  coarser 
form,  wholly  of  the  Pacific  side,  with  leaves  inclined  to  be  toothed  or  even  laciniate,  the  radical 
rather  long-petioled  :  indeed,  with  the  rays  and  involucre  of  this  species  along  with  the  foliage  of 
the  next. 

Var.  FOLiosus,  Gray  {S.  lugens,  var.  exaltatus,  Eaton,  in  Bot.  King  Exp.),  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains in  Colorado  and  Utah,  but  not  yet  met  with  in  California,  is  hoary  with  the  white  wool  up 
to  the  flowering  state,  and  the  stem  conspicuously  leafy  almost  to  the  top. 


414  COMPOSITE.  ^  Senecio. 

14.  S.  aronicoides,  DC.  Loosely  and  somewhat  hirsutely  woolly  when  young, 
glabrous  when  old  :  stem  stout,  a  foot  to  a  yard  high,  bearing  numerous  small  heads 
in  dense  compound  cymose  clusters  :  leaves  oblong,  varying  to  ovate  or  lanceolate 
(3  to  5  inches  long),  irregularly  and  often  coarsely  toothed,  or  the  lower  cauline 
sometimes  laciniate-pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre lanceolate,  acuminate,  not  black-tipped :  rays  none,  or  occasionally  one  or  two 
short  ones  :  disk-flowers  10  to  20.  —  aS'.  exaltatus  var.  unijiosculosus,  Gray  in  Pacif. 
R  Eep.  iv.  111. 

Low  grounds,  common  about  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  the  Geysers,  &c.  A  dwarf  and  nearly 
entire-leaved  variety,  around  Lassen's  Peak,  Lemmon.     Involucre  3  lines  long. 

15.  S.  hydrophilus,  Nutt.  Very  glabrous  apparently  from  the  first,  pale  or 
even  glaucous  :  stem  stout,  2  to  4  feet  high,  many-leaved  and  bearing  numerous 
paniculate-corymbose  small  heads  :  leaves  thickish,  entire  or  occasionally  denticulate 
or  repand,  mostly  lanceolate,  with  broad  and  strong  midrib ;  the  lower  5  to  9  inches 
long  and  tapering  into  a  stout  petiole ;  the  upper  successively  shorter  and  sessile  : 
scales  of  the  narrow  involucre  oblong-linear,  rather  obtuse,  mostly  brownish-tipped  : 
rays  2  to  6  and  linear,  or  sometimes  wanting  :  disk-flowers  8  to  20.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
n.  ii.  440. 

Wet  gi'ounds,  Lake  Co.  and  Shasta  Co.  {Brewer)  ;  salt  marsh  at  Vallejo  {Greene)  ;  in  the  Sierra 
at  Mono  Pass  {Bolander)  ;  near  Carson  {Anderson)  ;  and  tlience  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  A 
peculiar  species.     Involucre  3  lines  long,  in  specimens  from  Vallejo  4  lines  long  and  rayless. 

++  ++  ++  Tall,  1  tab  feet  high,  equably  leafy  to  the  top,  glabrous  throughout  or  nearly 
so,  not  wool/y  when  young :  involucre  cylindraxeous,  subtended  by  a  few  loose  and 
nearly  setaceous  bracts :  akenes  glabrous. 

16.  S.  Andinus,  Nutt.  Stems  extremely  leafy,  often  branching:  leaA'^es  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-lanceolate  (or  the  lower  oblong),  tapering  to  both  ends,  either 
sharply  and  closely  denticuhate  or  entire  ;  the  cauline  nearly  sessile  :  heads  small, 
very  numerous,  corymbose-paniculate  :  rays  6  to  8. 

Near  Carson  City,  Nevada  (Anderson),  and  therefore  probably  within  the  limits  of  the  State  : 
not  rare  northward  and  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  along  streams.  Heads  variable  in 
size  and  in  number  of  the  flowers,  from''4  to  6  lines  high. 

1 7.  S.  triangularis,  Hook.  Stems  mostly  simple  :  leaves  all  but  the  upper- 
most petioled  and  deltoid  or  triangular-lanceolate,  or  even  hastate,  acuminate, 
thickly  dentate  (either  coarsely  or  sometimes  finely)  with  sharp  salient  teeth  :  heads 
rather  numerous,  corymbose  :  rays  6  to  12.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  332,  t.  115. 

Low  or  wooded  moist  grounds  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Mariposa  Grove,  &c.  {Bretccr,  Bolander), 
Conner  Lake  (Torrey),  Sierra  Valley  (Lemmon)  ;  through  Nevada  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
north  to  British  Columbia.     Heads  varying  from  4  to  7  lines  high. 

102.  ARNICA,  Linn. 
Head  many-flowered,  with  pistillate  rays,  or  sometimes  homogamous  by  the 
absence  of  the  rays  ;  the  flowers  all  fertile.  Involucre  usually  broadly  campanulate, 
naked  at  base  ;  the  scales  thin-herbaceous,  lanceolate  or  linear,  equal,  in  one  or  two 
series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  elongated  :  disk-corollas  with  distinct  and 
usually  elongated  tube  and  funnelform  or  cylindraceous  5-lobed  limb.  Style-append- 
ages obtuse,  pubescent.  Akenes  linear,  5-angled  or  5-10-ribbed,  somewhat  hirsute 
or  nearly  glabrous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  rigid  strongly  scabrous  or 
barbellate  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs ;  with  mostly  simple  stems  from 
creeping  rootstocks,  bearing  solitary  or  few  usually  long-peduncled  and  rather  large 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  ;  the  leaves  opposite  (!)  or  in  one  or  two  Californian  species 
occasionally  alternate,  simple,  entire  or  merely  toothed. 


Arnica.  COMPOSITE.  4^5 

A  genus  of  few  species,  of  difficult  discrimination.  One,  the  officinal  Arnica  mcmtana,  is 
peculiar  to  Europe  ;  another,  found  in  high  northern  regions  all  round  the  world,  but  sparingly  in 
Europe,  extends  southward  along  the  mountains  of  the  western  part  of  our  continent  as  far  as 
California  ;  the  others  are  indigenous  to  similar  regions  in  this  coimtry,  except  that  one  is  con- 
lined  to  the  somewhat  Southern  Atlantic  States. 

*  Radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  cordate  or  truncate  at  base  and  long-petioled. 
-f-  Some  or  most  of  the  leaves  alternate :  heads  several  in  a  naked  panicle,  rayless. 

1.  A.  parviflora,  Gray.  A  foot  or  so  in  height :  leaves  mainly  at  or  near  the 
base  of  the  slender  stem,  deltoid-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  seldom  cordate  at 
base,  unequally  dentate ;  the  upper  ones  small ;  all  petioled  and  commonly  alter- 
nate :  heads  small  (only  half  an  inch  long) :  akenes  not  pubescent  but  minutely 
glandular. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  363. 

Chaparral,  Humboldt  Co.,  Bolander.  Leaves  an  inch  or  two  long,  on  petioles  of  at  least  equal 
length. 

2.  A.  discoidea,  Benth.  About  two  feet  high,  stouter  and  more  hairy  :  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  coarsely  and  in-egularly  dentate,  either  cordate  or  truncate  or  rarely 
somewhat  cuneate  at  base ;  the  upper  small  and  sessile,  often  alternate  :  heads  7  to 
9  lines  long  :  involucre  villous  and  glandular  :  akenes  sparsely  pubescent,  becoming 
glabrate,  not  glandular.  —  PI.  Hartw.  319. 

In  woods,  not  rare  from  Monterey  northward.     Lower  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  on  petioles  of 

equal  length. 

-t-  -f-  Leaves  all  opposite  :  heads  solitary  or  few,  usually  tvith  long  rays. 

3.  A.  cordifolia,  Hook.  A  foot  or  two  (or  in  alpine  forms  a  span  or  so)  high, 
sparsely  more  or  less  hairy  :  lower  leaves  ovate  or  roundish  and  deeply  cordate, 
mostly  coarsely  toothed,  commonly  only  2  pairs  on  the  stem  ;  the  upper  pair  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  small,  and  often  narrowed  at  base  :  head  an  inch  long  :  akenes  hirsute  : 
rays  usually  about  12  and  an  inch  long,  rarely  wanting. 

Sierra  Nevada,  near  Sierra  Valley  {Lemmon)  and  Carson  {Anderson)  ;  thence  east  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  northward  through  Oregon.  Mt.  Hamilton  in  the  Contra  Costa  Range,  Brewer  : 
a  rayless  form  ;  the  same  collected  also  in  Sien-a  Valley  by  Lemmon,  along  with  an  ordinary 
form. 

%  *  Radical  leaves  rounded  or  somexohat  cordate  at  ha^e  and  sUnder-pdioled ;   the 
cauline  mostly  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base. 

4.  A.  latifolia,  Bongard.  A  foot  or  so  high,  sparsely  pubescent  or  almost 
glabrous,  bearing  solitary  or  few  heads  :  cauline  leaves  2  to  4  pairs,  ovate  or  deltoid- 
ovate,  sharply  and  usually  coarsely  serrate,  all  alike,  or  the  uppermost  smaller  and 
narrower  :  head  half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long  :  akenes  slightly  pubescent  or 
at  length  glabrous.  — A.  Menziesii,  Hook.  Fh  t.  111. 

Sierra  Nevada,  from  Nevada  Co.  {Lemmon,  Greerie)  ;  thence  north  through  Oregon  to  Alaska, 
and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

*  *  *  Radical  and  loiver  cauline  leaves  never  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  but  often 
tapering  into  petioles,  the  lowermost  pairs  of  petioles  commonly  sheathing  at  base. 

These  species  are  exceedingly  difficult,  and  apparently  pass  into  each  other  throughout  the  whole 
series.  The  akenes  vary  too  greatly  in  the  character  and  amount  or  absence  of  the  pubescence  to 
furnish  distinctions. 

5.  A.  mollis,  Hook.  A  foot  or  two  high,  somewhat  hairy  with  either  soft  or 
slightly  harsh  pubescence,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  solitary  or  3  rather  large  broad 
heads  :  leaves  thin,  oblong  or  the  upper  and  closely  sessile  ones  ovate-lanceolate  with 
a  broad  base,  mostly  serrate  or  denticulate  :  rays  pretty  large,  deep  yellow  :  pappus 
so  densely  and  strongly  barbellate  as  to  be  almost  plumose. 

Yosemite  Valley  or  near  it,  and  near  Mount  Dana  {Brewer) :  north  to  British  Columbia  and 
eastward  to  Lake  Superior,  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  &c.     Leaves  3  to  5  inches 


416  COMPOSITE.  ^  Arnica. 

long,  an  inch  or  so  wide  ;  the  cauline  2  to  4  paii-s.     Peduncles  2  or  3  inches  long.     An  ambigu- 
ous and  reduced  alpine  fomi  in  the  high  ranges  east  of  the  Yosemite  Valley,  Brewer. 

6.  A.  Chamissonis,  Less.  Differs  from  the  last  in  its  narrower  (commonly 
oblong-lanceolate)  acuminate  or  acute  leaves,  all  but  the  uppermost  with  tapering 
base,  the  cauline  4  or  5  pairs ;  and  the  pappus  barbellate  with  fine  and  rather  sparse 
denticulations  as  in  most  of  the  species.  —  DC.  Prodr.  vi.  317. 

On  the  Truckee  Eiver  in  Nevada  (according  to  Bot.  King  Exp.),  therefore  doubtless  also  in 
California,  as  it  is  a  species  of  wooded  districts  :  thence  northward  to  Alaska,  &c.  The  plants 
of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  kc,  referred  to  this  in  the  Flora  of  North  America,  and  later,  mainly 
belong  to  the  next. 

7.  A.  foliosa,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high,  commonly  strict,  from  running  root- 
stocks,  tomentose-pubescent,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  3  to  7  corymbose  rather 
small  and  shortish-peduncled  heads  :  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  callous-denticulate, 
and  with  about  5  parallel  nerves  or  ribs  :  rays  rather  short,  usually  pale  yellow.  — 
Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  407,  excl.  var.  nana.  A.  Chamissonis, 
Torn  &  Gray,  FL,  in  part.     A.  montana,  Hook.,  in  part. 

Var.  incana,  Gray.    White  with  floccose  dense  wool,  which  is  deciduous  with  age. 

Wet  meadows,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Kern  Co.  (Rothrock)  to  Oregon  ;  extending  east- 
ward to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Saskatchewan.  In  California  more  commonly  tlie  var.  incana  : 
Lake  Tahoe  {Brewer)  :  Lake  Washoe  {Torrey)  :  Sierra  Valley,  "in  deep  water,"  Bolander. 
Leaves  from  2  or  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  from  4  lines  to  an  inch  in  width,  mostly  obtuse  ;  the 
upper  closely  sessile,  the  lower  with  tapering  bases  or  petioles  clasping  at  the  insertion.  Involu- 
cre half  an  inch  high,  somewhat  viscid-glandular  under  the  deciduous  pubescence,  as  is  the  herb- 
age generally,  not  at  all  hirsute  or  hispid.  Rays  4  or  5  lines  long.  Akenes  minutely  hairy  or 
glandular,  or  nearly  glabrous.  The  white-woolly  form  is  very  striking  ;  but  it  passes  insensibly 
into  Nuttall's  A.  foliosa  ;  of  which  A.  longifolia,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.,  may  be  also  a  forai. 

8.  A.  alpina,  Murr.,  Lsestad.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  more  or  less 
hirsute-pubescent,  bearing  solitary  or  sometimes  3  long-peduncled  mostly  large 
heads  :  leaves  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate ;  the  cauline  in  one  to  3  pairs,  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  small ;  radical  ones  spatulate,  oblong,  or 
oval,  about  3-nerved  :  rays  large,  deep  yellow.  —  A.  angustifolia,  Vahl  in  Fl.  Dan. 
t.  1524  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1,  c.     A.  fulgens  &  A.  plantaginea,  Pursh. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  (in  meadows  of  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon,  &c.) ;  thence  northward  through 
Oregon  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  plains  of  the  Missouri  ;  also 
Greenland  and  high  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Exceedingly  variable.  The  Californian  specimens 
are  large  and  rather  broad-leaved  forms.  Rays  three  quarters  of  an  inch  long.  J.  alpina  is  the 
more  appropriate  name,  and  is  conceded  to  be  the  older  ;  but  we  cannot  find  it  in  "  Murr.  Syst. 
Veg.  1774,"  as  cited  by  Fries. 

103.  RAILLARDELLA,  Gray. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered,  homogamous  ;  the  flowers  all  fertile.  Involucre 
cylindraceous,  naked  at  base  ;  the  scales  7  to  14  in  a  single  series,  linear,  equal, 
lightly  united  into  a  tube  or  cup  to  or  above  the  middle.  Eeceptacle  flat  or  barely 
convex,  naked.  Corollas  like  those  of  the  disk  in  Arnica.  Style-branches  elongated, 
hirsute,  and  produced  beyond  the  long  stigmatic  lines  into  an  acuminate  tip. 
Akenes  linear,  flattish,  striate-nerved,  hirsute.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  (20  to  25) 
rather  stout  and  rigid  strongly  ciliate-plumose  bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  corolla, 
bright  white.  —  Acaulescent  herbs  (of  the  Sierra  Nevada) ;  with  stout  creeping 
rootstocks,  bearing  tufts  of  linear  or  oblanceolate  entire  radical  leaves,  and  a  simple 
naked  viscid-glandular  scape,  terminated  by  a  rather  large  head  of  yellow  flowers.  — 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  442.  Raillardia,  Sect.  Raillardella,  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  550. 

This  interesting  genus,  along  with  the  Hawaiian  Raillardia,  seems  rather  to  belong  to  the 
Helenioideoc,  next  to  Dubautia  ;  but  the  technical  characters  would  cause  it  to  be  looked  for  here. 


Cnicus.  COMPOSITE.  417 

wliere  Bentliam  has  placed  these  genera,  although  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  are  somewhat  too 

stout  and  flattisli. 

1.  R.  scaposa,  Gray.  Somewhat  hirsute  as  well  as  glandular  :  scape  a  span  to 
a  foot  high,  sometimes  with  a  leaf  or  two  towards  the  base  :  involucre  20  -  30-flow- 
ered  (an  inch  or  less  long). 

Sierra  Nevada,  in  the  Yosemite  and  Mono  districts,  at  the  elevation  of  8,000  to  10,000  feet, 
Breioer,  Bolander,  Gray. 

2.  R.  argentea,  Gray.  Leaves  shorter,  only  one  or  two  inches  long,  silvery- 
silky  :  scape  one  to  four  inches  high:  involucre  narrower,  7  —  15-flowered  (half  an 
inch  or  more  long). 

Higher  Sien-a  Nevada,  at  8,000  to  11,000  feet ;  Mount  Dana  to  Sonora  Pass  (Brewer,  Bolander), 
above  Donner  Lake  (B.  L.  Greene),  and  on  Lassen's  Peak,  Lcmmon. 

Tribe  IX.     CYNAEOIDILE. 

The  only  Californian  representatives  of  the  tribe  are  Thistles,  of  well-known 
appearance,  and  a  Centaurea  or  two,  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  sparingly  natural- 
ized in  fields  and  around  harbors.     Even  Burdocks  are  unknown. 

Cynara  Scolymus,  Linn.,  the  Artichoke  of  the  Old  "World,  — remarkable  for  the  thick  fleshi- 
ness of  the  receptacle  and  scales  of  the  involucre,  which  are  edible,  —  is  occasionally  spontaneous, 
probably  escaped  from  cultivation. 

104.   CNICUS,  Linn.        Thistle. 

Head  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile,  with,  tubular  corollas 
deeply  (often  more  or  less  unequally)  5-cleft  into  narrow  lobes.  Involucre  globular, 
ovoid,  or  at  maturity  sometimes  campanulate  ;  the  mostly  narrow  scales  imbricated 
in  many  series,  more  commonly  tipped  with  a  spine  or  cuspidate  point.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  fleshy,  densely  clothed  with  bristles.  Filaments  commonly  papillose- 
hairy,  distinct  :  anthers  sagittate  at  base,  the  auricles  frequently  extended  into  tails. 
Style  filiform,  sometimes  thickened  or  with  a  pubescent  ring  or  node  at  the  base  of 
the  minutely  puberulent  stigmatic  portion ;  which  in  our  species  is  almost  always 
slender,  consisting  of  two  filiform  branches  which  are  more  or  less  firmly  united  by 
their  inner  faces  up  nearly  or  quite  to  the  tip.  Akenes  glabrous  and  smooth,  thick- 
walled,  obovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  attached  by  their  very  base. 
Pappus  of  copious  and  rather  rigid  long  and  plumose  bristles  in  a  single  series,  con- 
nected at  the  very  base  into  a  ring,  so  that  they  remain  united  after  detaching. 
N'ot  rarely  the  bristles  of  some  of  the  outermost  flowers  are  slightly  or  not  at  all 
plumose,  —  Stout  herbs,  more  commonly  biennials,  with  alternate  and  usually 
prickly  leaves,  and  large  or  middle-sized  heads;  the  flowers  purple,  red,  pale  yellow, 
or  white.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  468  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  39. 
Cirsium,  Touru.,  DC.  Prodr.,  &c. 

A  large  genus,  widely  dispersed  over  the  northern  hemisphere,  most  numerous  in  the  Old 
"World.  It  seems  necessary  to  follow  Bentham  in  restoring  the  Linnsean  name  of  Cnicus,  includ- 
ing, however,  a  good  deal  more  than  the  Cirsium  of  Cassini,  De  Candolle,  &c.  Two  European 
species,  which  are  common  and  troublesome  in  the  Atlantic  States,  seem  not  to  have  reached 
California,  viz.  — 

C.  LANCEOLATUS,  the  commou  Field  Thistle,  which  is  well  marked  by  the  leaves  being  decur- 
rent  on  the  stem,  and  their  upper  surface  very  harsh  or  almost  prickly. 

C.  ARVENsis,  the  Canada  Thistle  (but  not  indigenous  to  Canada),  with  numerous  small  heads 
which  incline  to  be  dioecious. 


418  COMPOSITE.  *  Cnicus. 

§  1.  Scales  of  the  involucre  appressed  and  closely  imbricated  {except  in  the  last 
species) ;  the  outer  scales  successively  shorter,  not  appendaged  nor  margined, 
tipped  vdth  a  mostly  spi-eading  prickle  or  point ;  the  innermost  rarely  with  a 
small  scarious  tip. 

*  Low  species,  with  simple  stem  and  green  or  greenish  leaves,  at  least  when  old,  al- 
though more  or  less  cobwebby  when  young :  heads  proportionally  large :  anthej'-tips 
sharp-pointed. 

1.  C.  Dminmondii,  var.  acaulescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  The  larger  forms  of  the 
species  (which  occur  in  the  Eocky  Mountains,  and  from  Oregon  to  Saskatchewan  and 
the  Arctic  region)  have  a  stem  from  a  span  to  a  foot  or  even  3  or  4  feet  high,  and 
large  heads :  the  variety,  which  reaches  California,  has  the  more  or  less  smaller  heads 
sessile  or  almost  so  in  the  centre  of  the  tuft  of  radical  leaves ;  these  lightly  woolly 
when  young,  at  least  beneath,  lanceolate,  not  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  short  and 
broad-margined  petiole  :  scales  of  the  involucre  thin  and  proportionally  large ;  the 
outer  ovate-lanceolate  passing  into  lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  weak  and  short  or 
slender  prickle  :  corollas  mostly  reddish  purple  ;  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  throat. 
—  Cirsium  acaule,  var.  Americanum,  Gray  in  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863. 

Open  ground  along  the  Sierra  Nevada,  chiefly  on  the  eastern  side.  Corollas  an  inch  or  more  in 
length.  The  heads  when  several  in  a  close  cluster  are  smaller  and  narrower,  when  single  occa- 
sionally 2  inches  long. 

2.  C.  quercetorum,  Gray.  Lightly  w^oolly  when  young,  and  somewhat  hairy  : 
stem  a  foot  or  less  high,  occasionally  branching,  leafy :  leaves  rather  rigid,  pinnately 
or  sometimes  even  almost  bipinnately  parted,  more  prickly  :  heads  large  and  broad 
(about  two  inches  high)  :  scales  of  the  involucre  very  numerous,  closely  appressed, 
all  but  the  inner  ones  firm-coriaceous,  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  and  rather 
abruptly  tipped  with  a  short  rigid  cusp  or  prickle  :  corollas  apparently  purple,  four 
of  the  lobes  much  higher  united,  the  other  longer  than  the  throat.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  40. 

Hills  at  Oakland  and  elsewhere  near  San  Francisco,  Bolander,  Kellogg.  In  Bolander's  specimens 
the  heads  are  naked-peduncled  ;  the  outer  scales  veiy  I'igid,  with  thinnish  and  erose-ciliolate 
margins,  the  outermost  very  short  and  almost  ovate,  all  merely  mucronate  or  cuspidate-tipped. 
Dr.  Kellogg's  specimens,  probably  from  less  exposed  ground,  have  less  rigid  foliage,  and  involucre- 
scales  more  like  those  of  C.  Drummondii,  less  abniptly  tipped  with  a  short  rigid  prickle. 

*  *    Taller  species,  with  permanently  and  densely  white-woolly  leaves,  at  least  under- 

neath, sometimes  becoming  green  and  naked  above. 

-t-  Involucre  globular,  of  firm  or  thick-coriaceous  closely  appressed  scales,  tipped  with 

an  abrupt  spreading  prickle :  floioers  purple,  sometimes  cream-color  or  white. 

3.  C.  Brevreri,  Gray,  1.  c  Tall  (4  to  10  feet  high),  branching,  white- woolly : 
leaves  elongated  and  pinnatifid  :  heads  numerous  and  panicled,  rather  small  (an 
inch  or  less  long)  :  involucre  at  first  cobwebby  ;  the  outer  scales  short  and  broadish, 
the  back  marked  with  a  greenish  or  purplish  thickened  and  somewhat  glutinous  or 
glandular  spot  at  the  blunt  tip,  which  bears  a  weak  prickle  :  lobes  of  the  corolla 
shorter  than  the  throat :  anther-tips  almost  obtuse. 

In  a  caflon  near  San  Juan,  Monterey  Co.  {Brewer)  :  and  in  swamps  and  moist  grounds  of 
Strawberry  Valley  near  Mt.  Shasta  (Brewer),  also  in  Mendocino  and  Humboldt  Counties  (Bolan- 
der, Kellogg  and  Harford)  :  near  Carson  City,  Nevada,  Anderson.  The  tall  growth  and  the 
deltoid  almost  blunt  tip  to  the  anther-appendages  mark  this  species. 

4.  C.  undulatus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Eather  low  (a  foot  or  two  high),  white-woolly : 
leaves  rarely  becoming  naked  above  :  heads  solitary  or  few  (from  1  to  2  inches 
long)  :  involucre  nearly  as  in  the  last  or  sooner  naked,  with  or  without  the  viscid 
or  greenish  spot  or  elevated  line  at  the  tip  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  as  long  as  the 
throat:  anther-tips  very  sharp-pointed.  —  Cirsium  undulatum  (Spreng.),  C.  Doug- 
lasii  (DC),  and  C.  hrevifolium,  Nutt. 


Cnicus.  COMPOSITE.  419 

« 
Var.  ochrocentrus,  Gray.      Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  and  exceedingly  armed 
with  slender  yellowish  prickles :  scales  of  the  involucre  broader  and  flatter,  destitute 
of  glutinous  spot  or  ridge,  and  armed  with  a  long  and  rigid  prickle.  —  Cirsium 
ochrocentrum,  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  110. 

Open  grounds,  from  the  upper  Mississippi  and  from  Texas  to  the  coast  of  Oregon,  from  which 
the  ordinary  form  probably  extends  into  the  northern  part  of  Calilbniia.  Var.  ochroccnlrus,  a 
mostly  southern  variety  affecting  arid  districts,  generally  very  distinct  in  character,  reaches  the 
Sierra  Nevada  at  Silver  Mountain,  where  it  was  collected  by  Prof.  Brewer. 

-j-  -«-  Involucre  narrower,  becoming  campanulate  or  cylindraceous  ;  its  scales  fewer  and 
less  closely  imbricated,  thinner  and  chartaceous,  gradually  longer,  more  tapering 
into  the  prickle  or  prickly  point :  flowers  carmine  or  purple-red  :  anther-tips  merely 
acute. 

5.  C.  Arizonicus,  Gray,  1,  c.  White- woolly,  leafy  to  the  top,  2  to  4  feet  high, 
branching  and  bearing  several  short-peduncled  or  sessile  heads  :  leaves  lanceolate, 
pectinately  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  slender-spiny  :  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate- 
oblong,  the  next  lanceolate  and  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  prickly-tipped 
acumination  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  fuUy  twice  the  length  of  the  throat :  stigmatic  tip 
of  the  style  short. 

Common  in  Arizona  and  S.  Utah  ;  most  likely  inhabiting  the  southeastern  borders  of  our  State. 
Heads  1^  to  2  inches  long,  apparently  oblong  or  cylindraceous  before  expansion,  the  involucre 
becoming  campanulate.  "Flowers  bright  carmine"  or  "bright  red-purple."  Filaments  spar- 
ingly hairy  or  sometimes  almost  glabrous.  Anther-tips  remarkably  blunt.  Stigmatic  summit 
of  the  style  only  half  a  line  or  in  age  a  line  long  above  the  manifest  node,  much  shorter  than  in 
any  other  of  our  indigenous  North  American  species. 

6.  C.  Anders  onii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  2  or  3  feet  high,  sparsely  leaved,  the 
white  wool  rather  cobwebby  and  deciduous  :  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid  and  moder- 
ately prickly-toothed  :  heads  naked-peduncled  :  scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre 
less  unequal  and  in  fewer  series  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing,  somewhat  loose ;  the 
outer  rather  narrowly  lanceolate  and  the  succeeding  more  subulate,  gradually  taper- 
ing into  a  short  prickly  point ;  the  innermost  very  long  and  slender  :  lobes  of  the 
corolla  not  longer  than  the  throat. 

SieiTa  Nevada,  from  Tulare  Co.  to  Carson  City  and  Donner  Lake,  Anderson,  Torrey,  Bo- 
Innder.  Head  2  inches  long.  Flowers  crimson-red.  Tips  of  the  appendages  of  the  anthers  trian- 
gular, either  acute  or  acutish.  Stigmatic  tip  to  the  style  filiform  and  moderately  elongated  ; 
node  obsolete. 

§  2.  Scales  of  the  involucre  of  almost  equal  or  moderately  unequal  length,  all  hut  the 
innermost  tapering  gradually  into  a  long  marginless  and  mxistly  greenish  and 
spreading  or  ascending  usually  spiny-tipped  acumination. 

*  Heads  large  {mostly  2  inches  high)  :  floicers  crimson :  involucre  densely  long-woolly 
when  young ;  the  scales  tapering  gradually  from  a  short  coriaceous  appressed  base 
into  long  and  slender  but  rigid  spreading  spinescent  tips. 

7.  C.  OCCidentaliS,  Gray,  1.  c.  Very  white  with  long  and  dense  wool,  2  to  5 
feet  high,  stout  :  leaves  lanceolate  and  the  lowest  oblong,  sinuate-pinnatifid  or  the 
upper  merely  toothed,  rather  weak-prickly,  the  upper  surface  often  becoming  naked 
with  age :  involucre  globose  ;  its  scales  with  very  long  and  slender  rigid  mostly 
subulate  or  almost  needle-shaped  and  merely  prickly-pointed  tips,  the  lowermost 
usually  widely  spreading  :  corollas  bright  crimson  or  purple-red,  regularly  5-cleft  ; 
the  lobes  one  and  a  half  to  twice  the  length  of  the  throat :  tips  of  the  anther-append- 
ages triangular-actiminate.  —  Cardans  occidentalis,  Nutt.  1.  c,  with  erroneous  char- 
acter.    Cirsium  Coulteri,  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  110  ;  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  195. 

Open  grounds,  not  rare  apparently  throughout  the  State,  and  within  the  bordei-s  of  Nevada. 
A  striking  sj)ecies,  with  its  white  cottony  wool,  and  large  and  broad  heads  of  bright  red  flowei-s. 
Heads  2  inches  high,  or  sometimes  considerably  less.  Scales  of  the  involucre  an  inch  and  a  half 
or  less  in  length,  mostly  retaining  the  dense  and  long  cobwebby  wool.     Flowers  an  inch  and  a 


420  COMPOSIT.E.  Cnicus. 

half  long  in  the  larger  heads.  Stigmatic  tip  of  the  style  naked  and  rather  short.  This  proves  to 
be  Nuttall's  Cardans  occidentalis,  and  this  specific  name  may  well  be  used  iu  the  changes  of 
nomenclature  rendered  necessary  by  the  adoption  of  the  generic  name  Cnicus.  As  in  several 
species  of  the  genus,  some  of  the  outermost  pappus  wants  the  plumes,  but  in  the  rest  it  is  as  con- 
spicuous and  the  bristles  as  stout  and  numerous  as  in  most  Thistles. 

*  *  Heads  smaller  (not  over  an  inch  and  a  half  high)  :  flowers  white,  cream-color,  or  in 
one  species  purple  :  herbage  and  involucre  less  densely  white-woolly,  or  naked  with  age. 

-I-  Scales  of  the  i7ivolucre  rather  rigid,  with  hroadish  appressed  coriaceous  base,  taper- 
ing into  pungently  spiny-pointed  tips  ;  the  outer  somewhat  shorter  and  spreading. 

8.  C.  Andre'WSii,  Gray,  1.  c.  At  length  green,  the  thin  and  loose  cobwebby 
wool  being  deciduous,  apparently  tall  and  paniculately  branched  :  cauline  leaves 
lanceolate  and  laciniate-pinnatitid  :  involucre  very  cobwebby :  lobes  of  the  equally- 
cleft  (apparently  white  or  whitish)  corolla  about  twice  the  length  of  the  throat : 
anther-tips  triangular-acute. 

Founded  on  a  single  specnmen,  collected  by  Dr.  Andrews,  probably  not  far  from  San  Francisco 
or  Sacramento  ;  differing  from  the  following  in  the  length  of  the  corolla-lobes  (3  or  4  lines) 
compared  with  the  throat  (1^  to  2  lines)  ;  the  whole  corolla  hardly  an  inch  long. 

9.  C.  Californiciis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Rather  loosely  white-woolly,  at  least  when 
young,  2  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  either  sinuately  or  deeply  pinnatifid  :  involucre 
more  or  less  cobwebby,  or  at  length  almost  naked  :  lobes  of  the  white  or  cream- 
colored  corolla  shorter  (the  four  more  united  often  much  shorter)  than  the  throat. 
—  Cirsium  Calif ornicum.  Gray  in  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv.  112. 

Dry  open  ground,  from  the  Stanislaus  River  {Bigeloiv)  to  Santa  Clara  Co.  {Brcicer),  and  near 
San  Diego  {Cooper,  Cleveland)  :  apparently  in  other  parts  of  the  State  and  the  borders  of  Nevada, 
in  varying  fomis. 

-t-  -H  Scales  of  the  involucre  thinner  and  lesi  rigid,  looser  and  more  slender  from  the 
base  ;  the  outer  only  weakly  prickly-pointed. 

10.  C.  edulis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Loosely  cobwebby  when  young,  soon  green  :  stem  3 
to  8  feet  high,  rather  succulent  and  tender,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  rather  few 
more  or  less  panicled  or  clustered'heads  :  leaves  thin,  mostly  only  sinuate-pinnatifid 
and  obtuse  :  involucre  very  cobwebby  when  young,  mostly  innocuous  :  corolla  pur- 
ple (perhaps  sometimes  whitish),  slender,  equally  or  somewhat  unequally  5-cleft ;  the 
lobes  becoming  nearly  filiform  with  a  thickened  tip,  considerably  shorter  than  the 
throat.  —  Cirsium  edule,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Wet  or  shady  places,  especially  in  Redwoods,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  northward  through 
Oregon  to  British  Columbia.  The  stems,  stripped  of  bark  and  leaves,  are  said  to  be.  eaten  raw 
by  the  Oregon  Indians  ;  whence  the  name  of  the  species. 

11.  C.  remotifolius,  Gray,  1.  c.  Tall  (3  to  8  feet  high),  sparsely-leaved, 
especially  towards  the  naked  panicle,  scarcely  or  lightly  woolly,  except  the  under 
side  of  the  leaves,  which  also  is  commonly  white  but  sometimes  naked  with  age  : 
leaves  mostly  pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate  or  linear  prickly-tipped  and  spinulose- 
edged  divisions  :  involucre  lightly  cobwebby  when  young,  at  length  nearly  naked ; 
its  scales  all  slender  and  thinnish,  linear-attenuate  and  mostly  equal  in  length, 
loosely  ascending,  slightly  and  weakly  prickly-pointed  :  corolla  yellowish-white ; 
three  or  four  of  the  lobes  united  higher  up,  shorter  than  the  throat.  —  Carduus 
remotifolius.  Hook.     Cirsium  remotifolium,  DC.     C.  stennlepidum,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Low  grounds  along  streams,  in  Oregon,  and  south  to  Humboldt  Co. ,  California,  Kellogg  and 
Harford.     A  well-marked  species,  although  the  name  is  not  always  appropriate. 

§  3.  Scales  of  the  globular  involucre,  or  most  of  them,  with  a  dilated  and  erosely  lacer- 
ate or  cut-fringed  scarious  appendage.     {Echinais,  Cass.,  DC.) 

12.  C.  carlinoides,  Schrank,  var.  Americanus,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high, 
branching  :  leaves  sinuately  or  sometimes  deeply  pinnatitid,  more  or  less  prickly. 


Centaurea.  COMPOSITE.  421 

white  beneath  with  a  close  coat  of  cottony  wool :  heads  solitary  (or  rarely  clustered) 
at  the  summit  of  the  branches,  at  first  nodding  (about  an  inch  high) ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  nearly  glabrous  (or  slightly  woolly  when  young,  but  wholly  destitute  of 
jointed  hairs),  most  of  them  terminated  by  a  conspicuous  and  pectinately  lacerate 
ovate  or  lanceolate  scarious  spreading  appendage,  tipped  with  a  short  prickle  or 
cusp  :  corolla  unequally  cleft,  the  four  more  united  lobes  considerably  shorter  than 
the  throat  :  antlier-tails  laciniate.  —  C.  scariosum,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Marin  and  Mendocino  Counties,  Samuels,  Bolander,  Kellogg,  &c.  Also  in  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tains of  Colorado.  Apparently  not  distinct  from  the  Caucasian  and  Siberian  C.  carlinoides, 
Schrank,  Ilort.  Monac.  t.  11  (Echinais  airlinoidcs  &  E.  nutans,  Cass.,  DC.  Hort.  Genev.  t.  22), 
although  the  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  are  not  spinosely  fringed,  nor  so  prickly-pointed, 
and  sometimes  are  not  at  all  appendaged.  I  f  distinct,  Nuttall's  name  of  scariosus  could  be  used. 
His  description  seems  best  to  accord  with  Hall  and  Harbour's  No.  559,  which  looks  very  much 
like  a  hybrid  between  C.  airlinoidcs  and  C.  rcmotifolius. 

C.  Parryi,  Gray,  1.  c,  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  is  another  species  of  this  section 
verging  to  the  preceding. 

105.  SILYBUM,  Gaertn.        Milk-Thistle. 

Head  many-flowered,  with  leafy-bracted  spinose  involucre ;  the  flowers  all  perfect 
and  fertile.  Filaments  smooth  and  monadelphous.  Pappus  of  stiff  and  almost 
chaffy  bristles  in  several  series,  not  plumose.  Leaves  blotched  with  white.  Other- 
wise as  in  common  Thistles. 

1.  S.  Marianum,  Gsertn.  A  stout  annual,  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  large,  ob- 
long or  obovate,  sinuate  or  pinnatitid  and  prickly-margined,  clasping :  head  very 
large,  solitary  :  flowers  pink-purple  or  red. 

San  Luis  Obispo,  on  rocky  hills,  and  probably  elsewhere  :  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean  region, 
introduced,  probably  through  cultivation. 

106.  CENTAUREA,  Linn.        Star-Thistle. 

Head  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  with  tubular  and  deeply  5-cleft  corollas, 
some  of  the  marginal  ones  commonly  neutral  (and  often  with  their  corollas  en- 
larged) ;  the  others  perfect  and  fertile.  Involucre  globular ;  the  scales  tipped  or 
margined  with  spines  or  a  scarious  appendage.  Eeceptacle  very  bristly.  Akenes 
mostly  compressed,  attached  by  one  margin  just  above  the  base.  Pappus  of  numer- 
ous rigid  or  sometimes  chaffy  naked  bristles,  —  Herbs  of  various  aspect  (300  to 
400  species),  nearly  all  of  the  Old  World,  whence  two  have  reached  California  as 
weeds  of  cultivation ;  both  species  destitute  of  the  "  false-rays,"  i.  e.  their  marginal 
neutral  flowers  not  enlarged  and  conspicuous. 

1.  C.  Melitensis,  Linn.     Annual,  a  foot  or  two  high,  paniculately  branched, 

roughish-pubescent,  and  when  young  with  a  little  deciduous  wool :  leaves  broadly 

linear ;  the  radical  pinnatifid  ;  cauline  barely  toothed  or  entire,  decurrent :  heads 

rather  small  :   most  of  the  scales  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  a  spine  which  is 

fringed  at  base  with  a  few  prickles  :  corollas  yellow,  not  enlarged. 

Old  fields  and  waste  grounds  ;  common  on  the  western  borders  of  the  State  :  introduced  from 
Southern  Europe. 

2.  C.  solstitialis,  Linn.  Annual,' loosely  white-woolly  :  cauline  leaves  hnear  : 
heads  larger  than  in  the  foregoing:  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  with  3  to  5  palmate 
small  prickles  at  the  tip ;  the  middle  ones  with  a  long  and  stout  spine  in  addition  : 
corollas  more  conspicuous,  yellow. 

Fields,  Oakland  {Bolander),  San  Diego  {Palmer),  and  probably  elsewhere  near  the  coast  :  a 
weed  of  cultivation  ;  introduced  from  Southern  Europe. 


422  COMPOSITE.  *  Perezia. 

Tribe  X.     MUTISIACE^. 

These  are  Bilabiati florae,  i.  e.  have  their  corollas  bilahiate,  one  lip  mostly  3- 
toothed,  the  other  2-lobed  or  cleft,  the  lobes  or  lips  revolute.  As  the  floAvers  are 
more  commonly  all  perfect,  and  the  style  similar,  they  may  be  confounded  with  the 
Thistle-tribe,  in  which  the  corolla  is  often  more  or  less  two-lipped  or  irregular.  But 
the  lobes  of  the  latter  become  revolute  in  the  present  tribe,  and  the  receptacle  is 
never  clothed  with  a  coat  of  bristles.  —  The  tribe  is  most  largely  represented  in 
South  America ;  only  one  genus  reaches  California. 

107.  PEREZIA,  Lagasca. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  perfect.  Involucre  turbinate  or 
campanulate ;  its  scales  imbricated,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  mostly  chartaceous.  Recep- 
tacle flat  and  naked.  Corolla  with  slender  tube  and  bilabiate  limb ;  the  outer  lip 
mostly  longer  and  3-toothed ;  the  inner  2-toothed  or  2-cleft.  Anthers  with  long 
naked  tails  at  base,  and  a  lanceolate  terminal  appendage.  Akenes  elongated-oblong, 
terete  or  slightly  angled,  often  obscurely  narrowed  at  apex,  commonly  glandular. 
Pappus  of  copious  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  —  Herbs ;  with  alternate  and  mostly 
rigid  leaves,  and  solitary  or  usually  paniculate  heads  of  purple  or  white  flowers.  — 
Gray,  PL  Fendl.  &  PL  Wright. ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  ii.  500. 

A  genus  of  40  or  50  species,  South  American  and  Mexican,  and  a  few  within  the  borders  of  the 
United  States. 

1.  P.  microcephala,  Gray,  1.  c.  Two  or  three  feet  high,  branched  and  glan- 
dular-puberulent  above,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  thin,  oblong  and  the  upper  ovate, 
all  cordate-clasping,  with  the  sinus  shallow,  minutely  glandular-scabrous,  coarsely 
reticulate-veiny,  closely  spinulose-denticulate :  heads  copious,  corymbose  at  tlie 
summit  of  the  paniculate  branches  :  scales  cf  the  involucre  all  abruptly  very  acute, 
puberulent-glandular ;  the  innermost  a  little  sliorter  than  the  10  to  15  rose-purple 
flowers.  —  Aconrtia  microcepliala,  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  66. 

Near  Monterey  {Douglas),  Santa  Barbara  {Torrcy),  and  San  Diego  Co.,  D.  Cleveland,  Palmer. 
Involucre  3  or  4  or  at  length  5  lines  high  :  pappus  at  maturity  half  an  inch  long.  In  the  speci- 
mens of  Douglas,  described  by  De  CandoUe,  the  flowers  are  immature. 

2.  P.  Arizonica,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  almost  glabrous  :  leaves  more 
deeply  cordately  or  sagittately  clasping :  heads  fewer  and  rather  smaller,  in 
cymose  corymbs  :  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  pubescent  on  the  edges,  otherwise 
glabrous  and  not  glandular;  the  innermost  only  half  the  length  of  the  8  to  12 
white  or  flesh-colored  flowers. — P.  microcephala,  Gray  in  coll.  Parry,  No.  141, 
Am.  Nat.  ix.  273. 

Arizona,  D?-.  Palmer.  S.  Utah,  Dr.  Parry.  Probably  also  No.  293  of  California  collection, 
Coulter,     Palmer's  plant  is  said  to  exhale  "an  agreeable  aroma." 

Tribe  XL     CICHORIACEJi:. 

Completely  marked  by  the  ligulate  and  perfect  flowers  throughout  the  head  :  the 

ligules  almost  always  5-toothed  at  the  apex.     Herbs,  with  a  bitter  milky  juice. 

Lettuce,  Endive  (a'variety  of  the  Cichory),  and  Salsify  ( Tracfopogon  porrifolius,  which  is  apt  to 
run  wild  around  cultivated  groiuids),  are  the  common  cultivated  esculent  plants  of  the  tribe,  all 
of  the  Old  World.  The  tribe  consists  of  50  or  60  genera,  even  as  consolidated  by  Bentham  in  the 
new  Genera  Plantanmi,  and  is  fairly  well  represented  in  California.  It  is  so  strictly  natural  that 
it  is  difficult  to  divide  it  into  well-limited  natural  subtribes  or  into  genera. 


Microseris.  COMPOSITE.  423 

108.   PHALACROSERIS,  Gray. 

Head  rather  many-flowered.  Involucre  campanulate,  of  12  to  16  equal  lanceolate 
and  somewhat  herbaceous  scales,  in  one  or  two  series,  their  barely  united  bases 
becoming  somewhat  dilated  and  concave  in  fruit,  occasionally  a  loose  and  linear 
subtending  bractlet.  Eeceptacle  convex,  naked.  Ligules  linear,  rather  short. 
Akenes  short-oblong,  becoming  slightly  incurved,  obscurely  4  -  5-angled  or  nerved, 
truncate  at  both  ends,  smooth  and  even,  destitute  of  pappus.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  P.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Perennial,  glabrous  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  oblan- 
ceolate,  entire,  in  a  tuft  from  the  short  and  thickish  dark-colored  rootstock  :  scapes 
perfectly  simple  and  naked,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  flowers  orange-yellow.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  364 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  507. 

Wet  meadows  (WestfaU's,  &c.)  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  alt.  7,000  to  8,000  feet,  south  of  the 
Yosemite  Valley,  Bolander,  Torrcij,  A.  Gray.  Head  not  nodding  before  expansion  ;  involucre 
barely  half  an  inch  high.     Flowers  open  in  sunshine. 

109.   MICROSERIS,  Don. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous  or  campanulate  ;  the 
thin-herbaceous  or  membranaceous  scales  from  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate,  either  regu- 
larly imbricated  or  mainly  in  a  double  series,  the  outer  short  and  calyculate.  Eecep- 
tacle flat,  naked.  Corollas  mostly  with  a  hairy  tube.  Akenes  terete  or  rarely 
somewhat  angled,  8-10-  (sometimes  12-14-)  ribbed,  truncate  at  the  apex,  occa- 
sionally narrowed  above  into  a  sort  of  neck  or  beak,  furnished  with  a  basal  callosity 
which  is  more  or  less  hollowed  at  the  insertion  ;  the  outermost  frequently  pubes- 
cent. Pappus  of  few  or  several  (mostly  5  to  10,  sometimes  12  to  24)  awn-bearing, 
chaffy  scales,  or  slender  awns  or  bristles  with  more  or  less  paleaceous  dilated  base, 
either  naked  or  sometimes  plumose,  rarely  by  abortion  wanting.  —  Annuals,  bien- 
nials, or  some  perhaps  perennials,  glabrous  or  slightly  furfuraceous-puberulent,  with 
chiefly  radical  and  often  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating 
scapes  or  long  peduncles,  commonly  nodding  before  expansion.  —  Don  in  Phil.  Mag. 
xi.  388  (1832);  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  207.  Bellardia,  CoUa  (1835).  Lepi- 
donevia,  Fischer  &  Meyer  (1835).  Fichtea,  Schultz  in  Linnsea  (1835).  Calais,  DC. 
(1838);  Gray  in  Pacif.  R  Rep.  iv.  121.  Pkyllopappus,  Walp.  in  Linnsea  (1840). 
Urapappus  &  Scorzonella,  Nutt.  (1840).  Mia^oseris  &  Scorzonella,  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Gen.  PL  ii.  506,  533. 

A  genus  of  sixteen  species,  all  Western  North  American,  excepting  two  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere (one  in  Chili  and  one  in  New  Zealand  and  Australia).  De  CandoUe's  name  of  Calais,  under 
which  our  species  have  become  familiar,  has  to  give  way  to  the  much  older  and  less  happily 
chosen  one  of  Microseris,  to  include  also  Scononella,  contrary  to  Mr.  Bentham's  opinion.  The 
hollowed  callus  at  the  insertion  of  the  akene  is  about  the  same  in  all,  and  the  imbrication  of  the 
involucre  passes  by  degrees  into  the  simpler  calyculate  mode.  The  fusiform  roots  of  the  so-called 
perennial  species  seem  to  be  only  biennial. 

§  1.  Pappus  plumose  and  white:  akenes  slender,  terete,  not  attenuate  either  towards 
apex  or  base :  stems  mare  or  less  branching,  from  a  fusiform  {jprobably  bien- 
nial) simple  or  fascicled  root.  —  Ptilophora,  Gray. 

1.  .VI.  nutans,  Gray.  Slender,  a  foot  or  so  high,  mostly  at  length  loosely 
branched  :  leaves  entire  or  laciniate-pinnatitid  into  linear  lobes,  A'^arying  from  fili- 
form-linear to  spatulate,  or  the  radical  even  oval :  heads  8  -  20-flowered,  on  slender 
peduncles  :  involucre  cylindraceous,  of  8  to  10  linear-lanceolate  gratlually  acumi- 
nate principal  scales  and  a  few  short  and  loose  calyculate  ones  :  pappus  of  12  to  20 


424  COMPOSITE.  *  Microseris. 

oblong  small  scales  tipped  with  a  several  times  longer  Avhite  and  soft  plumose  awn. 
—  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  208.  Scorzonella  nutans  (Geyer),  Hook,  in  Lond. 
Jour.  Bot.  vi.  253.  Ptilophora  nutans,  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  113.  Calais  [Ptilophora) 
nutans,  Gray  in  Pacif.  I\.  Kep.  iv.  112.  Stephanomeria  intermedia,  Kellogg  in  Proc. 
Calif.  Acad.  v.  39. 

Low  or  moist  grounds,  throughout  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  ^lariposa  Co.  north  to  Washington 
Territory  and  tlience  east  to  Montana.  Heads  in  flower  half  an  inch  high,  narrow  ;  the  golden- 
yellow  flowers  open  through  the  day.  Akenes  3  lines  and  pappus  about  4  lines  long.  The  root  is 
said  to  be  eaten  raw  by  the  Indians. 

2.  M.  major,  var.  laciniata,  Gray,  1.  c  Mostly  stouter  and  more  branched 
from  the  base,  and  the  leaves  in  this  variety  generally  pinnately  parted  into  slender 
linear  divisions  :  involucre  of  lanceolate  and  more  acuminate  scales,  wiiich  are  im- 
bricated in  three  lengths,  the  outermost  shortest :  bristles  of  the  pappus  not  quite  so 
plumose  as  in  M.  nuta7is.  —  Calais  [Ptilophora)  major,  var.  laciniata,  Gray,  PL 
Fendl.  113.     C.  gracililoba.,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  48. 

Long  Valley,  Mendocino  Co.  (^Kellogg),  and  Idaho,  on  Clear  Water,  Spalding. 

§  2.  Pappus  of  5  to  10  very  long-awned  scales,  either  almost  plumose  or  naked:  akenes 
not  attenuate  towards  the  apex  and  hardly  towards  the  base :  involucre  regu- 
larly imbricated,  the  outer  scales  gradually  shorter :  stems  simple  or  mostly 
branching :  root  fusiform  and  jjrobably  biennial.  —  Scorzonella,  Gray. 
[Scorzonella,  Nutt.,  Benth.     Calais  §  Scorzonella,  Gray.) 

*  Akenes  slender,  as  in  the  first  section  :   awns  or  bristles  of  the  pappus  barbellate 

or  almost  plumose,  rusty-colored. 

3.  M.  sylvatica,  Gray,  1.  c.  Stem  a  foot  or  so  high,  rather  stout,  commonly 
simple  and  scape-like,  rarely  leafy  to  the  middle  :  leaves  laciniate-pianatitid  or 
toothed  :  head  many-flowered  :  involucre  campaiudate  ;  the  scales  all  acuminate, 
the  outer  from  an  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  base  :  ligules  rather  long  :  scales  of  the 
pappus  6  to  10  (mostly  10),  oblong-lanceolate,  considerably  shorter  than  the  slender 
awn.  —  Scorzonella  sylvatica,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  320.  Calais  [Anacalais)  sylvatica, 
Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv,  113. 

Var.  Stillmani,  Gray,  1.  c.  'Differs  in  the  narrower  scales  of  the  involucre, 
which  are  lanceolate  and  gradually  tapering  from  the  base,  and  the  awns  of  the 
pappus  (sometimes  at  least)  less  strongly  barbellate. 

In  woods  or  low  grounds,  on  the  Sacramento  and  its  tributaries,  Hartweg,  Bigelow,  &c.  The 
var.  collected  by  Stillmnn,  SamticJs,  and  on  Mark  West  Creek  by  Bu/elow.  Peduncle  or  scape 
6  to  12  inches  long.  Head  an  inch  high.  Akenes  (seen  in  the  mature  state  only  in  the  variety) 
3  lines  long,  glabrous  or  minutely  scabrous. 

*  *  Akenes  mostly  shorter  [terete,  or  in  one  species  sometimes  more  or  less  i-d-angled)  : 

aivns  of  the  pappus  only  denticulate  or  scabrous. 
-t-  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  long-aciiminate :  pappus  of  8  or  10  shoi^t  and  small 
entire  scales  tipped  loith  a  very  long  capillary  awn :  stems  more  or  less  branching 
and  leafy  below :  ligules  elongated. 

4.  M,  laciniata,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  commonly  stout  :  leaves 
from  narrowly  to  very  broadly  lanceolate  in  outline  (4  to  16  inches  long),  commonly 
laciniate-pinnatifid  and  the  lobes  long  and  slender  :  heads  large  :  scales  of  tlie  in- 
volucre all  broad,  the  outer  ovate  and  abruptly  acuminate  :  scales  of  the  pappus 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  only  a  third  or  fourth  the  length  of  the  (sometimes  pris- 
matic) akene. — Hymenonema?  laciniatum.  Hook.  Fl.  i.  301.  Scorzonella  lacini- 
ata, Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  426.  Calais  [Scofzonella)  laciniata. 
Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  1.  c.  —  Passes  into 

Var.  procera,  Gray,  1.  c.  Stem  stouter  and  more  leafy,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  or  oblong  (1  to  2^^  inches  wide),  merely  denticulate,  occasionally 
laciniate  :  scales  of  the  pappus  mostly  rather  narrower  or  more  tapering  into  the 


Mkroseris.  COMPOSITE.  425 

awn,  occasionally  almost  obsolete.  —  Ilymenonema  ?  glaucum,  Hook.,  seems  to  be  a 
small  form  of  this.     Calais  glauca,  var.  procera,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  364. 

Along  streams,  common  in  Oregon  towards  the  coast :  Ukiah  {Kellogg)  ;  with  laciniate-pinnati- 
fid  leaves,  but  with  narrower  pappus-scales.  The  var.  procera,  on  hills,  Sonoma  Co.  to  Alendocino 
Co.,  &c.  {Bolander,  Torrey,  Kellogg)  and  to  Klamath  Co.,  Oregon,  Cronkhile.  Peduncles  often 
a  foot  long.  Head  three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  especially  in  the  variety,  which  has 
it  broad  in  jiroportion,  and  the  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  from  3  to  5  lines  wide.  Corollas 
bright  sulphur-yellow.     Akenes  2  to  nearly  2^  lines  long  when  mature. 

5.  M.  leptosepala,  Gray,  1.  c.  Mostly  more  slender  than  the  preceding  : 
leaves  similmiy  either  entire  or  laciniate-pinnatifid  :  head  smaller  :  scales  of  the 
involucre  all  lanceolate  (or  the  outermost  ovate-lanceolate)  and  gradually  acuminate : 
pappus-scales  about  one  lifth  of  the  length  of  the  more  slender  akene.  —  Scorzonella 
leptosepala,  Nutt.,  1.  c.  Calais  Bolanderi,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  365.  C. 
laciniata,  Gray,  1.  c.  viii.  392,  coll.  Hall,  No.  313. 

Swamps,  Mendocino  and  Humboldt  Counties  (Bolaiidcr,  Kellogg) :  also  in  Oregon.  Involucre 
half  an  inch  or  more  high,  narrower  than  in  the  last,  as  well  as  the  scales  narrow  and  more  taper- 
ing ;  but  the  outermost  are  sometimes  rather  broad. 

-t-  -{-  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  rather  obtuse :  pappus  of  5  tivo-cleft  scales,  ivith  a 
proportionally  shorter  awn  in  the  sinus :  acaulescent :  ligules  short. 

6.  M.  Parr5ri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Scapes  a  span  or  two  high,  simple  :  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  laciniate-pinnatitid  or  entire  :  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  oblong,  in 
about  3  series  :  awns  of  the  pappus  rather  strongly  denticulate,  extending  to  only 
twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  2-cleft  scale.  —  Calais  Parryi,  Gray  in  Pacif.  K. 
Eeix  iv.  122,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  104. 

Near  Sau  Diego,  Parry.  Head  barely  half  an  inch  high.  Akenes  not  formed  in  the  specimen. 
The  species  was  referred  to  the  Calocalais  section  on  account  of  the  pappus  ;  but  the  involucre 
refers  it  to  Scorzonella. 

§  3.  Pappus  of  5  (or  rarely  fewer)  .scales  or  aivns,  not  plumose  nor  barbellate,  sordid  : 
akenes  taperiiic/  more  or  less  from  beloiv  the  truncate  apex  to  the  base :  involucre 
of  mostly  equal  principcd  scales  and  a  few  short  calyculate  ones  at  base :  an- 
nuals, acaulescent,  with  siitiple  scapes  and  small  or  mediocre  heads.  Proper 
scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  and  leaves  either  laciniate-pinnatifid  or  entire, 
in  all  the  species.  —  Eucalais.     {Calais  §  Eucalais,  DC.) 

*  Atvns  of  tJie  pappus  slender,  naked  and  fragile,  and,  with  the  scale  at  base  nearly 
obsolete,  sometimes  deciduous  or  wanting. 

7.  M.  aphantocarpha,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  rather  slender :  head 
half  an  inch  high,  many-llowered  :  ligules  short  :  capillary  awns  of  the  pappus 
barely  scabrous,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  akene.  —  Calais  apJmntocarpha,  Gray, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  552. 

Var.  tenella,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  a  span  high,  with  smaller  and  fewer-flowered 
heads  :  akenes  inclining  to  clavate,  the  summit  being  mostly  a  little  contracted  : 
awns  of  the  pajipus  2  to  5,  with  a  distinct  chafty-dilated  base,  deciduous  or  very 
fragile,  sometimes  apparently  wanting.  —  Calais  {Aplianocalais)  tenella,  Gray  in 
Pacif.  R  Rep.  iv.  114,  t.  17. 

Hills  of  the  Contra  Costa  Range  near  Monte  Diablo  {Brewer),  and  in  the  same  part  of  the  State, 
Samuels.  The  var.  tenella,  Napa  Valley,  in  grassy  places  {Bigelow),  and  on  the  Sacramento, 
Fitch.  Akenes  scabrous  on  the  strong  ribs,  tapering  towards  the  base,  and  the  summit  also  slightly 
contracted,  but  with  no  neck  :  the  outermost  pubescent,  fully  2  lines  long  iu  the  larger  form. 
The  variety  is  most  probably  only  a  depauperate  form  of  the  larger. 

*  -*  Scales  of  the  pappus  conspicuous, 
+■  From  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate  and  acute,  more  or  less  tapering  into  the  awn. 

8.  M.  Eigelovii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Scapes  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves 
generally  pinnately  parted  into  numerous  divisions  :  calyculate  scales  of  the  invo- 


426  COMPOSITE.  Mtcroseris. 

lucre  rather  numerous  and  of  two  lengths :  akenes  short  and  not  at  all  narrowed  at 
the  summit :  scales  of  the  pappus  naked  or  minutely  scabrous  externally,  varying 
from  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  and  tapering  gradually  into  a  slender 
longer  awn.  —  Calais  Bigelovii,  Gray  in  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv.  113,  t.  17.  C.  Boitg- 
lasii.  Gray,  1.  c.  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  164,  not  of  DC.- . 

Moist  places,  common  especially  about  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco.  Head  haK  an  inch  high. 
Akenes  2  or  at  most  2^  lines  long,  rather  turbinate  :  pappus  3  to  5  lines  long. 

9.  M.  Douglasii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Between  the  last  and  the  next :  akenes  more 
slender,  fusiform,  tapering  toward  the  summit  almost  as  much  as  toward  the  base  : 
scales  of  the  pappus  silky-villous  externally,  of  firmer  texture,  ovate-oblong  and  more 
or  less  tapering  into  a  rather  stout  long  awn.  —  Calais  Douglasii,  DC.  Prodr.  vii. 
85  ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  361. 

California,  probably  near  Monterey,  Douglas.  As  yet  known  only  from  his  specimens.  Akenes 
3  to  34  lines  long,  in  shape  most  like  those  of  the  section  Calocalais.  Pappus  including  the  awn 
fully  5  lines  long  ;  its  scales  resembling  those  of  the  next  species  in  texture,  but  narrower  and 
acute  :  the  akenes  very  different  from  those  of  the  next  or  of  the  preceding  species.  But  the 
plant  is  too  little  known. 

-t-  4-  Pappus-scales  orbicular  or  very  broadly  ovate,  and  obtuse  or  retuse  at  the  apex, 
abruptly  awned :  akenes  thick,  slightly  or  not  at  all  constricted  under  the  broad 
apex. 

10.  IVE.  cyclocarpha,  Gray,  1.  c.  Like  larger  forms  of  M.  Bigelovii:  awns  of 
the  pappus  slender,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  ample  and  (in  the  typical  form) 
mostly  glabrous  and  smooth  scales.  —  Calais  cyclocarpha.  Gray  in  Pacif.  K.  Eep.  iv. 
115,  t.  18. 

Var.  eriocarpha,  Gray,  1.  c.  Awns  of  the  pappus  rather  shorter,  and  its 
scales  conspicuously  silky-villous  externally.  —  C.  eriocarplia,  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  552. 

Grassy  plains  and  hillsides,  Napa  Vall^  (Bi'gelow),  and  Humboldt  Co.  (Kellogg)  ;  the  latter 
showing  a  few  long  loose  hairs  on  the  back  of  the  jiappus-scales,  Avhich  suggest  the  union  of  the 
var.  eriocarpha  :  this  collected  at  Nipoma  {Brewer)  and  on  Monte  Diablo,  Bloomer.  The  larger 
heads  three  quarters  of  an  inch  high.  Akenes  2J  to  3  lines  long  ;  and  the  pappus-scales  some- 
times nearly  2  lines  in  length,  slightly  erose-denticulate  at  the  broad  summit,  more  or  less  invo- 
lute when  dry. 

11.  M.  platycarpha,  Gray,  1.  c.  Resembles  the  preceding :  awns  of  the  pap- 
pus only  about  one  third  of  the  length  of  the  broad  round  scale  :  young  akenes  not 
contracted  under  the  summit.  —  Calais  platycarpha.  Gray,  1.  c. 

San  Luis  Rey,  on  clay  hills.  Parry.  Known  only  in  a  single  specimen,  without  full-grown 
akenes.     Scales  of  the  pappus  nearly  smooth,  almost  3  lines  long  and  fully  2  lines  broad. 

§  4.  Pappus  not  plumose,  of  5  or  rarely  more  awned  chaffy  scales :  akenes  long  and 
slender,  fusiform,  tapering  gradually  upwards  into  a  narrow  neck  or  even 
beak :  involucre  cylindraceous  or  campanulate,  of  lanceolate  scales,  the  few 
exterior  ones  unequal  and  less  distinctly  calyculate :  stem  very  short,  branching 
and  leafy  at  the  base,  and  sending  up  simple  scape-like  peduncles :  corollas 
very  short,  apparently  transiently  expanded,  at  evening  or  morning  C?).  — 
Calocalais,  Gray.     {Calais  §  Calocalais,  DC.) 

*  Scales  of  the  papjms  only  5,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  abruptly  awned  from  a  notch 
caused  by  the  early  splitting  of  the  apex  of  the  scale  :  leaves  linear,  mostly  narrow, 
either  laciniate-pinnatijid  or  entire :  root  annual,  slender. 

12.  M.  Lindle3ri,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high  :  pappus  rusty-brownish ;  its 
scales  about  the  length  of  the  beakless  but  somewhat  contracted  akene,  scabrous- 
puberulent  externally,  oblong-lanceolate,  their  midrib  continued  beyond  the  (at  first 
shallow)  notch  into  a  rather  stout  scabrous  awn  of  nearly  its  own  length.  —  Calais 
Lindleyi,  DC,  1.  c. 


Stephanomeria.  COMPOSITE.  427 

Apparently  not  uncommon  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  down  to  San  Diego  {Cleve- 
land) ;  mixed  with  the  next  in  collections,  and  generally  confounded  with  it. 

13.  M.  linearifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high,  either  slender  or  the  long 
scape-like  peduncle  thickening  upwards :  leaves  when  young  sometimes  lightly 
pubescent  or  villous-ciliate  :  pappus  bright  white  ;  its  scales  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  more  or  less  beaked  akene,  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  bearing  a  very  slender 
short  awn  from  the  deep  notch.  —  Calais  linearifolia,  DC.  1.  c,  excl.  syn.  Uro- 
pappus  litieari/olius  &  U.  grandijloriis,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Plains  and  low  grounds,  common,  extending  eastward  to  Nevada  and  New  Mexico.  Varying 
much  in  size  and  in  the  number  of  flowers  in  the  head  :  this  from  half  an  inch  (in  depauperate 
plants)  to  fully  an  inch  long.  Akenes  4  or  5  lines  long,  slender,  some  of  them  merely  much 
tapering  upwards,  some  very  distinctly  beaked.  Delicate  awn  of  the  pappus  from  one  foui-th  to 
less  than  half  the  length  of  the  silvery-white  scale. 

14.  M.  macrochaeta,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  so  high  :  pappus  probably  white  ; 
its  scales  oblong,  much  shorter  than  the  beaked  akene  and  the  very  slender  awn 
which  rises  from  a  deep  notch.  —  Calais  tnacrochoeta,  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  112,  & 
Pacif.  II.  Rep.  iv.   113. 

Near  San  Francisco,  Bic/elow.  Known  only  from  Bigelow's  immature  specimens,  and  from  the 
original  ones  collected  on  the  northeastern  borders  of  Oregon  by  Mr.  Spalding :  also  a  poor 
specimen  ticketed  by  Nuttall  "  Uropappus  grandijlorus,  San  Diego,"  given  by  him  to  Mr. 
Durand. 

*  *  Scales  of  the  pappus  20  to  24,  slender  and  awn-like,  tapering  gradualli/  into  a 
true  au'n  :  root  apparently  perennial,  or  perhaps  biennial. 

15.  M.  troximoides,  Gray.  Nearly  acaulescent :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire, 
thickish :  scape  about  a  foot  high :  pappus  white,  longer  than  the  akene,  which  is 
fusiform,  smooth,  gradually  tapering  toward  the  summit,  but  not  beaked.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  ix.  211. 

California,  No.  600  of  Kellogg  and  Harford's  distribution  :  probably  from  Humboldt  Co.  A 
remai'kable  plant,  between  Microseris  and  Troximon.  Also  in  Idaho  {Spalding)  and  Montana. 
Head  in  fruit  an  inch  long,  narrow  :  corollas  not  seen.  Akenes  4  lines  long.  Pappus  two  or 
more  series  of  awn-shaped  scales,  a  quarter  of  a  line  wide  at  base  and  to  the  middle,  thence 
tapering  into  the  merely  scabrous  rather  rigid  awn. 

110.  STEPHANOMERIA,  Nutt. 

Head  3-1 2-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  rarely  campanulate,  of  a  series  of 
linear  equal  scales  and  some  short  calyculate  ones  at  base,  rarely  with  some  inter- 
mediate ones  so  as  to  be  more  or  less  imbricate.  Receptacle  flat,  naked  (in  one 
anomalous  species  alveolate).  Akenes  oblong  or  short-linear,  mostly  columnar  and 
strongly  5-ribbed  or  angled,  glabrous,  often  rugose,  truncate  at  both  ends,  the  broad 
base  hollowed  at  the  insertion,  the  apex  rarely  somewhat  narrowed  into  a  neck. 
Pappus  white,  a  single  series  of  (5  to  25)  more  or  less  rigid  bristles,  which  are  plu- 
mose for  their  whole  length  or  at  the  upper  part,  occasionally  somewhat  chaflfy-dilated 
at  base.  —  Paniculately  branching  and  usually  slender  glabrous  herbs  (all  W.  North 
American) ;  with  narrow  leaves  (the  upper  diminished  to  scales  or  bracts),  and 
small  heads  of  pink  or  flesh-colored  flowers,  open  in  the  early  morning.  —  Nutt.  in 
Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c. ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  533,  excl.  Rafinesquia. 

§  1.  Heads  small :  pappus  of  5  to  15  rigid  bristles  with  more  or  less  scale-like 
dilated  base,  or  even  scale-like  throughout,  plumose  towards  the  summit.  — 
Hemiptilium,  Gray.     {Hemiptilium,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  105.) 

1.  S.  Schottii,  Gray.  Resembles  the  next,  and  with  similar  5 -flowered  heads  : 
pappus  of  5  or  6  linear-lanceolate  and  blunt  rigid  scales  or  scariously  margined  awns, 


428  COMPOSITE.  Stephanomeria. 

which  are  rather  shorter  than  the  minutely  scahrous  akenes,  naked  below,  and 
sparingly  barbellate-plumose  towards  the  summit.  —  Uemiptilium  Schottii,  Gray, 
in  Eot.  Mex,  Bound.  105. 

On  the  Gila,  Schott,  therefore  beyond  the  limits  of  California,  but  likely  to  occur  on  the 
Colorado. 

2.  S.  pentachaeta,  Etiton.  A  foot  high,  probably  annual,  excessively  branched, 
paniculate  :  lower  leaves  linear  and  sometimes  runcinate-toothed  ;  upper  reduced  to 
minute  scale-like  bracts  :  heads  3  or  4  lines  long,  5-flowered  :  involucre  of  about  5 
principal  scales  :  akenes  oblong-linear,  columnar,  truncate  at  both  ends,  slightly 
narrowed  only  at  base,  rugose-tubercled  between  the  angles  :  pappus  of  5  slender 
rigid  bristles,  longer  than  the  akene,  sparingly  pectinate  at  the  somewhat  dilated 
base,  thence  naked  to  the  middle,  above  rather  copiously  plumose.  —  Bot.  King 
Exp.  199,  t.  20. 

Tmckee  and  Humboldt  Valleys,  Nevada  {Watson):  probably  reaching  the  borders  of  the  State. 
Perhaps  a  foim  of  the  next,  with  a  diminished  number  of  bristles  to  the  pappus. 

3.  S.  exigua,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high,  paniculately  and  diffusely  much 
branched  from  an  annual  root  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, runcinate-pinnatifid  or  toothed  ;  the  upper  slender  and  mostly  entire  except  at 
the  partly  clasping  base  ;  those  of  the  branchlets  reduced  to  minute  and  obtuse 
bracts  :  heads  3  to  5  lines  long,  3— 9-flowered  :  akenes  and  pappus  as  in  the  preced- 
ing, but  the  latter  of  more  numerous  bristles,  "  usually  3  from  each  angle  of  the 
akene,  and  with  their  slightly  dilated  bases  commonly  united."  —  Eaton,  1.  c.  198, 
t.  20,  fig.  6,  7.     Hemiptilium  Bigelovii,  Gray,  1.  c. 

Near  Fort  Mohave  {Cooper),  to  Sierra  Co.  {Lemmon),  and  Carson  City  {Anderson,  &c.)  ;  thence 
through  Nevada  and  New  Mexico  to  the  borders  of  Texas. 

§    2.  Heads  mostly  small:    bristles  of  the  papjjus  \2  to  25,  slender  and  plumose 
throughout :  receptacle  completely  naked.  —  Stephanomeria  proper. 

*  Involucre  narrow,  3  —  8-Jlowered,  most  commonly  b-jlowered,  its  outer  scales  all 
short  and  calycidate :  branches  striate,  slender  and  naked;  their  leaves  iisually 
reduced  to  small  bracts :  lower  leaves  linear  ;  the  radical  ones  generally  runcinate- 
pinnatifid. 

4.  S.  paniculata,  N'utt.  Stem  erect  from  an  annual  root,  1|  to  3  feet  high, 
with  rather  simple  ascending  virgate  branches,  along  which  the  short-pedicelled 
heads  are  commonly  racemose-panicled  :  involucre  3  or  4  lines  long  :  akenes  more 
or  less  rugose  or  tuberculate  between  the  narrow  ribs.  —  Eaton,  1.  c.  fig.  5.  S.  vir- 
gata,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  32. 

Hills  and  plains  ;  common  through  the  State  and  in  Nevada.  There  are  two  forms  as  to  the 
akenes ;  one  shorter  and  thicker,  with  narrowed  base,  and  usually  strong  and  numerous  rugosities 
between  the  distant  ribs,  as  figured  by  Prof.  Eaton  in  the  Botany  of  King's  exploration  :  this  is 
S.  virgata,  Benth.,  and  is  the  common  Californian  form,  with  the  heads  disposed  to  be  spicate- 
raccmose  along  the  rather  rigid  virgate  (sometimes  somewhat  pubescent)  branches.  The  other 
fonn  has  narrower  akenes,  like  those  of  <S'.  exigua,  with  slight  distinct  tubercles  in  place  of  the 
strong  i-ugosities  ;  and  the  heads  are  more  panicled.  Apparently  these  characters  do  not  always 
coincide  or  hold  out. 

5.  S.  minor,  Nutt.  Low  :  stems  paniculately  and  loosely  much  branched  from 
a  perennial  root,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  the  slender  and  somewhat  rush-like 
branches  terminated  by  the  heads  :  involucre  4  to  6  lines  long  :  akenes  with  broad 
and  strong  (at  length  minutely  scabrous)  ribs  having  narrow  grooves  between, 
columnar  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  summit.  —  S.  minor,  heterophylla,  &  runcinata, 
Nutt.  1.  c.  Prenanthes  (?)  tennifolia,  Torr.  Lygodesmia  minor.  Hook.  Fl.  i.  205, 
t.  103.     Jamesia  pauciflora,  Nees  in  Neu-wied,  Trav. 

Dry  plains,  along  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Bolander,  Torrey)  to  Oregon  and  to 
the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  A  New  Mexican  form  of  the  species  has  narrower, 
almost  smooth,  and  more  tapering  akenes. 


Rafinesquia.  COMPOSITE.  429 

S.  MYRiocLADA,  Eatoii,  1.  c.  t.  20,  of  Northwestern  Utah,  is  a  more  slender  perennial  species, 
with  smaller  3-flowered  heads  ;  and 

5.  Thurberi,  Gray,  PI.  Thurb.,  a  larger-flowered  annual  or  biennial  of  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico.     These  are  the  only  recognized  species,  besides  those  here  described. 

*  *  Involucre  broader,  about  \Q-flowered,  and  with  some  outer  scales  of  intermediate 
length  :  stems  leafy  to  the  top  ;  the  short  peduncles  mostly  naked. 

6.  S.  lactucina,  Gray.  Stems  a  span  or  two  high  from  a  perennial  root, 
corymbosely  branched  :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  runcinate-denticulate  or  entire, 
elongated :  involucre  halt"  an  inch  long,  of  6  to  9  inner  scales,  a  few  looser  calycu- 
late  ones,  and  one  or  two  of  intermediate  length  and  character  :  akenes  oblong- 
linear,  terete,  very  smooth,  the  ribs  slender.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  552. 

Wooded  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  about  5, 000  and  6, 000  feet,  in  and  near  the  Mariposa 
Sequoia  grove  (Brewer,  Bolander)  ;  also  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  at  McCumber's  (New- 
berry), and  pine  woods  of  Mount  Shasta,  Brewer.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide. 
Flowers  delicate  rose-color. 

§  3.  Heads  larger,  about  12-Jlowered :  scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre  more 
numerous  and  imbricated  in  about  3  series,  the  outer  successively  shorter : 
receptacle  alveolate,  and  the  margins  of  the  alveoli  Jimbriolate-hirsiite :  bristles  of 
tlie  pappus  15  to  20,  short-plumose  for  their  whole  length. — Alloseris,  Gray. 

7.  S.  cichoriacea,  Gray.  Minutely  tomentose-puberulent  when  young,  rigid  : 
stem  2  feet  or  more  high,  leafy  below,  and  with  virgate  branches  naked  above  : 
leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  runcinately  toothed,  the  teeth  rigid  :  heads  somewhat 
racemose  or  panicled,  short-peduncled  :  scales  of  the  involucre  rather  loose  and 
rigid,  lanceolate  :  young  akenes  short  and  smooth  :  pappus  sordid  or  dull  white.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  552. 

Near  Fort  Tejon,  Br.  JIoiii.  Leaves  4  or  5  inches  long  (the  lower  unknown),  not  unlike  those 
of  Cichory,  but  rigid.  Involucre  fully  half  an  inch  high.  Corolla.s  probably  rose-color.  An 
ambiguous  plant,  both  on  account  of  the  involucre,  to  which,  however,  the  preceding  species 
leads  up,  and  especially  on  account  of  the  alveolate  receptacle,  the  short-plumose  pappus,  and  its 
dull  hue. 

Cii^TADELPHA  Wheeleri,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  218,  discovered  in  Southern  Nevada 
on  the  borders  of  Arizona,  has  been  recently  detected  in  N.  W.  Nevada,  by  Lemmon  and  Case,  so 
near  the  border  of  the  State  that  it  may  be  expected  within.  The  plant  has  the  aspect  of  a  Ste- 
phanomcria,  or  of  a  Lygodesmia  ;  but  the  akenes  of  the  five  flowers  are  severally  partly  enclosed 
in  the  carinate  base  of  the  subtending  scales  of  the  involucre,  and  the  pappus  consists  of  five 
rigid  awnlike  naked  scales,  having  a  few  shorter  bristles  adnate  to  their  base,  3  to  5  on  each  side. 
The  root  is  perennial. 

111.  RAFINESQUIA,  Nutt. 

Head  many-  (15-30-)  flowered.  Involucre  conical-cylindraceous,  of  7  to  15 
equal  linear  acuminate  principal  scales,  and  a  few  loose  and  shorter  calyculate  ones. 
Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Akenes  terete,  slender,  obscurely  5-ribbed  or  angled  (nearly 
smooth  and  glabrous,  or  the  outermost  pubescent),  gradually  attenuated  into  a  slen- 
der beak ;  the  broad  base  hollowed  at  the  insertion,  but  destitute  of  a  distinct  callos- 
ity. Pappus  white  or  whitish,  of  10  to  15  capillary  bristles  which  are  softly  long- 
plumose  from  the  base  to  below  the  tip.  —  Leafy-stemmed  and  branching  glabrous 
annuals  ;  with  pinnatifid  leaves  partly  clasping  at  base,  and  rather  large  heads 
terminating  the  jianiculate  branches ;  corollas  white  or  flesh-color.  —  Nutt.  in  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  429  ;  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  103. 

A  well-marked  genus  (although  joined  to  Stephatiomeria  by  Bentham),  of  two  known  species, 
both  Californian,  and  one  exclusively  so.  The  akenes  are  excavated  at  the  broad  insertion  in  the 
manner  of  Scorzonera  and  Microseris,  but  wholly  want  the  callous  appendage.  In  the  fii^st  species 
the  flowers  are  only  transiently  expanded  according  to  Nuttall,  and  the  appearance  of  all  the 
specimens  conforms  to  this.     But  Dr.  Bolander  has  found  them  open  during  the  whole  day. 


430  COMPOSITE.  Bafinesquia. 

1.  R.  Califomica,  IS^utt.  Eather  stout  and  much  branching,  2  or  3  feet  high: 
lower  leaves  pretty  large,  oblong ;  upper  gradually  reduced  to  small  bracts  :  invo- 
lucre becoming  thick  at  base  and  more  or  less  conical ;  its  rather  numerous  calycu- 
late  scales  subulate  and  spreading;  the  proper  scales  12  to  15  :  ligules  short,  wliite  : 
akenes  tapering  into  a  very  slender  beak  as  long  as  Ihe  body  :  pappus  dull  white, 
the  bristles  tine  and  soft.  — Torr.  Bot.  ]\Iex.  Bound.  106,  t.  34. 

Tliickets  and  shady  gi-ounds,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  to  San  Diego  ;  sometimes  in  grain -fields 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  :  flowering  in  spring.     Heads  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  high. 

2.  R.  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high,  more  simple  :  leaves  lanceo- 
late :  head  narrower,  15- 18-flowered  :  proper  scales  of  the  involucre  7  or  8,  the 
calyculate  ones  short  and  rather  few  :  ligules  rather  large  and  conspicuous,  flesh- 
color  or  nearly  white  :  akenes  tapering  gradually  into  a  firmer  beak  which  is  mostly 
shorter  than  the  body  :  pappus  bright  wliite,  of  10  or  12  more  rigid  and  arachnoid- 
plumose  bristles.  — PI.  Wright,  ii.  103. 

Sand-hills  near  Fort  Mohave  (Cooper)  ;  thence  through  S.  Utah  (Mrs.  Thompson,  Capt.  Bishop) 
to  the  Rio  Grande  near  El  Paso,  C.  Wright.  Head  an  inch  long,  exclusive  of  the  corollas,  which 
are  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long. 

112.   HYPOCHJERIS,  Linn. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered.      Involucre  oblong  or  campanulate  :   the  scales 

imbricated,  lanceolate,  appressed,  the  outer  ones  successively  shorter.     Receptacle 

flat,  furnished  with  thin  and  narrow  scarious  chaff  subtending  the  flowers.     Akenes 

glabrous  or  merely  scabrous,  10-ribbed,  oblong  or  fusiform,  at  least  the  inner  ones 

tapering  upwards  commonly  into  a  beak.     Pappus  a  series  of  tine  plumose  bristles, 

and  often  with  some  shorter  and  outer  naked  bristles.  —  Herbs  with  either  leafy  or 

naked  stems,  bearing  solitary  or  s6mewhat  corymbose  long-peduncled  heads  of 

yellow  flowers ;  the  leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  519. 

A  rather  large  genus  of  the  mountains  and  temperate  regions  of  the  Old  World  and  of  South 
America  (now  made  to  include  Achyrophorus,  Adanson)  ;  none  indigenous  to  North  America, 
but  the  following  is  sparingly  naturalized  in  California,  as  it  is  in  various  other  parts  of  the 
world. 

1.  H.  glabra,  Linn.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  from  an  annual  root, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  all  or  mostly  in  a  radical  tuft,  oblong-spatulate 
or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  coarsely  sinuate-toothed  :  scape  commonly  branched  :  outer- 
most akenes  truncate  at  the  summit,  the  others  tapering  into  a  long  and  slender 
beak  :  pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  which  are  intricately  plumose  below  but  nearly 
naked  toward  the  apex,  and  of  some  fine  and  shorter  naked  outer  bristles. 

In  fields,  near  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Cruz  (Kellogg,  Anderson) ;  doubtless  introduced  from 
Europe.     Heads  a  little  over  half  an  inch  in  length. 

113.   ANISOCOMA,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Head  rather  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous,  imbricated  ;  the  scales  all 
obtuse,  thin-herbaceous,  with  broad  whitish-scarious  margins ;  the  inner  broadly 
linear  and  equal ;  the  others  comparatively  short  and  broad,  oval,  or  the  outermost 
nearly  orbicular.  Eeceptacle  flat,  furnished  with  long  and  bristleform  chaff"  sub- 
tending the  flowers.  Ligules  conspicuous.  Akenes  linear-turbinate,  terete,  1 0-nerved, 
silky-pubescent,  attenuate  to  a  sharp  point  at  base,  the  truncate  summit  crowned 
with  a  narrow  cup-like  border  or  ring.  Pappus  very  white,  of  10  or  more  rather 
rigid  bristles ;  the  about  5  longer  ones  (equalling  the  involucre)  long-plumose  above 


Calycoseria.  COMPOSITJE.  431 

the  middle;  the  others  much  shorter  and  less  plumose  or  often  quite  naked.  —  A 
single  species. 

1.  A.  acaule,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  low,  but  showy,  stemless  winter-annual,  gla- 
brous at  maturity,  although  when  young  with  some  white-woolliness,  which  fringes 
the  edges  of  the  short  and  rosulate-tufted  runcinate  radical  leaves  :  scapes  a  span  or 
less  high,  naked  :  head  proportionally  large  (an  inch  or  more  long) :  corollas  yellow. 
—  Torr.  &  Gray  in  Jour.  Bost.  ^at.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  HI,  t.  13  ;  Eaton  in  Bot.  King 
Exp.  197.  Pterostephamis  runcinatus,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  20,  fig.  4, 
badly  characterized. 

Dry  plains  and  hills,  from  Fort  Tejon  to  the  Colorado,  and  from  Sierra  Valley  through  Western 
Nevada.  Fii-st  collected  by  Fremont.  No  doubt  this  is  Dr.  Kellogg's  Plerosicphanus,  but  it  has 
no  such  akenes  as  are  described  and  rudely  depicted. 

114.   GLYPTOPLEURA,  D.  C.  Eaton. 

Head  8-1 8-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous,  of  7  to  1 2  lanceolate  thin-herba- 
ceous and  somewhat  scarious-margined  equal  scales,  which  are  united  at  base  into  a 
cup  and  unchanged  in  fruit,  subtended  by  a  few  loose  calyculate  scales  or  foliaceous 
bracts.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes  narrowly  oblong,  mostly  slightly  incurved, 
terete,  not  contracted  at  base  nor  hollowed  at  the  insertion,  with  5  thick  and 
rounded  ribs  or  angles,  which  are  obscurely  rugose,  but  on  their  sides  elegantly  can- 
cellate-sculptured,  so  as  to  present  a  row  of  pores  in  the  narrow  intervals ;  above  a 
cup-shaped  shoulder  surrounds  the  base  of  a  short  and  thick  5-ribbed  beak  or  neck, 
which  is  dilated  at  the  apex  into  a  pappus-bearing  disk  and  hollow,  at  least  at  the 
top.  Pappus  bright  white,  caducous,  of  very  numerous  and  equal  fine  and  hardly 
scabrous  capillary  bristles  in  several  series ;  the  outermost  falling  separately,  the 
inner  slightly  cohering  in  a  ring  at  base.  —  Small  and  depressed  winter-annuals  or 
biennials  (of  the  interior  desert),  glabrous,  many-stemmed,  forming  flat  tufts  ordy 
an  inch  or  two  high ;  the  stems  or  simple  branches  terminated  by  sessile  rather 
large  heads  of  rose-purple  or  white  flowers ;  the  leaves  runcinate  and  mostly  with 
margined  petioles,  thickish.  —  Eaton,  Bot.  King  Exp.  207,  t.  20  ;  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Gen.  PI.  ii.  523  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  209. 

1.  G.  marginata,  Eaton,  1.  c.  Margins  of  the  short  and  crowded  lobes  and 
teeth  of  the  leaves,  or  the  whole  of  the  obtuse  teeth,  white-scarious ;  the  uppermost 
and  the  subtending  spatulate  bracts  (which  mostly  equal  the  15-1 8-flowered  heads) 
pectinately  scarious-fringed  :  rays  (always  1)  small  :  akenes  minutely  cinereous,  the 
beak  rather  deeply  cupped. 

Truckee  Pass  of  the  Virginia  Mountains  and  elsewhere  on  the  western  borders  of  Nevada 
(  Watson,  Lemmon) ;  therefore  probably  within  the  line  of  the  State.  A  curious  and  most  inter- 
esting little  plant.  Heads  rather  over  half  an  inch  long,  hardly  rising  above  the  radical  leaves  : 
involucre  of  about  12  scales.     Akene  2  lines  long,  besides  its  beak  of  fully  half  a  line  in  length. 

G.  SETULOSA,  Gray,  of  Utah  {Palmer),  has  fewer  flowers  and  scales,  larger  rays  (apparently 
white  turning  to  pink),  and  smaller  subtending  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  narrow  head  ;  these 
and  the  leaves  want  the  scarious  margins  and  slender  fringes,  which  are  represented,  however,  by 
a  slight  callous  edge  and  a  few  bristles  on  the  lobes  ;  the  akenes  are  quite  glabrous,  and  their 
beak  tubular  to  the  base. 

115.  CALYCOSERIS,  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  double,  viz.  of  one  or  two  series  of  equal  lance- 
olate principal  scales,  and  several  short  and  loose  calyculate  outer  ones,  all  scarious- 
margined.      Eeceptacle  flat :   a  persistent  capillary  bristle  subtending  each  flower 


432  COMPOSITE.  Calycoseris. 

and  equalling  the  akenes  in  length.  Ligules  elongated.  Akenes  somewhat  fusi- 
form, 5-10-ribbed,  tapering  into  a  beak,  the  apex  of  which  is  crowned  with  a 
scarious  persistent  cup  denticulate  at  the  margin.  Proper  pappus  of  numerous  fine 
and  capillary  white  bristles,  which  are  united  at  the  Ijase  and  separate  in  a  ring.  — 
Low  glabrous  annuals  (New  Mexican  and  Californian),  branching  from  the  base, 
and  bearing  middle-sized  pedunculate  heads ;  the  leaves  pinnately  parted  into 
linear  divisions,  or  the  smaller  and  scattered  upper  ones  almost  entire :  peduncles 
and  involucre  sparsely  beset  with  stout-stalked  tack-shaped  glands.  —  PI.  Wright, 
ii.  104,  t.  U,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  106. 

1.  C.  Panyi,  Gray.  Flowers  yellow:  akenes  smooth,  slender,  with  5  acute  and 
intermediate  obtuse  ribs,  the  beak  slender.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1.  c. 

Mountains  east  of  Monterey,  June,  Parry.  A  fragmentary  specimen,  the  only  one  known, 
wanting  the  base  of  the  stem  and  the  lower  leaves. 

C.  Wrightii,  Gray,  1.  c,  the  other  and  better  known  species,  inhabits  the  eastern  part  of  Xew 
Mexico  :  it  has  rose-colored  flowers,  and  stouter  akenes,  with  thick,  very  obtuse,  tuberculate- 
roughened  ribs  and  thickish  beak.  Dr.  Palmer  collected  specimens  in  Utah  with  akenes  some- 
what intennediate  in  character ;  and  Dr.  Newberry  found  others,  in  W.  New  Mexico  (without 
fruit),  which  show  hardly  any  of  the  curious  glands. 

116.   MALACOTHRIX,  DC,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  campanulate  or  cylindraceous  ;  the  scales  either 
loosely  imbricated,  or  mainly  equal,  and  calyculate  with  a  few  short  ones  at  base. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked,  or  sometimes  with  delicate  and  fragile  or  deciduous  capillary 
bristles  interposed  between  the  flowers.  Akenes  short,  oblong  or  columnar,  glabrous, 
terete  and  8- 15-striate-ribbed,  or  4-5-angled  by  the  stronger  or  primary  ribs, 
little  if  at  all  contracted  at  base ;  the  broad  truncate  apex  furnished  with  a  crown- 
like entire  or  denticulate  border  or  sharp  edge,  sometimes  evidently  representing 
an  outer  pappus :  the  ordinary  pappus  bright  white,  consisting  of  a  single  series  of 
soft  and  scabrous  or  toward  the  base  minutely  barbellate  capillary  bristles,  which 
are  caducous  more  or  less  in  a  ring,  and  commonly  of  a  few  (1  to  8)  outer  and 
stronger  as  well  as  smoother  more  persistent  bristles  :  in  an  anomalous  species,  all 
the  pappus  is  wanting.  —  Herbs  (peculiar  to  the  western  parts  of  North  America) ; 
with  somewhat  leafy  or  scape-like  and  mostly  branching  stems,  middle-sized  or 
small  pedunculate  heads,  commonly  nodding  before  expansion,  and  pinnatifid 
or  occasionally  entire  leaves.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  485  ;  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  113; 
Benth.  k  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  518  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  213.  Leptoseris, 
Leucoseris,  &  Malacomeris,  Nutt. 

§  1.  Involucre  of  mimerous  broad  and  blunt  silvery-scai'ious  scales,  with  only  a  green 
midrib  or  centre,  regularly  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  successively 
shorter  and  rounder :  receptacle  beset  with  slender  j^ersistent  bristles :  corollas 
white  or  at  first  cream-color,  changing  to  pinh  or  j^urple  in  drying  or  fading. 

1.  M.  Coulteri,  Gray.  Annual,  a  foot  or  two  high,  glabrous  and  somewhat 
glaucous,  rather  leafy  :  leaves  laciniate-pinnatifid  or  toothed  ;  the  radical  and  lower 
cauline  oblong  or  spatulate,  sessile  ;  upper  auriculate-clasping  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
gradually  reduced  to  bracts  :  heads  terminating  the  loose  branches  :  akenes  acutely 
about  15-ribbed  and  4-5-angled,  the  summit  more  or  less  denticulate  by  the 
projection  of  the  ribs  :  one  or  two  stouter  bristles  of  the  pappus  nearly  persistent. 
—  PI.  Fendl.  113. 


Malacothrix.  COMPOSITE.  433 

First  collected  by  CmiUer,  probably  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  Sitgreaves  Pass  {New- 
berry) ;  Naciniieuto  River  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  Brexcer.  Apparently  on  the  Sacramento  or  San 
Joai^uin,  Filch,  Kellogg.  Involucre  over  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  not  unlike  that  of  a  Xeranthe- 
mum.     Structure  in  other  respects  wholly  that  of  Malacothrix. 

§  2.   Involucre  of  narrow  and  acute  or  acuminate  scales,  slightly  if  at  all  scarious,  in 
2  or  3  series.     (Pappus  present.)  — Malacothrix  proper. 

*  Annuals :  flowers  light  yellow,  often  turning  purple.     (Leptoseris,  N^utt.) 

-t-  Head  large,  solitary,  terminating  mostly  simple  naked  scapes. 

2.  M.  Californica,  DC.  Loosely  long-woolly  when  young,  sometimes  nearly 
glabrous  with  age  :  leaves  mostly  all  in  a  radical  tuft,  laciniately  pinnately  parted 
into  very  narrowly  linear  divisions  :  scapes  ascending,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  scales 
of  the  broad  involucre  linear-subulate,  loosely  imbricated  :  akenes  narrow,  minutely 
and  obtusely  striate-ribbed  (acutish  and  with  a  minute  callus  at  the  base) :  outer 
pappus  of  2  persistent  bristles,  between  the  bases  of  which  are  several  very  minute 
pointed  teeth. 

Yar.  glabrata,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.,  201,  is  a  form  apparently  destitute  of 
wool,  even  when  young. 

Open  grounds,  rather  common  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego,  and  east  to  the 
borders  of  Nevada  and  S.  Utah,  where  the  smooth  variety  was  collected  by  Jnderson,  Watson, 
Parry,  &c.  Head  as  large  as  that  of  a  Dandelion,  on  a  scape  which  is  usually  naked  to  the  base, 
rarely  with  a  leaf  or  two,  and  with  a  tendency  to  bear  lateral  heads. 

+-  -i-  Heads  smaller  and  paniculate  on  branching  stems  or  scapes :  involucre  of  equal 
scales  and  a  feio  short  calyculate  ones  at  base. 

++  Pappus  with  one  or  more  somewhat  persistent  stouter  and  naked  bristles. 

3.  M.  Torreyi,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  liigh,  rather  leafy,  nearly 
glabrous  :  branches  and  especially  the  peduncles  more  or  less  beset  with  some  gland- 
tipped  bristles  :  heads  rather  large  :  involucre  campanulate  and  many-llowered  : 
akenes  linear-oblong,  very  strongly  ribbed ;  the  5  principal  ribs  almost  wing-like, 
the  pair  in  each  interval  much  less  prominent :  outer  pappus  of  4  to  8  (usually  5) 
stout  persistent  bristles,  between  tlie  thickish  bases  of  which  are  minute  teeth. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  213.  M.  sonchoides,  Torr.  in  Stansbury  Rep.  392  ;  Gray, 
PI.  Wright,  ii.  105,  in  part ;  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  201,  not  of  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  borders  of  the  State  {Anderson,  Watson,  Lemmon)  ; 
thence  east  to  Salt  Lake  and  the  southern  part  of  Utah.  Involucre  sometimes  half  an  inch  high, 
generally  smaller. 

4.  M.  Xanti,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  glabrous  or  slightly  woolly  when  young : 
stem  scape-like  and  loosely  panicled,  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  mostly  radical, 
runcinate-pinnatifid,  thin  ;  the  cauline  ones  small  and  with  almost  filiform  lobes  : 
heads  small :  involucre  cylindraceous,  rather  few-flowered  :  akenes  linear-oblong, 
obtusely  15-ribbed,  with  5  ribs  moderately  stronger,  the  cup-like  apex  obtusely  5- 
toothed  :  outer  pappus  of  3  to  5  very  slender  and  partly  persistent  bristles.  — 
M.  parvijlm-a  {%),  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  163,  not  of  Benth. 

Cape  San  Lucas,  Lower  California  {Xantus).     It  may  occur  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

5.  M.  Clevelandi,  Gray.  Slender,  glabrous  :  stem  rather  naked,  loosely  pan- 
icled, a  foot  or  more  high,  bearing  numerous  heads  :  leaves  thin,  all  linear,  spar- 
ingly laciniate-pinnatifid  :  involucre  campanulate,  rather  many-flowered  ;  the  scales 
green  Avith  brownish  or  purplish  tips  :  young  akenes  cylindraceous,  equably  and 
lightly  striate-nerved  :  outer  pappus  of  one  stout  bristle  and  a  crown  of  many  con- 
spicuous thin  and  white  teeth  ;  soft  bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  disposed  to  fall 
separately.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ined. 

Near  San  Diego,  D.  Cleveland.  Also  Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California,  Dr.  E.  Palmer. 
Leaves  a  line  or  two  wide,  even  the  radical  ones  seldom  over  2  or  3  lines  broad,  from  1  to  3  inches 


434  COMPOSITE.  Malacothrix. 

long.     Involucre  barely  4  lines  high.     The  conspicuous  many-toothed  crown  to  the  akeue  is  here 
evidently  pappus,  and  of  the  series  to  which  the  stout  bristle  belongs. 

M.  Fendleri,  Gray,  PI.  Wright.,  of  New  Mexico,  is  known  by  its  rather  large  heads,  and 
dark-colored  cylindical  and  efjually  15-ribbed  akenes,  with  the  cup-like  apex  entire,  and  a  single 
persistent  bristle  ;  in  aspect  it  resembles  M.  Torrcyi. 

+-^  -h+  All  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  deciduous  in  a  ring :  the  harder  of  the  aTcene  naked 

or  merely  denticulate. 

6.  M.  obtusa,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  glabrous,  except 
some  woolliness  when  young  :  stems  loosely  paniculately  branched,  scape-like  or 
few-leaved  below  :  leaves  runcinate-pinnatitid,  their  lobes  and  teeth  obtuse  and 
rounded  :  heads  small  :  involucre  narrow-campanulate  (3  or  4  lines  long,  contain- 
ing rather  numerous  or  sometimes  few  flowers) :  akenes  obovate-oblong,  obtusely 
angled  by  the  5  stronger  ribs,  the  small  intermediate  ribs  either  obscure  or  evident, 
the  slightly  narrowed  apex  with  a  narrow  entire  border.  —  M.  obtusa  &  M.  parvi- 
Jiora,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  321,  the  latter  apparently  no  more  than  a  slender  and 
small-flowered  form. 

Open  ground,  rather  common  from  Monterey  to  Humboldt  Co. ,  and  Sierra  Valley.  In  this 
species  the  capillary  bristles  of  the  receptacle  are  often  manifest,  and  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
akenes,  but  fragile  or  deciduous  ;  sometimes  only  traces  of  them  are  to  be  found. 

7.  M.  SOnchoides,  Torr,  &  Gray.  A  span  high,  diffusely  spreading,  nearly 
glabrous,  stouter  :  radical  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid  with  teeth  or  lobes  somewhat 
spinulose-pointed  :  heads  larger:  akenes  linear -prismatic,  five  of  the  15  ribs  being 
stronger  than  the  rest ;  the  summit  hardly  contracted,  bearing  a  crown-like  minutely 
15-denticulate  white  border.  —  M.  obtusa,  Eaton,  Bot.  King  Exp.  202,  in  part. 
Leptoseris  sonchoides,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  438. 

N.  W.  Nevada,  Lemmon,  1875.  Utah  to  Nebraska.  The  most  eastern  species;  but  now  de- 
tected so  near  to  California  that  it  probably  will  be  found  within  it. 

*  *    Perennials  or  sometimes  prdbably  biennials,  with  a  firm  or  somewhat  woody 

base:  no  outer  pappus  of  bristles.     (^Malacomeris  &  Leucoseris,  Nutt.) 

-¥-  Flowers  yellow  :  plant  white-woolly. 

8.  M.  incana,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low,  white  with  cottony  wool :  leaves  mostly 
crowded  on  a  (biennial  1)  crown  or  on  short  stout  stems,  pinnatitid  :  flowering  stems 
scape-like,  a  few  inches  high,  bearing  one  or  two  rather  large  heads.  —  Malacomeris 
incana,  Nutt.  1,  c. 

San  Diego,  on  an  island  in  the  bay.  Collected  only  by  Nuttall,  whose  specimens  are 
imperfect. 

-H  +■  Flowers  white  (changing  to  rose-color  ?)  :  stems  leafy,  paniculately  branched,  a 
foot  or  two  high,  apparently  from  a  perennial  root. 

9.  M.  sa:satilis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Minutely  and  lightly  tomentose,  or  nearly 
glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  somewhat  spatulate,  or  those  of  the  branches 
linear,  entire,  laciniate-toothed,  or  sparingly  pinnatifid  :  involucre  campanulate  or 
hemispherical,  about  half  an  inch  high ;  the  short  calyculate  scales  numerous  and 
passing  into  loose  subulate  bracts  :  akenes  linear-oblong,  10-ribbed,  crowned  with 
an  obvious  10-denticulate  border.  —  Gray,  1.  c.  M.  saxatilis  &  M.  commutata,  Torr. 
&  Gray.  Leucoseris  saxatilis  &  L.  Calif ornica,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Hieracium  ?  Calif or- 
nicum,  DC.    Senecio  flocciferus,  DC. 

On  the  coast  at  Santa  Barbara  and  southward.  Seems  to  pass  into  the  next,  unless  the  akenes 
fui'iiish  a  character. 

10.  M,  tenuifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with  slender  panicu- 
late peduncles :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  the  upper  filiform,  mostly  pinnately  parted 
into  few  divisions  :  akenes  obovate  and  with  an  obscure  nearly  entire  border.  — 
Leucoseris  tenuifolia,  Nutt.  1.  c.l 


Crepis.  COMPOSITE.  435 

Santa  Barbara  {NuttaU),  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  (Coulter),  to  the  valley  of  the 
Gila,  Schott.  There  are  no  pei-sistent  bristles  to  the  pappus,  as  is  wrongly  stated  in  the  Botany 
of  the  Mexican  Boundary. 

§  3.  Papims  wholly  toanting :   otherwise  as  in  Malacothrix  proper :  flowers  white 
and  purple.  —  Anathrix,  Gray. 

11.  M.  platyphylla,  Gray,  1.  c.  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  somewhat 
glaucous  :  leaves  all  radical,  dilated-cuneiform  and  nearly  sessile,  almost  truncate, 
acutely  and  unequally  dentate  or  denticulate  :  scape  naked,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
loosely  corymbose  at  the  summit  and  bearing  numerous  small  heads  :  involucre  of 
oblong  equal  scales  and  a  few  very  short  calyculate  ones. 

Gravelly  soil  near  Fort  Mohave,  Dr.  Cooper.  Involucre  campanulate,  about  3  lines  high  : 
ligules  of  nearly  twice  that  length.  Leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  thin,  veinj\  The  fruit  is  as  yet 
unknown. 

117.   CREPIS,  Linn. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous  or  campanulate,  usually 
double ;  viz.  the  principal  scales  equal,  with  some  short  calyculate  ones  at  base, 
rarely  more  imbricated,  in  fruit  often  becoming  carinate  or  boat-shaped  towards  the 
base  by  the  thickening  and  induration  of  the  midrib.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked,  some- 
times alveolate.  Akenes  oblong,  linear,  or  fusiform,  nearly  terete  or  obtusely 
angled,  10- 20-ribbed,  generally  somewhat  contracted  at  base  and  more  tapering  at 
summit,  sometimes  even  beaked.  Pappus  simple,  of  copious  and  white  capillary 
merely  scabrous  bristles,  which  are  either  persistent  or  singly  deciduous.  —  Herbs, 
of  various  habit  and  wide  distribution  (mainly  of  the  northern  temperate  regions 
of  the  Old  World),  commonly  with  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  —  Torr.  «k 
Gray,  ri.  ii.  487;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  511. 

*  Minutely  einereous-tomentose :  sterns  clnstered  from  a  'perennial  root :  leaves  ladni- 
ately  pinnatifid  into  narrow  lobes  or  teeth:  involucre  of  equal  linear  principal  scales 
and  a  few  short  calyculate  ones:  akenes  fusiform,  not  beaked,  smooth,  \0-striate- 
ribbed,  as  long  as  t/ie  jMp/ms. 

1.  C.  OCCidentalis,  Nutt.  Dwarf  or  stout :  stem  a  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high, 
few-leaved,  bearing  few  heads,  mostly  on  thickish  peduncles  :  leaves  runcinately  pin- 
natifid or  pinnately  parted,  broadly  lanceolate  in  outline,  with  the  apex  acute  or 
rarely  prolonged:  involucre  12  -  30-flowered,  furfuraceous-tomentose,  occasionally 
beset  with  scattered  and  brownish  bristles  ;  the  principal  scales  8  to  15  :  akenes 
with  tapering  summit,  striate  with  10  even  and  strong  narrow  ribs. — Psilochenia 
occidentalis,  Xutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  437. 

Var.  Nevadensis,  Kellogg,  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  50,  is  a  dwarf  form,  with 
finely  somewhat  twice  pinnately  parted  leaves ;  and  var.  subacaidis,  Kellogg,  is  a 
much-reduced  state  of  the  same. 

Var.  costata,  dwarf  or  stout,  with  many-flowered  heads,  has  the  akenes  very 
strongly  ribbed,  sometimes  hardly  narrowed  at  the  summit,  sometimes  conspicuously 
narrowed. 

Var.  crinita,  from  Washington  Territory,  is  shaggy  with  long  brownish  or 
yellowish  hairs  on  the  peduncles  and  involucre ;  the  bristly  hairs  in  somewhat 
similar  Californian  specimens  glandular. 

Dry  hills,  from  Mendocino  Co.  and  throughout  northeastern  portions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to 
Washington  Territory,  Montana,  and  Colorado.  The  var.  Nevadensis  occurs  at  Summit,  Nevada 
Co.,  kc.  A  form  of  var.  costata,  Sierra  Co.,  Leminon.  The  glandular  state  of  var.  crinita,  Sierra 
and  Plumas  Co.,  Lernmon,  Mrs.  Palsifer  Ames.  The  foliage,  heads,  and  akenes  of  this  species 
are  not  a  little  variable.  Nuttall  could  have  seen  no  well-formed  fruit,  for  he  describes  the 
akenes  as  not  striate. 


436  COMPOSITE.  Crepis. 

2.  C.  acuminata,  Nutt.  Less  tomentose :  stem  slender,  1  to  3  feet  high, 
bearing  an  open  cyme  of  numerous  and  slender-peduncled  narrow  heads  :  leaves 
runcinately  pinnatilid  into  lanceolate  or  linear  lobes  below,  and  the  apex  prolonged 
into  an  entire  tail-like  acumination:  involucre  5  -  15-flowered,  either  tomentulose 
or  glabrous,  narrow-cylindrical,  5  to  7  lines  high ;  the'principal  scales  5  to  8 :  akenes 
10-striate,  with  a  tapering  summit.  — Torr.  in  Stansbury  Eep.  392,  t.  8  (the  akene 
too  tapering  at  summit).  C.  occidentalis,  var.  gracilis,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  203, 
slender  forms. 

Dry  ground,  from  near  Clear  Lake  {Newberry,  Torrey,  &c.)  and  Yoseraite  and  Sierra  Valleys 
(Bolander,  &c.),  to  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Akenes  generally  rather  longer  than 
the  pappus. 

*  *  Glabrous  or  slightly  hairy:  steins  or  mostly  naked  scapes  and  a  crown  of  radical 
leaves  from  a  solitary  and  thick  probably  biennial  root,  bearing  a  few  long-pedunded 
heads. 

3.  C.  glauca,  Ton*.  &  Gray.  Glabrous,  except  a  slight  pubescence  on  the  young 
heads  :  leaves  all  radical,  glaucous,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  runcinate-pinnatilid  or 
denticulate,  thickish,  hardly  petioled  :  heads  small:  involucre  15-20-flowered,  of 
about  1 2  narrow  and  equal  scales  and  3  or  4  small  accessory  ones :  akenes  oblong, 
incurved,  slightly  narrowed  at  both  ends,  10-ribbed,  shorter  than  the  rather  scanty 
deciduous  pappus.  —  Crepiditim  glauctim,  Nutt.  1,  c. 

Low  gi'oimds  in  saline  soil,  Western  Nevada  ( Watson)  to  the  Platte  :  not  yet  found  on  the 
borders  of  California,  but  it  may  be  expected.  Involucre  3  to  5  lines  long.  Akenes  only  2 
lines  long. 

4.  C.  Andersonii,  Gray.  Glabrous,  or  with  some  woolly  pubescence  when  young : 
leaves  mainly  radical,  oblong-obovate  or  lanceolate,  laciniately-toothed  or  rarely  run- 
cinate-pinnatifid,  nearly  sessile  :  heads  rather  large  :  involucre  many-flowered,  mostly 
glandular-pubescent  when  young ;  the  scales  imbricated  in  about  3  series,  linear- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-linear :  akenes  fusiform,  many-striate,  smooth,  tapering  gradu- 
ally into  a  short  but  rather  distinct  beak.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  553 ;  Eaton  in 
Bot.  King  Exp.  203. 

Low  grounds,  near  Carson  City  {Andersmi),  and  a  caulescent  form  in  uplands  (which  may  be 
Crepidium  caulescens,  Nutt.),  and  Sierra  Valley  {Lemmon)  :  extending  into  Nevada,  Watson. 
Heads  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long.  Akenes  3  lines  long,  including  the  beak  :  pappus 
rather  deciduous. 

Crepis  runcinata,  Torr.  &  Gray,  is  most  like  C  glauca  ;  but  has  a  hispidly  glandular  and 
pubescent  involucre,  narrower  akenes,  and  the  thinner  leaves  not  glaucous.  It  belongs  to  the 
Rocky  Mountain  district,  and  probably  does  not  approach  California. 

C.  CooPKRi,  Gray,  is  the  Malacothrix  crcpoides.  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  xii.  49,  a  small-flowered 
species  with  the  aspect  of  Malacothrix  obtusa,  but  not  the  characters  of  that  genus.  It  is  in  E. 
Hall's  collection  from  near  Portland,  Oregon,  and  may  perhaps  be  expected  in  the  northern  part 
of  California. 

*  *  *   Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  dwarf,  perennial :  heads  from  tJie  crown  among  the 

radical  leaves,  or  on  scapes  hardly  exceeding  them. 

5.  C.  nana,  Eichardson.  Leaves  in  a  depressed  cluster,  rather  glaucous,  oblong 
or  spatulate  and  lyrate  or  lyrately  toothed,  or  sometimes  roundish  and  small,  the 
lateral  divisions  being  wanting,  commonly  long-petioled  :  heads  clustered  at  the 
crown,  or  several  on  a  scape  or  stem  an  inch  or  two  high  :  involucre  cylindraceous, 
10-  14-flowered,  of  6  to  8  linear  obtuse  glabrous  scales,  and  a  few  short  calyculate 
ones  at  base  :  flowers  yellow  turning  pink  :  akenes  slender,  linear  and  obscurely 
fusiform,  not  beaked,  iinely  striate. — Hook,  in  Parry's  2d  Voy.  397,  t.  1;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  1.  c. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Sonora  Pass  (a  single  and  somewhat  ambiguous  specimen),  Brewer. 
Also  in  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains,  extending  to  the  Arctic  coast,  and  in  Siberia.  The  nar- 
row heads  nearly  half  an  inch  long. 


Troximon.  COMPOSITJi:.  437 

U8.  TROXIMON,  Nutt. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  campanulate  or  cylindraceous ;  the  scales  mostly 
lanceolate,  imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer  often  loose  and  somewhat  foliaceous 
or  bract-like.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  sometimes  foveolate,  in  one  species  occasion- 
ally (and  abnormally)  with  a  few  chaffy  scales  among  the  flowers.  Akenes  oblong 
or  linear,  terete,  lO-ribbed ;  the  apex  contracted  into  somewhat  of  a  neck,  or  pro- 
longed into  a  beak ;  the  broad  base  or  a  basilar  callus  to  a  narrower  base  more  or 
less  hollowed  at  the  insertion.  Pappus  of  copious  bright  white  or  whitish  capillary 
merely  scabrous  bristles,  which  are  either  persistent  or  separately  deciduous  from 
the  dilated  terminal  areola.  —  Acaulescent  perennials  or  annuals  ;  with  clustered 
radical  leaves,  and  simple  scapes,  bearing  solitary  large  or  middle-sized  heads  of 
yellow  or  rarely  orange  or  purplish  flowers.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  522. 
Afac7'orhi/nchus,  Less.,  DC,  &c.  Stylopappus,  Kymapleura,  &  Cryptopleura,  E^utt. 
in  Trans.  Am,  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  430  -  433. 

A  genus  of  several  species,  natives  of  North  America  west  of  the  Mississippi  and  two  or  three 
in  South  America,  being  now  extended,  by  Mr.  Bentham,  to  embrace  Macrorhynchiis.  The 
latter,  with  filiform  beak  to  the  akene,  seems  abundantly  distinct  from  the  eastern  beakless 
T.  cuspidatum,  which  ought  to  be  regarded  as  the  type  of  the  genus.  But  T,  glaucum  and  T. 
aurantiacum  connect  them.     See  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  215. 

§  1.  Ahenes  fusiform,  glabrous,  tapering  gradtially  into  a  short  or  rather  stout  nerved 
beak:  pappus  persistent  and  rather  rigid:  root  perennial.  —  Nothotroximon. 

1.  T.  glaucum,  Nutt.  When  young  hirsute-pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous  : 
leaves  varying  from  linear  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  and  with  entire  or  undulate 
margins,  rarely  laciniate-pinnatifid  :  scapes  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre all  or  all  but  the  outermost  and  shorter  ones  acuminate  :  mature  akene  taper- 
ing into  a  stout  beak  of  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  its  body.  —  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  3462.     Macrorhynchiis  glaucns,  Eaton  in  Bot.  King  Exp.  204. 

Var.  taraxacifolium,  Gray.  Large  :  leaves  7  to  10  inches  long  and  some- 
times an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  from  lanceolate  to  obovate-oblong,  entire,  toothed,  or 
sometimes  pinnatifid  :  scape  a  foot  or  two  high  :  involucre  an  inch  high ;  its  scales 
all  acute  or  acuminate.  —  T.  taraxacifolium,  i^utt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1,  c. 

Var.  laciniatum,  Gray.  A  dwarf  or  small  form,  with  scapes  2  to  6  inches 
high  :  leaves  laciniately  and  runcinately  pinnatifid,  or  occasionally  entire  and  linear. 
—  Macrorhynchus  glaucus,  var.  laciniatus,  Eaton,  1.  c.  Troximon  parviflorum, 
N"utt.  1.  c,  is  an  entire-leaved  form. 

Eastern  borders  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Carson  City  to  Sierra  Valley,  in  the  above  two  vari- 
eties (the  var.  lacinintum  on  Mount  Dana  and  Carson  Pass,  at  8,000  to  11,000  feet.  Brewer,  and 
Summit,  Bolander)  ;  north  to  Oregon,  and  east  to  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains,  mostly  in  low 
grounds.  Corollas  yellow,  sometimes  turning  purple  in  age.  The  var.  dasycephalum,  with  hairy 
and  larger  somewhat  foliaceous  outer  scales  to  the  involucre,  occasionally  has  chaffy  scales  on  the 
receptacle. 

2.  T.  aurantiacum,  Hook.  More  slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  more 
glabrous  :  leaves  thinner,  inclined  to  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  often  denticulate, 
sometimes  laciniate-pinnatifid  :  involucre  (6  to  9  lines  high)  mostly  of  two  series  of 
less  acute  scales,  the  outer  about  as  long  as  the  inner  and  broader :  mature  akenes 
tapering  into  a  slender  beak  of  nearly  or  fully  the  length  of  the  body.  —  Hook.  Fl. 
i.  300,  t.  1 04.  T.  pumilum,  Xutt.  1.  c,  a  small  form.  Macrorhynchus  troximoides, 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  491. 

Meadows  or  low  grounds  :  same  range  as  the  last,  and  forms  of  the  two  often  confounded.  The 
only  Californian  specimens  seen  are  from  "  Bear  Valley  Meadows,  at  4,000  feet  "  (Bolander  and 
Kellogg),  and  with  pinnatifid  leaves,  but  no  fruit.  Ripe  akenes  distinguish  the  species  from  the 
preceding :  the  pappus  also  is  less  persistent.     The  corollas  are  orange,  often  turning  to  purple. 


438  COMPOSITtE.  Troximon. 

§  2.  Ahenes  ohlong  or  fusiform,  mostly  acute  or  narrowed  at  base,  and  somewhat 
obliquely  inserted  by  a  small  distinct  callus  {outermost  occasionally  pubescent), 
the  apex  prodaiced  into  a  long  (^usually  very  long)  and  filiform  or  capillary 
nerveless  beak:  pappus  fine  and  soft,  tardily  deciduous.  —  Macrorhynchus. 
[Afacrorhynchus,  Less.,  DC.) 

*    Root  perennial :  akenes  either  gradually  or  abruptly  tapa'ing  into  the  slender  and 

filiform  beak. 

3.  T.  apargioides,  Less.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high  from  a  long  and  often 
large  fusiform  root,  hirsute  or  glabrous:  leaves  variously  pinnatifid  or  laciniate: 
scapes  slender,  ascending :  head  middle-sized  or  rather  small :  akenes  linear-fusif  rm, 
acutely  or  the  inner  ones  lightly  ribbed,  nearly  equalling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the 
beak.  —  Linnaja,  vi.  501.  Barkhausia  Lessingii  &  Macrorhynchus  Lessingii,  Hook. 
&  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  145,  361.  M.  humilis,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  320.  M.  Ilar- 
fordii,  Kellogg. 

Sandy  or  marshy  grounds  ;  common  along  the  coast,  from  Monterey  to  Oregon.  Tliis  species 
is  well  described  in  the  remark  that  it  resembles  Apargia  aufinnna/is  (i.  e.  Lcontodon  autunnialc), 
and  also,  in  its  smaller  fonn,  Krigia  Firginica.  Like  these  the  foliage  is  very  variable.  Involu- 
cre from  6  to  9  lines  high  ;  the  outer  scales  sometimes  more  foliaceous.  Akenes  2  lines  and  the 
beak  2  or  3  lines  long. 

4.  T.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high  :  leaves  glabrous,  varying  from  ob- 
long-spatidate  and  laciniate-pinnatifid  to  linear  and  entire  :  scapes  rather  stout  and 
head  rather  large  :  scales  of  tlie  involucre  narrow  :  akenes  fusiform-linear,  slender, 
finely  and  closely  ribbed,  equalling  the  beak  in  length.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  216. 
Stylopappus  elatus,  Nutt.  1.  c.     Macrorhynchus  elatus,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Meadows,  from  the  Yosemite  Valley  (Bolamicr)  to  Oregon,  Kutlall,  Hall,  Nevius,  kc.  Head 
about  an  inch  high.     Akenes  4  lines  and  the  beak  3  or  4  lines  long. 

5.  T.  grandiflorum,  Gray.  Hirsutely  pubescent  or  almost  glabrous  :  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  mostly  laciniate-pinnatifid,  the  lobes  ascending  or  spread- 
ing :  scape  one  to  2|  feet  high  :  head  large  (an  inch  high)  :  outer  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre commonly  loose  and  foliaceous,  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  :  akenes 
short-fusiform  or  oblong,  abruptly  tapering  into  the  capillary  beak  of  several  times 
its  length.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  216.  Stylopappus  grandiflorus,  JS^utt.  1.  c. 
Macrorhynchus  grandiflorus,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Var.  tenuifolium,  Gray.  More  slender,  and  heads  somewhat  smaller :  leaves 
pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions.  —  Stylopapp^is  laciniatvs,  va:r.  longi- 
folius,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Var.  laciniatum,  Gray.  More  slender  and  heads  much  smaller  :  outer  scales  of 
the  involucre  not  dilated  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  and  variously  laciniate.  — 
Stylopappus  laciniattis,  Nutt.  1.  c.  1 

Meadows  and  hillsides,  from  Monterey  Co.  along  the  coast  range  to  Oregon.  The  var.  tenui- 
folium  has  been  collected  only  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory.  The  species  is  well  marked 
when  in  fruit  by  the  short  and  small  akenes  (only  2  lines  long),  with  very  long  and  capillary 
beak,  6  or  8  lines  long. 

*  *    Boot  perennial :  akenes  abruptly  beaked  from  a  truncate  apex. 

6.  T.  retrorsum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Almost  woolly  when  young  with  soft  loose  hairs, 
or  glabrate  :  leaves  runcinately  and  dee])ly  pinnatifid,  the  linear-lanceolate  lobes  all 
turned  downwards,  the  apex  usually  ])rolonged  and  entire,  all  tipped  with  a  callous 
gland  :  scapes  about  a  foot  high  :  head  large  (1|  inches  long  in  fruit)  but  narrow: 
outer  scales  of  the  involucre  short  and  lanceolate,  the  inner  long  and  linear  :  akenes 
short-linear,  closely  10-ribbed,  their  callous  or  slightly  broadened  summit  A^ery  obtuse 
or  truncate  at  maturity  ;  the  capillary  beak  very  long.  —  Macrorhynchus  retrorsus, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  320 ;  Gray  in  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  373.  M.  angustifolius,  Kellogg 
in  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  v.  47,  a  small  form  of  the  species. 


Apargidium.  COMPOSITE.  439 

Tuolumne  to  Mendocino  Counties  (FTartweg,  Bigeloic,  Bolander),  also  Cisco  {Kellogg)  ;  thence 
to  tlie  southern  borders  of  Oregon  {Pickering  and  Brackenridge),  in  open  pine  woods,  &c. 
Eemarkable  for  the  narrow  retrorse  lobes  of  tlie  leaves,  and  the  abrupt  summit  to  the  akenes. 
These  are  nearly  3  lines  long,  wliile  the  well-formed  beak  attains  the  length  of  nearly  an  inch. 

%  *  *    Boot  annual :  plants  mostly  low  and  small,  occasionallif  subcaulescent. 

7.  T.  Chilense,  Gray,  1,  c.  More  or  less  pubescent  or  hairy  :  leaves  varying 
from  spatulate  to  linear-lanceolate,  and  from  denticulate  to  laciniate-pinnatitid :  sca[)es 
slender,  a  span  or  sometimes  nearly  a  foot  high  :  involucre  6  to  9  lines  high  ;  the 
scales  in  about  2  series  :  akenes  varying  from  short-oblong  to  fusiform  and  with 
acute  or  wing-like  ribs,  or  the  outer  sometimes  10- winged,  usually  one  half  or  one 
third  the  length  of  the  filiform  beak.  —  Macrorhynchus  Chilensis,  Less.  Syn.  139  ; 
Hook.  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  vi.  2.56.  M.  heterophi/Uus  (Xutt.)  &  M.  Californwus,  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  493.  Kymaj)leura  lietet^ophylla,  I^s^utt.  1.  c. ;  the  state  with  the  outer 
akenes  mostly  undulate-winged  at  maturity.  Cryptopleura  Californica,  Nutt.  1.  c.  ; 
the  occasional  and  evidently  abnormal  state,  with  some  of  the  outer  akenes  fleshy- 
thickened  and  the  ribs  obsolete. 

Open  grounds  ;  common  throughout  California  and  Oregon,  extending  through  the  interior  to 
Utah.  Flowers  deep  yellow,  expanding  but  once  at  midday.  A  most  variable  species,  especially 
as  to  the  akenes  ;  in  some  of  the  forms  agreeing  wholly  with  Chilian  specimens.  More  commonly 
the  akenes  are  i-ather  shorter  and  their  beak  longer.  The  state  of  the  akenes  on  which  Nuttall 
founded  his  Cryptoiihura  has  been  only  once  or  twice  met  with.  The  rugose-winged  state  is  not 
uncommon,  and  in  various  degrees,  or  aftectiug  merely  some  of  the  outer  akenes. 

119.  TARAXACUM,  Haller.        Dandelion. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  oblong-campanulate,  of  thin  and  narrow  some- 
what membranaceous  scales  in  two  sets ;  the  inner  equal  and  erect  in  a  single  series  ; 
the  outer  short  and  calyculate,  commonly  loose.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes 
oblong  or  fusiform,  angled,  about  10-ribbed,  attenuate  at  base,  mostly  muricate  on 
the  ribs  towards  the  apex,  which  lengthens  into  a  long  filiform  beak.  Pappus  of 
copious  and  white  capillary  scabrous  bristles,  nearly  persistent.  —  Acaulescent 
perennials  or  biennials  (widely  diffused  over  the  world  but  mainly  northern) ;  with 
fistulous  naked  scapes  from  the  tuft  of  radical  leaves,  bearing  a  single  rather  large 
head  of  yellow  flowers,  open  through  the  morning. 

1.  T.  Dens-leonis,  Desf.  Leaves  runcinate,  the  lobes  toothed  :  outer  scales  of 
the  involucre  loose  or  reflexed,  the  inner  destitute  of  a  callous  horn  at  the  tip.  — 
Leontodon  Taraxacum,  Linn. 

There  are  some  indications  of  the  Dandelion  as  an  introduced  plant  ;  but  it  is  as  yet  very  local. 
The  indigenous  state,  occurring  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  in  Oregon,  may  be  expected  in  the 
mountains  northward. 

120.  APARGIDIUM,  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Head  rather  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous,  of  several  narrowly  lanceo- 
late and  one-nerved  equal  scales  nearly  in  a  single  series,  and  a  few  short  and  loose 
calyculate  ones.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes  linear-oblong,  columnar,  glabrous, 
not  tapering  at  either  end.  Pappus  of  copious  and  unequal  barbellate-denticulate 
capillary  bristles,  or  the  outer  and  smaller  ones  barely  scabrous,  all  rather  fragile, 
brownish.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  A.  boreale,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stemless  perennial,  glabrous  :  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, elongated,  obscurely  and  remotely  denticulate  or  entire  :  scape  slender,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  bearing  a  single  middle-sized  head,  nodding  before  opening  :  flowers 


440  COMPOSITE.  Hieracium. 

light  yellow.  —  Fl.  N.  Am.  ii.  474.     Apargia  horealis,  Bongard.     Leontodon  horeale, 
DC.     MicroseriR  horealis,  Schultz  Bip.,  ex  Herder,  Bot.  Radde,  iii.  (4),  28. 

In  bogs,  Mendocino  and  Humboldt  Counties,  BoJander,  Kellogg.  Oregon  to  Alaska.  Referred 
to  Leontodon  by  Bentham  and  Hooker  :  but  none  of  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  are  either  chaffy- 
dilated  at  base  or  plumose  ;  nor  is  there  any  true  Leontodon*  indigenous  to  America,  with  which 
to  associate  it. 

121.  HIERACIUM,  Tourn.        Hawkweed. 

Head  many-flowered,  or  sometimes  only  10-20-flowered.  Involucre  campanu- 
late  or  cylindraceous ;  the  scales  herbaceous  and  narrow,  the  inner  ones  equal,  the 
outer  either  gradually  shorter  or  only  short  and  calyculate,  not  altered  in  age.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked,  sometimes  more  or  less  fimbrillate-toothed.  Akenes  oblong  or 
columnar,  terete  or  4-5-angled,  mostly  10-ribbed  or  striate,  glabrous  and  smooth, 
the  apex  truncate.  Pappus  of  one  or  two  series  of  capillary  rather  rigid  and  per- 
sistent but  often  fragile  scabrous  bristles,  brownish  or  sordid  in  hue.  —  Perennial 
herbs  ;  with  merely  toothed  or  entire  leaves,  often  coarsely  or  bristly  hairy  or  glan- 
dular ;  the  paniculate  or  rarely  solitary  heads  middle-sized  or  small ;  corollas  yellow 
or  sometimes  white.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  474. 

A  very  large  and  difficult  genus  in  Europe,  moderately  represented  by  peculiar  species  in  North 
America,  and  with  a  few  andine  species  in  South  America.  The  species  of  the  western  side  of  the 
continent  are  peculiar,  except  that  H.  Canadensc,  which  nearly  approaches  or  passes  into  //.  um- 
hellatum  of  the  Old  World,  crosses  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains  into  Washington  Territory  and 
Oregon.     All  the  Californian  species  have  small  heads  and  a  nearly  simple  calyculate  involucre. 

*  Heads  only  10—  \5-flowered  :  akenes  tapering  upwards, 

1.  H.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Small  :  leaves  mostly  radical  in  a  tuft,  sessile,  oblong- 
spatulate,  nearly  entire,  glabrous  except  for  the  long  spreading  bristles  which  fringe 
the  margin  and  at  first  beset  the  upper  surface  :  scape  slender,  a  span  high  :  slen- 
der peduncles  and  cylindrical  involucre  naked  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  corollas 
yellow  :  akenes  fully  as  long  as  the  pappus.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  365. 

On  Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander.  Heads  2  to  4  lines,  and  involucre  4  or  5  lines 
long  ;  the  latter  of  7  to  9  principal  scales  and  one  or  two  short  ones,  all  obtuse.  Akenes  terete, 
moderately  fusiform,  2  lines  long,  lightly  striate. 

*  *  Heads  20  —  40-  {rarely  10  -  15-)  flowered :  akenes  short,  not  tapering  upwards. 

2.  H.  Breweri,  Gray.  Low  :  stems  3  to  9  inches  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  branch- 
ing, densely  clotlied  (at  least  below),  as  are  the  spatulate-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong 
leaves,  with  very  long  and  soft  villous  hairs  :  heads  numerous,  paniculate-corym- 
bose, 10-20-flowered:  involucre  of  linear-lanceolate  acute  scales,  somewhat  glan- 
dular-hirsute and  occasionally  shaggy  with  long  bristles  :  corollas  yellow.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vi.  553. 

SieiTa  Nevada  in  Mariposa  and  Tuolumne  Counties,  in  open  places,  at  from  7,000  to  11,000  feet 
of  elevation.     Involucre  about  3  lines  long  ;  the  akenes  a  line  and  a  half. 

3.  H.  Scouleri,  Hook.  Usually  a  foot  or  two  high  and  rather  stout :  stem 
leafy,  bearing  loosely  paniculate  20  -  40-flowered  heads,  beset,  as  also  the  mostly 
lanceolate  and  entire  leaves,  with  very  long  and  spreading  villous-hispid  bristles, 
oftener  from  a  papillose  base  :  pedicels  and  involucre  glandular-hispid  or  sometimes 
only  glandular-puberulent :  corollas  yellow.  —  Hook.  Fl.  i.  298. 

Sierra  Valley  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Leminon-.  Common  near  the  coast  from  British  Columbia 
to  the  southern  part  of  Oregon,  and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  doubtless  in  all  the  adjacent 
parts  of  California. 

4.  H.  albiflorum,  Hook.  1.  c.  Usually  2  feet  or  more  high  :  stem  leafy  below, 
simple  or  paniculately  branched  and  bearing  several  or  numerous  small  heads  on 


Lygodesmia.  COMPOSITE.  441 

slender  glabrous  peduncles  :  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-spatulate,  often  denticulate  or 
repand-toothed,  sparsely  or  the  lower  thickly  beset  with  long  and  spreading  villous- 
hispid  bristles,  as  is  the  base  of  the  stem  :  involucre  narrow,  about  20-liowered, 
smooth  and  glabrous  or  beset  with  some  scattered  long  bristles,  not  glandular  : 
corollas  white.  —  H.  argutum,  iS^utt.  1.  c.  (]),  from  Sta.  Barbara. 

Open  woods  ;  common  through  the  State  from  San  Diego  Co.  northward,  and  in  the  foot- 
hills of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  extending  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. Involucre  3  to  5  lines  long.  Akenes  a  line  and  a  half  long,  evenly  and  strongly  striate- 
ribbed. 

5.  H.  triste,  AVilld.,  var.  gracile,  Gray.  Slender,  a  span  or  two  high  :  stem 
1  —  2-leaved  or  sometimes  nearly  ieailess,  bearing  few  heads,  tomentose-puberulent 
or  almost  glabrous  below  :  the  summit  or  peduncles  and  involucre  villous  or  hirsute 
with  long  and  blackish  hairs  :  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  entire  or  denticulate,  taper- 
ing into  a  slender  petiole  :  corollas  yellow.  —  H.  gracile,  Hook.  1.  c.  ;  Fries,  Symb. 
&  Epicrisis  Hierac. 

Var.  detonsuxn,  Gray.  A  form  destitute  or  nearly  so  of  the  dark  soft  hairs 
even  on  the  involucre,  or  with  scattered  and  more  bristly  and  sometimes  glandular 
ones  in  their  place  ;  the  heads  rather  smaller. 

Ebbett's  Pass,  SieiTa  Nevada,  at  8, 000  feet  {Brewer),  the  var.  detonsum ;  also  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  in  Oregon,  accompanied  by  and  passing  into  the  black-headed  form  of  the  northern 
Rocky  and  Cascade  Mountains,  H.  gracile,  Hook.  Tliis  in  turn  clearly  passes  into  the  Alaskan 
H.  triste  ;  which  has  very  long  and  dense  dark  gray  hairs  to  the  heads,  shorter  stems,  and  hir- 
sute upper  leaves. 

122.  LYGODESMIA,  Don. 

Head  few-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  cylindraceous,  of  4  to  8  narrow 
membranaceous  scales  in  a  single  series,  with  a  few  short  calyculate  ones  at  base,  or 
rarely  more  unequal  and  imbricated.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes  linear,  terete, 
5-striate  or  ribbed  (the  ribs  mostly  broad  and  low,  separated  by  narrow  grooves), 
often  tapering  at  summit,  but  not  truly  beaked,  the  callus  at  base  hollowed  at  the 
insertion.  Pappus  of  copious  barely  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  either  rather  soft  or 
rigid,  dull  white  or  sordid,  persistent.  —  Low  perennials  (rarely  annuals  or  bien- 
nials), pale  and  glabrous ;  with  slender  and  rather  rigid  either  rush-like  or  divari- 
cate striate  branches,  narrow  entire  or  laciniate-pinnatifid  leaves,  the  upper  mostly 
reduced  to  subulate  scales  or  bracts,  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads  of  rose-colored 
flowers. — Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  ii.  530;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  217. 

A  genus  of  five  or  six  species,  natives  of  the  dry  interior  region,  except  that  one  species  inhab- 
its Texas  and  Florida  ;  in  the  flowers  and  general  aspect  resembling  Slep/mnomeria,  but  with  a 
simple  scabrous  pappus.  One  species  has  been  collected  just  within  the  borders  of  the  State  : 
another  ai)proaches  so  nearly  that  it  maj'  claim  admission. 

1.  L.  juncea,  Don.  Perennial,  copiously  and  corymbosely  branched  from  the 
base,  about  a  foot  high,  rigid :  lower  leaves  linear-subulate,  an  inch  or  two  in  length, 
entire,  the  upper  all  reduced  to  little  scales  or  bractlets  :  heads  5-flowered,  half  an 
inch  long,  erect  at  the  summit  of  the  simple  branchlets  :  ligules  oblong  :  pappus 
line  and  soft. 

Unionville  Valley,  Nevada  ( Watson),  thence  eastward  to  the  Missouri  River.  Involucre  of 
equal  scales  and  a  few  calyculate  ones  at  base,  as  in  all  the  species  except  the  next. 

2.  L.  spinosa,  Nutt.  Perennial,  or  possibly  biennial,  the  root  or  crown  sur- 
mounted by  a  dense  tuft  of  wool :  stems  divergently  and  often  tortuously  much 
branched,  rigid,  and  the  branches  spinescent :  lower  leaves  linear,  entire  or  slightly 
toothed ;  upper  ones  subulate  and  on  the  branchlets  reduced  to  minute  scales :  heads 
3  -  5-flowered,  small,  on  short  lateral  peduncles  or  spurs  :  involucre  of  few  unequal 


442  COMPOSITE.  Lactuca. 

and  imbricated  scales,  the  lowest  ovate,  the  upper  successively  longer  and  oblong- 
lanceolate  :  pappus  of  rather  rigid  light-brownish  bristles. 

Gravelly  hills,  or  in  sand,  ilono  Lake  {Bolander),  and  through  the  western  part  of  Nevada, 
near  the  northern  borders  of  which  it  was  iirst  collected  by  JSuttall. 

123.  LACTUCA,  Tourn.         Lettuce. 

Head  few  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous  or  sometimes  campanulate, 
seldom  thickened  at  base;  the  scales  thinnish,  in  two  or  few  series,  the  outer  shorter. 
Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes  flat,  from  broadly  oval  to  lanceolate,  the  sides  few- 
several-ribbed,  the  apex  contracted  and  commonly  prolonged  into  a  beak,  its 
summit  abruptly  dilated  into  a  disk  which  bears  the  (usually  bright  white)  copious 
pappus  of  very  soft  and  fine  uniform  and  merely  denticulate  capillary  bristles,  falling 
separately.  —  Leafy-stemmed  herbs,  glabrous,  or  with  some  bristly  hairs,  with  panic- 
ulate middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  or  blue  flowers.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii. 
524.     Lactuca  &  Mtdgedium,  Cass.,  DC,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  495,  497. 

A  large  genus  in  the  Old  World,  represented  by  a  few  species  in  North  America  ;  but  no 
genuine  Ladiica  (with  broad  and  flat  akenes  and  long  filiform  beak)  is  known  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  the  continent.  The  only  Californian  species  being  intennediate  between  true  Lactuca  and 
Miilgedium,  it  is  the  more  expedient  to  follow  Bentham  in  suppressing  the  latter  genus. 

1.  L.  pulchella,  DC.  A  foot  or  two  high,  wholly  glabrous  :  stem  commonly 
simple,  leafy,  bearing  a  loose  and  naked  panicle  of  several  or  numerous  ratlier  large 
heatls  :  leaves  pale,  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  either  entire,  runcinately  few- 
toothed,  or  sparingly  pinnatifid  :  pedicels  scaly-bracteolate  :  involucre  cylindraceous, 
20  -  30-flowered,  the  outer  scales  successively  shorter :  corollas  blue ;  akenes  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  thick-edged,  several-ribbed  on  each  face,  minutely  scabrous,  taper- 
ing into  a  rather  long  stout  beak,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  pale  and  less  firm  in 
texture.  —  L.  integrifolia,  Nutt.  Gen.  Sonchus  pulcheUus,  Pursh.  S.  Sihiricus, 
Richardson,  not  of  Linn.     Mulgedium  pulchelluvi  &  heterophyllum,  Nutt. 

Eastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  north  to  Oregon,  and  east  nearly  to  the  Mississippi.  Heads 
three  fourths  of  an  inch  long.     The  root  is  apparently  biennial  or  annual. 

L.  LEUCOPHiEA  {Sonchus  Icucojyhccus,  Willd.,  and  Mulgedium  leucophceum,  DC.)  extends  across 
the  continent  from  New  England  to  the  coast  of  Oregon,  and  may  occur  in  northern  (  alifornia. 
It  is  a  tall  and  coaree  species,  known  by  its  nincinate  leaves,  ample  panicle  of  rathei-  small  heads  of 
pale  blue  or  whitish  flowers,  rusty-colored  pappus,  and  beakless  akenes  having  only  a  short  neck. 

124.   SONCHUS,  Linn.        Sow-Tiiistle. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  fleshy-thickened  at  base,  ovoid,  conical,  or  cam- 
panulate ;  its  scales  more  or  less  imbricated,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked.  Akenes  compressed,  oval  or  oblong,  several  -  many-ribbed  or  nerved,  desti- 
tute of  a  beak  or  neck  and  of  a  dilated  pappus-bearing  disk.  Pappus  of  copious 
very  fine  and  soft  white  capillary  bristles,  most  of  them  somewhat  united  at  base  so 
as  to  be  deciduous  together,  a  few  separate  and  stronger  ones  sometimes  less  decid- 
uous. —  Leafy-stemmed  and  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  generally  of  coarse  aspect,  with 
somewliat  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Probably  none  of  them 
indigenous  to  this  country,  but  the  first  and  second  species,  the  common  annual 
Sow-Thistles,  are  weeds  almost  all  over  the  Avorld. 

1.  S.  oleraceus,  Linn.  Two  or  three  feet  high  :  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid  or 
rarely  undivided,  beset  with  short  and  soft  sjjiny  teeth,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped 
base  with  acute  auricles  :  akenes  niiimtely  rugose-scabrous. 

Waste  grounds  around  dwellings  ;  but  no  Californian  specimens  yet  seen. 


Laurentia.  LOBELIACE^.  443 

2.  S.  asper,  Villars.  Like  the  preceding  or  taller :  leaves  more  strongly  and 
rigidly  spiny-toothed,  and  the  auricles  of  the  clasping  base  rounded  :  pedicels  more 
commonly  glandular-bristly  :  akenes  sharp-edged,  smooth. 

Waste  places,  not  only  around  towns  but  also  far  in  the  interior. 

3.  S.  tenerrimus,  Linn.  Slender  :  leaves  pinnately  parted,  mainly  into  linear 
or  narrowly  lanceolate  divisions,  merely  spinulose  denticulate  along  the  margins  : 
heads  rather  few  :  akenes  narrow  and  thickish,  rugose-scabrous.  —  Torr.  &  Gray, 
n.  ii.  500.     S.  tenuifolius,  JSTutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  vii.  438. 

Around  San  Diego,  Nuttall.  Doubtless  introduced  from  the  south  of  Eui-ope.  Apparently 
not  since  collected. 


Order  LIL    LOBELIACE^. 

Herbs,  mostly  with,  milky  juice,  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  scattered  or  race- 
mose flowers,  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  whole  or  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary,  and 
stamens  usually  free  from  the  corolla  ;  distinguished  from  Campanulaceoe  (to  which 
the  order  is  now  commonly  reduced)  by  the  irregular  corolla  and  both  monadel- 
phous  and  (usually)  syngenesious  stamens.  —  Flowers  perfect.  Limb  of  the  calyx 
divided  down  to  the  ovary  into  5  lobes.  Corolla  inserted  just  where  the  calyx 
separates  from  the  ovary,  variously  lobed  or  cleft ;  the  lobes  valvate  or  lightly 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  two  of  them  usually  different  from  the  others  in  size  or 
shape  and  union,  so  that  the  limb  appears  bilabiate.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  :  tilaments  united  into  a  tube  above  the  base  and  commonly  to 
the  top  :  anthers  2-celle(l,  iiitrorsely  dehiscent,  firmly  united  into  a  ring,  except  in 
the  anomalous  Nemadadiis.  Ovary  2-celled  with  axile,  or  1-celled  with  parietal 
placentae  :  ovules  numerous,  anatropous  :  style  entire  :  stigma  commonly  2-lobed 
and  girt  with  a  ring  of  hairs.  Fruit  in  ours  a  many-seeded  capsule.  Embryo  small 
in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.     Juice  more  or  less  acrid. 

The  large  and  widely  distributed  genus  Lobelia  (of  about  200  species)  is  strangely  absent  from 
California  and  the  whole  Pacific  North  American  coast  ;  but  it  is  sparingly  represented  by  one 
Laurentia,  which  differs  in  not  having  the  tube  of  the  corolla  split  down  one  (the  apparently 
upper)  side.  —  See  Appendix. 

Tribe  I.  LOBELIEJl.  Anthers  as  well  as  filaments  united  around  the  style.  Corolla  as  it 
were  2-lii)ped,  two  of  the  lobes  smaller  and  more  separated  from  the  other  united  three, 
erect  or  divergent. 

1.  Laurentia.     Corolla  with  a  rather  long  entire  tube.     Capsule  2-valved  across  the  top. 

2.  Downingia.     Corolla  with  very  short  entire  tube.     Capsule  linear  and  elongated,  opening 

down  the  sides  by  one  to  three  long  fissures,  one-celled. 

Tribe  II.    CYPHIEiE.     Anthers  separate,  and  filaments  partly  so. 

3.  Nemacladus.     Coi-oUa  narrow  ;  one  lip  of  two  almost  distinct  petals,  the  other  of  three  more 

united  ones.     Capsule  2-valved  at  the  top. 

1.  LAURENTIA,  Micheli. 

Calyx-tube  and  adnate  ovary  top-shaped  or  oblong  ;  the  5  lobes  narrow.  Corolla 
with  tube  as  long  as  the  limb,  not  split  down ;  its  larger  and  3-cleft  lip  widely 
spreading ;  the  smaller  of  2  more  erect  or  diverging  divisions.  Filaments  and 
anthers  completely  united  ;  two  of  the  latter  minutely  bristle-tufted  at  the  apex, 
nearly  included.  Stigma  more  or  less  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved  across  tlie  pro- 
jecting free  apex,  2-celled.    Seeds  oblong  or  almost  fusiform.  —  Low  and  diffuse  or 


444  LOBELIACE^.  Laurentia. 

creeping  small  herbs,  resembling  Lobelias,  with  axillary  blue  flowers.  —  Benth,  & 
Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  549. 

1.  L.  carnosula,  Benth.  A  glabrous  diffusely  branched  or  spreading  annual, 
somewhat  succulent,  2  to  5  inches  high  :  leaves  sessjle,  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate, 
entire,  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long  :  peduncles  filiform,  even  the  lower  much 
longer  than  the  leaves,  the  upper  becoming  corymbose  or  racemose  :  lobes  of  the 
calyx  linear,  fuliaceous,  about  the  length  of  the  obconical  tube  and  fully  equalling 
that  of  the  corolla  :  larger  lip  of  the  latter  deeply  3-cleft  into  roundish-obovate  lobes, 
bright  blue,  with  the  2-ridged  palate  yellow  or  whitish ;  the  smaller  lip  of  2  lanceo- 
late lobes.  — Lobelia  carnosula,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  362,  where  the  undi- 
vided corolla-tube  is  unnoticed.  Porterella  carnulosa  (by  misspelling),  Torr.  in  Cat. 
PI.  Hayden  Eep.  1872,  488;  Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  viii.  177. 

Low  and  muddy  places,  in  Sierra  and  Indian  Valleys  (Lemmon)  ;  thence  northeastward  to  Wyo- 
ming Territory.  A  pretty  little  plant,  in  aspect  and  flower  resembling  the  next  genus,  and  the 
corolla  in  vigorous  specimens  not  much  smaller  ;  known  at  once  by  the  short  and  broad  capsule 
opening  at  the  top.  The  late  Dr.  Torrey  dedicated  it  to  Prof.  Thomas  C.  Porter,  one  of  the 
authors  of  the  Flora  of  Colorado  Territory  ;  but  it  proves  to  belong  to  a  very  old  genus,  chiefly 
of  the  Mediterranean  region  and  Southeni  Africa. 

2.   DOWNINGIA,  Torr. 

Calyx-tube  and  adnate  ovary  very  long  and  slender,  stalk-like,  3-sided,  usually 
twisted ;  its  limb  divided  down  to  the  ovary  into  5  lanceolate  or  linear  foliaceous 
lobes.  Corolla  with  a  very  short  but  entire  tube,  and  a  bilabiate  limb  ;  the  smaller 
lip  of  two  narrow  recurved  or  spreading  divisions,  the  other  very  broad  and  3-lobed, 
Filaments  and  anthers  both  united  into  a  somewhat  curved  tube  :  two  of  the  latter 
bristle- tipped.  Capsule  very  long  and  slender,  early  becoming  1 -celled,  with  two 
parietal  filiform  placentae,  remaining  closed  at  the  apex,  but  the  sides  dehiscent  by 
two  or  three  long  fissures.  Seeds  as  in  the  foregoing  genus. — Low  and  spreading 
glabrous  annuals  (of  Oregon  and  California,  and  a  third  species  in  Chili),  rather 
succulent  or  tender ;  with  sessile  and  narrow  entire  leaves,  the  upper  ones  reduced 
to  bracts,  and  axillary  sessile  flowers ;  the  corolla  deep  blue  with  a  white  or  yellow- 
ish centre.  —  Torr.  in  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv.  116;  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c.  Clintonia, 
Dough,  not  of  Raf. 

Under  the  name  of  Clintonia  our  two  species  have  come  into  cultivation  as  ornamental  annuals, 
but  are  i-ather  difficult  to  manage.  A  new  name  being  required,  Dr.  Torrey  dedicated  the  genus 
to  tlie  memory  of  his  friend,  the  late  Andrew  Jackson  Downing,  of  New  York,  whose  treatise 
upon  landscape  gardening  and  other  horticultural  and  arboricultural  writings  are  still  of  sterling 
value. 

1.  D.  elegans,  Torr.  Leaves  acute,  varying  from  OA'^ate  to  lanceolate  :  smaller 
lip  of  the  corolla  of  two  lanceolate  divisions,  the  broad  lip  moderately  3-lobed,  its 
centre  a  broad  white  spot.  —  Clintonia  elegans,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1241. 

Northern  part  of  California,  and  through  Oregon.  C.  corymbosa,  A.  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  347,  is  a 
stouter  and  more  leafy-stemmed  variety,  the  ovary  little  longer  than  the  subtending  leaf.  Ordi- 
narily the  slender  and  stalk-like  ovary  or  capsule  is  over  an  inch  in  length,  and  the  upper  floral 
leaves  so  small  tliat  the  inflorescence  is  like  a  raceme. 

2.  D.  pulchella,  Torr.  Very  like  the  foregoing,  but  the  leaves  mostly  nar- 
rower and  obtuse :  the  two  divisions  of  the  smaller  lip  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
the  larger  lip  much  dilated  and  deeply  3-lobed,  intensely  azure-blue  with  a  large 
white  or  yellowish  centre.  —  Clintonia  pulchella,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1909;  Sweet, 
Brit.  Fl.  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  412. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  Oregon  and  Nevada.  Plant  3  to  6  inches  high,  rather  more  fleshy, 
weak.     Both  species  inhabit  moist  or  wet  places. 


Nemacladus.  CAMPANULACE^.  445 

3.  NEMACLADUS,  Nutt. 

Calyx-tube  short,  obconical,  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary ;  its  limb  parted 
into  5  unequal  lobes.  Corolla  short,  5-parted,  or  the  two  petals  forming  the  lower 
lip  often  distinct  to  the  base,  and  longer  than  the  three  Avhich  form  tlie  3-parted  or 
3-lobed  upper  lip.  Filaments  monadelphous  above  the  middle  :  anthers  distinct, 
surrounding  the  stigma,  oval,  glabrous.  Style  slender,  its  apex  incurved,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  anthers  :  stigma  capitate,  2-lobed,  subtended  by  an  obsolete  naked 
ring.  Ovary  2-celled  :  ovules  10-18  in  each  cell.  Capsule  about  two  thirds  su- 
perior, ovoid,  loculicidal  from  the  top.  Seeds  oval. — Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
n.  ser.  viii.  254;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  108,  t.  35;  Gray  in  Jour.  Linn.  Soc. 
xiv.  28,  where  the  relationship  to  Cyphia  (of  S.  Africa)  is  indicated.  —  A  single 
species. 

1.  N.  ramosissimilS,  Nutt.  1.  c.  Slender  annual,  about  a  span  high,  "lactes- 
cent," Avidely  and  at  length  excessively  branching :  branches  filiform,  zigzag :  radical 
leaves  oval  and  toothed,  tufted ;  cauline  ones  all  minute,  linear  or  subulate,  sub- 
tending the  branchlets  and  the  racemose  capillary  naked  peduncles  :  flowers  minute 
(a  line  or  two  long) :  corolla  flesh-color,  the  two  longer  divisions  spatulate-oblong, 
the  three  others  rather  broader  :  seeds  oval. 

Sandy  or  gravelly  open  places  ;  common  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  its  foot-hills  ;  thence 
east  to  New  Mexico. 

Order  LIII.     CAISIPANULACE^. 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves  without  stipules,  and  regular  flowers, 
having  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  distinct  stamens  (5  or  rarely  4)  inserted  with 
but  hardly  upon  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes,  these  valvate  in  the  bud ;  the 
fruit  a  many-seeded  2  -  5-celled  capsule.  —  Calyx  persistent.  Stamens  earlier  than 
the  stigmas ;  the  2-celled  introrse  anthers  opening  in  the  bud  before  the  corolla  ex- 
pands. Style  single,  its  upper  portion  beset  Avith  collecting  hairs  upon  which  the 
pollen  is  largely  deposited ;  its  summit  2  -  5-lobed  or  cleft ;  the  stigmas  being  the 
papillose  inner  face  of  these  lobes,  which  connive  until  some  time  after  the  corolla 
expands.  Ovary  2  -  5-celled  (rarely  imperfectly  so),  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis. 
Ovules  numerous,  anatropous.  Capsule  usually  opening  by  valves  or  holes  at  or 
near  the  top.  Seeds  small,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers 
commonly  showy,  more  frequently  the  corolla  blue,  and  withering  without  dropping 
off :  inflorescence  for  the  most  part  centrifugal,  the  terminal  flowers  opening  first. 

There  are  a  few  foreign  genera  with  baccate  fruit,  and  one  with  connate  anthers.  A  rather 
small  family,  mainly  of  temperate  regions,  sparingly  represented  in  North  America,  and  as  indi- 
genous plants  almost  absent  from  South  America  (the  Lobeliaceoe  being  here  kept  separate),  but 
abounding  in  the  Old  World,  which  furnishes  numerous  ornamental  species  to  the  gardens. 
Otherwise  the  order  is  without  economical  importance  or  known  active  qualities. 

*  Ovary  and  capsule  long  and  naiTow,  or  at  least  oblong. 

1.  Githopsis.     Capsule  opening  at  the  top  by  a  hole  left  by  the  falling  away  of  the  base  of  the 
style,  between  the  long  and  leafy  calyx-lobes. 

2.  Specularia.     Capsule  opening  on  the  sides  by  2  or  3  little  valves  which  leave  small  round 
perforations. 

»  *  Ovary  and  capsule  short  and  broad  or  globular. 

3.  Heterocodon.     Thin  walls  of  the  capsule  bursting  indefinitely  between  the  ribs.     Calyx- 
lobes  very  broad. 

4.  Campanula.     Capsule  opening  on  the  sides  by  3  to  5  small  valves  leaving  definite  round 
perforations.     Calyx-lobes  narrow. 


446  CAMPANULACE^.  Githopsis. 

1.  GITHOPSIS,  Nutt 

Flowers  all  alike.  Calyx  with  a  clavate  lO-ribbed  tube,  and  5  long  and 
narrow  foliaceous  lobes.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate,  5-lobed.  Filaments  short, 
dilated  at  the  base.  Ovary  3- celled  :  stigmas  3.  •  Capside  clavate,  of  firm  tex- 
ture, strongly  ribbed,  crowned  with  the  rigid  calyx-lobes  of  its  own  length  or 
longer,  opening  between  them  by  a  round  hole  left  by  the  faUing  away  of  the  base 
of  the  style.  Seeds  very  numerous,  between  oblong  and  fusiform,  smooth.  —  The 
calyx  with  its  long  leafy  lobes  resembles  that  of  Lychnis  Githago,  whence  the 
generic  name.  A  single,  but  variable  species,  published  by  Nuttall  in  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  258. 

1.  Gr.  specularioides,  Nutt.  Low,  annual,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  either 
almost  glabrous  or  more  commonly  (the  var.  hirsuta,  Nutt.)  tlie  stems  or  the  whole 
herbage  beset  with  short  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  linear,  sessile, 
coarsely  toothed  :  flowers  terminating  the  stem  and  few  branches,  slightly  pe- 
duncled,  erect :  corolla  deep  blue,  usually  with  a  white  centre,  either  shorter  or 
moderately  longer  than  the  narrowly  linear  and  rigidly  1-nerved  (rarely  few-toothed) 
calyx-lobes ;  its  lobes  ovate  :  capsule  rigid,  either  sessile  or  tapering  gradually  into 
a  thick  and  rigid  peduncle.  —  G.  calycina,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  321,  a  form  with 
short  corolla  and  long  calyx-lobes.  G.  pulchella,  Vatke,  in  Linnsea,  xxxvii.  714, 
the  form  with  longer  corolla. 

Open  and  low  grounds,  common  through  the  western  portion  of  the  State,  extending  east  to 
the  foot-liills  and  north  to  Oregon. 

2.     SPECULARIA,  Heister. 

Flowers  all  alike,  or  in  the  Ameripan  species  dimorphous;  i.  e.  some  of  the  earlier 
ones  smaller  and  with  merely  rudimentary  corolla  which  never  opens,  close-fertilized 
in  the  bud ;  these  with  calyx-lobes  mostly  only  3  or  4.  Later  are  flowers  with  fully 
developed  corolla,  &c.  Calyx -tube  prismatic  or  elongated-obcouical ;  the  lobes  5, 
narrow.  Corolla  short  and  broad,  wheelshaped  when  fully  expanded,  5-lobed. 
Filaments  short.  Ovary  3celled,  or  sometimes  2-celled  :  stigmas  as  many.  Capsule 
more  or  less  elongated,  opening  by  2  or  3  small  lateral  valves  which  leave  a  round 
or  oval  perforation,  usually  over  a  partition.  Seeds  numerous,  ovoid,  or  rounded 
and  flattish,  smooth.  —  Annuals;  with  sessile  or  clasping  cauline  leaves,  and  terminal 
and  axillary  blue  or  purple  flowers.     (Dysmicodon  and  Campylocera,  Nutt.  1.  c.) 

1.  S.  biflora,  Gray.  Stems  slender:  leaves  closely  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong, 
somewhat  crenately  toothed,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  lanceolate  bracts, 
which  are  at  length  shorter  than  the  flowers  they  subtend  :  flowers  one  or  two  in 
each  axil,  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  ones  mostly  with  a  calyx  of  3  or  4  ovate  or 
subulate  short  lobes  and  no  developed  petals ;  the  upper  and  later  ones  with  5 
longer  lanceolate-subulate  calyx-lobes,  which  are  shorter  than  the  developed  corolla  : 
capsule  oblong-cylindraceous  or  obscurely  prismatic,  inconspicuously  ribbed,  the 
valvular  openings  just  below  the  summit:  seeds  lenticular.  —  Campanuki  hifiora, 
Ruiz  &  Pav.  Fl.  Per.  ii.  55,  t.  200,  f.  6.  C.  Montevidensis,  Spreng.  ?  C.  Ludo- 
viciana,  Torr.  Dysmicodon  Calif ornicum  &  ovatum,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
n.  ser.  viii.  257. 

Open  grounds,  near  towns  and  settlements  along  the  coast  :  perhaps  introduced,  both  here  and 
in  the  Southern  Atlantic;  States,  from  S.  America.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  simple 
or  with  few  branches,  glabrous,  except  usually  a  line  of  minute  and  stout  bristles  turned  back- 
wards which  roughen  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  sometimes  of  the  calyx-tube,  also  on  the 
margins  and  veins  of  the  leaves.      The  principal  stem-leaves  only  half  an  inch  long.      Fully 


Campanula.  CAMPANULACE^.  447 

developed  corolla  half  an  inch  broad.  Capsules  about  4  lines  long.  Intermediate  in  appear- 
ance between  S.  falcata,  A.  DC. ,  of  the  Old  World,  and  S.  perfoliata,  with  which  Alph.  De  Can- 
dolle  and  others  have  confounded  it  ;  but  quite  distinct  from  both.  The  name  is  not  a  happy 
one  :  but  there  are  fre<]^uently  two  flowers  in  each  axil,  one  later  than  the  other. 

2.  S.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.  Stouter,  a  span  to  two  feet  high,  simple  or  with  sim- 
ple brandies,  very  leafy  throughout,  roughish-hairy,  rarely  almost  glabrous  ;  leaves 
clasping,  round-cordate,  crenate  :  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils,  often  clustered,  of  two 
kinds,  as  in  the  preceding  species  :  capsule  oblong  or  slightly  clavate ;  the  valvular 
openings  as  low  as  the  middle. 

Open  gi-ounds,  Plumas  Co.  (^Lemmon)  to  Oregon,  and  common  through  the  Atlantic  States  ; 
also  in  Mexico. 

3.  HETEBOCODON,  Nutt. 

Flowers  of  two  sorts ;  the  lower  and  earlier  ones  with  merely  rudimentary  corolla 
and  fertilized  in  the  bud.  Calyx  with  obovate  or  inversely  pyramidal  tube  much 
shorter  than  the  foliaceous  lobes ;  these  are  broadly  ovate,  sharply  toothed,  veiny, 
3  or  4  in  the  earlier,  5  in  the  later  flowers.  Corolla  short-campanulate,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  and  style  as  in  Campanula.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-angled,  very  thin  and 
membranaceous,  the  delicate  walls  bursting  indefinitely  on  the  sides.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, oblong,  obscurely  triangular.  —  Xutt.  1.  c.  viii.  255.     A  single  species. 

1.  H.  rarifloruin,  Xutt.  A  very  delicate  little  annual,  sparsely  bristly-hirsute, 
otherwise  glabrous,  with  leafy  filiform  stems  3  to  20  inches  long,  difi'usely  branch- 
ing :  leaves  rounded  and  with  cordate  base,  partly  clasping,  acutely  and  coarsely 
many-toothed,  thin,  3  to  6  lines  wide  :  flowers  terminal  becoming  lateral,  also  axil- 
lary, solitary,  sessile  :  calyx-lobes  foliaceous,  1  to  3  lines  long,  rather  shorter  than 
tlie  well-developed  pale  blue  corolla,  mostly  longer  than  the  capsule,  the  sides  of 
which  give  way  vaguely  in  age,  but  not  by  halves. 

Shady  and  grassy  places,  from  Napa  Co.  and  Mariposa  Co.  (at  4,000  feet)  to  Oregon  :  also 
collected  in  the  mountains  of  Nevada.  Reduced  by  Bentham  and  Hooker  to  Campanula,  but 
better  kept  up. 

4.   CAMPANULA,  Tourn.        Bellflower. 

Flowers  all  alike.  Calyx-lobes  narrow.  Corolla  campanulate  or  near  it,  5-lobed 
or  5-cleft.  Stamens  5  :  filaments  dilated  at  base.  Capsule  short,  3  —  5-celled,  open- 
ing on  the  sides  or  near  the  base  by  3  to  5  small  uplifted  valves  leaving  round  per- 
forations, many-seeded.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  all  of  the  northern  hemisphere, 
many  with  showy  flowers  ;  the  inflorescence  centrifugal  or  irregular. 

The  few  Califomian  (indeed  all  the  North  American)  species  are  blue-flowered,  destitute  of  any 
appendages  between  the  calyx-lobes,  and  the  stigmas  and  cells  of  the  capsule  only  three. 

*  Stem-leaves  all  linear  or  lanceolate  and  entire. 

1.  C.  rotundifolia,  Linn.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  glabrous,  slender  and  weak  : 
radical  leaves  roundish  ovate  or  heart-shaped  and  toothed,  on  slender  petioles,  early 
withering  away  ;  stem-leaves  all  narrow  :  flowers  several  on  slender  peduncles  which 
are  nodding  in  fruit :  calyx-lobes  very  slender :  corolla  campanulate  :  pod  opening 
by  small  holes  or  valves  close  to  the  base. 

This,  the  common  species  round  the  northern  hemisphere,  occurs  near  the  borders  of  the  State 
north  and  east,  and  doubtless  within  the  limits,  growing  in  crevices  of  rocks,  in  shady  places. 
The  corolla  varies  from  half  au  inch  to  an  inch  in  length. 

*  *  Stem-leaves  ovate  or  oblong-laaceolate,  toothed :  capsules  apparently  not  drooping 
in  fruit,  and  opening  by  holes  above  the  base.  Species  peculiar  to  California,  except 
the  first,  which  extends  northwards. 


448  ERICACE  JS.  Campanula, 

2.  C.  Scouleri,  Hook.  A  foot  or  so  high,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent :  stems 
slender,  branching,  spreading,  paniculately  several-flowered :  leaves  generally  all 
sharply  seiTate  and  acuminate,  mostly  tapering  below  into  a  petiole,  the  lower  ovate 
and  sometimes  almost  entire,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  or  the  uppermost  nar- 
rower :  flowers  long-pedicelled  :  calyx-lobes  slender  ^subulate,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  open  campanulate  5-cleft  corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are  ovate-oblong  :  style 
exserted.  —  Hook.  Fl.  t.  125. 

Indian  Valley,  Plumas  Co.  {Lemmon)  to  Oregon  and  British  Columbia.  A  broad-leaved  form. 
Corolla  4  lines  long,  cleft  to  rather  below  the  middle,  the  bud  oblong. 

3.  C.  prenanthoides,  Durand.  A  foot  or  two  high,  roughish-pubescent  or 
glabrous  :  stems  clustered,  rather  simple,  racemosely  or  paniculately  several-flow- 
ered :  leaves  very  sharply  and  mostly  coarsely  serrate,  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
acute ;  those  of  the  stem  mostly  sessile,  or  the  lower  short-petioled  :  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  flower  :  calyx-lobes  slender-subulate,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  corolla, 
the  narrowly  lanceolate  widely  spreading  lobes  of  which  are  2  to  4  times  the  length 
of  the  tube  :  style  long-exserted.  —  PI.  Pratten.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser. 
(1855)  ii.  93;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  366.  C.  Jilijlora,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif 
Acad.  ii.  5.     C.  Roezli,  Eegel,  Animad.  PI.  Hort.  Petrop.  1872,  6. 

In  redwoods,  from  Santa  Cruz  to  Mendocino  Co.,  and  through  the  foot-hills  up  to  Sierra  Valley. 
Corolla  5  to  8  lines  long,  narrow,  cylindiical  before  expansion.  Capsule  with  broad  and  retuse 
base  and  5  salient  ribs. 

4.  C.  linnaeifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous,  but  margins  of  leaves  and  angles  of 
stem  retrorsely  hispid-scabrous  :  stems  weak,  a  span  or  two  high,  simple,  or  corym- 
bose at  summit,  single-  or  few-flowered:  leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse, 
crenate,  all  but  the  lowest  sessUe  :  peduncle  as  long  as  the  flower  :  calyx-lobes 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  about  half  the  length  of  the  bell-shaped  corolla,  the  lobes 
of  which  about  equal  the  tube  and  are  commonly  retrorsely  hispid-ciliate  :  style 
included.  —  Wahlenbergia  Califormca,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  158,  f.  49, 
judging  from  the  figure. 

In  swamps  at  Noyo,  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander.  Leaves  4  to  9  lines  long.  Corolla  half  an 
inch  long.     A  delicate  and  peculiar  species. 

C.  UNIFLORA,  Linn.,  a  veiy  low  one-flowered  species,  with  naiTow  leaves,  extends  from  the 
arctic  regions  along  the  higher  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado,  and  to  those  of  Utah  at  11,000  feet  : 
it  may  occur  on  the  higher  summits  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Order  LIV.     ERICACE^. 

Woody  plants,  or  in  the  later  suborders  perennial  herbs,  with  symmetrical  and 
mostly  regular  flowers ;  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  lobes 
of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  with,  but  hardly  ever  upon  it ;  the  anthers  2-celled,  and 
the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore  or  chink  ;  the  pollen  of  4  united  grains  (except 
in  Monotropete) ;  the  ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  or 
calyx  ;  the  seeds  small,  and  with  small  or  minute  embryo  in  copious  albumen. 
Corolla  generally  gamopetalous,  sometimes  of  distinct  petals,  imbricated  or  rarely 
convolute  or  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  insertion  and  that  of  the  stamens  hypogynous, 
or  when  the  calyx  is  adnate  epigynous,  around  an  annular  disk.  Style  single  : 
stigma  not  rarely  girt  with  a  naked  ring.  Ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  the  petals 
or  rarely  one  or  two  fewer  :  the  placentae  in  the  axis,  with  one  exception.  Ovules 
anatropous.  Leaves  simple,  commonly  alternate,  in  some  opposite,  rarely  in  whorls, 
articulated  with  the  stem,  destitute  of  stipules. 

A  large  and  important  order,  of  wide  distribution,  veiy  sparingly  represented  in  California, 
but  it  claims  several  of  the  most  striking  shrubs.     Although  generally  inert,  and  the  fruit  when 


ERICACE^.  449 

baccate  esculent,  or  at  least  innocent,  yet  the  leaves  of  some  (such  as  Bearberry)  are  used  in 
medicine,  and  others  are  reputed  poisonous  to  cattle  ;  while  the  honey  made  from  the  blossonas 
of  Rhododendron  and  Azalea  has  from  early  times  a  bad  reputation.  Very  many  are  prized  in 
cultivation  for  their  showy  flowers. 

Suborder  I.     VACCINIILE. 

Corolla  and  stamens  epigynous,  i.  e.  raised  to  or  near  the  summit  of  the  ovary, 
the  calyx-tube  being  adnate.  Fruit  a  berry,  crowned  with  the  vestiges  of  the  calyx- 
teeth.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  scaly  leaf-buds.  To  this  belong  the  Huckleberries 
of  tlie  Atlantic  States,  the  Blueberries,  Bilberries,  and  Cranberries,  all  of  the  genus, 

1.  Vaccinium.     Calyx  4-5-toothed  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary.     Stamens  8  or  10.     Berry 

many-seeded. 

Suborder  II.     ERICINE^. 

Corolla  gamopetalous,  or  rarely  of  distinct  petals,  and  with  the  stamens  hypo- 

gynous,  the  calyx  being  free.     Anthers  introrse  in  the  bud.  —  Shrubby  plants  or 

small  trees. 

*  Fruit  fleshy,  a  berry  or  a  berry-like  drupe  :  corolla  5-toothed,  deciduous. 

2.  Arbutus.     Ovary  5-celled,  many-ovuled.     Berry  many-seeded. 

iJ.  Arctostaphylos.     Ovaiy  5-10-celled,   with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.     Drupe  6-10- 
seeded  or  by  abortion  fewer. 

*  *  Fruit  a  capsule  enclosed  within  a  fleshy  calyx,  seeming  like  a  berry. 

4.  Gaultheria.     Corolla  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.     Ovary  5-celled,  5-lobed. 

*  *  *  Fniit  a  naked  capsule,  the  calyx  remaining  dry  underneath.      Corolla  deciduous, 
-i-  Anthers  with  points  or  awns  :  capsule  loculicidal. 

5.  Leucothoe.     Corolla  with  a  narrowed  5-toothed  orifice.     Leaves  petioled. 

6.  Cassiope.     Corolla  open-campanulate,  5-lobed.     Leaves  scale-like  or  Heath-like,  sessile,  im- 

bricated. 

+■  +■  Anthers  destitute  of  points,  awns,  or  other  appendages  ;  capsule  septicidaL 

++  Corolla  gamopetalous  :  pedicels  subtended  by  foliaceous  or  firm-coriaceous  persistent  bracts  : 
seeds  with  a  close  coat  :  leaves  evergreen. 

7.  Bryanthus.     Leaves  Heath-like.     Corolla  without  pouches. 

8.  Kaltnia.     Leaves  broad.     Corolla  with  10  pouches  holding  the  anthers. 

++  ++  Corolla  gamopetalous  :  pedicels  subtended  by  thin  scarious  bracts,  forming  a  scaly  bud, 

these  deciduous  when  the  flowers  develop  :  seed-coat  loose. 
9.  Menziesia.     Corolla  globular-campanulate,  4-toothed.     Leaves  deciduous. 

10.  Rhododendron.     Corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate,  5-lobed. 

++  ++  ++  Corolla  5-petalous  :  seed-coat  loose. 

11.  Ledum.     Leaves  broad.     Flowers  in  an  umbel  :  scaly  bracts  deciduous. 

Suborder  III.     PYEOLE^. 

Corolla  of  5  (rarely  4)  distinct  petals,  and  with  the  stamens  hypogynous,  the 
calyx  being  free.  Anthers  extrorse  in  the  bud,  the  pores  downward,  introrse  in 
the  open  flower,  the  pores  upward.  Seeds  extremely  numerous,  with  very  loose 
cellular  and  translucent  coat,  many  times  larger  than  the  nucleus.  —  Herbaceous  or 
nearly  herbaceous  and  broad-leaved  low  perennials,  one  species  leafless. 

12.  Chimaphila.     Flowers  in  a  corymb  or  umbel  on  a  leafy  stem.     Petals  widely  spreading. 

Style  very  short,  top-shaped  :  stigma  broad  and  orbicular,  peltate. 

13.  Moneses.     Flower  solitary  on  a  scape.     Petals  widely  spreading.     Style  straight :  stigma 

5-rayed. 

14.  Pyrola.     Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  a  scape.    Petals  not  widely  spreading.    Style  long  :  stigma 

various. 


450  ERICACE^.  Vaccinium. 

Suborder  IV.     MOXOTEOPE.E. 

Corolla  and  stamens  hypogynous.  Pollen-grains  simple.  Capsule  loculicidal.  — 
Root-parasitic  scaly-bracted  herbs,  whoUy  destitute  of  green  foliage,  rather  various  in 
structure,  by  some  of  the  genera  intimately  connected  with  Ericinece  and  Pyrolece  ; 
the  last- enumerated  genera  anomalous  in  placeutation.  (Order  Monoiropece,  Benth. 
&  Hook.  Gen.  PL) 

♦  Ovary  and  capsule  4  -  5-celled,  with  placentse  in  the  axis  adnate  to  a  thick  central  column. 

+-  Corolla  wanting. 

15.  Allotropa.    Calyx  of  5  sepals.    Anthers  extrorse  in  the  bud,  introrse  in  the  developed  flower, 

iu  the  manner  of  Pyrola  :  the  cells  opening  down  to  the  middle. 

-f-+-  Corolla  gamopetalous  :  calyx  complete,  of  5  sepals  :  anthers  not  reversed. 

16.  Pterospora.     Flowers  racemose.    Corolla  globular-ovate,  the  short  lobes  recurved.    Anthers 

2-awned  on  the  back  in  the  manner  of  many  Ericinece. 

17.  Sarcodes,     Flowers  in  a  thick  scaly  spike.     Corolla  campanulate,  the  lobes  erect.     Anthers 

not  appendaged. 

4- 4- -J-  Corolla  4  -  5-petalous,  and  calyx  incomplete  or  bract-like,  both  deciduous  :  anthers  hori- 
zontal or  peltate,  opening  transversely  :  disk  8  -10-toothed. 

18.  Monotropa.     Flowers  solitary  or  racemose,  nodding,  the  fruit  upright. 

*  *  Ovary  and  capsule  1 -celled,  or  spuriously  4- 5-celled  by  the  meeting  of  parietal  placentfe  : 

no  central  colunm  :  anthers  erect,  unappendaged  ;  the  cells  ojiening  lengthwise  into  2  valves. 

19.  Pleuricospora.     Flowers  spicate.     Sepals  and  petals  each  4  or  5,  fimbriolate-lacerate.    An- 

thers linear.     Ovary  and  capsule  1 -celled,  with  4  or  5  bilamellate  placentaj.     Seeds  ovoid, 
with  a  close  and  thin  shining  coat. 

20.  Ne^wberrya.     Flowers  capitate.     Sej)als  2,  bract-like.     Corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular-um- 

shaped,  4  -  5-lobed.     Anthers  oblong.     Ovary  with  4  or  5  two-parted  placentae  uniting 
more  or  less  aroimd  the  open  centre. 

1.   VACCINIUM,  Linn.        Cranberry,  Bilberry,  &c. 

Corolla  epigynous,  various  in  shape.  Anthers  with  the  two  cells  separate,  taper- 
ing upwards  into  a  tube  and  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  Style  long  :  stigma 
simple  or  more  or  less  capitate,  without  a  ring.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry  crowned 
with  the  vestiges  of  the  4  or  5  small  teeth  of  the  calyx.  —  Gray,  Chlor.  Bor.  Am. 
52,  &  Man.  Bot.  JsTorthern  U.  S. 

The  species  abound  in  the  eastern  and  more  northern  parts  of  North  America,  but  are  few  indeed 
in  California  (none  of  the  eastern  Blueberry  type),  and  all  except  one  rare.  Yet  the  following  east- 
em  species  may  perchance  be  found  along  the  northern  borders  of  the  State  or  at  great  elevations. 

V.  OxYCOCCUS,  Ijinn.,  Small  Cranberry,  which  is  found  round  the  world  fiirther  north,  may 
occur  in  the  higher  northern  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  but  wo  have  seen  no  specimens  from 
even  so  far  south  as  Puget  Sound. 

V.  MACROCARPON,  Ait.,  Large  Cranberry,  of  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent ;  said  in  Hook- 
er's Flora  to  be  "  plentiful  in  swampy  grounds  near  the  confluence  of  the  Columbia  with  the 
Pacific,  where  its  berries  are  boiled  and  eaten  by  the  natives  under  the  name  of  Soolabich,  Doug- 
las." Attention  is  called  to  this,  as  no  one  has  since  met  with  this  or  any  other  Cranberry  in 
Oregon. 

V.  C^SPITOSUM,  Michx. ,  a  very  dwarf  species,  with  deciduous  obovate  leaves,  and  blue  berries, 
occurring  on  the  mountains  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Nevada  and  in  Oregon  and  northward,  ex- 
tending to  Labrador. 

*  Leaves  deciduous :  anthers  ivith  a  pair  of  lonrf  awn-like  appendages  on  the  hack  : 

corolla  short,  white  or  flesh-color. 

■t-  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  on  a  recurved  peduncle. 

1.  V.  parvifolium,  Smith.  Shrub  much  branched,  1  to  6  feet  high,  glabrous  : 
branches  and  branchlets  shari)ly  angled  :  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  very  obtuse  at  both 


Arbutus.  ERICACE^.  451 

ends,  nearly  entire,  dull,  very  short-petioled,  pale  beneath  :  calyx  5-lobed  :  corolla 
globular,  5-toothed:  stamens  10:  berries  pale  red,  insipid.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  33,  t.  128, 

Redwoods,  &c.,  Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander.  Common  from  Oregon  to  Sitka.  Leaves  from  a 
third  to  a  full  inch  long. 

2.  V.  ovalifoliuin,  Smith.  A  more  straggling  shrub,  with  terete  branches, 
larger  and  mure  veiny  leaves,  ovoid  corolla,  and  large  edible  blue  berries.  —  Hook. 
1.  c.  t.  127. 

Common  in  Oregon,  and  extending  to  Lake  Superior  ;  commonly  associated  with  V.  parvi- 
folium,  and  therefore  probably  reaching  the  northern  part  of  the  State  on  the  coast. 

3.  V.  lylyrtillus,  Linn.  Low  undershrub,  glabrous,  with  sharply  angled  green 
branchlets  :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  bright  green  and  usually  shining,  veiny,  serrate, 
very  short-petioled  :  border  of  the  calyx  almost  entire  :  corolla  between  globular 
and  campanulate,  5-toothed,  sometimes  4-toothed  :  stamens  10  or  8  :  berries  blue- 
black  when  ripe.  —  Our  plant  is  wholly  the 

Var.  microphyllum,  Hook.,  with  clustered  stems  only  a  span  or  less  in  height : 
leaves  from  the  sixth  to  barely  half  an  inch  long  :  flowers  only  about  2  lines  long  : 
berries  according  to  Watson  (Bot.  King  Exp.  210)  light  red.  But  in  the  Eocky 
Mountains  and  in  Oregon  the  berries  are  dark-colored,  and  the  parts  all  larger,  yet 
not  equalling  the  European  Bilberry  in  size  of  foliage,  fruit,  &c. 

Wet  places  in  the  Siena  Nevada,  at  7,000  feet  (Mariposa  Co.,  Gray),  thence  northward,  and 
eastward  at  high  elevations. 

-H  -t-  Flowers  2  or  3  or  solitary  from  a  separate  scalij  hud,  short-peduncled. 

4.  V.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  Low  shrub,  f;jlabrous :  leaves  thinnish,  dull  and 
pale  both  sides,  from  oval  to  obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  entire,  acutish  or 
obtuse,  rather  obscurely  veiny  (half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long) :  flower  mostly 
solitary  :  lobes  of  calyx  and  of  the  oblong-ovate  corolla  4  :  berry  small,  2  or  3  lines 
in  diameter,  blue  with  a  bloom,  sweetish. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  6,000  or  7,000  feet,  from  Mariposa  to  Sierra  Co.,  Bolander,  Andersmi,  Lem- 
TTWU,  &c.     Mountains  of  Utah,   Watson. 

V.  ULiGiNcsiiM,  Linn.,  the  Bilberry  of  Europe,  &c.,  from  Oregon  northward,  has  rounder 
leaves  conspicuously  reticulated  beneath,  shorter  and  broader  corolla,  and  berries  much  larger. 

«  *  Leaves  evergreen  and  coriaceous :  parts  of  flower  in  fives  and  the  stamens  1 0  : 
anthers  not  awned  on  the  back. 

5.  V.  ovatum,  Pursh.  Shrub  erect,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  numerous  spreading 
branches  anil  hirsute  branchlets  :  leaves  thick,  very  smooth,  shining  above,  ovate 
varying  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  with  rigid  small  teeth,  short-petioled  : 
flowers  crowded  in  very  short  and  numerous  axillary  and  terminal  racemes  :  corolla 
campanulate,  pink  :  calyx-teeth  as  long  as  the  5-celled  ovary  :  berries  dark  purple 
turning  black,  without  a  bloom.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1354.  V.  lanceolatum,  DC, 
only  a  narrow-leaved  form. 

Along  the  coast  range,  &c. ,  especially  in  redwoods,  from  Monterey  to  Oregon.     Berries  edible. 

2.  ARBUTUS,  Toum.        Madrono. 

Calyx  small,  5-lobed.  Corolla  ovate,  globular,  or  urn-shaped,  5-toothed  ;  the 
teeth  recurved.  Stamens  10,  included  :  anthers  flattened,  furnished  with  a  pair  of 
reflexed  awns  on  the  back  below  the  summit ;  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Ovary  raised  on  a  hypogynous  disk,  5-celled  :  ovules  numerous  on  a  fleshy  placenta 
projecting  from  the  inner  angle  of  each  cell.  Style  rather  long :  stigma  obtuse. 
Berry  with  a  rough  or  granular  surface,  maturing  several  seeds  in  each  cell.  — 
Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  evergreen  and  coriaceous  alternate  leaves,  and  white  or 


452  ERICACEAE.  Arbuttis. 

flesh-colored  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle  or  cluster  of  racemes.  —  Genus  of  a  few- 
species  in  the  warm-temperate  portions  of  the  Old  "World,  among  them  the  Straw- 
herry-tree,  the  fruit  of  which  is  eatable,  two  or  three  in  Mexico,  and  our  well-known 
Madrono,  viz. 

1.  A.  Menziesii,  Pursh.  A  handsome  tree,  or  southwards  a  shrub,  with  very 
hard  wood,  and  close  and  smooth  bark  turning  brownish  red  (the  older  exfoliating) : 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  either  entire  or  serrulate,  pale  beneath,  bright  green  above  : 
racemes  dense,  minutely  tomentose  :  corolla  almost  globular,  white  :  berries  dry, 
orange-colored  (hardly  eatable),  Avith  surface  granulate.  —  Nutt.  Sylv.  iii.  42,  t.  95. 
A.  procera,  Dougl.  in  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1753.  A.  laurifolia,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
XXV.  t.  67,  a  smaller-leaved  Mexican  form. 

Along  the  coast  ranges  and  sparingly  on  the  foot-hills,  extending  north  to  Puget  Sound,  and 
southeastward  into  Mexico  and  Texas.  In  the  northern  coast  ranges  this  is  sometimes  a  mag- 
nificent tree,  80  or  100  feet  high,  with  trunk  from  one  to  three  feet  in  diameter,  indeed,  a  tree 
in  Marin  Co.,  north  of  Tamalpais,  measured  23  feet  in  circumference  at  the  smallest  part  of  the 
trunk  below  the  brandies,  and  some  of  the  main  branches  were  2  or  3  feet  in  diameter.  South  of 
San  Francisco  Bay  it  is  usually  a  small  spreading  tree  or  a  large  shrub. 

3.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adanson.        Manzanita. 

Flowers  like  those  of  Arbutus  (but  occasionally  4-merous  and  8-androus),  except 
that  the  5  to  10  cells  of  the  ovary  contain  each  a  single  suspended  ovule,  and  the 
berry-like  fruit  a  circle  of  5  to  10  separate  or  separable  bony  seed-like  stones,  or  else 
these  cohere  more  or  less,  sometimes  completely  into  a  solid  several-celled  or  by  abor- 
tion occasionally  1-celled  stone.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees;  with  the  alternate  leaves  cori- 
aceous and  persistent  (in  all  but  an  arctic-alpine  species),  either  entire  or  with  a  few 
in-egular  teeth ;  the  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  terminal  often  clustered  racemes. 
— Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  iv.  116,  note;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  581.  Coviaro- 
staphylis,  Zucc.     Xerohotrys  &  Xylococcus,  Nutt.     Daphnidostaphylis,  Klotzsch. 

The  greater  part  of  the  species  are  Californian  (including  the  Uva-ursi,  which  extends  round 
the  world)  :  their  discrimination  is  difficult.  As  to  the  genera  proposed  by  Zuccarini,  Nuttall, 
and  Klotzsch,  mainly  upon  the  concretion  of  the  stones  of  the  I'ruit,  this  sometimes  takes  place 
even  in  A.  Uva-ursi,  and  is  variable  in  our  other  species.  A.  piuicjcns  and  A.  glaiica,  otherwise 
hardly  distinguishable,  differ  gi'eatly  in  this  respect. 

§  1.  Drupe  not  warty  ;  the  flesh  at  maturity  mealy  ;  the  stones  commonly  separate  or 
sejmrahle,  at  least  some  of  them,  not  rarely  some  of  them  united  or  2-celled 
and  2-seeded  :  bracts  firm  and  persistent. 

*  Ovary  and  depressed-globose  fruit  more  or  less  pubescent :  branchlets  often  hispid. 

1.  A.  Andersonii,  Gray.  Erect,  6  or  10  feet  high  :  branchlets  minutely  tomen- 
tose when  young,  hispid  with  long  and  white  bristly  hairs  :  leaves  thin-coriaceous, 
green  and  glabrous,  except  the  bristles  on  the  midrib  beneath,  lanceolate-oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate  with  a  strongly  sagittate-cordate  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  mucro- 
nate-pointed,  mostly  spinulose-serrulate  (2  or  3  inches  long)  :  fruiting  pedicels  about 
equalling  the  bracts  :  drupes  reddish,  much  depressed,  4  or  5  lines  in  diameter, 
densely  clothed  with  exceedingly  viscid  bristles.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  83. 

In  tlie  mountains  behind  Santa  Cruz,  among  redwoods  (Big-tree  Grove),  Dr.  Anderson.  Fila- 
ments soniewliat  hirsute.     Bark  paler  than  in  the  Manzanitas. 

2.  A.  tomentosa,  Dougl.  Erect,  2  to  6  feet  high,  tomentose  when  young, 
hispid  with  long  spreading  hairs  on  the  branchlets,  petioles,  &c.,  but  these  some- 
times nearly  wanting  :  leaves  thick  and  very  rigid-coriaceous,  varying  from  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  ovate  and  even  cordate,  entire,  rarely  serrulate,  often  cuspidate-mucro- 
nate,  usually  becoming  vertical  (one  or  two  inches  long)  :  flowers  in  very  short 


Arctostaphylos.  ERICACE^.  453 

clustered  racemes  (white  or  rose-color),  on  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts  :  ovary 
hirsute  :  fruit  red,  minutely  puberulent  or  becoming  glabrous,  not  viscid.  —  Bot. 
Eeg.  t.  1791 ;  Hook.  ¥\.  ii.  t.  130,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3220.  A.  cordifolia,  Lindl.  1.  c, 
a  form  with  cordate  leaves  and  few  or  no  bristles.  Andromeda  bracteosa,  DC. 
Xerobotrys  tomentosus,  argidus,  &  cordifolius,  Kutt.  1.  c. 

Dry  hills,  from  Santa  Barbara  Co.  northward  to  Puget  Sound.  This  is  a  common  Manzanita 
through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  running  into  many  forms  as  to  foliage,  bristles,  &c.  Fruit 
used  for  a  cooling  subacid  drink. 

3.  A.  nummulaxia,  Gray.  Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  glabrous,  except- 
ing long  bristly  hairs  on  the  branches  :  leaves  oval  (half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long),  rounded  at  both  ends,  sometimes  obscurely  cordate,  very  short-petioled, 
mostly  entire,  thick  and  rigid,  bright  green,  the  upper  surface  shining  :  racemes 
short  and  clustered  :  bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels  :  ovary  minutely  tomentose. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  3G6. 

Plains  around  Mendocino  City,  Bolunder.  Very  leafy  :  leaves  like  those  of  the  Dwarf  Box. 
Flowers  small,  white.     Fniit  unknown. 

%  *   Ovary  glabrous :  no  hispid  hairs  on  the  branches  and  petioles. 

4.  A.  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.  Prostrate,  trailing  or  somewhat  creeping,  almost  gla- 
brous :  leaves  spatulate  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse  :  flowers  in  small  and 
short  racemose  clusters  :  filaments  bearded  :  fruit  red. 

Doubtless  in  the  State  on  the  borders  of  Oregon  and  northern  Nevada  ;  thence  not  rare  north- 
ward and  eastward,  extending  round  the  world.  The  medicinal  Uva-ursi,  or  Bearberry,  and  the 
Kmnikinick  of  the  Western  Indians. 

5.  A.  pumila,  Nutt.  Erect,  dwarf,  tufted,  minutely  tomentose-pubescent  : 
leaves  obovate-oval  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  or  some  of  them  more  or  less  mucro- 
nate-tipped,  pale  :  flowers  as  in  the  preceding  but  smaller  :  filaments  sparingly 
bearded  or  nearly  naked.  — A.  pumila  &  A.  acida,  ]S'utt.  1.  c.  Daphnidostaphylis 
pumila,  Klotzscli. 

Around  Monterey,  Nuttall,  Rich.  Much  resembles  A.  Urva-ursi ;  but  it  is  an  erect  shrub, 
about  half  a  foot  high,  branching  from  the  base  and  forming  tufts.  Leaves  from  half  to  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long. 

6.  A.  pungens,  HBK.  Erect  or  at  high  elevations  procumbent,  minutely 
cinereous-tomentose  when  young,  or  glabrous :  smooth  close  bark  brownish-red 
(mahogany-color) :  leaves  commonly  becoming  vertical  by  a  twist  of  the  distinct  or 
pretty  long  petiole,  very  rigid,  often  glaucous  or  pale,  entire  or  occasionally  dentic- 
idate  with  a  few  sharp  teeth,  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  oval,  most  of  them 
pungently  mucronate-acuminate  or  cuspidate  :  flowers  crowded  in  very  short  ra- 
cemes, on  short  glabrous  pedicels :  filaments  strongly  ciliate  bearded :  fruit  yellowish, 
turning  dull  red.  —  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  iii.  t.  259  ;  Torr.  in  Emory  Eep.  t.  7. 
Arbutus  pungens,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  144.  Andromeda  (V)  venulosa,  DC. 
Prodr.  vii.  607.  Arctostaphylos  Ilookeri,  Don.  A.  glauca,  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  210.  Xerobotrys  venulosus,  Nutt.  1.  c.  ;  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  321.  Daphnido- 
slapjhylis  pungens  &  1).  HooJceri,  Klotzsch. 

Dry  and  barren  ridges  everywhere,  both  on  the  coast  and  at  great  elevations,  extending  north 
into  Oregon,  east  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico,  and  south  into  Mexico.  This,  the  common  Man- 
zanita, is  exceedingly  variable,  including,  as  it  must,  the  Small  Manzcinita,  which  at  high  eleva- 
tions is  procumbent,  I'ising  only  a  few  inches  in  height,  and  larger  forms,  with  erect  stems,  tor- 
tuous branches,  &.c.,  rising  to  eight  or  ten  feet  in  height  ;  the  shod  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in 
diameter  at  base,  but  divided  near  the  ground.  Some  of  these  forms,  especially  in  the  foot-hills 
and  Sierra,  with  branches  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  and  witli  broad  and  larger,  pale  or  glaucous 
and  oval  or  ovate  leaves,  commonly  destitute  of  the  pungent  tip,  are  usually  referred  to  A. 
g'aucn,  but  that  is  distinguisheil  by  its  remarkable  fruit.  The  fruits  of  the  present  species  are 
not  larger  than  those  of  A.  tomenlosa,  only  4  lines  in  diameter,  the  nutlets  only  a  line  or  two  in 
diameter,  separable,  or  one  or  two  pairs  cohering,  the  putamen  of  less  thickness  than  the  cavity. 
The  specific  name,  pungens,  is  seldom  appropriate  for  the  Califomian  plant.  The  fruit  is  eaten 
by  Indians  and  bears. 


454  ERICACEiE.  Arciostaphylas. 

§  2.  Drupe  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  a  solid  woody  or  bony  1  -  ^-celled  and  1-5- 
seeded  stone  in  a  thin  pulp.  —  Xylococcus.     (Xylococcus,  Nutt.) 

7.  A.  glauca,  Lindl.  Erect,  8  to  20  feet  high,  much  branched  (from  a  trunk 
sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter  at  the  base),  completely  glabrous,  glaucous  :  leaves 
rigid,  varying  from  oblong  to  round-ovate  and  slightly  cordate,  vertical  by  a  twist 
of  the  petiole,  with  or  without  a  small  mucronate  tip  :  racemes  panicled  :  bracts,  &c., 
as  in  the  preceding :  pedicels  slender  and  minutely  hirsute-glandular :  filaments 
somewhat  ciliate  at  base  :  fruit  red,  large ;  the  5-celled  stone  half  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. —  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.,  a  brief  character  in  a  note  under  t.  1791. 

Dry  liills,  from  Monterey  (Douglas)  to  San  Diego  {Cleveland,  &c.).  This  Great-hcrricd  Manza- 
nita  is  hardly  to  be  distinguished  in  flower  from  the  large  and  glaucesent  form  of  the  preceding, 
except  hy  the  glandular  pedicels.  But  the  fruit  is  far  larger,  oftener  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in 
diameter ;  the  nutlets  completely  consolidated  into  a  globose  woody  stone,  of  great  thickness  and 
solidity  ;  the  five  cells  all  towards  the  centre,  each  with  a  fertile  seed.  While  very  like  the  pre- 
ceding in  aspect,  it  is  associated  with  the  next  by  the  fruit. 

8.  A.  bicolor,  Gray.  Erect,  3  or  4  feet  high,  leafy  only  at  the  end  of  the 
branches  :  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  thinnish-coriaceous,  entire,  pinnately  veined, 
soon  glabrous  above  and  shining,  whitish-tomentose  beneath,  as  also  the  branchlets 
and  the  ovate  chartaceous  bracts  of  the  short  spicate  raceme  :  calyx  of  5  nearly  dis- 
tinct round-ovate  imbricated  sepals,  somewhat  colored  :  corolla  urceolate,  rose-color 
or  tinged  with  red  :  filaments  scarcely  dilated  at  base  :  style  long  :  stigma  capitate. 
—  Xylococcus  bicolor,  Nutt.  in  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  258. 

"  Near  Monterey,"  Nuttall.  Near  San  Diego,  Dr.  Cooper,  D.  Cleveland.  Flowers  in  March 
and  April.  Leaves  an  inch  or  two  long.  Scaly  spike  or  dense  raceme  barely  an  inch  long.  Fruit 
the  size  of  a  pea,  yellow  turning  red,  the  solid  stone  maturing  4  or  5  seed^  or  by  abortion  only 
one. 

§  3.  Drupe  with  a  granulate  or  warty  surface,  as  in  Arbutus  ;  the  cells  cohering  into 
a  several-celled  stone.  —  Comarostaphylis.     (Comarostaphylis,  Zucc.) 

9.  A.  polifolia,  HBK.  Erect,  5  to  8  feet  high,  glabrous  :  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, cuspidate,  pale  beneath  :  raceme  elongated ;  the  lower  bracts  foliaceous,  the 
upper  becoming  subulate  and  shorter  than  the  slender  bracteolate  pedicels  :  calyx- 
lobes  triangular :  corolla  reddish :  fruit  dark  purple,  minutely  warty,  its  stone 
5-celled.  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  iii.  277,  t.  258;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  108. 

Below  San  Diego,  near  the  boundary,  and  in  Mexico.     Leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  willow-like. 

4.  GAULTHEBIA,  Linn.        Wintergreen.    Salal. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  generally  colored  like  the  corolla.     Corolla  urceolate  or  campanu- 

late,  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.     Stamens  10,  included  :  anther-cells  opening  by  a  hole  at 

the  apex,  each  usually  2-awned  or  2-pointed.     Capsule  5-celled,  5-lobed,  depressed 

and  umbilicate,  many-seeded,  enclosed  at  maturity  in  the  calyx,  which  enlarges  and 

becomes  fleshy  after  the  corolla  falls,  and  imitates  a  globular  berry  :  this  is  eatable 

and  aromatic-flavored.     Shrubby  or  almost  herbaceous  plants ;  with  broad  evergreen 

leaves,  and  white  or  sometimes  rose-colored  flowers,  mostly  axillary  or  in  axillary 

racemes,  from  scaly  buds. 

A  rather  wide-spread  genus,  mostly  American  and  Asiatic,  none  European,  of  temperate  regions 
or  on  mountains.  The  original  species,  confined  to  Atlantic  North  America,  is  the  well-known 
Aromatic  Wintergreen,  G.  procumbens. 

1.  Gr.  Myrsinites,  Hook.  Very  low,  spreading  over  the  ground  in  tufts  :  the 
slender  stems  and  branches  decidedly  woody  :  leaves  ovate  or  rotund  (half  to  an 
inch  long),  the  margins  beset  with  minute  more  or  less  bristle-pointed  teeth  :  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  on  short  3  -  4-bracteolate  pedicels  :  corolla  rather 


Cassiope.  ERICACE^.  455 

campanulate  and  5-lobed  :  filaments  slender  and  smooth  :  anthers  naked,  obscurely 
4-pointed.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  35,  t.  129. 

In  forests,  near  the  northern  borders  of  the  State  {Dr.  Newberry)  ;  without  much  doubt  also 
within  its  limits,  thence  through  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  fruit  scarlet,  aromatic, 
said  to  be  delicious. 

2.  Gr.  Shallon,  Pursh.  Shrubby  stems  spreading  or  ascending  a  foot  or  two  in 
height :  leaves  ovate  or  slightly  cordate,  acuminate  (2  to  4  inches  long),  finely  serrate 
(the  teeth  when  young  bristle-tipped),  shining  :  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary 
commonly  panicled  or  compound  glandular-viscid  racemes  :  bracts  scaly  :  pedicels 
recurved  and  1  -  2-bracteolate  below  the  middle  :  corolla  ovate,  the  narrow  orifice 
5-toothed  :  filaments  broad  :  anthers  with  a  pair  of  awn-like  appendages  on  the 
summit  of  each  cell  :  fruit  purple,  becoming  black.  —  Pursh,  Fl.  284,  t.  1 2 ;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  2843  ;  Lindl.  Eot.  Pteg.  t.  1411. 

In  redwoods,  &c.,  from  the  Bay  of  Monterey  to  Oregon  and  northward.  Fruit  a  much-esteemed 
article  of  food  of  the  Oregon  Indians,  called  by  them  Shallon  according  to  Lewis  and  Clark,  or  at 
present  Salal. 

5.  LEUCOTHOE,  Don. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  separate  sepals,  more  or  less  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or  very 

early  open,  not  enlarging  or  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit.     CoroUa  cylindraceous  or 

ovate,  with  contracted  mouth  and  5  short  spreading  teeth.     Stamens  10  :  filaments 

subulate  :  anthers  naked,  or  the  cells  1  -  2-pointed  or  awned  at  the  apex,  which 

opens  by  a  large  pore.     Capsule  depressed,  more  or  less  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculi- 

cidally  5-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Shrubs ;   with  petioled  and  commonly  serrulate 

veiny  leaves,  racemose  inflorescence,  and  abundance  of  white  flowers  ;  the  bracts  and 

bractlets  mostly  scale-like  ;  and  the  flowers  articidated  with  the  pedicel,  or  this  with 

the  rhachis.  —  Gray,  Man.  Bot.  293. 

Genus  still  somewhat  uncertain  in  extent ;  the  original  species  in  the  Atlantic  United  States  ; 
the  recently-discovered  Californian  one  a  true  Leucotlwe,  although  differing  in  some  particulars. 

1.  L.  Davisiae,  Torr.  Evergreen  shrub,  3  to  5  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves 
bright  green,  coriaceous,  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  obscurely  spinulose-serrulate 
(an  inch  or  two  long) :  racemes  slender,  erect,  terminal  and  from  the  upper  axils, 
forming  a  cluster :  flowers  pendulous  :  bracts  and  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the 
recurved  pedicels  short  and  scarious,  ovate  or  roundish  :  sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
whitish  :  anther-cells  distinct  to  the  middle,  2-pointed  at  the  apex.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  400. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada;  near  Eureka,  Nevada  Co.,  discovered  by  Miss  N.  J.  Davis.  Plumas  Co., 
Mrs.  Pulsifer  Anus,  Lcmmon.  A  beautiful  shrub  :  flowers  abundant  :  corolla  3  lines  long.  Fruit 
unknown. 

6.  CASSIOPE,  Don. 

Calyx  of  4  or  5  membranaceous  ovate  sepals,  imbricated  in  the'  bud,  persistent, 
bractless.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  4 -5-lobed.  Stamens  8  or  10,  included  : 
filaments  subulate  :  anthers  short,  fixed  near  their  apex,  furnished  with  a  pair 
of  recurved  awns  at  the  insertion ;  the  turgid  ovoid  cells  opening  by  a  large  ter- 
minal pore.  Style  tapering  upwards.  Capsule  globular,  4  -  5-celled,  loculicidally 
4  -  5-valved  ;  the  valves  soon  2-cleft ;  the  large  placentae  pendulous.  Seeds  numer- 
ous with  a  close  coat.  —  Small  ai-ctic  or  alpine  suffrutescent  evergreens,  with  the 
crowded  or  imbricated  foliage  and  aspect  of  Heaths  or  Club-Mosses ;  the  white  or 
rose-colored  flowers  solitary  and  nodding  on  the  apex  of  slender  and  erect  naked 
peduncles  ;  these  surrounded  by  scaly  bracts  at  their  base. 


456  ERICACE^.  Cassiope. 

A  peculiar  genus  of  ten  species,  of  the  northern  frigid  regions,  extending  southward  only  along 
high  mountains,  mainly  American  and  Asiatic,  two  reaching  high  northern  Europe,  five  Korth 
American. 

1.  C.  Mertensiana,  Don.  Branches  ascending,  in  tufts,  6  to  12  inches  high, 
covered  tlu'ougliout  with  the  leaves,  which  are  appressed  and  closely  imbricated  in 
four  ranks,  thick,  smooth,  not  over  2  lines  long,  ovate-oblong,  keeled  on  the  back  : 
peduncles  lateral  :  corolla  moderately  5-lobed  :  style  rather  slender.  —  Andromeda 
Mertensiana,  Eongard,  Veg.  Sitch.  t.  5.     A.  cupressina,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  38. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  or  above  10,000  feet,  from  Mount  Dana  to  Lassen's  Peak  {Brewer, 
Bolander,  &c.) ;  thence  to  Alaska.     Corolla  3  lines  high  and  4  broad. 

C.  TETRAGONA,  Don,  which  reaches  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  very  similar,  except 
that  there  is  a  deep  groove  down  the  back  of  the  leaf,  and  the  flower  is  rather  smaller. 

7.   BEYANTHUS,  Steller,  Gray.     (Incl.  Phyllodoge,  Salisb.) 

Calyx  of  5  or  rarely  4  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  campanidate  and 
more  or  less  deeply  lobed,  or  ovate,  and  barely  5-toothed ;  the  lobes  or  teeth  widely 
spreading  or  recurved.  Stamens  10  or  8  (rarely  fewer)  :  filaments  filiform  :  anthers 
opening  by  terminal  oblique  chinks.  Style  slender  :  stigma  5  -  4-lobed,  or  nearly 
entire.  Capsule  globular,  septicidally  5  -  4-valved  from  the  summit.  —  Dwarf  ever- 
greens ;  with  woody  stems  thickly  beset  with  linear  obtuse  Heath-like  leaves  ;  the 
flowers  in  a  short  raceme  or  umbel-like  cluster  from  the  summit  of  shoots  of  tlie  pre- 
ceding year,  each  pedicel  from  the  axil  of  a  firm  foliaceous  bract,  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  367. 

Consists  of  several  arctic-alpine  species.  Dr.  Maximowicz,  perhaps  with  sufficient  reason, 
would  retain  Phyllodoce  and  Brijanthus,  notwithstanding  our  B.  Brciceri,  on  account  of  the 
4-merous  flowei-s,  deejily  parted  corolla,  -and  naked  exserted  common  peduncle  of  B.  Gmclini. 
But  the  new  Califomian  species  differs  about  as  much  from  the  true  Phyllodoces  as  from  the 
original  Bnjanthus,  agreeing  with  the  latter  conspicuously  in  its  deeply  cleft  corolla  and  long- 
exserted  stamens. 

On  the  other  hand,  Bentham  and  Hooker's  Genera  Plantarum  proposes  to  solve  the  difficulty 
by  cutting  the  knot,  and  the  series,  in  the  middle,  referring  to  Bryanthus  all  the  species  with 
open-campanulate  corolla,  and  only  these  :  under  this  view  both  of  the  species  known  in  California 
would  belong  to  Bryanthus,  — to  an  intermediate  section,  which  may  be  named  Paiiabkyantiius  : 
corolla  open-campanulate,  more  or  less  5-cleft  or  lobed  :  no  common  peduncle. 

1.  B.  Breiveri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Stems  rigid,  ascending,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  : 
leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so  (3  to  7  lines  long),  narrowly  linear,  obtuse  ;  the  margins 
strongly  revolute  :  flowers  at  first  as  if  umbellate,  at  length  rather  racemose  :  foli- 
aceous bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate  :  pedicels  glandular,  soon  longer  than  the  flowers  : 
sepals  glabrous  :  corolla  rose-puri)le,  almost  saucer-shaped,  5-cleft  fully  to  the  mid- 
dle :  stamens  (7  to  10)  and  style  much  exserted. 

High  and  rocky  summits  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  10,000  feet  and  upwards,  from  Mariposa  to 
Sierra  Co.,  Brewer,  Torrcy,  Bolander,  &c.     The  handsomest  species  of  the  genus. 

2.  B.  empetriformis,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  so  in  height,  more  branched  than 
the  preceding  :  iimbellate  flowers  much  smaller  :  corolla  (hardly  over  2  lines  long) 
rose-color,  campanulate;  its  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube  :  stamens  included  : 
style  sometimes  exserted.  —  Menzieda  empetriformis,  Smith  ;  Graliam  in  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  3176.     M.  Grahami,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  40.     Phyllodoce  empetriformis,  Don. 

Rocks  on  Mount  Shasta,  at  8,000  feet  and  higher.  Brewer.  Also  high  northward  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

8.  KALMIA,  Linn.        American  Laurel. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or 
saucer-shaped,  with  5  short  lobes,  and  beneath  these  10  small  pouches,  in  which  the 


Rhododendron.  ERICACE^.  457 

anthers  are  severally  lodged.     Stamens  10  :  filaments  filiform  :  anthers  opening  by 

a  terminal  hole  or  chink.     Style  slender  :    stigma  depressed.      Capsule  globular, 

septicidally  5-valved  :  the  placentse  pendulous.    Seeds  slender.  —  Evergreen  shrubs  ; 

with  entire  coriaceous  leaves,  either  opposite  or  alternate,  and  showy  flowers  mostly 

in  an  umbel  or  corymb ;  the  pedicels  subtended  by  coriaceous  and  persistent  bracts. 

The  Kalmias  are  all  American  and  of  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent,  excepting  the  following, 
which  ranges  northward  from  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  and  southward  on  high  mountains. 

1.  K.  glauca,  Linn.  Shrub  spreading,  from  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  very  glabrous, 
Avith  flat  ascending  branches  :  leaves  opposite  or  sometimes  wliorled  in  threes, 
nearly  sessile,  narrowly  oblong  or  appearing  linear  when  the  margins  are  revolute, 
white  and  glaucous  beneath  :  corymb  terminal,  of  several  or  few  flowers,  the  lower 
bracts  resembling  the  leaves  :  pedicels  hliform  :  corolla  lilac  or  chocolate-purple, 
half  an  inch  in  diameter.  — Ait.  Kew.  ii.  t.  8  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  177. 

Sierra  Nevada  ;  on  Alount  Dana,  at  and  above  11,000  feet,  in  marshy  places,  Brewer.  Also 
Webber  Peak,  Lcmmon.  Only  the  var.  microphijU.a,  Hook.,  i.  e.  a  depauperate  state,  rising 
little  above  the  ground.  Mr.  Watson  found  it  on  similar  high  mountains  in  Nevada.  It  extends 
to  the  subarctic  regions,  and  south  to  lat.  41°  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

9.  MENZIESIA,  Smith. 

Calyx  small  or  minute,  mostly  4-parted  or  toothed,  glandular-ciliate.  Corolla 
from  globular-urnshaped  to  campanulate,  obtusely  lobed.  Stamens  mostly  8, 
included :  hlaments  flat  :  anthers  rather  short,  naked  :  the  cells  opening  at  top  by 
an  oblique  pore  or  chink.  Style  slender  :  stigma  capitate-truncate.  Capsule  glob- 
ular or  ovoid,  mostly  4-celled  and  4-valved,  septicidaL  Seeds  numerous,  scobiform 
(like  fine  sawdust),  the  coat  being  very  loose.  —  Deciduous-leaved  shrubs  (unequally 
divided  between  Japan  and  N.  America) ;  the  foliage  resembling  that  of  Azaleas ; 
the  small  flowers  in  terminal  umbels  (sometimes  becoming  lateral),  developed  simul- 
taneously with  the  leaves,  from  separate  scaly  buds  ;  their  thin-scarious  scales  or 
bracts  early  deciduous. 

1.  M.  ferruginea,  Smith.  Loosely  branched  shrub,  2"  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves 
disposed  to  be  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  thin,  short- petioled,  oblong- 
obovate,  entire,  acute  and  with  a  callous  gland-like  mucronate  tip,  more  or  less  hir- 
sute with  rusty  hairs  and  some  chaffy  bristles,  especially  on  the  midrib  and  margins  ; 
branchlets  and  pedicels  also  glandular  :  corolla  purplish  or  greenish,  short-campanu- 
late  with  at  first  the  mouth  contracted.  —  Ic.  Ined.  t.  36. 

Woods  of  Oregon  and  northward  :  doubtless  in  the  northwestern  part  of  California,  but  not  yet 
seen  :  extends  eastward  nearly  to  the  Uj)per  Great  l^akes,  and  a  variety  of  it  inhabits  the  Allegha- 
nies.     The  only  American  species.     Japan  has  several. 

10.   RHODODENDRON,  Linn.,  including  Azalea. 

Calyx  very  small  in  our  species.  Corolla  large,  varying  from  funnelform  to  cam- 
panulate, 5-lobed,  often  slightly  irregular.  Stamens  5  to  10  :  filaments  filiform, 
commonly  decHned  :  anthers  short,  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore  or  chink. 
Style  long,  commonly  declined  or  incurved  :  stigma  truncate  or  capitate.  Capsule 
woody,  septicidally  5-valved  from  the  summit.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  small, 
scobiform,  i.  e.  with  a  loose  chaff-like  coat.  —  Ornamental  shrubs  ;  with  alternate  and 
entire  leaves,  usually  crowded  on  the  flowering  branches ;  the  showy  flowers  in 
terminal  umbels  or  corymbs  from  ample  scaly  buds,  the  thin  scales  or  bracts  decidu- 


458  ERICACEiE.  Rhododendron. 

ous  when  tlie  flowers  develop.  —  Maximowicz,  Ehodod.  Asiae  Or.   1 3 ;   Benth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  599. 

Bliododcndrons  and  Azaleas,  although  different  enough  as  to  our  common  species,  are  quite  un- 
distinguishable  when  the  whole  are  taken  into  view. 

R.  ALBIFLOUUM,  Hook.,  of  the  woods  of  Oregon  and  norfliward,  which  may  occur  within  the 
limits  of  the  State,  is  a  species  with  lateral  flowers  and  10  stamens,  but  deciduous  leaves. 

§  1.  Flowers  from  a  large  and  special  scaly  terminal  bud :  stamens  10  :  leaves  coria- 
ceous and  evei^green. —  Eurhododendron,  Maxim. 

1.  R.  Califomicum,  Hook.  Shrub  3  to  8  feet  high,  glabrous :  leaves  oblong, 
with  a  short  acute  point,  bright  green  above,  pale  beneath  :  umbel  many-flowered  : 
calyx  minute,  slightly  5-lobed  :  corolla  rose-purple,  broadly  campanulate  \  the  broad 
lobes  undulate,  upper  ones  yellowish  and  spotted  within  :  stamens  shorter  than  the 
corolla  :  filaments  incurved  at  the  apex  :  ovary  silky-hairy  :  capsule  oblong.  —  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  4863. 

Forests  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State  (Mendocino  Co.,  &c.)  extending  to  Oregon  {E.  Hall). 
Shrub  3  to  8  feet  high,  resembling  R.  Catawbiensc  of  the  Alleghanies,  but  with  more  showy 
flowers  of  about  the  same  size.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long  :  corolla  2  inches  or  more  in  diameter. 
This  solitary  Califomian  true  Rhododendron  or  Rose  Bay  is  well  deserving  of  cultivation. 

§  2.  Flowers  from  a  large  and  special,  scaly  terminal  hud,  close  helow  which  are 
separate  leaf  buds  from  which  the  shoots  of  the  season  proceed :  stamens  com- 
monly 5  and  exserted :  leaves  deciduous.  —  Azalea,  Planchon,  &c.  (^Azalea, 
Linn.,  mainly.) 

2.  R.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  Shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  with  shoots  glabrous  or 
miimtely  pubescent  when  young,  not  bristly  :  leaves  obovate-oblong,  sometimes 
approaching  lanceolate,  bright-green  and  shining  above,  minutely  pubescent, 
glabrate,  the  margins  minutely  hispid-ciliate  :  scales  of  the  flower-bud  somewhat 
canescent :  flowers  appearing  after  -the  leaves  :  sepals  distinct,  oblong  or  oval,  con- 
spicuous :  corolla  minutely  viscid-pubescent  outside,  white,  with  the  upper  lobe  yel- 
low inside ;  the  narrow  funnelform  tube  equalling  the  deeply  5-cleft  slightly  irreg- 
ular limb  ;  the  lobes  ovate  :  stamens  and  style  much  exserted,  moderately  curved  : 
capsule  oblong. — Azalea  occidentalis,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Pacif  E.  Pep.  iv.  116;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  5005  ;  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  381.  A.  calendulacea,  var.,  Benth. 
PI.  Hartw.  321.     Rhfjdodendron  calendidaceum.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  362. 

In  wooded  districts  along  streams,  almost  throughout  the  State,  extending  to  the  mountains 
east  of  San  Diego,  but  common  northward.  Leaves  1^  to  4  inches  long,  becoming  of  a  ratlier 
firm  texture.  Flowers  2|  to  3  inches  long,  fragrant.  This  charming  Califomian  Azalea,  the 
great  ornament  of  the  wooded  districts,  lielongs  rather  to  the  group  of  the  eastern  R.  viscosum 
than  to  that  of  R.  mlendulaceum,  the  flowers  appearing  in  summer  or  late  spring,  after  the  leaves 
have  developed.  The  bright  green  foliage  makes  a  fine  setting  for  the  large  and  copious  white  or 
sometimes  slightly  rosy  flowers,  variegated  by  a  pale  yellow  band.  The  fragrance  is  unlike  that 
of  the  eastern  species,  and  not  so  delicious. 

11.   LEDUM,  Linn.         Labrador  Tea. 

Calyx  small,  5-cleft.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  and  spreading  oval  or  oblong  petals. 
Stamens  4  to  10  :  filaments  filiform  :  cells  of  the  anthers  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Style  filiform,  persistent.  Capsule  oval  or  oblong,  septicidally  5-valved  from  the 
base  upwards  :  placentaj  pendulous.  Seeds  slender,  with  a  loose  coat.  —  Low  and 
more  or  less  evergreen  shrubs ;  with  broad  alternate  entire  leaves,  their  margins  dis- 
posed to  be  revolute,  and  the  lower  surface  either  resinous-dotted  or  rusty-woolly ; 
the  flowers  small  and  white  in  a  terminal  umbel-like  corymb,  which  is  developed 
from  a  large  scaly  bud,  its  thin  scales  or  bracts  deciduous  when  the  flowers  are 
developed. 


Moneses.  ERICACEJB.  459 

L.  PALUSTRE,  Linn.,  whicli  grows  round  the  world  far  north,  and  L.  latifolium.  Ait,  which 
extends  from  Newfoundland  to  Oregon  (the  only  other  species),  are  aot  met  with  in  California, 
which  has  a  peculiar  species,  viz. 

1.  L.  glandulosum,  Nutt.  Shrub  2  to  6  feet  liigh,  erect,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  pale  and  dotted  with  resinous  scaly  dots  beneath,  and 
when  young  somewhat  resinous  above,  slender-petioled  :  corymbs  terminal  and 
sometimes  axillary,  often  compound  :  stamens  4  to  10  :  capsule  oval.  —  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  viii.  270  (subgen.  Ledodendron) ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  211. 

Mendocino  Co.,  along  the  coast  range,  to  Oregon,  and  through  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  and  above 
4,000  feet :  also  in  the  Nevada  and  Rocky  Mountains.  Leaves  an  inch  or  two  long,  the  margins 
little  or  not  at  all  revolute,  the  lower  surface  destitute  of  the  wool  of  the  other  species.  Flowers 
resembling  those  of  L.  latifolium. 

12.  CHIMAPHILA,  Pursh.        Pipsissewa. 

Corolla  of  5  rotately  spreading  orbicular  and  concave  petals.  Stamens  10  :  fila- 
ments enlarged  and  hairy  in  the  middle  :  anthers  extrorse  in  the  bud,  introrse  in 
the  flower,  opening  by  a  round  hole  at  the  tapering  summit  of  each  cell.  Style  very 
short,  inversely  conical,  nearly  immersed  in  the  depressed  umbilicate  summit  of  the 
ovary  :  stigma  broad,  orbicular,  its  border  somewhat  5-crenate.  Capsule  depressed- 
globose,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent  from  the  apex  downwards,  the 
edges  of  the  valves  glabrous.  —  Low,  nearly  herbaceous,  evergreen  perennials  :  with 
long  underground  shoots,  ascending  stems  bearing  thick  and  smooth  shining  sharply 
serrulate  leaves  in  irregular  whorls  or  pairs,  or  scattered,  and  a  terminal  naked 
peduncle  supporting  a  few  fragrant  flowers  in  a  corymb  or  umbel.  Bracts  scaly. 
Petals  white  or  flesh-color,  waxy  :  anthers  violet  or  purple. 

A  small  North  American  genus,  extending  into  Mexico,  the  commonest  species  also  in  Europe 
and  Japan  :  in  the  latter  also  a  peculiar  species  very  like  one  of  ours.  All  grow  in  dry  woods, 
especially  on  hillsides  and  in  the  shade  of  coniferous  trees. 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  branching  :  leaves  oblanceolate 
or  wedge-sliaped,  entire  towards  the  tapering  base,  bright  green,  not  spotted  :  pe- 
duncle 4  -  7-flowered  :  bracts  narrow,  deciduous  :  filaments  hairy  on  the  margins 
only. — Barton,  Veg.  Mat.  Med.  t.  1.  C.  corymbosa,  Pursh.  Pyrola  umbellata, 
Linn. ;  Bigel.  Med.  Bot.  t.  21. 

This,  the  common  Pipsissewa  or  Prince's  Pine  of  the  Eastern  States,  Oregon,  &c.,  also  found 
both  on  the  eastern  and  western  sides  of  the  Old  World  and  in  Mexico,  appears  to  be  rare  in 
California  and  only  in  the  north.  Mount  Shasta  {Brewer) ;  Mendocino  Co.  {Bolander) ;  Sierra 
Valley,  Lemmmi. 

2.  C.  Menziesii,  Spreng.  A  span  high,  sparingly  branched  :  leaves  varying 
from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  small  (|  to  1|-  inches  long), 
purplish  beneath,  sometimes  variegated  with  white  above  :  peduncle  1  -  3-flowered  : 
bracts  ovate  or  roundish  :  filaments  villous  on  the  dilated  middle  portion.  —  Hook. 
Fl.  ii.  49,  t.  138.     Pyrola  Menziesii,  Don. 

Pine  woods,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  from  Mendocino  Co.  northward,  through  Oregon. 
Most  resembles  the  eastern  C.  maculata  and  the  recently  discovered  C.  Japmiica. 

13.  MONESES,  Salisb. 

Corolla  as  in  Chimaphila.  Stamens  10  :  filaments  not  enlarged  in  the  middle, 
subulate,  naked  :  anthers  as  in  Chimaphila,  but  the  cells  contracted  into  a  distinct 
short  tube  at  the  extremity.  Style  exserted,  straight :  stigma  large,  peltate,  and 
with  5  short  radiating  lobes.  Capsule  as  in  Chimaphila.  Parts  of  the  flower  occa- 
sionally in  fours  instead  of  fives.  —  A  single  species  known,  viz. 


460  ERICACE^.  Moneses. 

1.  M.  uniflora,  Gray.  A  small  and  low  perennial,  with  a  cluster  of  round  or 
obovate  short-petioled  crenulate  leaves,  and  a  scape  2  to  4  inches  high,  terminated 
by  a  handsome  wliite  or  flesh-colored  flower  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  — 
Pyrola  uniflora,  Linn.     Moneses  grandiflora^  Salisb. 

In  cold  bogs  round  tlie  northern  hemisjjhere  ;  doubtless  wilhin  the  limits  of  the  State  at  liigh 
elevations,  as  it  occurs  north  and  east  of  them. 

14.  PYROLA,  Toura.        Wintergreen. 

Corolla  of  5  concave  and  more  or  less  converging  petals.  Stamens  10  :  fllaments 
ascending  or  straight,  subulate,  naked  :  anthers  as  in  the  preceding  genera,  either 
with  or  without  a  tubular  prolongation  of  the  extremity  of  the  cells,  Avhich  open  by 
a  round  hole.  Style  generally  long  :  stigma  5-lobed  or  5-rayed.  Capside  depressed- 
globose,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculicidally  5-valved  from  the  base  upward  :  edges  of  the 
valves  commonly  cobwebby  when  opening.  —  Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs ; 
with  running  subterranean  shoots,  broad  and  petioled  leaves  close  to  the  ground, 
and  a  more  or  less  scaly-bracted  scape  bearing  a  simple  raceme  of  Avhite,  greenish,  or 
rose-colored  nodding  flowers. 

The  genus,  and  several  of  the  12  to  14  species,  extend  round  the  world  in  the  cooler  parts  of 
the  northern  temperate  zone.  Some  divide  it  into  three  genera,  but  on  characters  of  small 
account. 

§  1.   Corolla  and  stamens  regular:  petals  with  two  tubercles  at   base  inside:   style 
straight :   stigma  large,  depressed,   at    length  obtusely  5-lobed. 

1.  P.  secunda,  Linn.  Leaves  clustered  or  somewhat  scattered  on  ascending 
shoots,  thin,  ovate,  serrulate,  on  naked  petioles  :  scape  3  to  5  inches  high,  bearing 
several  or  numerous  flowers  in  a  close  one-sided  raceme  :  petals  oval-oblong,  green- 
ish-white, not  at  all  spreading,  shorter  than  the  slender  style  :  anthers  blunt. 

Woods  in  the  higher  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Donner  Pass,  &c.  ;  thence  northward  and  eastward 
round  the  world. 

§  2.  Corolla  somewhat  irregularly  spreading:  stamens  more  or  less  declined  and 
curved  toivards  the  upper  side  of  the  Jlower :  style  long,  turned  downivard  and 
more  or  less  curved :  stigma  narrower  than  the  apex  of  the  style,  surrounded 
hy  a  ring  or  collar,  from  which  the  5  lobes  (more  or  less  concreted  into  one, 
and  at  first  almost  included)  at  length  consjncuously  jyroject. 

2.  P.  rotundifolia,  Linn.  Leaves  coriaceous,  shining  above,  orbicular,  varying 
to  ovate,  round-obovate,  or  round-reniform,  on  slender  naked  petioles  :  scape  with 
the  loosely  many-flowered  raceme  6  to  14  inches  high,  scaly-bracted  :  bracts  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  mostly  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate 
and  about  half  the  length  of  the  broadly  obovate  (white,  greenish-white,  or  rose-pur- 
ple) petals  :  cells  of  the  anther  slightly  contracted  into  an  obscure  neck  under  the 
orifice.  —  The  Californian  specimens  as  yet  seen  all  belong  to  the 

Var.  bracteata,  Gray.  A  large  form  :  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  often  serrulate : 
scape  a  foot  or  more  high,  usually  conspicuously  but  remotely  scaly-bracted  :  anthers 
prominently  mucronate  at  base.  —  P.  bracteata,  Hook.  P.  elata,  ]S^utt.  Thelaia 
bracteata,  Alefeld  in  Linnsea,  xxviii.  57. 

In  coniferous  woods,  Mendocino  to  Sierra  Co.,  and  north  to  British  Columbia.  The  var. 
uliginosa,  Gray,  common  on  the  northern  borders  of  the  Atlantic  States,  occurs  on  the  mountains 
in  Nevada,  and  a  form  near  it  at  Carson  City.  It  has  smaller  pink  flowers  with  red-purple 
anthers,  and  shorter  triangular- ovate  calyx-lobes. 

3.  P.  picta,  Smith.  Leaves  thick,  coriaceous,  pale  (at  least  beneath,  sometimes 
purplish),  and  above  commonly  variegated  or  blotched  with  white,  ovate  varying  to 
obovate  and  oblong-spat  ulate  or  lanceolate-oblong,  on  short  or  else  margined  petioles  : 


Pterospora.  ERICACE^.  461 

scape  with  the  mostly  short  raceme  4  to  8  inches  high  :  bracts  small :  lobes  of  the 
calyx  ovate,  short,  not  half  the  length  of  the  roundish  greenish-Avhite  petals  :  cells 
of  the  anther  contracted  into  a  neck  or  short  tubular  prolongation  below  the  orifice. 
— P.  dentata,  Smith,  a  form  with  the  narrower  leaves  more  or  less  serrate.  Thelaia 
spatulata,  Alefeld,  1.  c. 

Open  woods,  from  the  Mariiiosa  Grove  along  the  Sierra,  and  from  Mendocino  Co.  to  British 
Cohimbia.  Leaves  an  inch  or  two  long,  in  the  narrower  forms  tapering  into  the  petiole,  which  is 
from  a  quarter  to  a  full  inch  in  length.  Rootstocks  erect,  branching,  rigid.  Peculiar  to  the 
Pacific  side  of  the  continent. 

4.  P.  chlorantha,  Swartz.  Leaves  coriaceous,  not  shining,  orbicular  or  approach- 
ing it,  often  retuse,  small,  commonly  much  shorter  than  the  petiole  :  scape  and  few- 
flowered  raceme  4  to  8  inches  high  :  bracts  inconspicuous  :  lobes  of  the  calyx 
broadly  ovate  or  roundish,  very  short,  appressed  to  the  base  of  the  oval-obovate 
white  and  little-spreading  petals  :  cells  of  the  anther  distinctly  contracted  below  the 
orifice  into  a  short  tube. 

Hills  near  Downieville,  Yuba  River,  Bigeloiv,  according  to  Torrcy.  Apparently  rare  on  the 
Pacific  side  of  the  continent  ;  common  northward  on  the  Atlantic  side,  and  also  in  northern 
Europe.     Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch,  sometimes  even  an  inch  and  a  half  long. 

5.  .P.  aphylla,  Smith.  Scapes  leafless,  7  to  12  inches  high  from  a  long  and 
deep  scaly-bracted  and  doubtless  parasitic  rootstock  :  raceme  loosely  many-flowered  : 
lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute,  very  much  shorter  than  the  obovate  white  petals  : 
cells  of  the  anther  contracted  into  a  short  tube  below  the  orifice.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii. 
48,  t.  137. 

Fir  woods,  along  the  SieiTa  Nevada  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  Shasta  Co.  and  to  British  Colum- 
bia. Sca]ie  reddish.  Flowers  about  as  large  as  those  of  P.  rotundifolia :  sutures  of  the  capsule 
not  cobwebby  in  dehiscence.  A  peculiarly  interesting  plant,  on  account  of  its  living  the  parasitic 
life  of  the  Monolropece. 

15.  ALLOTROPA,  Ton.  &  Gray. 

Calyx  of  5  roundish  sepals,  persistent.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  10,  glabrous  : 
anthei-s  short,  2-lobed,  extrorse  in  the  bud,  soon  becoming  introrsely  pendulous  on 
the  slender  filament ;  the  cells  opening  by  a  chink  reaching  to  near  the  middle. 
Ovary  globose,  5-celled  :  style  at  first  very  short,  at  lengh  longer :  stigma  large, 
peltate-capitate.  Seeds  very  numerous  on  the  thick  placentae  in  the  axis,  linear 
with  a  small  central  nucleus.  —  (Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  385,  1874.)  Gray  in  Pacif.  E. 
Eep.  vi.  81,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  368.  —  Single  species. 

1.  A.  virgata,  Torr.  &  Gmy,  1.  c.  A  reddish  or  whitish  herb,  a  span  to  a  foot 
high,  glabrous,  ratlier  fleshy,  with  a  thicker  base,  beset  with  ovate-oblong  or  lanceo- 
late scales,  continued  into  a  virgate  many-flowered  spike  :  flowers  crowded,  very 
short-pedicelled,  2-bracteolate,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  upper  ones  about 
equalled  by  the  bracts  :  sepals  shorter  than  the  filiform  filaments,  Avliitish. 

Mendocino  Co.,  near  Bear  Harbor  (Bolnnder,  KcIIogfj),  generally  under  Qucrciis  densiflora ; 
SieiTa  Co.,  Lemmon.     Thence  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  Washington  Territory. 

16.  PTEROSPORA,  Nutt.        Pinedrops. 

Calyx  deeply  5 -parted,  short,  persistent.  Corolla  withering-persistent,  globular- 
ovate,  with  contracted  mouth  ;  the  5  very  short  lobes  recurved,  almost  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  1 0,  included  :  filaments  subulate  :  anthers  short,  erect  in  the 
bud  (or  just  befbre  anthesis  horizontal) ;  each  cell  bearing  a  deflexed  awn  on  the 
back  near  the  base,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  short  :  stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule 
depressed-globular,  5-lobed ;  the  thin  valves  persistent  by  the  cohesion  of  the  parti- 


462  ERICACE^.  Pterospora. 

tions  with  the  central  axis,  from  which  the  placentsB  are  pendulous.  Seeds  very- 
numerous,  ovoid,  with  a  thin  nearly  close  coat,  apiculate  at  base,  and  at  apex  bear- 
ing a  broad  hyaline  and  reticulated  wing-like  appendage,  many  times  larger  than 
the  seed  itself.  — Nutt.  Gen.  i.  386  ;  Lindl.  Collect.4-  5.  —  Single  species. 

1.  P.  andromedea,  Nutt.  A  stout,  purplish-brown  or  chestnut-colored  and 
clammy-pubescent  herb,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  the  lanceolate  scales  or  bracts  small, 
crowded  at  the  base,  scattered  above  ;  raceme  long,  virgate,  many-flowered ;  the 
spreading  and  recurved  pedicels  slender,  as  long  as  the  linear  scarious  bracts  : 
corolla  white,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  somewhat  viscid ;  capsule  a  third  of  an  inch 
in  diameter. 

In  dry  soil,  under  pines  or  other  coniferous  trees  and  oaks,  from  Monterey  northward,  extend- 
ing to  British  Columbia  and  through  the  Northern  Atlantic  States. 

17.   SABCODES,  Ton-.        Snow-Plant. 

Calyx  of  5  oblong  erect  sepals,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  persistent.  Corolla 
cylindraceous-campanulate,  moderately  5-lobed,  the  lobes  little  spreading,  persistent. 
Stamens  10,  included,  glabrous  :  filaments  slender :  anthers  linear-oblong,  attached 
by  the  outside  a  little  above  the  base,  not  appendaged,  the  2  cells  united  through- 
out and  with  a  very  narrow  connective,  opening  by  the  whole  obliquely  truncate 
apex.  Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled  :  style  columnar :  stigma  capitate,  slightly  5-lobed. 
Capsule  fleshy ;  the  thick  placentae  adnate  to  the  axis  for  their  whole  length.  Seeds 
very  numerous,  oval ;  the  coat  cellular-reticulated,  but  closely  fitted  to  the  nucleus, 
except  a  conical  protuberance  at  the  apex.  —  Torr.  PI.  Fremont,  in  Smithsonian 
Contrib.  17,  t.  10.  ^ 

1.  S.  sanguinea,  Torr.  1.  c.  A  stout  fleshy  herb,  a  span  or  two  in  height,  of  a 
bright  red  color,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  thickly  clothed,  at  least  up  to  the 
raceme,  with  firm  fleshy  scales ;  the  lower  ones  ovate  and  closely  imbricated,  the 
upper  gradually  more  scattered,  narrower,  and  passing  into  the  linear  bracts,  which 
mostly  exceed  the  flowers,  their  margins  glandular-ciliate  :  pedicels  erect,  at  least 
the  upper  ones  short :  corolla  half  an  inch  long,  rather  fleshy,  glabrous. 

In  coniferous  forests,  especially  those  of  Sequoia  and  Abies,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  from 
4,000  to  9,000  feet,  shooting  forth  and  flowering  as  soon  as  the  snow  melts  away. 

18.  MONOTROPA,  Linn.        Indian  Pipe.     Pine-Sap. 

Calyx  of  2  to  5  lanceolate  often  loose  and  dissimilar  bract-like  scales,  deciduous. 
Corolla  of  4  or  5  erect  spatulate  or  oblong  scale-like  petals,  which  are  gibbous  or 
saccate  at  base,  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  :  filaments 
filiform-subulate  :  anthers  more  or  less  reniform,  transverse  upon  the  apex  of  the 
filament ;  the  cells  more  or  less  confluent  into  one,  opening  across  the  top.  Style 
columnar,  tubular,  more  or  less  dilated  at  the  apex  into  the  disk -like  or  somewhat 
funnelform  obscurely  4-5-crenate  stigma.  Disk  confluent  with  the  base  of  the 
ovary,  bearing  8  or  10  deflexed  teeth.  Capsule  ovoid,  4 -5-celled:  the  thick  pla- 
centa3  covered  with  innumerable  minute  loose-coated  seeds. — Low  flesliy-scaly  herbs, 
white  or  reddish,  turning  brownish  ;  the  clustered  and  loosely  scaly  stems  rising 
from  a  ball  of  matted  fibrous  roots ;  the  flowering  summit  at  first  nodding,  becom- 
ing erect  in  age.  —  Two  or  three  species,  of  two  well-marked  subgenera,  by  many 
received  as  genera ;  but  the  differences  are  rather  unimportant. 


Newberry  a.  ERICACE^.  463 

§  1 .  Flowers  solitary,  terminal :  anthers  opening  equally  by  2  chinks. 

1.  M.  uniflora,  Linn.  Plant  white  (rarely  rose-color),  inodorous,  a  span  high, 
glabrous  :  calyx  represented  by  2  to  4  bracts  or  sepals,  the  uppermost  larger :  petals 
5  and  stamens  10  (rarely  more)  :  stigma  naked. 

In  damp  woods  :  not  yet  seen  in  California  ;  but  occurs  in  Oregon,  though  perhaps  less  com- 
monly than  in  the  Atlantic  States  ;  extends  on  the  one  hand  into  South  America,  on  the  other 
into  Japan  and  to  the  Himalayas. 

§  2.  Flowers  several  in  a  spike  or  close  raceme,  loith  more  regular  sepals,  and  the 
petals  more  saccate  at  base,  the  terminal  Jtotver  mostly  ivith  5  petals  and  10 
stamens  ;  the  others  respectively  4  and  8  (or  rarely  fewefr)  :  anther's  more  reni- 
fonn  ;  the  cells  completely  co7iJluent  into  one,  which  opens  by  2  unequal  valves, 
one  broad  and  spreading,  the  other  remaining  erect  and  contracted:  margin 
of  the  stigma  glandular  or  hairy.  —  Hypopitys.     ijtlypopitys.  Dill.) 

2.  M.  fimbriata,  Gray.  Near  a  foot  high,  glabrous,  except  a  minute  pubes- 
cence of  the  spike-like  raceme  :  the  obovate-cuneate  bracts  and  the  spatulate  sepals 
erosely  or  laciniately  fimbriate  :  some  flowers  with  only  3  petals  and  6  stamens.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  629. 

In  the  southern  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  E.  Hall.  It  may  be  expected  in  Northern 
California. 

M.  Hypopitys,  Linn. ,  or  some  form  or  near  relative  of  this,  the  common  Pine-sap,  extending 
round  the  world  in  the  temperate  zone,  occurs  in  the  northern  part  of  Oregon.  It  is  pubescent 
or  rarely  glabrous,  and  the  scales  and  bracts  nearly  entire. 

19.  PLEURICOSPORA,  Gray. 

Calyx  of  4  or  5  oblong-lanceolate  scale-like  sepals,  with  laciniately  fimbriate  mar- 
gins. Corolla  of  as  many  nearly  similar  oblong  petals,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Stamens  8  or  10,  glabrous,  included  :  anthers  linear,  erect  upon  the  apex  of  the 
filiform  flattish  filament  and  hardly  wider  than  it,  apiculate  at  the  retuse  apex ; 
the  cells  united  throughout,  opening  lengthwise  from  the  base  to  the  apex.  Ovary 
ovate,  tapering  into  a  style  of  about  its  own  length  which  bears  a  depressed-capitate 
stigma,  one-celled,  with  4  or  5  bilamellate  parietal  placentae,  which  are  ovuliferous 
throughout.  Capsule  fleshy  1  Seeds  obovate,  with  firm  rather  polished  coat  closely 
fitted  to  the  nucleus.  —  Plants  light  brown  or  whitish,  with  the  aspect  of  Mono- 
tropa,  sect.  Hypopitys,  but  stouter  ;  the  stem  crowded  or  at  first  imbricated  with 
the  scales  ;  flowers  in  a  close  erect  spike.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  369. 

1.  P.  fimbriolata,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  or  more  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  : 
scales  of  the  stem  ovate-lanceolate,  the  lower  with  erose  edges,  the  tipper  and  bracts 
with  scarious  whitish  and  fimbriate  margins. 

In  the  Mariposa  Grove,  Bolaiider.     There  are  indications  of  a  Mexican  species. 

20.  NEWBERRYA,  Torr. 

Calyx  of  2  scale-like  sepals,  resembling  bractlets.  Corolla  oblong,  somewhat 
urceolate,  4  -  5-lobed,  withering-persistent ;  the  lobes  spreading,  ovate,  hairy  inside. 
Stamens  8  or  10,  somewhat  included  :  filaments  filiform,  above  the  middle  bearded 
with  long  hairs  :  anthers  oblong,  erect ;  the  cells  opening  lengthwise,  from  top  to 
bottom,  into  two  unequal  valves.  Ovary  ovate  :  style  elongated,  hairy  above  : 
stigma  depressed-capitate,  entire,  umbilicate  and  pervious  :  placentse  4,  each  2-parted, 
the  two  broad  plates  covered  with  ovules  on  both  sides,  and  their  edges  meeting  or 


464  LENNOACE^.  Newberrya. 

cohering,  leaving  a  central  cell  (if  correctly  understood).     Inflorescence  capitate.  — 
A  single  imperfectly  known  species. 

1,  N.  congesta,  Torr.  Glabrous,  brownish  :  simple  stems  a  span  high,  clothed 
■with  loosely  imbricated  oval  or  oblong  and  obscuraly  erose  scales  ;  the  uppermost 
forming  large  bracts  to  the  capitate-crowded  flowers.  —  Ann.  Lye.  New  York,  viii. 
55  ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  606.  Heniitoynes  congestum,  Gray  in  Pacif  R. 
Rep.  vi.  81,  t.  12  :  description  and  figure  faulty,  and  name  inapplicable,  therefore 
changed. 

Southern  part  of  Oregon,  upper  part  of  Des  Chutes  Valley,  Ncwhcrry.  Near  California,  and 
probably  occurring  within  its  limits.     It  is  very  desirable  to  rediscover  this  little-known  plant. 

.    Order  LV.    LENNOACE^. 

Root-parasitic  fleshy  herbs,  scaly,  destitute  of  green  herbage,  with  the  aspect  of 
Monotropeoe  and  Orobancluxceai,  but  nearer  the  former;  remarkable  for  having  the 
parts  of  the  flower  almost  always  more  than  five  and  the  cells  of  the  ovary  at  least 
doubled,  these  one-ovuled,  the  stamens  adnate  up  to  the  very  throat  of  the  tubular 
coroUa  (anthers  on  very  short  filaments,  2-celled  and  opening  lengthwise),  and  the 
fruit  drupaceous.  —  Comprises  three  genera  and  not  more  than  four  species,  of 
Mexico  and  California. — Torr.  in  Ann,  Lye.  New  York,  viii.  51 ;  Solras-Laubach  in 
Abhandl.  Nat.  Halle,  xi.,  «fe  DC.  Prodr.  xvii.  37 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen,  PI.  ii.  621. 

1 .  Pholisma.  Flowers  spieate.  Sepals  and  short  lobes  of  the  corolla  6,  rarely  5  :  stamens  as 
many  in  a  single  series. 

2.  Ammobroma.  Flowers  covering  the  upper  surface  of  a  dilated  concave  receptacle.  Sepals 
about  10,  filiform  and  plumose.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  and  stamens  6  to  10. 

Lennoa,  Llav.  &  Lex.  {Corollnphyllivm,,  HBK.),  has  the  parts  of  the  flower  in  eight,  and  the 
stamens  in  two  series  below  the  throat  of  the  curved  corolla. 

1.  PHOLISMA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  of  6  (or  rarely  5)  linear  sepals,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  naked.  Corolla 
tubular,  obscurely  f unnelform,  Avithering-persistent ;  the  lobes  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
short  and  broad,  undulate  and  plaited-imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  borne  in  the  throat  in  a  single 
rank.  Ovary  and  drupaceous  (1)  fruit  1 2  -  20-celled,  depressed-globose.  Style 
long  :  stigma  6  —  10-crenate-lobed.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  P.  arenarium,  Nutt.  Brownish  fleshy  herb,  of  simple  stems,  a  span  high, 
puberulent,  thick,  clothed  with  small  erect  scales  :  spike  at  first  capitate,  at  length 
oblong,  dense  :  flowers  sessile,  rather  longer  than  the  linear  bracts  (about  4  lines 
long),  purplish.— Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  626. 

Sandy  soil  and  at  the  base  of  hills,  near  Monterey  and  San  Diego,  Doioglas,  Nuttall,  &c.  Para- 
sitic on  the  roots  of  oaks  ? 

2.   AMMOBROMA,  Torr. 

Calyx  of  mostly  10  filiform  plumose-hairy  sepals,  equalling  the  usually  6-lobed 
corolla  ;  this  and  the  stamens  and  pistil  nearly  as  in  Pholisma. 

1.  A.  Sonorae,  Torr.  Root  of  thick  tortuous  fibres  :  stems  simple,  elongated, 
beset  with  lanceolate  acute  mostly  appressed  scales,  the  summit  dilated  into  a  fun- 
nelforra  rece])tacle,  with  recurved  or  spreading  margins  ;  the  whole  cavity  densely 
lined  with  short-pedicelled  flowers  :  corolla  about  4  lines  long  :  ovary  about  20-celled. 
—  Ann.  Lye.  New  York,  viii.  51,  t.  1. 


4». 
Statice.  PLUMBAGINACE^.  465 

Sandhills  of  the  desert  bordering  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  around  Adair  Bay,  in  the 
Mexican  State  of  Sonora  ;  "  very  abundant  in  the  hills,  the  whole  plant  except  the  top  buried  in 
the  sand,  apparently  attached  to  some  other  root  or  substance,"  Col.  A.  B.  Gray.  Eaten  by  the 
Papago  Indians,  after  roasting  or  diying  in  the  sun  ;  the  fresh  plant  "  when  cooked  luscious, 
resembling  the  sweet  potato  in  taste,  only  more  delicate,"  according  to  the  discoverer.  The 
locality  is  not  far  below  the  borders  of  the  State. 

Order  LVI.    PLUMBAGINACEiE. 

Chiefly  maritime  herbs,  with  the  base  of  the  alternate  leaves  clasping  the  stem  at 
their  insertion,  regular  flowers  with  the  parts  in  live  throughout,  the  stamens  oppo- 
site the  petals,  and  the  ovary  one-celled  with  a  solitary  ovule  rising  from  its  base. 
Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  tubular  or  funnelform,  5-plaited,  5-toothed,  persistent. 
Corolla  hypogynous ;  in  Plumbago  gamopetalous  and  salverform  ;  in  our  genera 
5-petalous,  with  long  claws  barely  united  into  a  ring  at  base,  commonly  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals,  adnate  to  their  base  :  anthers  2-celled, 
introrse,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  5-angled  at  summit,  containing  an  anatropous 
ovule  hanging  from  the  apex  of  a  long  funiculus  which  rises  from  the  base  of  the 
single  cell :  styles  5,  distinct  or  united  into  one.  Fruit  utricular  or  akene-like,  in 
Ihe  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx.  Seed  with  a  straight  embryo  in  mealy  albumen. 
Cotyledons  flat :  radicle  short.  —  Leaves  mostly  entire  :  stipules  none. 

A  small  and  unimportant  order,  of  no  active  qualities  except  that  the  roots  are  astringent ; 
chiefly  indigenous  to  the  Old  World  ;  the  genus  Plumbago,  of  warm  climates,  with  gamopetalous 
corolla,  furnishing  some  ornamental  species  for  cultivation,  is  partly  shrubby  :  the  native  North 
American  species  are  merely  one  Thrift,  and  one  Marsh- Rosemary. 

1.  Armeria.     Flowers  in  a  globose  head,  on  a  simple  scape. 

2.  Statice.     Flowei-s  paniculate  or  coiymbose  ou  a  branching  stem  or  scape. 

1.  AEMEBIA,  WiUd.        Thrift. 

Flowers  in  a  single  globose  head  (composed  of  numerous  glomerate  spikelets  each 
subtended  by  a  scarious  bract),  which  is  raised  on  a  scape.  Calyx  scarious,  funnel- 
form.  Corolla  of  5  nearly  distinct  long-clawed  petals,  each  with  a  stamen  attached 
to  its  base.  Styles  5,  filiform,  united  only  at  the  very  base,  delicately  plumose 
below,  stigmatose  above  along  the  inner  side.  Utricle  at  length  bursting  irregularly 
at  base.  Stemless  perennials ;  with  narrow  linear  persistent  leaves  in  close  tufts, 
the  naked  scape  with  a  reversed  sheath  under  the  head  :  flowers  rose-color. 

1.  A.  vulgaris,  Willd.  Leaves  flat,  1 -nerved  :  bracts  very  obtuse,  the  outer- 
most often  niucronate  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  abruptly  raucronate-pointed.  —  Statice 
Armeria,  Linn. 

On  hills  and  beaches,  along  the  coast  :  a  tall  form,  with  scapes  a  foot  or  two  high,  and  rather 
rigid  leaves  {A.  andina,  var.  Calif omica,  Boissier  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  682),  apparently  most  like  a 
Chilian  form  of  a  widely  diffused  and  considerably  variable  species,  common  in  the  Old  World  ; 
by  some  carefully  discriminated  into  several  species. 

2.  STATICE,  Linn.,  WiUd.        Marsh-Rosemary. 

Flowers  in  small  spikes  or  clusters  crowded  at  the  extremities  of  a  branching 
scape ;  their  structure  nearly  as  in  Armeria.  Styles  glabrous,  distinct  :  introrse 
stigmas  shorter,  sometimes  terminal.  Utricle  indehiscent.  —  Leaves  commonly  with 
a  broad  coriaceous  blade  tapering  below  into  a  petiole. 


466  PRIMULACE^.  Statice. 

1.  S.  Limonium,  Linn.  Eootstock  thick,  very  astringent :  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  thickisli,  tleshy-coriaceous,  pale,  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  scape  a  foot  or  two 
high,  much-brdnched,  corymbose-panicled,  bearing  the  numerous  2  -  3-flovvered 
spikelets  on  one  side  of  its  divisions  :  outer  bract  ovate,  herbaceous  on  the  back, 
much  smaller  than  the  broadly  scarious  innermost .  bract :  calyx-tube  more  or  less 
hairy  on  the  angles. 

Salt  marshes  on  the  coast  ;  the  var.  Californica  {S.  Californica,  Boiss.  in  DC),  with  denser 
and  more  corymbose  inflorescence  than  the  Atlantic  coast  plant  (var.  Caroliniana),  but  closely 
resembling  the  S.  Limonium  of  Europe. 

Order  LVII.    PRIMULACE^. 

Herbs,  with  perfect  regular  flowers,  well  marked  by  having  the  stamens  as  many 

as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them,  inserted  on  its  tube  (only  in  Glaux 

the  corolla  is  wanting  and  the  stamens  on  the  calyx  alternate  with  its  lobes),  a 

single  entire  style  and  stigma,  a  one-celled  ovary,  with  the  ovules  borne  on  a  free 

central  placenta,  and  a  capsular  fruit.     Calyx  4-8-cleft,  commonly  5-cleft,  hypogy- 

nous,  except  in  Samolus.     Anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.     Ovules  several  or 

numerous,  on  a  globular  central  placenta,  —  amphitropous  (except  in  Hottonia,  which 

we  have  not).    Embryo  small,  in  fleshy  or  horny  albumen.  —  Leaves  simple,  mainly* 

entire :  stipules  none. 

An  order  of  about  20  genera  and  twelve  times  that  number  of  species,  widely  distributed  over 
the  world,  but  mainly  in  the  temperate  and  frigid  portions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  of  no 
marked  active  properties  and  small  economical  importance,  except  to  the  florist  ;  not  largely 
American,  and  very  scanty  in  California,  where  only  DodccatJieon  is  conspicuous. 

*  No  sterile  filameqts  :  calyx  wholly  free  from  the  ovary. 
HH  Flowers  umbellate  or  sometimes  solitary,  on  a  naked  scape  :  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

1.  Dodecatheon.      Corolla  5-parted  ;    its  divisions  reflexed.      Stamens  projecting  :   filaments 

monadelphous,  shorter  than  the  connivent  sagittate  or  lanceolate  anthers. 

2.  Primula.     Corolla  salverfomi,  or  funnelform  with  a  flat  limb,  the  tube  rather  long.     An- 

thers obtuse,  included. 
8.  Androsace.     Corolla  short-salverform  or  fimnelfoim,  small,  with  tube  hardly  exceeding  the 
limb.     Anthers  obtuse,  included. 

+-  -i-  Flowers  axillaiy  on  leafy  stems  :  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud ,  or  none  in  No.  7. 

4.  Trientalis.     Corolla  7- (5-9-)  parted  rotate.     Capsule  opening  lengthwise. 

5.  Anagallis.     Corolla  5-parted,  longer  than  the  calyx,  rotate.     Capsule  circumscissile. 

6.  Centunctilus.     Corolla  4  -  5-cleft,  shorter  than  the  calyx.     Capsule  circumscissile. 

7.  Glaiix.     Corolla  none.     Calyx  colored.     Capsule  opening  at  the  top  by  valves. 

*  Sterile  filaments  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla :  calyx-tube  partly  adnate. 

8.  Samolus.      Corolla  campanulate,    5-cleft  ;    the   lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.      Flowers 

racemose. 

Lysimachia.  It  is  remarkable  that  no  species  of  this  rather  large  genus  is  known  in 
California.  But  L.  ciliata  occurs  in  Oregon,  and  may  reach  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 
It  belongs  to  a  section  (Stcirmicma)  which  has  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  involute  severally  around 
the  stamens.  The  genus  is  most  like  Trientalis,  but  the  parts  of  the  flower  five,  and  the  stems 
equably  leafy  throughout. 

1.  DODECATHEON,  Linn. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  divisions  reflexed  in  flower,  afterwards  erect  over  the 
capsule.  Corolla  with  extremely  short  tube,  a  dilated  and  thickened  throat,  and 
an  abruptly  reflexed  5-parted  limb  ;  its  divisions  long  and  narrow,  entire.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  short,  monadelphous  (but  separable 


Dodecatheon.  PRIMULACE^.  467 

above  in  age) :  anthers  lanceolate  or  linear  (yellow  or  violet),  introrse,  more  or  less 
connivent  around  the  filiform  exserted  style.  Stigma  small.  Capsule  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, splitting  from  the  apex  into  5  or  more  teeth  or  valves  :  placenta  columnar, 
many -seeded,  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs,  acaulescent ;  with  a  tuft  of  membranaceous 
leaves,  and  below  fibrous  roots  springing  from  a  short  erect  crown,  sending  up  a 
naked  simple  scape,  which  is  terminated  by  an  umbel  of  few  or  many  (rarely  even 
solitary)  handsome  flowers :  these  at  first  gracefully  pendulous  on  the  recurved  sum- 
mit of  the  pedicels  :  after  flowering  the  pedicels  are  erect.  Involucre  of  a  few 
slender  bracts.  Corolla  purple,  pink,  or  sometimes  white.  The  flowers  occasionally 
vary  with  all  their  parts  in  fours. 

1.  D.  lyleadia,  Linn.  Leaves  varying  from  obovate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or 
more  or  less  toothed  :  scape  3  to  15  inches  high  :  umbel  2  -  20-flowered.  —  So  far 
as  we  can  make  out,  only  one  species  occurs,  which  extends  across  the  continent, 
and  on  the  Pacific  side  through  fully  40  degrees  of  latitude  (viz.  from  Guadalupe 
Island,  Lower  California,  to  those  within  Behring  Straits),  varying  immensely  and 
inextricably.  The  Pacific  forms  (which  usually  have  rather  shorter  or  blunter 
anthers  than  the  Atlantic)  may,  as  to  their  leading  features,  be  mainly  but  loosely 
arranged  under  the  following  varieties. 

Var,  brevifolium :  common  through  the  warmer  parts  of  the  State  :  leaves 
round-obovate  or  spatulate,  one  half  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  short-petioled,  thick- 
ish  :  scape  a  span  to  near  a  foot  high,  few  -  many-flowered  :  capsule  ovoid,  hardly 
exceeding  the  minutely  glandular  calyx.  —  D.  ellipticum,  Nutt.  ex  Durand,  PI. 
Pratt,  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser.  ii.  95.  D.  integrifolium,  Beuth.  PL  Hartw. 
322,  not  of  Michx. 

Var.  lancifolium :  common  in  wet  mountain  meadows,  flowering  in  summer : 
leaves  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate-spatulate,  3  to  10  inches  long  (including  the  short 
margined  petiole),  quite  entire,  mucronate  :  pedicels  and  calyx  commonly  minutely 
glandular ;  the  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate  lobes  of  the  latter  nearly  equalling 
the  short-ovoid  capsule.  —  D.  Jaffrayi  of  the  gardens. 

Var.  alpinum:  a  diminutive  state  of  the  foregoing,  on  the  higher  mountains, 
at  9,500  to  12,000  feet :  the  narrow  leaves  an  inch  or  two,  the  1  -  3-flowered  scape 
2  to  4  inches  high  :  pedicels  and  calyx  quite  glabrous. 

Var.  macrocarpum :  a  mostly  large  and  stout  form,  from  Alaska  southward  : 
spatulate  or  oblanceolate  leaves  5  to  10  inches  long  (including  the  petiole)  :  scapes 
often  a  foot  high,  several  -  many-flowered  :  capsule  oblong  or  almost  fusiform  (half  to 
three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  length),  about  twice  the  length  of  the  narrow  calyx- 
lobes.  —  A  form  which  may  be  referred  here,  with  laciniately-toothed  spatulate 
leaves,  was  collected  on  the  mountains  of  Ventura  Co.,  Brewer. 

Var.  frigidum,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5871,  &  S.  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  :  in- 
cludes various  forms,  ranging  from  the  high  Sierra  northward  to  the  islands  within 
Behring  Straits  :  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  very  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  with  either 
short  or  slender  petiole  :  scape  a  span  or  more  high,  few  -  several-flowered  :  calyx- 
lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  varying  from  broadly  to  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than 
the  oblong  (or  sometimes  ovoid  1)  capsule.  —  D.  frigidum,  Cham.  &  Schlecht. ;  Seem. 
Bot.  Herald,  t.  9. 

Var.  latilobuia:  leaves  thin,  oval,  undulate-toothed,  1  to  2^  inches  long,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  a  petiole  of  nearly  twice  the  length  :  scape  a  span  to  a  foot 
high,  1  -  several-flowered  :  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  not  longer  than  the 
tube,  about  half  the  length  of  the  narrowly  oblong  capsule.  —  D.  Meadia,  var.  fri- 
gidum, Watson,  1.  c,  in  part.  (East  side  of  Cascade  Mts.,  Washington  Territory, 
Lyall.    Wahsatch  Mts.,  Utah,  Watson.) 

Stations  and  geographical  range  sufficiently  specified  above. 


468  PRIMULACE^.  Primula. 

2.  PRIMULA,  Linn,        Primrose. 

Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  commonly  salverform,  enlarging  more  or  less  just  above 

the  insertion  of  the  stamens ;  the  limb  5-parted  ;  lobes  obovate,  or  obcordate.    Stamens 

included,  distinct.     Stigma  capitate,  depressed.    Capsule  ovoid,  5-valved  at  summit, 

the  valves  again  usually  2-cleft.    Seeds  very  numerous  on  the  large  central  placenta. 

—  Perennial   herbs ;  with  clustered  leaves  at  the  root  or  rootstock,  and  simple 

scapes  bearing  solitary  or  usually  an  umbel  of  several  handsome  flowers. 

Primroses,  Cowslips,  and  Auriculas  of  the  gardens  are  Old  World  representatives  of  this  genus. 
In  Caliiornia  only  one  indigenous  species  has  been  detected,  but  that  is  a  new  and  charming 
accession  to  the  genus,  viz., 

1.  P.  SUf&utescens,  Gray.  Glabrous :  leaves  thick  and  rather  coriaceous, 
cuneate-spatulate,  coarsely  toothed  at  the  apex,  persistent  and  crowded  on  firm  and 
rather  fleshy-ligneous  creeping  and  densely  matted  rootstocks  :  scape  3  -  7-flowered  : 
involucre  of  a  few  short  and  subulate  bracts  :  calyx  campanulate,  minutely  glan- 
dular-puberulent,  deeply  5-cleft  :  corolla  deep  maroon-purple  with  a  yellowish  eye ; 
its  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  but  hardly  longer  than  the  obovate-emarginate  or 
obcordate  lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  371. 

On  exposed  rocks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  the  elevation  of  9,000  to  11,000  feet  ;  above  the 
Yoseniite  Valley,  Bridges  (who  first  discovered  it),  Muir,  &c.  Silver  Mountain,  Brewer.  Mt. 
Stanford,  Bolander,  Kellogg.  The  thick  matted  rootstocks  fill  the  crevices  of  rocks,  and  are 
more  creeping  than  in  any  other  species.  licaves  an  inch  long,  or  rather  more.  Scape  3  or  4 
inches  high.     Corolla  fully  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

3.  ANDROSACE,  Toum. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  short-salver-shaped  or  almost  rotate ;  the  tube  shorter  than 
the  calyx;  throat  commonly  constricted;  the  small  limb  5-parted.  Stamens  and 
short  style  included.  Capsule  5-valved,  few  -  many-seeded.  —  Very  small  or  deli- 
cate herbs ;  with  clustered  leaves,  and  small  umbellate  or  sometimes  solitary  flowers, 
usually  on  a  scape  :  corolla  white  or  nearly  so. 

Mainly  an  alpine  or  subalpine  genus,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World  ;  no  species  yet  detected  in  Cali- 
fomia  or  on  its  immediate  borders  ;  but  the  two  following  may  be  expected  at  the  north. 

A.  SEPTENTRioNALis,  Linn. :  a  barely  pubenilent  annual  or  biennial,  with  an  open  tuft  of 
lanceolate  or  oblong  radical  leaves,  from  whidi  are  sent  up  numerous  filiform  scapes,  an  inch  to  a 
span  high,  bearing  a  loose  umbel  of  several  flowers,  on  long  filifonn  pedicels  :  calyx-lobes  ovate- 
subulate,  green,  equalling  the  very  small  corolla.  —  Mountains  of  Nevada  and  northward  to  the 
arctic  regions,  and  in  the  Old  World. 

A.  FiLlFORMis,  Retz,  is  similar,  but  glabrous,  with  broader  leaves,  and  ovate  and  bluntish 
more  membranaceous  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  this,  as  in  the  preceding,  only  a  line  or 
so  in  diameter.  —  Occurs  in  the  mountains  of  the  southwestern  part  of  Oregon,  as  well  as  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  ;  also  Northern  Asia. 

4.  TRIENTALIS,  Linn.        Star-flower. 

Calyx  and  wheel-shaped  corolla  7-parted,  sometimes  6  -  9-parted,  widely  spread- 
ing from  the  very  base.  Filaments  slender,  spreading,  united  in  a  ring  at  the  base  : 
anthers  oblong,  revolute  after  discharging  the  pollen.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  small. 
Capsule  at  length  splitting  into  5  valves,  few-seeded. — Low  and  glabrous  perennials ; 
with  filiform  tuberiferous  rootstocks,  sending  up  simple  stems,  which  bear  alternate 
scales  or  sometimes  small  leaves  below,  and  a  whorl  of  fully  developed  leaves  at 
the  summit,  in  their  axils  slender  peduncles  supporting  a  star-shaped  white  flower. 

The  Atlantic  States  have  a  peculiar  species,  T.  Atncrkaim,  Pursh,  witli  long  lanceolate  leaves 
tapering  to  both  ends,  and  gradually  acuminate  divisions  to  the  corolla.  The  Pacific  States  have 
only  forms  of  the  Old  World  species. 


Glaux.  PRIMULACE.E.  469 

1.  T.  liUropaea,  Linn.,  var.  latifolia,  Torr.  Stems  4  to  8  inches  high,  spring- 
ing from  a  well-formed  little  tuber,  nearly  leafless  :  leaves  4  to  6,  obovate  or  oblong- 
oval  :  corolla  often  tinged  with  purple ;  its  divisions  oblong  and  abruptly  sharp- 
pointed. —  T.  latifolia,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  121. 

Woods,  cliicfly  along  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  Monterey  north  to  Oregon,  &e.  Mature  leaves  in 
the  Californian  plant  ol'ten  4  inches  long. 

Var.  ARCTiCA  {T.  arctka,  Fischer),  which  has  very  much  smaller  and  obtuser  leaves,  more  or 
less  scattered  along  the  stem,  occurs  in  Oregon  and  northward. 

5.  ANAGALLIS,  Tourn.        Pimpernel. 

Calyx  and  rotate  corolla  5-parted  ;  the  divisions  of  the  latter  broad.  Filaments 
slender,  bearded  :  anthers  ovate.  Style  slender :  stigma  small.  Capsule  globose, 
opening  by  a  transverse  line  round  the  middle,  the  top  falling  off"  as  a  lid.  Seeds 
numerous,  immersed  in  the  globular  placenta.  —  Spreading  or  prostrate  herbs ;  with 
mostly  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  disposed  along  the  whole  length  of  the  stems  and 
branches,  and  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  N^aturalized  along  both  coasts,  but  not 
indigenous  to  Xorth  America. 

1.  A.  arvensis,  Linn.  Annual :  leaves  ovate,  sessile,  shorter  than  the  pedun- 
cles, commonly  opposite,  sometimes  in  threes  :  flowers  opening  only  in  sunshine, 
scarlet  or  purple,  sometimes  blue  or  white  :  petals  obtuse,  fringed  with  minute  teeth 
or  stalked  glands. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds  near  the  coast :  introduced  from  Europe. 
6.  CENTUNCULUS,  Linn. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted ;  the  lobes  narrow.  Corolla  very  small,  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
4  -  5-cleft ;  the  tube  globular ;  the  lobes  acute.  Filaments  short :  anthers  cordate- 
ovate.  Capsule  as  in  Anagallis.  Seeds  minute.  —  Small  and  low  annuals,  with 
mostly  sessile  entire  leaves,  and  minute  flowers  in  the  axils  :  the  inconspicuous 
corolla  white. 

1.  C.  minimus,  Linn.  An  inch  to  a  span  high,  simple  or  diffusely  branched, 
glabrous  :  leaves  alternate,  obovate,  2  or  3  lines  long,  narrowed  at  base  :  flowers 
almost  sessile,  the  parts  in  fours  :  calyx-lobes  slender-subulate.  —  C.  lanceolatus, 
Michx.  Fl.  i.  93. 

Low  grounds  :  not  yet  seen  in  the  State  ;  but  occurs  in  Oregon,  and  in  South  America,  as  well 
as  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  in  Europe. 

7.   GLAUX,  Linn.        Sea-Milkwort. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  ovate  and  petal-like.  Corolla  wanting. 
Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Filaments 
rather  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  anthers  cordate-ovate.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  capi- 
tate. Capsule  globrdar,  5-valved,  few-seeded.  —  A  single  species,  nearly  confined  to 
saline  soil. 

L  G.  maritima,  Linn.  Low  glabrous  and  rather  glaucous  perennial,  with  long 
and  slender  rootstocks  and  roots  :  branching  stems  3  to  9  inches  long,  leafy  to  the 
top  :  leaves  opposite  or  occasionally  alternate,  fleshy,  oblong,  varying  either  to 
linear  or  to  ovate,  half  an  inch  or  less  long,  minutely  dotted  :  flowers  axillary, 
almost  sessile,  white  or  purplish. 

On  the  sea-shore,  and  in  more  or  less  saline  soil  in  the  interior.  Occurs  also  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  and  all  round  the  northern  hemisphere. 


470  STYRACACE^.  Samolus. 

8.   SAMOLUS,  Linn.        Brookweed, 

Calyx  5-cleft,  its  base  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary.  Corolla 
campanulate,  5-cleft :  a  slender  tooth  answering  to  a  sterile  filament  borne  at  each 
sinus.  True  stamens  5,  short  and  included,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Capsule  globular,  5-valved  at  the  summit,  many-seeded.  —  Glabrous  low  herbs ; 
with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in  loose  racemes.  Most  of  the 
several  species  are  of  the  southern  hemisphere ;  one  is  cosmopolitan,  viz., 

1.  S.  Valerandi,  Linn.,  var.  Aznericanus,  Gray.  Stems  branching  and 
spreading,  G  to  15  inches  long,  slender,  leafy  :  leaves  obovate  :  racemes  often  pan- 
icled  :  bracts  none  at  the  base  of  the  slender  pedicels,  but  minute  bractlets  on  them 
near  the  middle  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

Along  brooks,  &c. ,  scarce  in  California,  but  found  noith  of  it,  and  as  far  south  as  the  moun- 
tains behind  San  Diego. 

Order  LVIII.    STYRACACEiE. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  regular  perfect  flowers, 
a  calyx  adherent  at  least  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  stamens  mostly  at  least  twice 
the  number  of  the  petals  or  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  more  or  less  united  with  each 
other  and  to  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  the  seeds  few,  with  a  slender  embryo  in  fleshy 
or  horny  albumen.  —  A  single  species  of  the  typical  genus,  and  that  rare,  represents 
this  family  (of  seven  genera  and  over  200  species)  on  the  Pacific  side  of  l!^.  America.. 

1.  STYRAX,  Toum.        Storax. 

Calyx  persistent,  truncate,  campanulate,  the  border  merely  denticulate  or  irregu- 
larly toothed,  in  the  N.  American  species  coherent  at  its  base  with  that  of  the  3-celled 
many-ovuled  ovary.  Corolla  of  5  or  sometimes  4  to  8  soft-downy  petals,  which  are 
united  at  base  into  a  very  short  tube,  deciduous.  Stamens  10  :  filaments  flat, 
monadelphous  at  base  into  a  short  tube  which  is  coherent  with  the  base  of  the 
corolla  :  anthers  linear,  2-ceUed,  fixed  by  the  base,  introrse ;  the  cells  opening 
lengthwise.  Style  filiform.  Fruit  globular,  its  base  girt  by  the  persistent  calyx, 
at  first  rather  fleshy,  at  maturity  dry,  commonly  splitting  into  3  valves,  1 -celled, 
fiUed  with  a  single  large  globular  seed,  which  resembles  a  small  nut ;  the  seed-coat 
being  thick  and  crustaceous.  Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  fleshy  albumen  : 
cotyledons  broad  and  flat:  radicle  slender. — An  Asiatic  and  American  genus,  warm- 
temperate  or  tropical,  with  scurfy  or  stellate-downy  herbage,  and  mostly  handsome 
flowers. 

1.  S.  Calif omica,  Torr.  Shrub  5  to  8  feet  high:  leaves  ovate  or  oval  (1  to 
2|  inches  long),  obtuse  at  both  ends,  entire,  minutely  stellately  pubescent,  at  least 
when  young,  and  even  hoary  beneath :  flowers  few  in  a  cluster  or  corymbose  raceme, 
on  a  short  terminal  peduncle  :  pedicels  clubshaped  :  divisions  of  the  white  soft- 
downy  corolla  5  to  8,  spatulate-lanceolate  (half  an  inch  or  more  in  length),  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud  :  filaments  monadelphous  nearly  to  the  middle  :  bony  seed  half  an 
inch  in  diameter.  —  Smithsonian  Contrib.  vi.  4,  &  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  118. 

Foot-hills,  from  Calaveras  Co.  to  the  Upper  Sacramento,  first  collected  hy  Fremont.  A  hand- 
some species,  with  flowers  much  larger  than  in  any  of  those  of  the  Atlantic  States,  except  the 
Texan  S.  platanifolia,  Engelm. 


Menodora.  OLEACE^.  471 

Order  LIX.    OLEACE^. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbaceous  or  nearly  so ;  with  mostly  opposite  leaves,  with- 
out stipules ;  the  flowers  hypogynous  and  diandrous,  rarely  triandrous,  while  the 
parts  of  the  regular  calyx  and  corolla  are  four  or  more,  but  one  or  both  of  these 
are  sometimes  wanting,  or  the  petals  distinct,  or  rarely  reduced  to  two.  —  Anthers 
2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  2-celled ;  the  cells  alternate  with  the  stamens, 
mostly  only  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each :  style  one  or  none :  stigma  usually  2-lobed. 
Fruit  various.     Embryo  straight  and  large,  mostly  in  albumen. 

A  family  of  about  20  genera  and  nearly  300  species,  of  wide  distribution,  sparingly  represented 
in  North  America,  especially  so  in  California,  being  represented  only  by  a  couple  of  Ashes,  and 
by  Menodora  (of  the  Jessamine-tribe)  on  the  southeastern  border. 

Olea  Europjea,  Linn.,  the  Olive-tree, — the  type  of  the  order,  —  with  complete  flowers  and  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud,  was  early  introduced  from  Europe,  by  the  Missionax'ies, 
and  its  fruit  is  still  an  important  product  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  for  olives  and  oil. 

Hesperel^a  Palmeri,  Gi-ay  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ined.,  is  a  tree,  of  a  new  genus,  with  distinct 
spatulate  petals  aud  evidently  drupaceous  fruit,  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  E.  Pahner  on  Guada- 
lupe Island,  Lower  California. 

Menodora.  Flowers  perfect.  Corolla  campanulate  or  funnelform.  Capsule  2-parted,  mem- 
branaceous.    Almost  herbaceous  :  leaves  often  alternate. 

Fraxinus.  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Petals  2  to  4  or  none.  Fruit  a  one-seeded 
samara.     Trees  :  leaves  opposite,  pinnate. 

1.  MENODOBA,  Humb.  &  Bonpl. 

Calyx  with  a  short  and  turbinate  tube,  and  5  to  14  narrow  lobes  from  its  trun- 
cate border.  Corolla  campanulate,  funnelform  or  almost  rotate,  mostly  5-lobed ; 
the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2,  sometimes  3,  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla :  anthers  oblong  or  linear.  Style  slender :  stigma  obtuse  or  somewhat 
2-lobed.  Capsule  didymous,  mostly  2-parted,  membranaceous  at  maturity,  circum- 
scissile,  the  upper  part  of  each  lobe  falling  as  a  lid,  leaving  the  scarious  membrana- 
ceous base.  Seeds  2  (or  rarely  fewer)  in  each  cell,  ascending,  large,  and  with  a 
fleshy  or  when  dry  a  spongy  outer  coat,  destitute  of  albumen.  —  Low  and  under- 
shrubby  or  nearly  herbaceous  plants ;  Avith  sessile  leaves,  not  rarely  alternate,  and 
terminal  mostly  somewhat  cymose  flowers,  which  are  rather  showy.  —  Gray  in  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xiv.  41.     Bolivaria,  Cham.  &  Schlecht. 

A  genus  allied  to  Jasminum,  of  a  dozen  or  more  species,  most  of  them  on  the  TJ.  S.  and  Mexi- 
can frontiers,  one  in  extra-tropical  South  America,  one  in  South  Africa.  Two  species  reach  our 
borders. 

1.  M.  spinescens,  Gray.  Shrubby,  two  to  four  feet  high,  with  rigid  and 
divaricate  spinescent  branches,  obscurely  puberulent  :  leaves  reduced  to  minute  and 
mostly  alternate  scales,  or  small,  spatulate-linear,  and  fascicled  on  the  short  flowering 
branchlets  :  flowers  short-peduncled  or  nearly  sessile  in  the  fascicles  of  leaves  :  lobes 
of  the  deeply  parted  calyx  5  or  rarely  6,  a  little  shorter  than  the  funnelform  light 
yellow  corolla  :  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers  :  divisions  of  the  capsule  almost 
di.stinct,  divaricate,  obovoid.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  388. 

Providence  Mountains,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  Dr.  Cooper.  Also  S.  E.  Nevada, 
Dr.  Anderson.  Apparently  for  the  most  part  leafless  ;  the  leaves  in  the  flowering  branchlets  a 
line  or  two  long.  Corolla  3  lines  long,  its  lobes  a  line  long.  Carpels  3  lines  long,  veiy  tardily 
circumscissile. 

2.  M.  scoparia,  Engelm.  Mss.  Shrubby  at  base,  2  or  3  feet  high,  paniculately 
branched,  glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  of  the  herbaceous  flowering 
shoots  very  commonly  alternate,  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire ;  the  uppermost  reduced 


472  APOCYNACE^.  Fraxinus. 

to  small  subulate  bracts  ;  the  lower  oblong  or  obovate  and  short-petioled  :  calyx- 
lobes  5  or  6  (rarely  with  intermediate  ones,  making  8  to  10),  about  the  length  of 
the  tube  of  the  almost  rotate  yellow  corolla  :  divisions  of  the  capsule  globose.  — 
M.  scabra,  var.  glahrescens,  Gray  in  Watson,  Cat.  PL. Wheeler,  15. 

Southeastern  bordei's  of  the  State,  Dr.  Coojjer,  Dr.  Palmer.  Arizona,  Dr.  Palmer,  Dr.  Smart, 
Lieut.  Wheeler.  Saltillo,  Mexico,  Gregg ;  on  whose  specimens  Dr.  Engelmann  indicated  the 
species.  It  probably  passes  into  M.  scabra,  Gray,  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Colorado.  Lobes 
of  the  corolla  3  or,  4  lines  long,  exceeding  the  tube. 

2.  PKAXINUS,  Toum.        Ash. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Calyx  small  and  4-cleft,  or  merely  toothed,  or 
obsolete.  Petals  of  4  or  sometimes  only  2  petals,  either  distinct  or  united  at  base. 
Stamens  2,  rarely  3  or  4,  hypogynous  :  anthers  proportionally  large.  Ovary  2-celled  ; 
a  pair  of  anatropous  ovules  pendulous  from  near  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Fruit  a 
samara,  winged  from  the  summit,  usually  only  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Embryo  with 
flat  cotyledons,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Trees  ;  with  tough  and  straight -grained  wood, 
petioled  and  pinnate  opposite  leaves,  and  numerous  small  flowers  in  crowded  pani- 
cles, developed  with  or  before  the  leaves,  from  separate  buds. 

A  genus  of  about  20  species,  of  the  northern  temperate  zone  ;  represented  in  California  by  two 
species  ;  one  of  them  of  the  Omus  or  petaliferous  section. 

1.  r.  dipetala,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Small  tree,  glabrous  :  leaflets  5  to  9,  or  rarely 
3,  oval  or  oblong,  serrate,  mostly  petiolulate,  when  old  rather  coriaceous,  an  inch  or 
two  long  :  panicles  effuse  :  calyx  usually  4-toothed,  sometimes  almost  entire  :  petals 
only  2,  obovate-oblong  with  a  short  claw,  white,  2  lines  long,  equalling  the  linear 
anthers  :  fruit  narrowly  spatulate-oblong,  mostly  retuse,  an  inch  long,  and  the  base 
merely  sharp-edged ;  or  in  one  form  almost  obovate,  wing-margined  to  the  base  and 
much  shorter.— Bot.  Beechey,  362,  t.  87;  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  167,  var.  (?) 
trifoliolata.     Chionanthus  fraxinifolius,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  v.  18. 

Not  uncommon  through  the  western  part  of  the  State. 

2.  F.  Oregana,  N'utt.  A  fine  tree  :  leaves  tomentose,  or  becoming  naked  when 
old  :  leaflets  5  to  7,  from  oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  2  to  4  inches 
long  :  male  panicles  dense,  with  oblong  anthers ;  fertile  panicles  ample  :  flowers  all 
with  a  miimte  calyx  and  no  petals  :  fruit  marginless  at  base,  gradually  margined 
upwards  and  produced  into  an  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  retuse  wing,  the  whole  1  to 
1^  inches  long.  —  ISI".  Am.  Sylv.  iii.  59,  t.  99.  F.  pubescens,  var..  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  51. 
F.  grandifolia,  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  33. 

In  ravines  and  along  streams,  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Fresno  Co.,  and  from  the  vicinity  of 
San  Francisco  northward  to  Oregon,  where  it  is  common  and  forms  a  large  timber-tree.  In  foliage 
it  resembles  the  Black  Ash,  but  the  wood  is  light  colored  and  much  like  that  of  the  White  Ash  of 
the  Atlantic  States,  is  used  for  the  same  purposes,  and  appears  to  be  equally  valuable.  It  is  known 
as  Oregon  Ash. 

Order  LX.    APOCYNACE^. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  (ours)  herbs,  with  acrid  milky  juice,  opposite  entire  leaves, 
destitute  of  stipules,  regular  flowers  with  all  the  parts  in  five,  except  that  there  are 
only  2  carpels,  and  these  usually  distinct  as  to  the  ovary,  while  the  styles  or  stig- 
mas are  united  :  stamens  borne  on  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes,  which  are 
convolute  and  sometimes  also  twisted  in  the  bud  :  the  anthers  disposed  to  cohere 
with  the  stigma  :  and  the  pollen  of  the  ordinary  powdery  grains.  Calyx  free,  or  in 
Apocynum  adnate  to  the  very  base  of  the  ovaries.    Seeds  anatropous  or  aniphitropous, 


Cycladenia.  APOCYNACEJi;.  473 

often   bearing  a  tuft  of  down  (a  coma).     Embryo  large  and  straight,  in  sparing 
albumen. 

A  large  family  in  the  warmer  regions,  sparingly  represented  in  the  temperate  zones,  only  two 
small  genera  reaching  California,  one  of  them  peculiar  to  it. 

1.  Apocynum.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  campanulate  corolla  :  little  scales  of  the  latter 
opposite  the  lobes.     Glands  of  disk  5. 

2.  Cycladenia.  Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  short- funnelform  corolla,  which  bears  minute 
appendages  alternate  with  the  lobes.     Disk  a  ring  or  cup. 

1.  APOCYNUM,  Tourn.        Dogbake.     Indian  Hemp, 

Calyx  5-paTted ;  its  short  tube  coherent  by  the  disk  with  the  base  of  the  ovaries. 
Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft,  toward  the  base  bearing  a  triangular  scale-like  appen- 
dage opposite  each  lobe.  Stamens  borne  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  very 
short :  anthers  of  firm  texture,  sagittate,  conniving  around  the  solid  stigma,  to  a 
ring  of  which  the  broad  summit  of  the  connective  adheres.  Proper  style  none. 
Ovaries  2,  ovoid,  in  fruit  forming  a  pair  of  long  and  slender  follicles.  Glands  5 
around  the  base  of  the  ovaries.  Seeds  numerous,  bearing  a  long  tuft  of  silky  down. 
—  Perennial  herbs  (X.  American,  and  one  in  the  Old  World) ;  with  branching 
stems,  an  extremely  tough  fibrous  bark  (used  by  the  Indians  for  coixiage),  mucro- 
nate-tipped  leaves,  and  small  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary 
small  cylnes  :  flowering  in  summer. 

1.  A.  androssemifolium,  Linn.  Erect,  with  divergent  branches,  glabrous,  in 
one  form  soft-tomentose,  at  least  when  young  :  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  an  inch  or 
two  long,  abruptly  and  setaceously  callous-mucronate,  conspicuously  petioled :  cymes 
open  :  corolla  open-campanulate ;  its  lobes  recurved ;  its  tube  much  exceeding  the 
calyx.— Bot.  Mag.  t.  280;  Bigelow,  :Med.  Bot.  t.  36. 

Wooded  districts.  Sierra  Nevada  to  Mt.  Shasta ;  theuce  north  to  British  Columbia  and  east 
to  the  Atlantic. 

2.  A.  cannabinum,  Linn.  Erect  or  ascending,  with  less  spreading  branches, 
a  foot  to  a  yard  high :  leaves  oblong,  sessile  or  almost  so,  2  to  4  inches  long :  flowers 
smaller  and  in  closer  cymes  :  corolla  narrower  and  with  barely  spreading  lobes, 
greenish- white ;  the  tube  not  longer  than  tlie  calyx. 

Along  streams,  from  the  southern  borders  of  the  State  and  from  near  San  Francisco  to  Oregon, 
Nevada,  Jtc,  and  east  to  the  Atlantic.  This  is  the  species  generally  used  as  Indian  Hemp  ;  its 
bark  yields  a  fine  and  very  tough  bast-fibre.  It  is  apparently  rather  rare  in  California,  although 
occurring  through  a  wide  range. 

2.  CYCLADENIA,  Benth. 

Calyx  5-parted,  hypogynous,  naked ;  the  lobes  narrow  lanceolate  or  linear. 
Corolla  short-funnelform,  with  5  roundish  lobes ;  the  proper  tube  short,  pubescent 
at  the  throat,  where  is  a  minute  callous  appendage  alternate  with  each  lobe  above 
the  insertion  of  the  stamens.  Glandular  disk  an  entire  shallow  cup  surrounding  the 
base  of  the  ovaries.  Filaments  inserted  on  the  tube,  short :  anthers  sagittate,  both 
tip  and  basal  lobes  slender-cuspidate  ;  otherwise  as  Apocynum.  Style  long  and 
filiform  :  a  conspicuous  5-lobed  membranous  ring  iinder  the  capitate  5-angled  and 
truncate  stigma.  Follicles  lanceolate,  smooth,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ovate,  narrowed 
at  the  apex,  which  bears  a  long  and  copious  tuft  of  down.  —  Depressed  perennial 
herbs  (peculiar  to  California) ;  with  fleshy  branching  rootstocks,  low  and  simple  or 
sparingly  branched  stems  bearing  2  to  4  pairs  of  leaves ;   these  ample,  thickish, 


474  ASCLEPIADACE^.  Cydadenia. 

ovate,  several-ribbed  from  or  near  the  base  and  with  a  stronger  midrib,  the  base 
contracted  into  a  conspicuous  margined  petiole  :  peduncles  terminal,  becoming 
lateral,  scape-like,  cymosely  or  corymbosely  few-flowered ;  the  bracts  alternate : 
pedicels  filiform,  much  twisted  after  flowering  :  corglla  rose-color  or  purple.  —  PI. 
Hartw.  322,  &  Gen.  PL  ii.  728. 

1.  C.  humilis,  Benth.  1.  c.  Glabrous  throughout  and  green,  or  with  minute 
hoariness  when  young  :  leaves  ovate  or  sometimes  obovate,  thickish,  1  to  3  inches 
long. 

"  Mountains  of  the  Sacramento  "  (Harttocg),  of  Shasta  Co.  (Brewer),  and  of  Plumas  Co.,  Levi- 
mon,  &c.  Corolla  three  fourths  and  the  lobes  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  length,  inserted  on  a  thin 
flat  disk  at  the  bottom  of  the  calj'x,  surrounding  the  nearly  entire  saucer-shaped  nectary  which 
characterizes  the  genus. 

2.  C.  tomentosa,  Gray.  Tomentose-hirsute  throughout :  leaves  ovate  and  ob- 
long-ovate (2  or  3  inches  long,  besides  the  petiole) :  calyx  hirsute. 

Plumas  Co.,  between  Big  Meadows  and  Indian  Valley,  with  the  preceding  (of  which  it  may  be 
only  a  variety),  Lemmon. 

Order  LXI.    ASCLEPIADACE.®. 

Herbs  (as  to  temperate  regions),  with  milky  juice,  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers 

with  the  parts  in  five,  except  that  there  are  two  carpels  with  distinct  ovaries,  but  a 

common  stigma  ;  the  stamens  siirrounding  and  attached  to  this ;  the  pollen  in  solid 

masses,  in  ours  all  the  pollen  of  each  anther-cell  in  one  waxy  mass.     Leaves  entire, 

generally  opposite,  sometimes  whorled,  rarely  alternate.     Calyx  and  corolla  in  ours 

almost  valvate.    Flowers  usually  in  simple  umbels.    Fruit  a  pair  of  follicles.    Seeds 

almost  always  with  a  coma  of  silky  down. 

A  large  order,  nearly  related  only  to  the  preceding,  from  which  the  peculiarities  of  the 
stamens,  mentioned  above,  readily  distinguish  it,  widely  distributed  over  the  temperate  and 
wanner  parts  of  the  world,  but  very  scanty  in  Europe,  and  feebly  represented  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  North  America.  The  sensible  properties  nearly  those  of  Apoeynacece,  the  juice  more  or  less 
acrid  and  containing  caoutchouc,  and  the  inner  bark  (especially  in  Asclejpias)  abounding  with 
very  tough  bast-fibre. 

*  Erect  herbs  :  a  liooded  appendage  (nectaiy)  behind  each  anther. 

1.  Asclepias.    An  incurved  horn  or  projecting  crest  from  the  cavity  of  each  hooded  appendage. 

2.  Gomphocarpus.     No  horn  to  the  appendages. 

*  *    Twining  herbs. 

3.  Sarcostemma.     Crown  a  ring  in  the  throat  of  the  rotate  corolla  :  pollen-masses  vertical. 

4.  Lachnostoma.     Crown  as  in  .<4scZej[;ias.-  pollen-masses  horizontal.     See  y^^j^PCJicizx. 

1.  ASCLEPIAS,  Linn.        Milkweed.     Silkweed. 

Calyx  and  corolla  both  deeply  5-parted  ;  the  divisions  small  and  reflexed.  Fila- 
ments inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla,  monadelphous,  short,  often  very 
short,  crowned  behind  each  anther  with  a  conspicuous  hood-like  appendage,  from 
the  cavity  of  which  rises  a  subulate  and  usually  falcate  liorn  :  anthers  conniving 
around  and  adherent  to  the  solid  stigma,  their  thin  and  broad  scarious  tips  inflexed 
over  its  truncate  summit,  the  wing-like  cartilaginous  edges  meeting  and  more  or 
less  projecting  between  tlie  hoods  :  wax -like  pollen-mass  of  each  cell  pear-shaped, 
tapering  above  into  a  stalk  by  which  it  is  suspended,  along  with  a  pollen-mass  from 
an  adjacent  anther,  to  a  black  gland  affixed  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  stigma  alter- 


Asclepias.  ASCLEPIADACE^.  475 

nate  with  the  anthers ;  the  10  pollen-masses,  therefore,  hanging  in  pairs  from  the 
five  glands,  extricated  from  the  cells  only  by  the  agency  of  insects,  being  carried 
away  along  with  the  glands  (generally  by  their  legs).  Ovaries  with  short  styles, 
tiie  tips  of  which  readily  separate  from  the  massive  common  stigma  (to  the  under 
side  of  which  the  pollen-tubes  are  directed).  Follicles  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Seeds 
numerous,  flat,  downwardly  imbricated  all  over  the  large  and  soon  detached  pla- 
centa ;  the  upper  end  with  a  long  tuft  of  down  (coma).  Embryo  large,  with  broad 
flat  cotyledons  in  thin  albumen. — Perennial  (American)  herbs ;  with  copious  milky 
juice  and  tough  bark,  and  numerous  flowers  in  umbels,  the  peduncle  generally 
between  the  opposite  leaves:  involucre  a  whorl  of  small  usually  subulate  bracts. 
Flowering  in  summer.  (Comparatively  few  species  west  of  the  Eocky  Mountains, 
very  few  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.) 

*  Hoods  erect,  broadening  upward,  twice  the  length  of  the  stamens  and  stigma,  the 

Iwrn  short  from  near  its  summit. 

1.  A.  subulata,  Decaisne(l).  Glabrous,  pale  or  glaucous  :  branches  rigid  and 
rush-like,  leafless,  or  with  a  few  terete  subulate  or  fihform  leaves  above  :  umbels  race- 
mose, short-peduncled :  pedicels  and  ovate  sepals  cinereous-pubescent  when  young  : 
lobes  of  the  greenish-white  corolla  oblong-ovate,  a  third  of  an  inch  long  :  hoods  a 
little  elevated  on  the  column  of  united  filaments,  purplish,  3  or  4  lines  long,  undu- 
late and  somewhat  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  crested  through  the  middle,  the  crest 
terminating  near  the  summit  in  a  short  and  subulate  nearly  included  horn  :  folli- 
cles lanceolate,  smooth.  —  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  164. 

Below  San  Diego  along  the  Lower  Californian  boundary  line,  Parry,  Cleveland.  Ravines  on 
the  lower  Rio  Colorado,  Schott,  Cooper,  Palmer.  The  peduncles  are  not  reflexed  :  otherwise  the 
specimens  accord  with  Decaisne's  brief  character,  taken  from  a  plant  in  Pavon's  collection. 

*  «  Hoods  spreading,  tapering  upward,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  stamens  and 

stigma,  the  horn  projecting  from  near  its  base. 

2.  A.  speciosa,  Torr.  Soft-tomentose,  or  smoother  when  old :  stem  stout,  2  to 
4  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  almost  sessile, 
acute  or  pointed,  4  to  6  inches  long  ;  peduncle  longer  than  the  numerous  woolly 
pedicels  :  flowers  dull  reddish-purple  :  hoods  longer  than  the  corolla,  abruptly  con- 
tracted above  the  short  involute  base  or  body  into  the  long  and  nearly  flat  lanceo- 
late portion  :  column  of  filaments  hardly  any  :  follicles  ovate-acuminate,  densely  soft- 
spiny  and  woolly.  —  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  ii.  218.  A.  Bouglasii,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  53, 
t.  142,  &  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4413. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Yosemite  Valley,  Bolandcr,  to  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Pidsifer  Ames,  &c.) : 
common  through  Oregon,  and  eastward  to  the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Hoods  at 
length  half  an  inch  long.  Pods  4  inches  long,  resembling  those  of  A.  Comuti,  the  common  Milk- 
weed of  the  Atlantic  States. 

*  *  *  Hoods  erect  or  ascending,  not  exceeding  the  stamens  and  stigmxi, 

+-  Ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  comparatively  small ;  the  exserted  horn  rising  from  below  its 
middle  :  flowers  small  and  numerous  :  leaves  narrow. 

3.  A.  fascicularis,  Decaisne.  Glabrous,  slender,  3  to  5  feet  high :  leaves  in 
whorls  of  3  to  5,  or  the  lower  and  uppermost  opposite,  sometimes  also  with  fas- 
cicles in  the  axils,  linear  and  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  petioled  (2  to  5  inches  long, 
1  to  6  lines  wide)  :  peduncles  slender,  often  in  whorls  :  pedicels  and  calyx  com- 
monly puberulent :  flowers  white  or  whitish  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong  (2  lines 
long)  :  column  of  filaments  half  as  long  as  the  anthers  :  horns  longer  than  the 
hood,  subulate,  and  conspicuously  incurved  over  the  summit  of  the  stigma  :  follicles 


476  ASCLEPIADACE^.  Asdej)ias. 

slender-fusiform,  smooth, — DC.  Prodr.  viii.  569;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  282. 
A.  macrojihylla,  Nutt.  PL  Gamb.  180. 

Hillsides,  &c.,  througliout  the  State,  extending  northward  and  eastward  into  Oregon  and  Nevada. 

-t-  4-  Hoods  hroad  and  ventricose  or  saccate,  truncate  or  notched  at  the  broad  summit, 
mostly  including  the  strongly  inctirved-undnate  horyi,  which  rises  from  near  the  sum- 
mit :  leaves  hroad  and  proportionally  large  :  flowers  rather  large :  corolla  greenish- 
or  yellowish-ivhite :  the  hoods  usually  flesh-colored. 

++  Glabrous  throughout,  low :  leaves  3  or  4  pairs  :  hoods  saccate,  open  only  at  top. 

4.  A.  cryptoceras,  S.  Watson.  Stems  decumbent,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  sim- 
ple :  leaves  opposite,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  an  inch  or  two  long,  very  short 
petioled  :  umbels  nearly  sessile,  few-flowered  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong-ovate, 
nearly  half  an  inch  long  :  saccate  hoods  sessile  (a  quarter  of  an  inch  long),  2-cleft  at 
the  summit,  each  lobe  anteriorly  abruptly  subulate-pointed,  the  slender  sickle-shaped 
horn  included.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  283,  t.  28.  Acerates  latifolia,  Torr.  in  Fremont 
Eep.  317. 

Mountains  near  Humboldt  Lake,  Nevada,  Watson.  May  therefore  be  expected  on  the  eastern 
borders  of  California.     Extends  to  Utah  and  Idaho,  Nuttall,  Fremont. 

++  ++  White-woolly,  even  to  the  outside  of  the  corolla  in  bud,  hut  the  wool  sometimes 
deciduous  with  age,  leafy :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong-ovate,  about  3  lines,  and  the 
hoods  2  lines  long,  the  latter  open  down  the  inner  side :  ovaries  glabrous,  but  the 
young  follicles  tomentose. 

5.  A.  vestita,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stem  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  stout,  simple  :  leaves 
opposite,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  almost  sessile  (3  to  6  inches  long),  all 
but  the  lower  gradually  acuminate,  the  base  of  the  upper  often  cordate  :  umbels 
almost  sessile,  many-flowered  :  hoods  sliglitly  raised  on  the  short  filament-sheath, 
obliquely  truncate,  so  as  to  be  broadly  rhombic  when  outspread  and  the  lateral 
angles  acute,  a  broadly  triangular  or  vomer-shaped  ascending  crest  rather  than  horn 
attached  to  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  hood  and  not  exceeding  it. —  Bot. 
Beechey,  363  (not  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4106);  Engelm.  in  Am.  Nat.  ix.  349. 
A.  eriocarpa,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.   128,  not  of  Benth. 

From  near  San  Francisco  and  Monterey  to  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  In  one  or  two 
of  the  hoods  the  crest  or  horn  has  been  found  nearly  wanting.  Follicles  ovate,  minutely  tomen- 
tose-pubescent. 

6.  A.  eriocarpa,  Benth.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  often  sharply  angled :  leaves 
not  rarely  3  or  4  in  a  whorl,  and  the  upper  occasionally  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  oblong,  acute  (4  to  7  inches  long) :  peduncles  of  the  many-flowered  umbels  an 
inch  or  two  long,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  pedicels  :  hoods  rather  conspicuously 
elevated,  broader  than  high,  ventricose,  the  truncate  upper  portion  emarginate  at  the 
back,  much  extended  inward  horizontally,  and  enclosing  the  horizontally  produced 
vomer-shaped  crest  rather  than  horn.  —  PI.  Hartw.  323  ;  Engelm.  1.  c. 

Dry  hills,  from  Monterey  {Hartweg)  to  Owen's  Valley  {Dr.  Horn),  and  behind  San  Diego, 
Cleveland,  Palmer.  Flowei-s  commonly  larger  than  in  the  foregoing  :  the  horizontal  crest  twice 
longer  than  high,  conformed  in  shape  to  the  upper  part  of  the  hood,  which  merely  encloses  it. 

7.  A.  leucophylla,  Engelm.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  as  in  A.  vestita, 
but  closely  sessile :  peduncles  of  the  many-flowered  umbels  longer  tlian  the  pedicels, 
as  in  A.  eriocarpa  :  hoods  erect,  much  narrower,  oblong  (or  when  outspread  obovate) 
with  rounded  entire  summit ;  the  falcate  or  claw-shaped  horn  attached  below  the 
middle,  ascending  and  incurving  over  the  stigma,  longer  than  the  hood.  —  Am. 
Nat.  ix.  349. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State  ;  Providence  Mountains  {Dr.  Cooper)  and  southward  {Dr. 
Palmer) ;  thence  to  S.  Utah,  Parry,  Woolliness  fine  and  white,  but  deciduous,  as  in  A.  vestita. 
Dr.  Palmer's  specimens  are  green  and  glabrate.     Corolla  greenish  ;  the  hoods  yellowish. 


Sarcostemma.  ASCLEPIADACE^.  477 

2.   GOMPHOCABPUS,  E.  Brown. 

Ko  horn  to  the  hoods  of  the  stamens  :  otherwise  as  Asclepias ;  equally  diverse  in 

the  form  of  the  hoods,  &c.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  ii.  753. 

Acerates,  EU.,  and  AnanOwrix,  Nutt.,  are  regarded  as  sections  of  this  genus,  which  represents 
Asclepias  in  the  Old  World,  mainly  in  Africa.  If  the  few  North  American  species  only  were  con- 
cerned, they  were  better  reunited  to  Asclepias.     Our  firet  section  is  peculiar. 

§  1.  Hoods  saccate,  pointless,  more  or  less  depending,  lower  than  the  anthers,  open 
wholly  or  jjartly  down  the  hack,  as  if  2-valved.  —  Schizonotus,  Gray. 

1 .  Gr.  tomentOSUS,  Gray.  White-tomentose,  even  to  the  outside  of  the  greenish- 
white  or  purplish  corolla,  closely  resembling  Asclepias  vestita  :  stem  2  or  3  feet  high, 
acutely  angled  :  leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  oblong,  acutely  acuminate  (about  4  inches 
long) :  umbels  nearly  sessile,  rather  few-flowered  :  filament-sheath  manifest  under 
the  crown  ;  the  hoods  almost  orbicular  in  outline,  laterally  compressed,  centrally 
attached,  reaching  to  near  the  middle  of  the  anthers,  2-valved  fully  half-way  round, 
i.  e.  from  the  upper  edge  of  the  insertion  to  the  middle  of  the  back.  —  Acerates 
tomentosa,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  160,  t.  44. 

Var.  Xanti,  Gray.  Hoods  more  depending,  rather  longer  than  broad,  open  two 
thirds  down  the  back. 

Dry  hills,  from  behind  San  Diego  northward  (Parry,  Thurbcr,  Fitch,  Peckharn),  and  on  the 
north  side  of  Monte  Diablo  (Brewer,  Bolander) :  the  variety  near  Fort  Tejon  (Xantus)  and  Ojai 
{Peckhnm) ;  and  some  of  the  specimens  from  Monte  Diablo  approach  it.  Sepals  linear-lanceolate. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong-ovate,  about  4  lines  long.  Hoods  2^  or  3  lines  long  :  summit  of  the 
filament-sheath  obtusely  callous-toothed  between  the  hoods  on  each  side  of  the  salient-angled  base 
of  the  wings  of  the  anthers  :  anther-tips  very  large  and  broad. 

2.  Gr.  purpurascens,  Gray.  Canescently  puberulent  :  stems  ascending,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  ovate  and  more  or  less  cordate,  obtuse,  thickish  (an  inch  or 
two  long),  short-petioled  :  flowers  small,  numerous  in  a  compact  umbel :  peduncle 
longer  than  the  pedicels  :  lobes  of  the  red-purple  corolla  oblong  :  hoods  white,  oval, 
wholly  below  the  short  greenish  anthers,  adnate  by  their  whole  length  to  nearly  the 
whole  length  of  the  tilament-sheath,  dorsally  2-valved  from  top  to  bottom.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  76. 

Lake  Co. ,  on  the  exposed  summit  of  a  mountain  near  the  Geysers,  E.  L.  Greene.  Lobes  of  the 
corolla  fully  2  lines  and  hoods  one  line  long.  Wings  of  the  anthera  lunate,  not  truncate  and 
angled  at  base. 

§  2.  Hoods  cucullate,  erect,  open  down  the  front,  soniewhai  surpassing  the  anthers. 

3.  Gr.  cordifolius,  Benth.  Green  and  glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  with  cordate-clasping  base,  mostly  acute,  opposite,  rarely  in  threes, 
2  to  5  inches  long  :  umbels  loosely  many-flowered  :  pedicels  long  and  filiform  : 
calyx  hairy  ;  its  lobes  lanceolate  :  corolla  dark  red-purple  ;  the  lobes  oval  :  filament- 
sheath  short  :  hoods  purplish,  thin,  oblong,  with  obliquely  truncate  and  acute-angled 
summit,  attached  at  and  near  the  base,  the  fissure  down  the  front  narrow  :  follicles 
ovate-lanceolate,  smooth  and  glabrous.  —  Acerates  cordifolia,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  323. 
A.  atropurpurea,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  65.  Asclepias  ecornutum,  Kellogg, 
1.  c.  55. 

Common  in  the  Valley  of  the  Sacramento  and  through  the  foot-hills,  up  to  Indian  Valley  and 
the  Yosemite.  Peduncles  either  short  or  up  to  2  inches  in  length  :  pedicels  an  inch  or  less  long. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  3  or  4  lines,  and  hoods  2  lines  long  :  a  pair  of  linear-subulate  teeth  alter- 
nate with  the  hoods,  one  each  side  of  the  salient  angulate-truncate  base  of  the  anther-wings. 

3.   SARCOSTEMMA,  R.  Brown. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-cleft,  an  entire  or  crenate  ring  forming 
a  crown  in  its  throat.     Short  sheath  or  ring  of  monadelphous  filaments  bearing 


478  GENTIANACE^.  Sarcostemma. 

behind  each  anther  a  fleshy  and  flattish  appendage.  Anthers,  fruit,  &c.,  nearly  as 
Asdepias.  —  Twining  herbs  or  partly  shrubby  plants  (of  the  warm  regions) ;  with 
opposite  leaves  and  umbellate  flowers. 

1.  S.  heterophyllum,  Engelm.  Puberulent  or 'almost  glabrous  :  twining  stems 
filiform  :  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  some  of  them  cordate  or 
hastate  at  base,  a  few  tapering  into  the  petiole  :  umbels  several-flowered,  long- 
peduncled  :  corolla  dull  purple  or  whitish,  almost  5-parted ;  the  lobes  ovate,  with 
scarious-white  more  or  less  ciliate  margins,  cinereous-pubescent  outside,  nearly 
smooth  within,  thrice  the  length  of  the  linear-lanceolate  hairy  calyx-lobes  :  appen- 
dages of  the  stamens  roundish,  rather  longer  than  the  anthers  :  follicles  lanceolate 
and  slender-pointed,  puberulent.  —  Torr.  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  v.  363,  &  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  161. 

Var.  hirtellum.  Erect,  but  inclined  to  twine,  two  feet  high,  slender,  minutely 
but  densely  pubescent  all  over  with  short  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  all  linear  and 
tapering  at  base  :  flowers  one  half  smaller,  "  whitish-yellow,  fragrant." 

Clhnbing  over  bushes  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  Parry,  Cooper,  OUveland.  Extends 
into  Mexico  and  Texas.  Corolla  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  except  in  the  variety.  The  lat- 
ter near  Fort  Mohave,  Br.  Cooper. 

Order  LXII.    GENTIANACEiE. 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  colorless  and  bitter  juice,  entire  opposite  and  sessile  leaves 
(except  in  Menyanthes  and  sometimes  in  Swertia),  no  stipules,  perfect  and  regular 
flowei*s,  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  on  the  tube,  the  anthere  free  from  the  stigma ;  ovary  one-celled  mth  two 
parietal  placentae,  becoming  a  sejrticidal  capsule ;  style  one  or  none ;  the  stigmas 
commonly  two ;  seeds  numerous  and  sometimes  innumerable,  rarely  few ;  and  the 
embryo  small  or  minute  in  copious  albumen.  Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  mostly 
convolute  in  the  bud,  rarely  valvate  with  the  edges  turned  inward,  usually  wither- 
ing-persistent.    Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  —  An  order  of  about  40  genera. 

Suborder  I.     GENTIANE^. 

Lobes  of  the  (withering-persistent)  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  Seeds  some- 
times covering  the  whole  walls  of  the  capsule,  the  coat  usually  thin.  Leaves  oppo- 
site or  whorled  (or  alternate  in  Swertia),  entire ;  the  cauline  sessile. 

The  followiag  genera,  not  yet  known  to  occur  within  or  very  near  the  borders  of  California,  may 
be  expected  in  the  northernmost  parts  of  the  State  : 

Pleurogyne  (rotata,  Grisebach),  like  an  annual  Gentian,  but  with  rotate  corolla. 

Halenia  (deflexa,  Grisebach),  known  by  the  spurs,  one  under  each  lobe  of  the  corolla. 

Swertia  (perennis,  Linn.),  most  like  one  of  the  smaller  species  of  Frasera ;  the  leaves  alter- 
nate !  or  only  the  ujiper  ones  opposite. 

Eustoma,  a  genus  with  showy  sk3'-blue  flowers,  and  a  filiform  style,  belongs  to  the  region  east 
of  the  southern  borders  of  the  State.  —  See  Appendix. 

1.  Erythraea.     Corolla  salverform,  red.     Anthers  spirally  twisted  after  shedding  the  pollen. 

Style  slender,  at  length  deciduous.     Calyx  5-parted. 

2.  Microcala.     Corolla  short-salverform,  yellow.    Anthei-s  short,  not  twisting.     Style  in  ours 

persistent :  calyx  merely  4-to()thpd. 

3.  Gentiana.     Corolla  from  campanulate  or  funnelform  to  salverform.     Style  none  or  hardly 

any  :  stigmas  2,  thin  and  flat,  persistent.     Seeds  very  numerous  and  small. 

4.  Frasera.     Corolla  rotate,  4-paiied,  each  lobe  bearing  one  or  two  fringed  glands  in  the  fonn 

of  shallow  pits.     Style  distinct,  persistent  :  stigma  small,  entire  or  2-lobed.     Seeds  few 
or  several,  large. 


Erythraa.  GENTIAN  ACE^.  479 

Suborder  II.     MENYANTHE.E. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  induplicate  in  the  bud.     Seeds  rather  few  and  with  a  thick 
hard  and  close  coat.      Aquatic  or  bog  plants,  with  alternate  leaves,  sometimes  of  3 
leaflets ;  the  petioles  sheathing  at  base.  —  Represented  only  by 
5.  Menyanthes.   Corolla  deciduous,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  within  white-bearded  :  flowers  racemose. 

1.  ERYTHEMA,  Pers.        Canchalagua. 

Calyx  5-parted,  or  occasionally  4-parted ;  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  Avithering-persistent  on  the  capsule ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  slender :  anthers  oblong  or  linear, 
twisting  spirally  (in  2  to  4  turns)  after  sluedding  the  pollen.  Style  filiform,  at 
length  deciduous  :  stigmas,  in  ours  wedge-shaped  or  fan-shaped,  before  expansion 
commonly  appearing  as  if  united  and  compressed-capitate.  Capsule  from  oblong- 
ovate  to  lanceolate-cylindraceous  ;  the  sutures  little  or  considerably  introflexed. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  globular  or  oblong,  with  a  close  reticulate-pitted  coat.  — 
Low  herbs  (both  of  the  Old  and  New  World,  in  warm-temperate  regions),  mainly 
annuals ;  with  bitter  roots,  cymose  inflorescence,  and  usually  pink  or  rose-red  flowei-s 
(whence  the  generic  name). 

Like  the  Gentians,  these  plants  are  bitter  tonics  ;  and,  in  California  as  well  as  in  Chili,  are  in 
medicinal  repute,  under  the  name  of  CancJialagua.  Dr.  Engelmann  points  out  a  character  in 
the  stigmas,  i.  e.  that  in  the  European  species,  excepting  the  peculiar  E.  maritima,  they  are 
broadly  ovate  or  with  rounded  summit,  while  in  the  American  they  are  either  cuneate  or  flabelli- 
fonn,  the  summit  truncate,  or  in  E.  Chilensis  emarginate. 

E.  (Gyrandua)  chironioides  (not  of  Toit.)  and  E.  speciosa  {Gyrandra,  Grisebach,  and 
Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  t.  45)  —  large-flowered  species,  which  hardly  differ  except  in  the  shorter 
filaments  of  the  latter  —  are  Mexican  only,  and  are  sectionally  distinguished  by  having  the 
apparently  pale  and  broad  corolla-lobes  rather  longer  than  the  tube  at  the  time  of  opening,  and 
the  capsule  oval.     In  all  the  following  the  capsule  is  from  elongated-oblong  to  fusiform. 

*  Corolla  large ;  its  limb  at  first  almost  as  long  as  the  tube :  seeds  globular :  in- 

florescence corymhosely  cymose :  peduncles  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

1.  E.  venusta,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  simple  and  cymosely  several- 
flowered  at  summit,  or  corymbosely  branched :  leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, rather  obtuse  (half  to  near  an  inch  long) :  calyx-lobes  very  narrow  down  to  the 
base:  corolla  deep  and  bright  pink  with  a  yellow  centre;  the  lobes  oval  and  obtuse, 
becoming  oblong,  4  to  6  lines  in  length  :  filaments  rather  longer  than  the  oblong- 
linear  anthers.  —  E.  chironioides,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  156,  t.  42,  excl.  syn. 
E.  tricantha,  Durand  in  Pacif  E.  Ilep.  v.  t.  9,  not  Griseb. 

Common  through  all  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  extending  (mostly  in  a  smaller  form) 
along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Sierra  Co.,  up  to  about  4,000  feet.  The  name  given  in  Coulter's  collec- 
tion, &c.  25  years  ago,  is  now  resumed  for  this,  the  handsomest  and  one  of  the  largest-flowered 
species  01  the  genus. 

*  *  Corolla  tvith  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube:  seeds  oblong:  inflorescence  cymose- 
clustered;  the  crowded  floivers  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  forks,  and  the  lateral  ones 
tvith  a  pair  of  bracts  binder  the  calyx :  stigmas  small. 

2.  E.  trichantha,  Grisebach.  A  span  or  less  high,  fastigiately  branched  :  leaves 
from  broadly  oblong  and  obtuse  to  lanceolate  and  acute  (6  to  12  lines  long) :  lobes 
of  the  rose-red  corolla  lanceolate,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  tube  at  the  time  of 
expansion  (3  or  4  lines  long),  becoming  narrow  and  by  involution  acuminate  with 
age  :  calyx-lobes  filiform-triquetrous  :  anthers  linear.  —  Gent.  146,  «fe  DC.  Prodr.  ix. 
60,  excl.  var.  angustifolia. 

Common  near  the  coast  from  Lake  Co.  and  the  Valley  of  the  Lower  Sacramento  to  Monterey. 


480  GENTIANACE^.  Erythroea. 

3.  E.  floribunda,  Benth.  More  slender  and  inflorescence  more  open  :  lobes 
of  the  light  rose-colored  corolla  oblong,  becoming  lanceolate  in  age,  hardly  2  lines 
long,  only  a  third  or  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  tube  :  anthers  oblong :  calyx- 
lobes  more  subulate  and  less  carinate  than  in  the  preceding.  — PI.  Hartw.  322. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  Hartweg.  Also,  in  a  dwarf  an'J  fewer-flowered  form,  Sierra  Valley, 
Lemmon. 

*  *  *  Corolla-lobes  (IJ  to  3  lines  long)  much  shorter  than  the  tube:  seeds  globular: 
anthers  oblong :  flowers  sparsely  paniculate  or  solitary,  peduncled. 

4.  E.  Muhlenbergii,  Grisebach.  Two  inches  to  a  span  high,  simple  or  branched 
from  the  base :  leaves  mostly  oblong,  obtuse,  and  about  half  an  inch  long :  peduncles 
mostly  shorter  (sometimes  much  shorter)  than  the  flowers  :  lobes  of  the  rose-red 
corolla  oval,  very  obtuse,  becoming  oblong  (often  3  lines  in  length).  —  E.  Muhlen- 
bergii, Grisebach,  1.  c.  as  to  Californiari  plant  only  ;  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  322. 

Hills,  Monterey  to  San  Francisco  Bay,  not  uncommon.  The  Pennsylvanian  plant,  on  which 
Grisebach  mainly  founded  his  E.  Muhlenbergii,  is  E.  ramosissima,  introduced  from  Europe  ;  but 
the  name  may  be  kept  up  for  the  Californian  species,  although  meaningless,  as  Muhlenberg  had 
nothing  to  do  with  it. 

5.  E.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Mostly  slender,  from  2  to  12  inches  high,  loosely 
l)aniculate  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  and  acute,  or  the  lower  ones  nar- 
rowly oblong  (from  half  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  length)  :  peduncles  long 
and  filiform,  commonly  strict  and  the  earlier  or  central  ones  an  inch  long  or 
more  :  lobes  of  the  pink  corolla  oblong  (barely  2  lines  in  length) :  seeds  globular, 
hardly  a  quarter  of  a  line  long.  —  Cicendia  exaltata  (wrongly  characterized),  Grise- 
bach in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  69,  t.  157,  A.  Erythroea  Nuttallii,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp. 
276,  in  part. 

Along  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State  from  Fort  Mohave  northward,  and  sparingly  on  the 
western  :  also  in  Oregon,  Idaho,  and  Northern  Utah.  Neither  of  Nuttall's  unpublishell  names 
{E.  tenclla  for  a  dwarf  state,  and  E.  elafa  for  a  taller  one)  seems  appropriate  :  so  we  have  imposed 
the  name  of  the  first  collector,  Douglas. 

E.  Nuttallii,  Watson  (Bot.  King  Exp.  276,  t.  29  mainly),  is  distinguished  from  E.  Douglasii 
by  the  acutish  lobes  of  the  commonly  larger  corolla,  and  the  oblong  seeds,  which  are  fewer  and 
much  larger,  a  third  of  a  line  long.  It  occurs  in  Nevada,  as  near  as  Ruby  Valley,  and  in  adjacent 
parts  of  Idaho  and  Utah,  NuUall,  H.  Engelmann.  Although  two  of  the  three  of  Nuttall's  un- 
published names,  cited  by  Watson  under  E.  Nuttallii,  belong  to  tlie  plant  now  distinguished  as 
E.  Douglasii,  yet  Mr.  Watson's  figure  and  description  relate  mostly  to  the  species  for  which  the 
name  is  here  retained. 

2.  MICROCALA,  Link. 
Calyx  4-toothed,  4 -8- ribbed.  Corolla  short-sal verform,  withering  persistent  on 
the  ovoid  capsule.  Stamens  short,  inserted  in  the  throat :  anthers  round-cordate. 
Style  filiform,  in  ours  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous  :  stigma  peltate-dilated,  at 
length  separating  or  separable  into  2  broad  plates.  Seeds,  &c.,  as  Erythrcxa.  — 
Little  annuals,  one  in  the  Old  World,  and  one  or  two  in  South  America,  whence 
the  following  may  have  reached  California. 

1.  M.  quadrangularis,  Grisebach.  An  inch  or  two  high,  filiform,  simple  and 
one-flowered,  or  branched  at  base,  with  one  to  three  pairs  of  minute  oval  or  oblong 
leaves  below  :  peduncle  strict  and  naked,  quadrangular  :  calyx  short,  strongly  quad- 
rangular, and  as  it  were  truncate  at  bottom  and  top,  at  least  when  in  fruit ;  the 
teeth  distant  and  very  short :  corolla  saff"ron-yellow,  barely  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  open  only  in  bright  sunsliine,  closing  in  the  afternoon.  —  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  63 ; 
Progel  in  Fl.  Bras.  vi.  213,  t.  58,  f.  3.  Exacum  quadrangulare,  Willd.  E.  infla- 
tum.  Hook.  &  Arn.      Cicendia  quadrangularis,  Grisebach,  Gent.  157. 

Hillsides  and  moist  meadows  aliout  San  Francisco,  Martinez,  and  Vallejo,  where  it  may  readily 
have  been  introduced  ;  but  also  on  the  coast  near  Mendocino  {Bolander),  under  Pmws  contorta  ; 
so  that  it  may  be  indigenous. 


Gentiana.  GENTIANACE^.  481 

3.   GENTIANA,  Linn.        Gentian. 

Calyx  4-5-cleft  or  toothed.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  funnelform,  campanulate,  or 
sometimes  salverforra,  often  with  plaited  and  toothed  folds  in  the  sinuses,  withering- 
persistent.  Stamens  included :  anthers  sometimes  cohering  in  a  ring  or  tube. 
Style  none  or  very  short  :  stigmas  2,  thin  and  flat,  persistent.  Capsule  septicidal. 
Seeds  very  numerous  and  small,  sometimes  lining  the  whole  wall  of  the  capsule  ; 
the  coat  usually  but  not  always  loose.  —  Herbs  ;  with  bitter  roots,  opposite  leaves, 
and  terminal  or  clustered  flowers,  usually  showy,  appearing  in  summer  or  autumn. 

The  typical  and  the  largest  genus  of  the  family,  comprising  150  species,  widely  distributed  over 
the  cooler  regions  of  the  world,  moderately  represented  in  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  as 
well  as  in  the  Atlantic  States  ;  but  few  reach  California,  and  those  are  scarce  and  confined  to  the 
Sierra  Nevada  or  to  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

§  1.  iVb  plaited  folds  in  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla:  anthers  versatile:  root  in  ours 
annual,  or  rarely  hlennial.  —  Gentianella. 

*  Flowers  small :  corolla  nearly  salvershaped,  crowned  with  a  fringe  of  bristles  on  tlie 

base  of  the  lobes  within. 

1.  G.  Amarella,  Linn.,  var.  acuta,  Engelm.  From  a  span  to  a  foot  or  more  in 
height,  slender,  simple  or  paniculately  branching  :  leaves  thin ;  the  larger  an  inch 
long  and  oblong-lanceolate;  the  lowest  obovate  or  spatulate;  uppermost  ovate-lan- 
ceolate :  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  or  rarely  solitary,  forming  a  narrow 
panicle  :  corolla  light  blue,  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long ;  its  5  short  lobes  from 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  becoming  acute.  —  G.  acuta,  Michx.,  &c. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  northward,  at  5,000  feet  and  over  ;  thence  far  north- 
ward and  eastward,  running  into  various  forms. 

*  *  Flowers  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant ;  tlie  parts  usually  in  fours  :  corolla  desti- 
tute of  fringe  across  the  base  of  the  lobes,  but  their  edges  sometimes  fringed :  a  row 
of  glands  betiveen  tlie  bases  of  the  filaments :  capsule  stipitate. 

2.  Gr.  simplex,  Gray.  Stem  2  to  10  inches  high  from  a  small  and  slender 
annual  root,  simple,  bearing  2  to  4  pairs  of  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  leaves  (4  to  9 
lines  long)  and  a  single  slender-pedunculate  flower :  corolla  blue,  1  to  1  ^  inches 
long  ;  the  oblong-spatulate  lobes  entire  or  erose-toothed,  or  rarely  with  a  few  bristly 
teeth  low  down  on  the  sides  :  seeds  smooth  but  longitudinally  striate,  narrow,  wing- 
less when  mature,  but  somewhat  cellular-appendaged  at  each  end.  —  Pacif,  E.  Eep. 
V.  87,  t.  16. 

Higher  parts  of  the  Sierm  Nevada,  in  wet  ground,  from  Placer  Co.  at  8,000  feet  {Brewer),  above 
Summit  {E.  L.  Greene),  and  Sierra  Co.  {Lemmoii)  to  Klamath  Lake  in  Oregon,  Netvberry.  Between 
G.  harbcllata,  Engelm.,  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains  (which  is  perennial),  and  depauperate 
forms  of  the  next ;  but  the  seeds  very  different,  when  mature  not  winged,  however,  as  represented 
in  the  figure  above  cited  :  they  are  lanceolate  in  outline,  the  nucleus  coarsely  striate,  produced 
into  a  thickish  cellular  base,  and  at  the  other  end  into  a  more  subulate  empty  tip. 

3.  Gr.  serrata,  Gunner.  Stem  3  to  18  inches  high  from  a  slender  annual  root, 
simple  or  the  larger  plants  branched  from  the  base,  bearing  few  or  several  pairs  of 
lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  all  narrow  at  base  or  the  lowest  oblanceolate,  and  termi- 
nated by  a  long  and  naked  one-flowered  peduncle  :  corolla  light  blue,  mostly  an 
inch  and  a  half  long;  the  oblong  or  spatulate-obovate  lobes  commonly  erosely 
toothed  around  the  summit  and  often  fringed  down  the  sides  :  seeds  oval,  wingless, 
the  close  coat  rough  Avith  minute  projecting  scales.  —  (Fl.  Dan.  t.  317)  Fl.  Xorveg. 
101,  t.  2,  lig.  3-5  (176G);  Fries,  Summ.  Scand.  190.  G.  detonsa,  Eottb.  Act. 
Hafn.  X.  254,  t.  1,  flg.  3  ;  Grisebach,  Gent.  &  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  64,  &c.  G.  brachy- 
petala,  Bunge,  Consp.  Gent.  225,  t.  11,  fig.  3. 

Var.  holopetala,  Gray.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rather  broad  and  short,  entire  or 
obscurely  erose-denticulate  round  the  summit :  seeds  as  in  the  fringed  form. 


482  GENTIANACE^.  Gentiana. 

Wet  ground,  in  the  higher  regions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  Soda  Springs  of  the  Tuolumne,  at 
8,600  feet  (a  pygmy  form,  only  2  to  5  inches  high,  with  leaves  merely  4  or  5  lines  long  and  crowded 
towards  the  base),  to  Mariposa  Co.  above  the  Yosemite  (much  larger,  a  span  high  or  more).  Bo- 
lander.  Both  of  the  variety,  which  accords  with  the  Scandinavian  plant,  except  in  the  entireness 
of  the  corolla  lobes,  which  also  occurs  in  European  specimens.  The  larger  form,  G.  dctonsa,  var. 
barbata,  Frcelich  and  Grisebach,  which  is  common  eastward  e£  the  Kocky  Mountiiins,  where  it  too 
closely  approaches  G.  crinita  (the  common  Fringed  Gentian  of  the  Atlantic  States),  is  unknown  in 
California  and  Oregon.  It  is  singular  that,  while  only  entire  petals  are  known  of  this  species  in 
California,  the  G.  simplex,  described  with  entire  petals,  has  them  sparingly  fringed  in  most  of  the 
specimens  now  known. 

§  2.  Plaited  folds  at  the  sinuses  of  the  short-funnelform  or  campamdate  5-lobed 
(in  ours  blue  or  bluish)  corolla :  anthers  erect  and  fixed:  root  perennial.  — 
Pneumonanthe. 

*  Plaits  extended  between  the  lobes  into  conspicuous  cleft  or  lacerate  appendages. 

+-  Low,  tvith  decumbent  one-flowered  stems :  leaves  tvith  conspicuously  connate-sheathing 
base,  the  uppermost  becoming  bracts  to  the  flower. 

4.  Gr.  Nevrberryi,  Gray,  Dwarf  (2  to  4  inches  high) :  flowering  stems  1  to  4, 
ascending  from  around  a  short  central  axis  which  bears  a  rosette  of  obovate  or 
spatulate  leaves,  of  about  an  inch  in  length  :  cauline  leaves  2  to  4  pairs  (half  an 
inch  long) ;  the  lowest  obovate,  the  uppermost  oblanceolate  :  calyx-lobes  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  :  corolla  broadly  funnelform  (over  an  inch 
long),  pale  blue,  within  white,  and  greenish-dotted;  its  lobes  ovate,  mucronate, 
longer  than  the  slender-subulate  tips  of  the  2-cleft  or  laciniate  interposed  appen- 
dages :  seeds  oval,  broadly  winged.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi.  84.  G.  calgcosa(l).  Gray  in 
Pacif,  R.  Pep.  vi.  86,  not  of  Grisebach. 

Sierra  Nevada,  at  5,000  to  8,000  feet ;  Crater  Pass  in  Oregon,  lat.  44°  (Newberry),  Lassen's 
Peak  {Brewer),  and  Mariposa  Co.  south  of  the  Yosemite,  Bolander.  Somewhat  related  to  G. 
frigida,  which  inhabits  the  alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

5.  G-.  setigera,  Gray.  Stems  stout,  but  diffusely  spreading  from  a  thick  caudex, 
a  foot  or  less  long,  bearing  7  to  10  pairs  of  thick  very  obtuse  leaves  :  lower  leaves 
round-oval ;  xipper  oblong ;  two  uppermost  pairs  involucrate  around  the  flower  (all 
an  inch  long,  or  the  lower  shorter) :  calyx-lobes  oval,  about  the  length  of  the  tube  : 
corolla  oblong-cam panulate,  apparently  with  dull  purplish  tube  and  the  ovate  lobes 
blue  :  appendages  in  the  sinuses  small  and  short,  but  extended  into  2  or  3  capillary 
bristles  which  almost  equal  the  lobes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xL  84. 

Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  Co.,  in  damp  soil,  Bolander.  Corolla  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
rather  broad  ;  the  lobes  nearly  half  an  inch  long.  Sheaths  of  the  leaves  mostly  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  long.     Fonning  seeds  orbicular  and  winged. 

4-  -H  Mostly   erect  and  taller,   1  -  several-flowered,   leafy :  leaves  not  con^icuously 
connate-sheathing  at  base,  except  the  lower  pairs. 

6.  Gr.  calycosa,  Grisebach.  A  span  to  a  foot  in  height :  leaves  ovate  (an  inch 
to  half  an  inch  long) ;  the  lower  decreasing  in  size,  the  one  or  two  uppermost  pairs 
involucrate  around  the  one  to  three  sessile  flowers  :  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, equalling  or  rather  shorter  than  the  short  tube  :  corolla  oblong-camiDanulate, 
blue  (over  an  inch  long)  ;  appendages  in  the  sinuses  laciniate,  shorter  than  the 
broadly  ovate  lobes  :  seeds  lanceolate,  wingless,  —  Gent.  292,  &  in  Hook,  Fl,  ii,  58, 
t.  146. 

Sierra  Nevada  at  8,800  feet  in  Placer  Co,  {Brewer);  Calaveras  Co.,  near  Muqjhy's  {Lemmon)  ; 
also  collected  at  some  imknown  station  by  Bridges.  Occurs  in  the  northern  Kocky  Mountains 
and  those  of  the  interior  of  Oregon.     Rarely  2  or  3  flowers  from  the  axils. 

G.  Paruyi,  Engelm.,  of  the  Colorado  Rocky  Mountains,  collected  by  Watson  in  the  northeast- 
ern part  of  Nevada,  differs  principally  in  the  much  smaller  calyx-lobes,  and  the  leaves  are  some- 
times narrower. 

7.  Gr.  affinis,  Grisebach.  A  foot  or  two  or  sometimes  only  a  span  high  :  leaves 
from  ovate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate  (an  inch  or  so  in  length),   the  uppermost 


Frasera.  GENTIANACE^.  483 

narrower  :  flowers  mostly  5  to  20  and  racemose  or  spicate,  forming  a  leafy  thyrsus 
(rarely  solitary  in  depauperate  plants)  :  calyx  lobes  narrow  and  unequal,  mostly 
linear  and  the  longest  shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  short-funnelform,  blue  (an 
inch  or  more  in  length) ;  appendages  triangular,  acute,  mostly  2-cleft  or  2  —  4-cuspi- 
date,  shorter  than  the  round-ovate  lobes  :  seeds  ovate  or  oblong,  flat,  wing-margined. 

Var.  ovata,  Gray  :  a  form  with  ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  and  fewer  commonly 
larger  flowers  ,  the  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  and  as  long  as  the  tube ;  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  commonly  rounder. 

Northeastern  portions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  5,000  feet,  &c. ;  thence  north  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, and  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  New  Mexico  to  Rupert's  Land.  The  vai-. 
from  near  San  Francisco  {Bolandcr)  to  Klamath  Valley  in  Oregon  (Crmikhiie)  and  the  borders 
of  British  Columbia  {Lyall),  appearing  to  be  different,  and  with  the  aspect  of  the  next,  but 
passing  into  ordinary  fonns  of  the  species. 

*  *    Appendages  of  the  plaits  in  the  sinuses  hardly  any,  or  short  and  broadly  trun- 
cate, naked :  seeds  mingless :  only  the  lowest  pairs  of  leaves  with  slieathing  base. 

8.  Gr.  sceptrum,  Grisebach.  Erect,  2  to  4  feet  high,  leafy :  leaves  from  ovate 
to  oblong-lanceolate  (an  inch  or  two  long) :  flowers  several  and  raceraosely  or  spi- 
cately  clustered,  sometimes  almost  solitary  :  corolla  campanulate,  an  inch  and  a 
half  long ;  its  lobes  broad  and  rhombic-rounded :  seeds  somewhat  fusiform,  narrowed 
into  a  cellular  appendage  at  both  ends.  —  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  57,  t.  145, 

Var.  humilis,  Engelm.  ined.  Much  smaller :  stems  slender  and  weaker,  a  foot 
or  two  long,  one -few-flowered:  corolla  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  length;  the  sinuses 
sometimes  2  —  3-crenate.  —  G.  Memiesii,  Grisebach,  1.  c.  G.  a£inis,  Gray  in  coll. 
E.  Hall,  No.  426,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  398. 

The  ordinary  form  is  common  in  Oregon,  and  it  may  confidently  be  expected  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  State.  The  var.  humilis,  on  Mendocino  Plains,  Bolaiidcr  ;  Oregon,  E.  Hall; 
also  Menzics,  this  being  without  much  doubt  G.  Menziesii.  At  first  view  it  seems  abundantly 
distinct  from  G.  sceptrum.  Calyx-lobes  variable,  as  in  all  these  species,  commonly  longer  than 
the  tube,  and  unequal,  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear. 

4.  FBASEBA,  Walter. 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted,  slightly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  rotate,  4-parted, 
persistent ;  the  divisions  convolute  in  the  bud ;  their  inner  face  furnished  with  a 
large  depressed  gland  or  pair  of  glands,  which  are  bordered  by  a  fringe,  sometimes 
a  crown  of  bristles  or  scales  at  their  base.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  very  base  of 
the  corolla  :  filaments  subulate,  distinct  or  obscurely  monadelphous  at  base.  Ovary 
ovate,  tapering  into  a  conspicuous  and  persistent  style  :  stigma  small,  2-lobed  or 
entire.  Capsule  coriaceous,  commonly  flattened,  strictly  one-celled,  few  -  30-seeded. 
Seeds  comparatively  large,  flat,  sometimes  margined.  —  Glabrous  and  commonly 
stout  herbs,  or  one  slender  species  pubendent,  all  North  American,  and  all  but  one 
far-western ;  with  a  thick  and  purely  bitter  biennial  root,  an  erect  leafy  stem,  bear- 
ing opposite  or  whorled  leaves  (which  when  broad  are  nervose,  and  in  most  species 
cartilaginous-margined),  and  abundant  rather  large  flowers  in  cymose  clusters ;  the 
corolla  dull  white,  yellowish,  or  bluish,  and  commonly  dark-dotted.  Parts  of  the 
flower  sometimes  in  fives? 

The  root  of  the  Atlantic  species,  F.  Carolinensis,  has  been  used  in  medicine  as  a  bitter  tonic. 
This  (with  capsule  strongly  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves)  and 

F.  THYiisiFLORA,  Hook.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  288,  of  the  interior  of  Oregon  (the  only  known 
species  not  either  described  or  mentioned  below),  has  marginless  leaves  and  single  round  glands 
ujion  each  lobe  of  the  corolla.  The  style  in  the  latter  is  short,  as  in  Swcrtia.  We  have  not 
seen  any  flowers  with  their  parts  in  fives,  either  in  this  or  in  F.  albicaulis,  although  both  are  so 
described  by  Hooker. 


484  GENTIANACEiE.  Frasera. 

§  1 .  vf  pair  of  glands  on  each  division  of  the  corolla  :  divisions  of  the  cali/x  linear : 
Jlowrrs  in  a  narrow  leafy  Ikyrms  :  capsule  much  Jlattened  contrary  to  the  deep 
t)()((t  slidjHil  or  alnioKt  eondiiplieate  valves. 

1.  F.  speciosa,  Dou^'l.  Stout,  2  to  5  ftiot  liigli^.vcry  h^afy  :  leaves  iiervoso,  in 
whorlH  of  iuiir  to  six,  not  wliito-iniirginod ;  tlio  rudieal  and  lowest  caulino  obovato 
or  oblong,  (5  t(j  10  inelies  lui%  above  lanceolate  and  iKiconiin},'  linear:  flowers  on 
Blonder  at  hingth  strict  pedicels  in  inubel-like  i)e.(hin(!ulate  cymes  (or  some  fascicled 
in  tiie  axils),  forming,'  a  long  virgate  thyrsus  :  corolla  gre(uiisli-\vliite  or  barely  tinged 
bluish,  cons|)icm»usly  dark-dotted,  not  longer  than  i\w  sepals;  its  divisions  oval- 
oblong,  bearing  a  j)air  of  oblong  and  strongly  fringt'd  glands  about  the  ndddle, 
crowned  at  base  by  a  fringe  of  H  to  10  long  setaceous  iilaments.  —  ( Jris(!l)a(h  in 
Hook.  Kl.  ii.  GO,  t.  153.  I'essaranthiuin  radiatuin,  Kollogg,  I'roc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii. 
142,  lig.  41. 

Aloiip;  tlio  <iiiHt.(<ni  jMuts  of  tlin  Hiomi  Ncviulii  (rroiu  Tuolumiio  Co.  Jirewir);  thcneo  northward 
to  tlui  iiiU^rior  of  Wasliiiij^toii  Territory,  iiiid  ciiHt  to  Wyoiiiiiig  luul  Nc^w  Mexico.  Divisions 
of  the  corolhi  two  Miirds  of  an  incii  long;  tiie  frinjjii-liko  rrowii  adiiato  to  tii(iir  Imi.so,  luid  wholly 
Hoparato  from  the  l>as(i  of  the  (luito  ili.stiin-t  Htanicns.  JStyle  not  longer  than  the  ovary  :  soods  30 
or  more. 

K.  rANiciM.ATA,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Hop.  iv.  126,  is  a  Now  Mexican  species  of  this  section,  im- 
IHuToetly  known. 

§  2.  A  single  gland  with  a.  notched  summit  on  each  division  of  the  thickish  corolla : 
divisions  of  the  calyx  ovate-lanceolate  or  broader :  Jiowers  loosely  and  effusely 
cyinose-pa/iicled.     (Mature  caj>sule  uukuoivn.) 

2.  F.  Panyi,  Torr.  Stout,  2  or  3  le(it  high  :  leaves  opposite  and  in  thn-es, 
lance(»lat(^,  witii  cartilaginous  white  margins;  the  lloral  and  bracts  oblong  and  ovate  : 
divisions  of  tlie  whitisii  and  dark-dotted  corolla  ovate,  commonly  acute,  half  an 
inch  long  ;  th(^  fringed  gland  below  its  middle,  lunatcdy  obcordate  and  with  rounded 
7iak»Ml  ba.se. —  Hot.  Mex.  liound.  115G. 

yontherii  jtart  of  the  State,  east  of  San  Diego  and  Los  Angeles,  Coulter,  Wallace.,  Parry. 
Ovary  apparently  llatlish  ]>arallt«l  with  the  carpels  :  ovules  rather  few. 

K.  Al.ltoMAlKilNATA,  Watson,  Uut.  King  Kxp.  280,  of  Southern  Utah  and  Nevada,  and  to  ho 
looked  for  on  the  soutlieast(>rn  horders  of  Californin,  is  of  this  section.  It  is  a  small  spciics,  nar- 
row huived  ;  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  (Minspicuously  cuspidate  ;  and  the  fringed  olxordatc  daik 
gland  on  the  i\udille  of  the  petjd  runs  into  an  adniite  scale-like  api)endage,  tixcd  liy  its  hack  (piite 
down  to  the  Imse,  the  free  margins  fring<<d,  an<l  uintedacro.ss  the  Iwise  hy  a  small  laciniate  portion, 
fornung  a  somewhat  liooded  luuse,  us  in  thu  next. 

§  3.  yl  single  oblang  or  linear  and  entire  gland  reaching  from  near  the  base  to  near 
the  middle  of  each  dimMon  of  the  thinuish  (pale  blue  or  hi  vender-colored) 
corolla :  diviMons  of  the  calyx  subulate-lanceolate  :  Jlotvers  thrysoid-glomerate : 
capsiUe  Jlattened  parallel  with  the  vtdves,  few-seeded. 

3.  F.  nitida,  Henth.  (Glabrous  tbnuighout  (not  minutely  and  closely  pubendi>nt 
ns  in  t\  alblcauli.i),  a  foot  or  moiv  high,  sh^nder :  leaves  oidy  3  to  ,5  ])airs,  linear 
(2  to  4  inches  long,  2  or  3  lines  wide,  the  radical  longer  and  gnimineous),  whito- 
inargined  ;  flowei's  glomerate  in  3  or  4  jiairs  of  short  peduncled  or  subsesailo  dense 
cymes  or  glomerules,  forming  a  naked  and  interrupted  spicato  thyreus  :  lobes  of  tho 
corolla  ovato-oblong,  b(»coming  lanceolate  (3  or  4  lines  long) ;  the  gland  with  a  short 
inflexed  fringe  all  round,  which  is  Uuigtu'  and  moiH)  laeiniato  at  the  booded  base  : 
crown  stni\d>»eal,  consisting  of  linear  or  oblong  laciniate  or  nearly  entire  scales  alter- 
nate ai\d  partly  connate  with  thi*  bases  of  tin*  Iilaments.  —  IM.  Ilartw.  322  ;  Torr.  in 
Taeif.  1{.  K'ep.iv.  12G. 

FiM)t-hills  t)f  the  Sierra  Nevada  (//rtr^Mr^,  Bigelow,  &c.),  and  Sierra  VtaWey  {lAnnmon,  &<•.),  to 
Oivgon,  l.ijidl,  NiviuD.  Pi-olxihly  this  njay  Ih^  only  a  variety  of  F.  alhicaulis  of  Oirgon  (llook. 
Fl.  t.  lf)i),  extending  as  it  dtws  into  the  range  of  that  spcoici.  Tho  ci-owii  appears)  to  Ihj  dilfercnt, 
but  its  chamctei-s  are  variahle. 


Menyanthes.  POLEMONIACEiE.  485 

5.  MENYANTHES,  Toum.         Buckbean. 

Calyx  /J-partod.  Corolla  nearly  caiiipanulatij,  the  lobos  valvate  in  the  bud  with 
the  margins  turned  inward,  the  upper  surface  densely  white-bearded,  deciduous. 
Stylo  slender,  persistent :  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  globular,  rather  fleshy,  inclined 
to  burst  irregularly.  Heeds  not  very  numerous,  but  large  in  proportion  :  the  seed- 
coat  hard,  smooth  and  shining.  — A  single  genuine  species,  flowering  in  spring. 

1.  M.  trifoliata,  Linn.  Low  and  smooth  perennial,  with  long  and  stout  creep- 
ing rootstock,  bearing  alternate  leaves,  with  long  petioles  sheathing  at  base,  and  3 
oblong  leaflets  :  scape  naked,  elongated,  Uirminatod  by  a  short  raceme  of  white  or 
j)iiiki.sii  flowers  :  anthers  dark  brown,  sagittate  :  in  some  flowers  the  stylo,  in  others 
the  filaments  are  long-exserted. 

In  shallow  water  or  wet  jrroinid,  near  San  Francisoo  (liirfdow),  and  Sierra  Valley  (Afra.  Pulai/er 
Ames)  ;  cxtctKling  roimd  tlu!  world  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  temperate  zone. 

Order  LOGANIACEiE.  There  la  a  Buddleia  in  Coulter's  Califomian  Collection,  No.  625, 
which  we  do  not  possesH.  As  none  has  Iwen  detected  since,  it  is  more  probable  that  Coulter's 
8[>ecimcn  was  gathered  on  the  route  to  California,  as  for  south  and  cast  at  least  as  Arizona. 


Order  LXIII.    POLEMONIACEiE. 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  bland  and  colorless  juice,  simple  or  divided  leaves,  and  no 
stipules  ;  readily  distinguished  from  related  orders  by  having  all  the  parts  of  the 
regular  flower  five,  except  the  pistil,  which  has  a  3-celled  ovary  and  a  3-lobed  style; 
the  fruit  a  loculici<lal  3  -  many-seeded  cajjsulo,  with  placenta  in  the  axis.  Calyx 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  not  plaited,  rarely 
a  little  irregular.  Stamens  on  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes,  distinct :  anthers 
introrse,  opening  lengthwise.  Stigmas  occupying  the  inner  side  of  the  narrow  or 
filifonn  lobes  of  the  style.  Valves  of  the  capsule  usually  separating  from  a  thickish 
triangular  axis,  which  bears  the  seeds :  these  amphitropous  or  nearly  anatropous, 
small,  witli  a  thin  or  soft  coat,  commonly  developing  mucilage  when  wetted.  Em- 
bryo rather  large,  straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  — A  few  have  suffrutescent 
or  more  woody  stems.  In  Gilia,  §  6,  the  cells  of  the  ovary  and  the  stigmas  are 
occasionally  reduced  to  two.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  247.     • 

Mainly  an  American  and  especially  a  North  American  and  Mexican  order,  of  few  genera,  but 
many  speeiies,  increasing  in  number  westward,  most  almndantly  represented  in  California  ;  of  no 
marked  sensible  qualities  or  economicail  uses,  excepting  ornamental  cultivation. 

ConjF.fL  SOANDKNS,  Cav.,  of  Mexico,  a  well-known  cultivated  elimlwr,  is  an  outlying  memlwr  of 
this  onler,  its  pinnate  leaves  tendril-bearing,  and  a  large  fleshy  disk  encircling  the  base  of  the 
ovary. 

•   Corolla  quite  regular  :  seeds  wingless. 

1.  Phlox.     Stamens  uncciually  inserted  and  included  within  the  narrow  tube  of  the  salver- 

sliaped  corolla.     Seed-coat  unchanged  in  water.     Leaves  opposite,  entire. 

2.  CoUomia.     Stamens  une(iually  inserted  in  or  l)elow  the  throat  of  the  funnelform  or  salver- 

shaped  corolla  :    filaments  slender,  often  exserted.      Seeds  copiously  mucilaginous  wlien 
wet.      heaves  all  or  mostly  alternate,  sometimes  divided. 

3.  Oilia.     Stamens  e(|ually  inseittMl  on  the  throat  or  tul)e  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  not  declined. 

Sceils  almost  always  mucilaginous  when  wet.      Leaves  various. 

4.  Polemonium.      KilauKMits  more  or  less  declined.     Otherwise  nearly  as  Oilia.     Leaves  all 

pinnale  and  alternate,  and  corolla  short. 

♦  ♦    Corolla  with  limb  somewhat  irregularly  cleft  :  seeds  wing-margined. 

5.  LoBselia.    Stamens  more  or  less  exserted.     Upper  sinuses  of  the  corolla  more  deeply  cleft 

than  the  others. 


486  POLEMONIACEiS.  Phlox. 

1.  PHLOX,  Linn. 

Calyx  narrow,  5-cleft.     Corolla  salverform,  with  a  narrow  orifice  and  broad  or 

rounded  lobes.     Stamens  included,  very  unequally  inserted  on  the  upper  part  of  the 

tube  :  filaments  usually  very  short.     Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell  (or  the 

former  sometimes  2  or  3).     Capsule  small,  ovoid.     Seed  with  a  simple  and  close 

coat,  neither  mucilaginous  nor  developing  spiral  threads  when  wet.  —  Herbaceous 

or  sufFruticose  plants  (ours  all  perennial),  with  simple  and  entire  opposite  leaves,  or 

the  uppermost  alternate,  and  rather  showy  terminal  or  cymose  flowers ;  the  corolla 

white,  purple,  &c.,  in  all  the  Californian  white  or  light  rose-color. 

A  genus  of  nearly  30  species,  all  North  American  and  one  Siberian,  several  of  them  familiar  in 
ornamental  cultivation.    The  Pacific  species  are  few,  and  diflerent  from  those  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

«  Loose ;  toith  flowering  branches  mainly  herbaceous  from  a  woody  base:  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  spreading,  mostly  an  inch  or  two  long :  flowers  peduncled  and  loosely 
cymose-clustered. 

1.  P.  speciosa,  Pursh.  Viscid-puberulent  above  or  nearly  glabrous  :  flowering 
stems  a  foot  to  a  yard  high,  diffusely  ascending  from  a  branching  woody  base :  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear,  one  or  two  inches  long,  the  upper  broader  at  the  base  :  flowers 
corymbose,  showy  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  obcordate  or  sometimes  merely  emarginate, 
a  third  to  half  an  inch  long ;  the  tube  little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  style  not  longer 
than  the  ovary  nor  the  stigmas.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  256.  P.  Sahini, 
Dough,  a  northern  form  with  almost  entire  corolla-lobes.  P.  occidentalis,  Durand 
in  Pacif.  K.  Rep.  iv.  125.  P.  divaricata,  Durand,  PI.  Pratten,  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad. 
n.  ser.  ii.  97. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  its  foot-hills,  Placer  to  Plumas  Co.,  and  northward  to  the  borders 
of  British  Columbia  ;  chiefly  the  larger  and  broader-leaved  fonn. 

2.  P.  longifolia,  Nutt.  Somewhat  viscid-pubescent  or  glabrous:  tufted  stems 
about  a  span  high  from  a  woody  base  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  an  inch  or  two 
long  in  the  typical  forms  :  flowers  smaller :  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate  or  oblong- 
cuneate,  entire  or  retuse,  a  fourth  to  a  third  of  an  inch  long ;  the  tube  considerably 
longer  than  the  angled  calyx:  style  long  and  slender. — Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  41; 
Gray,  1.  c.     P.  hit  mills,  Dougl.  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  306. 

Var.  Stansblir3ri,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  rather  dwarf  and  rigid  form,  more  pubescent, 
with  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  sometimes  of  about  half  an  inch  in  length ; 
appearing  very  distinct,  but  it  passes  into  the  genuine  form.  —  P.  speciosa,  var. 
Stansbnryi,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex,  Bound.  145. 

Eastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  near  Carson  City  and  Sierra  Valley  {Anderson,  Lemmon, 
&c.),  thence  far  eastward  and  northward  through  the  interior  regions  to  and  beyond  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

*  *    Cespitose  and  depressed,  forming  broad  or  dense  matted  tufts :  flowers  sessile, 

terminating  the  densely  leafy  branches. 

-t-  Leaves  acerose  or  subulate,  rigid  or  loose,  green,  destitute  of  cobwebby  hairs. 

3.  P.  Douglasii,  Hook.  Forming  broad  but  rather  open  tufts,  glabrous  or  a 
little  pubescent :  leaves  acerose,  commonly  spreading,  half  an  inch  or  less  in  length, 
and  with  fascicled  sliorter  ones  crowded  in  the  axils,  their  margins  naked  or  nearly 
so:  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx;  the  lobes  obovate  and  entire,  about  3 
lines  loner. —Fl.  ii.  73,  t.  158. 

Var.  difEilsa,  Gray,  ].  c.  :  a  form  of  moister  or  more  shaded  stations,  with  pro- 
cumbent stems,  and  laxer  less  rigid  leaves. — P.  diffusa,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw,  325. 

Var.  longifolia,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  a  form  with  more  slender  and  rigid  leaves,  from 
half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  in  length. 


♦* 


Collomia.  POLEMONIACE^.  487 

Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Shasta,  at  5,000  to  10,000  feet,  thence  far  northward  and 

eastward  ;  on  the  westward  slope  mainly  the  var.  diffusa.     A  variable  species. 

4.  P.  CcCSpitOSa,  Xutt.  Forming  dense  and  cushion-like  tufts  3  or  4  inches 
high:  leaves  short  (2  to  5  lines  long),  from  acerose-subulate  to  oblong-linear,  rigid, 
erect  or  ascending  and  usually  imbricated,  completely  covering  the  short  stems,  their 
edges  ciliate  with  short  bristly  hairs,  otherwise  glabrous  :  flowers  as  in  the  preced- 
ing but  smaller.  —  Jour,  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  t.  6. 

Higher  Sierra  Nevada  :  on  Silver  Mountain  at  11,000  feet  (Brewer),  the  var.  condensata. ;  a 
very  compact,  small-leaved  and  small-flowered  form,  which  has  been  confounded  with  F.  Hoodii. 
The  species,  in  several  forms,  extends  eastward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

■¥-  -{-  Leaves  hoarrj  ivith  soft  pubescence  or  cobwebby  wool :  flowers  white. 

5.  P.  canescens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Forming  broad  and  mostly  compact  mats,  a 
few  inches  high,  gray  or  whitened  by  the  woolly  pubescence  :  leaves  acerose  or  slen- 
der-subulate, ascending  or  somewhat  spreading,  rather  rigid,  3  to  5  lines  long  :  tube 
of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  lobes  obovate,  entire  or  emarginate.  — 
Pacif.  R,  Eep.  ii.  8,  t.  6. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  bordei-s  of  the  State  {Bloomer,  Watson),  and  through 
the  interior  country  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

P.  MUSCOiDES  and  P.  bryoides,  Nutt.,  are  smaller  species,  in  dense  moss-like  tufts,  with  the 
downy  leaves  compactly  imbricated  in  four  ranks,  natives  of  the  interior  and  Eocky  Mountains. 

2.  COLLOMIA,  Nutt.    . 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  salverform  or  tubular-funnelform ;  the  throat  commonly 
enlarged.  Stamens  usually  more  or  less  exserted,  with  slender  filaments,  unequally 
inserted  in  or  beneath  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  or  several 
in  each  cell.  Seed-coat  simple,  when  wetted  producing  copious  mucilage  (whence 
the  generic  name),  which  is  usually  filled  with  long  uncoiling  spiral  threads.  — 
Chiefly  annuals  (Xorth  American,  and  one  or  two  extra-tropical  South  American), 
mostly  glandular- viscid ;  with  alternate  leaves,  or  the  lower  opposite,  either  entire, 
incised,  or  pinnately  compound  :  flowers  cymose-clustered  or  panicled,  or  scattered. 

§  1.   Corolla  salverform,  or  with  the  throat  or  upper  part  of  the  tube  somewhat  en- 
larged :  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell,  or  2  or  3  in  the  last  species. 

*  Leaves  simple  and  sessile,  entire,  or  the  lower  occasionally  few-toothed  or  incised. 

-i-  Calyx-tube  obconical  or  top-shaped :  leaves  all  but  the  loivest  alternate. 

1.  C.  grandiflora,  Dougl.  Erect,  a  foot  or  two  high,  rather  stout:  leaves 
linear,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  uppermost  almost  ovate  (2  or  3  inches  long)  :  flowers 
capitate-crowded  at  the  summit  and  in  the  upper  axils  :  calyx-lobes  obtuse  :  corolla 
buft"  or  salmon-color  (an  inch  long  and  the  oblong  lobes  4  lines  long),  showy,  — 
Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1174  :  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2894. 

SieiTa  Nevada  and  higher  foot-hills,  from  San  Diego  Co.  northward  ;  thence  to  Oregon  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  C.  linearis,  !N"utt.  More  branched,  and  when  old  spreading,  a  span  to  a  foot 
or  more  in  height  :  lower  leaves  linear,  iipper  lanceolate  :  flowers  capitate-crowded 
as  in  the  foregoing,  but  smaller  :  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate  and  very  acute  : 
corolla  yellowish- white  or  brownish-purple,  slender,  half  an  inch  long  or  less ;  the 
oval  lobes  about  a  line  long.  — Gen,  i.  126  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.,  t.  1166  ;  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  2893. 

Var.  subulata,  Gray.  Diff'usely  much  branched,  a  span  or  so  in  height,  more 
viscid  :  leaves  acute  :  flowers  fewer  in  the  clusters,  and  some  scattered  or  nearly 


488  POLEMONIACE^.  Collomia. 

solitary  in  the  lower  forks  :  calyx-lobes  more  subulate  from  a  broad  base.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  259.     C.  tinctoria,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  17,  t.  2. 

Sierra  Nevada,  mainly  in  the  eastern  jwrtion  ;  thence  to  British  Columbia  and  the  northern 
regions  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  var.  subulata,  which  is  peculiar  in  aspect,  and  may  be 
distinct,  on  the  eastern  bordei-s  of  the  State,  from  Nevada  Co.  to  Oregon,  and  in  Nevada, 

3.  C.  tenella,  Gray.  Diffusely  branched,  slender,  3  to  5  inches  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  with  a  tapering  base  (sometimes  an  inch  and  a  half  long)  :  flowers 
scattered,  solitary  in  all  the  forks,  almost  sessile  :  calyx-lobes  broadly  triangular  and 
acute,  shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  narrow,  purplish,  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  259. 

Sien-a  Nevada  ;  south  of  Yosemite  Valley,  at  8,000  feet  (Gray)  ;  Nevada  and  Utah,   Watson. 
-t-  "(-  Calyx-tuhe  rounded  at  hose  and  very  short :  many  lower  leaves  opposite. 

4.  C.  gracilis,  Dougl.  A  span  or  two  in  height,  in  age  corymbosely  much 
branched  :  the  flowers  at  length  somewhat  scattered  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or 
the  lowest  oval  or  obovate  (an  inch  or  less  long) :  corolla  rose-purple,  turning  bluish, 
less  than  half  an  inch  long,  narrow ;  the  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  linear  calyx- 
lobes  ;  the  oval  lobes  less  than  a  line  long.  —  Gilia  gracilis,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  2924. 

Hills,  not  rare  through  the  State  ;  extending  to  British  Columbia  and  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains ;  also  in  Chili.  The  seeds  are  mucilaginous,  but  want  the  spiral  threads  of  all  the  other 
species. 

*  *  Leaves  deeply  cleft  or  compound,  th-e  lower  petioled :  sterna  loosely  branched. 

5.  C.  gilioides,  Benth.  A  span  to  3  feet  high  :  lower  leaves  simply  pinnately 
parted  into  few  or  several  linear  lateral  lobes,  or  the  larger  terminal  lobe  oblong 
and  toothed  :  upper  leaves  3-5-divided  :  flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  clustered  : 
lobes  of  the  nearly  5-parted  calyx^  linear-subulate,  its  base  rounded  :  corolla  pink 
or  purplish,  its  slender  tube  about  half  an  inch  long,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of 
the  calyx  :  stamens  moderately  unequal  in  insertion  :  capsule  globular,  3-seeded.  — 
C.  glutinosa,  Benth.  iu  DC,  a  more  viscid  form.  Gilia  divaricata,  Nutt.  PI. 
Gamb.  155. 

Moist  ground,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  extending  to  the  Sierra 
Nevada  :  variable. 

6.  C.  heterophylla,  Hook.  A  span  or  two  in  height,  diffuse  :  leaves  mostly 
pinnately  parted  or  the  upper  pinnatifid,  and  the  lobes  incised  or  cleft ;  the  ujiper- 
most  often  entire  and  broader,  subtending  the  capitate-clustered  flowers  (or  these 
rarely  somewhat  scattered) :  lobes  of  the  merely  5-cleft  calyx  ovate-lanceolate  or  tri- 
angular, acute ;  base  of  the  tube  in  fruit  acute  :  corolla  purplish,  half  an  inch  long : 
stamens  very  unequally  inserted  :  capsule  oval ;  the  cells  1  -  3-seeded.  —  Bot.  IVIag. 
t.  2895  ;  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1347.  Courtoisia  bipinnatijida,  Eeichenbach,  Ic.  Exot.  t.  208. 
Navarretia  lieterophylla,  Benth.  in  DC. 

Moist  ground,  Monterey  to  British  Columbia.     Stamens  sometimes  short,  sometimes  longer. 

§  2.   Corolla  funnelform  :  seeds  or  at  least  the  ovules  several  in  each  cell. 

7.  C.  leptalea,  Gray.  Slender,  with  diff'use  and  filiform  branches,  2  to  18 
inches  high,  minutely  glandular :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire,  or  some  of  the 
lowest  occasionally  with  2  or  3  small  lobes  :  flowers  eff'usely  panicled,  on  naked 
filiform  peduncles  :  calyx  small,  its  lobes  subulate  :  corolla  pink-red,  5  to  10  lines 
long,  with  slender  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  rather  abruptly  expanded  into  a 
wide-funnelform  throat  about  the  length  of  the  oval  spreading  lobes.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  261  ;  Watson,  But.  King  Exp.  262,  t.  65.  Gilia  capillaris,  Kellogg  in 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  46. 

Common  on  moist  or  wet  banks,  and  more  depauperate  in  drier  soil,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at 
4,000  to  9,000  feet.     Unlike  any  of  the  foregoing  in  habit. 


Gilia.  POLEMONIACE^.  489 

3.   GILIA,  Eiiiz  &  Tav. 

Corolla  funnelform,  salverform,  or  sometimes  short-campanulate  or  rotate,  regular. 

Stamens  equally  inserted  in  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla ;  the  mostly  slender 

filaments  sometimes  unequal  in  length,  not  declined.     Ovules  and  seeds  several  or 

few  or  rarely  solitary  in  each  cell.     Seed-coat,  with  few  exceptions,  mucilaginous 

when  wetted,  and  in  many  with  uncoiling  spiral  threads.  —  Herbs  or  suflfrutescent 

plants ;  with  either  opposite  or  alternate  and  simple  or  compound  leaves,  many 

species  with  showy  flowers. 

A  somewhat  polymorphous  genus,  of  nearly  70  species,  belonging  to  the  United  States  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  excepting  one  species  to  the  east  of  it  and  two  or  three  in  extra-tropical  South 
America  :  several  cultivated  for  ornament.  Our  species  blossom  in  spring,  except  in  the  higher 
mountains. 

I,  All  or  most  of  the  leaves  opposite  at  least  on  the  main  steins,  sessile  and  palmately 
parted  or  rarely  entire.  {Seeds  more  or  less  mucilaginous  in  water,  but  vrith  no 
spiral  threads.) 

§  1.  Corolla  from  short-funnelform  to  almost  rotate  ;  the  lobes  obovate  :  filaments 
slender :  anthers  oval :  ovules  many  or  sometimes  few  in  each  cell :  low  or 
slender  loosely  and  mostly  small-flowered  annuals :  tJie  leaves  with  divisions 
filiform  or  setaceous,  appearing  as  if  whorled,  or  in  the  last  species  entire.  — 
Dactylophyllum,  Benth.     (§  Dactylophyllum  h  Dianthoides,  Benth.) 

*    Flowers  short-pedicelled  or  almost  sessile  in  the  forhs  of  the  stem :  corolla  campan- 
nlate,  its  lobes  entire :  leaves  3-parted. 

1.  Gr.  demissa,  Gray.  Diff'usely  much  branched,  rather  rigid,  barely  a  span 
high,  profiisely-tiowered  :  lobes  of  the  leaves  acerose,  half  an  inch  long  :  lobes  of 
the  5-parted  calyx  subulate,  scariously  margined  below,  unequal,  the  longer  equal- 
ling the  white  5-lobed  corolla  :  stamens  included  :  ovules  few  in  each  cell.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  263. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  near  Fort  Mohave,  Br.  Cooper.  Also  Southern  Utah,  Mrs. 
Thompson,  Parry.     Upper  leaves  often  alternate. 

«  *  Floivers  on  capillary  or  filiform  pedicels,  loosely  paniculate :  corolla  from  rotate 
to  shortfunnelform,  its  lobes  entire :  leaves  3  -  7 -parted,  those  of  the  branches  fre- 
quently alternate. 

2.  G.  liniflora,  Benth.  Erect,  or  at  length  diffuse,  in  the  largest  forms  a  foot 
and  a  half  high,  almost  glabrous  :  divisions  of  the  leaves  nearly  filiform,  Spurrey- 
like,  about  an  inch  long  :  flowers  loosely  panicled  :  corolla  white,  rotate  when  fully 
open,  from  10  to  6  lines  in  diameter,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
5-parted  down  to  the  very  short  tube  :  filaments  pubescent  at  base  :  ovules  6  or  8 
in  each  cell.  —  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5895. 

Var.  pharnaceoides,  Gray,  is  similar  except  in  the  reduced  size,  in  the  smaller 

forms  a  span  higli,  with  capillary  branches  :    the  (sometimes  pale  flesh-colored) 

corolla  about  4  lines  in  diameter.  —  G.  jjharnaceoides.  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  74,  t.  161. 

Not  rare  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  in  both  forms  :  the  small  variety  extending  to 
Oregon  and  Utah. 

3.  G.  pusilla,  Benth.  Small,  2  to  6  inches  high,  at  length  diftuse,  often 
scabrous-puberulent :  divisions  of  the  leaves  filiform-subulate  or  acerose,  less  thau 
half  an  inch  long,  shorter  (mostly  much  shorter)  than  the  scattered  capillary  pedi- 
cels :  corolla  nearly  wliite,  or  purplish  with  yellow  throat,  between  rotate  and  short- 
funnelform ;  its  lobes  broadly  obovate  :  filaments  nearly  glabrous  at  base  :  ovules  3 
to  5  in  each  cell.  —  Corolla  1 1  to  2  lines  long  and  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  in  the 
form  answering  to  the  Chilian  species. 


490  POLEMONIACE^.  Gilia. 

Var.  Califomica,  Gray,  1.  c,  has  corolla  3  lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  and  throat  often  hrownish  :  peduncles  frequently  an  inch  long.  —  G.  Jilipes, 
Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  325. 

Not  uncommon  in  the  western  part  of  the  State ;  and  in  Nevada  and  Utah  ( Watson),  both 
the  smaller  and  the  larger  flowered  forms  ;  the  latter  predominating. 

4.  G-.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Very  like  the  preceding  :  but  the  tuhe  of  the 
blue  or  purple-tinged  corolla  longer  and  narrower,  about  equalling  the  narrow 
and  cylindraceous  calyx-tube,  and  rather  longer  than  the  limb  (consisting  of  the 
oblong  lobes  and  a  very  short  slightly  dilated  throat)  :  filaments  inserted  just  below 
the  sinuses  :  ovules  2  to  5  in  each  cell. 

Dry  hills,  Sonoma  Co.  (Bolander)  to  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Pulsifer  Ames.  Corolla  3  or  4  lines 
long  :  peduncles  4  to  12  lines  long. 

5.  Gr.  aurea,  Nutt.  Diffuse,  2  to  4  inches  high  :  divisions  of  the  roughish 
hispidulous  leaves  narrowly  linear,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  :  peduncles  shorter  or 
little  longer  than  the  flower,  corymbose  :  corolla  usually  yellow,  open  and  short- 
funnelform,  half  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter;  the  roundish-obovate  lobes  about 
the  length  of  the  obconical  throat  and  the  short  proper  tube  :  filaments  inserted 
just  beneath  the  sinuses,  glabrous:  ovules  about  10  in  each  cell.  —  PL  Gamb. 
155,  t.  22. 

Var.  decora,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  corolla  white  or  pale  violet,  with  or  without  brown- 
purple  in  the  throat :  peduncles  sometimes  elongated. 

Santa  Barbara  to  the  Mohave,  and  thence  to  New  Mexico.  The  variety  on  Monte  Diablo 
(Brewer),  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  Freinont,  &c. 

*  *  *  Flotoers  mostly  short-peduncled  terminating  the  branches:  corolla  tuith  f ringed- 
toothed  lobes :  leaves  all  opposite  and  entire. 

6.  Gr.  dianthoides,  Endl.  An  inch  to  a  span  high,  minutely  pubescent  or 
almost  glabrous,  the  stronger  plants  fastigiately  or  diftusely  branched  from  the  base : 
leaves  filiform-linear,  obtuse  :  corolla  lilac  or  pale  purple  with  darker  or  yellowish 
throat ;  the  ample  lobes  cuneate-obovate,  fimbriately  or  erosely  toothed  round  the 
broad  summit,  longer  than  the  short-funnelform  tube  :  ovules  10  to  20  in  each  cell. 
—  Atakt.  Bot.  t.  29;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  314;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4876. 
Fenzlia  dianthiflora,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  F.  speciosa  &  F.  concinna,  Nutt.  PI. 
Gamb.  157. 

Common  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  and  on  Catalina  Island.  A  charming  little  plant, 
with  abundance  of  comparatively  large  blossoms  ;  the  corolla  less  than  an  inch  long. 

§  2.  Corolla  salverform,  but  the  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  the  broad,  cuneate-obovate 
lobes  slightly  a'cnulate,  strongly  convolute  in  cestivation :  stamens  inserted  low 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  inchuJed  in  it :  ovules  many  in  each  cell :  capsule 
narrowly  oblong :  erect  and  very  glabrous  annuals :  leaves  opposite  and  entire 
or  3  -  5-divided  and  seemingly  whorled.  —  Linanthus,  Endl. 

7.  Gr.  dichotoma,  Benth.  1.  c.  Erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  remotely  leaved  : 
leaves  or  their  divisions  filiform :  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  the  forks  or  terminating 
the  branches :  calyx  with  cylindrical  tube  (5  lines  long)  Avholly  white-scarious 
except  the  5  filiform  green  ribs,  which  are  continued  into  acerose-linear  lobes  : 
corolla  white,  large  and  showy  (the  lobes  from  half  to  nearly  a  full  inch  long) : 
anthers  linear :  seeds  globular,  with  a  loose  cellular  outer  coat,  unchanged  when 
wet !  —  Linanthus  dichotomus,  Benth.,  formerly. 

Dry  or  moist  ground,  nearly  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Tube  of  the  corolla 
sometimes  purplish. 

G.  BiGELOVii,  Gray,  1.  c.  (Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  t.  25),  which  occurs  from  Arizona  and 
Utah  to  the  borders  of  Texas,  is  distinguished  by  its  much  smaller  flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
only  2  lines  long  and  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  and  the  oval  or  oblong  seeds  have  a  close  coat, 
developing  mucilage  when  wetted. 


Gaia.  POLEMONIACE^.  491 

§  3.  Corolla  salverform,  mostly  vnth  a  filiform  ehngaUd  tube,  mid  the  throat  some- 
times abruptly  dilated :  stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  or  orifice :  antliers 
short :  ovules  yiumeroiis :  erect  animals,  with  leaves  as  in  the  preceding,  and 
handsome  bid  sometimes  small  flowers  ci'owded  in  a  terminal  capitate  cluster. 
—  Leptosiphon,  Endl.     [Leptosiphon,  Benth.,  formerly.) 

*  Stems  leafy :  sessile  leaves  palmately  5  -  1-parted  and  so  seemingly  whorled,  also 
fascicled  in  the  axils  ;  their  divisions  linearflliform :  filaments  slender,  more  or  less 
exserted  {their  length  and  that  of  the  style  different  in  different  individuals,  i.  e. 
dimorphous). 

J-  Corolla  comparatively  large  and  its  tube  short. 

8.  Gr.  densiflora,  Benth.  A  span  to  2  feet  high,  rather  stout  and  strict :  divis- 
ions of  the  leaves  numerous,  filiform,  rather  rigid,  in  somewhat  distant  apparent 
whorls  :  tube  of  the  white  or  rose-purple  corolla  little  if  at  all  exceeding  the  villous- 
hirsute  bracts  and  calj^x  ;  its  lobes  nearly  half  an  incli  long,  obovate.  —  Leptosiphon 
densiflorus,  Benth.  in  Hort.  Trans.  1834,  t.  18,  &  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1725;  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  3578.  G.  grandifiora  {Leptosiphon  grandifiorus,  Benth.)  is  the  same  with  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  a  little  longer  than  usual. 

Sandy  soil,  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  from  San  Francisco  Bay  southward. 

+.  ^_  Corolla  smaller,  with  a  filiform  tube  3  <o  6  times  the  length  of  the  ovate  or  aval 
lobes  ;  the  latter  from  \\  to  ^  lines  long. 

9.  Gr.  androsacea,  Steudel.  Erect  or  spreading,  3  to  1 2  inches  high  :  corolla 
lilac,  rose-pink,  or  almost  white,  with  a  yellow  or  dark  throat ;  its  tube  (about  an 
inch  long)  much  exserted  beyond  the  hirsute  or  villous-ciliate  bracts  and  subtending 
leaves,  thrice  the  length  of  the  lobes  (these  3  or  4  lines  long).  —  Leptosiphon  andro- 
saceus,  Benth.  1.  c.  t.  18,  &  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1710;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3491. 

Var.  detonsa,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  a  slender  and  almost  glabrous  form,  the  bracts  and 
leaves  merely  hispidulous-ciliate. 

Var.  rosacea :  a  dwarf  and  more  tufted  form,  only  a  span  high,  very  florifer- 
ous,  with  bright  rose-red  corolla.  —  Leptosiphon  parviflorus,  var.  rosaceus,  Hook.  f. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  5863. 

Hillsides,  througliout  the  western  part  of  the  State  and  up  to  the  higher  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada.  Var.  detoiisa,  in  the  mountains  of  Monterey  Co.  {Breioer)  ;  also  collected  by  Bridges. 
An  intemiediate  form  near  Cai*son  City,  Anderson.  Var.  rosacea,  near  San  Francisco,  Kellogg, 
&c.     A  beautiful  species  in  cultivation. 

10.  Gr.  micrantha,  Steudel.  Slender,  at  length  diffuse,  about  a  span  high  : 
tube  of  the  corolla  extremely  slender  (three  fourths  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long),  4  to 
6  times  longer  than  the  lobes ;  these  2  or  3  lines  long,  from  yellow  to  cream-color 
and  pale  purple  or  whitish  :  pubescence  of  the  bracts  and  upper  leaves  short  and 
soft.  —  G.  lutea,  Steudel.,  Benth.  Leptosiphon  parviflorus  &  L.  luteus,  Benth.  in 
Bot.  Reg.     G.  micrantha,  var.  aurea,  &  G.  longitiiba,  Benth.  PL  Hartw.  324,  325. 

Hillsides,  through  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Passes  by  larger-flowered  forms  {G.  longituba, 
Benth.)  into  var.  rosacea  of  the  preceding. 

11.  G-.  tenella,  Benth.  Low  and  mostly  depressed,  small ;  tube  of  the  corolla 
6  to  9  lines  long,  less  slender  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  limb  (the  latter  rose- 
color  or  pink  with  a  yellow  throat) ;  the  lobes  barely  a  line  and  a  half  long : 
bi-acts  and  leaves  hispidulous-ciliate.  —  PI.  Hartw.  325.  Leptosij)hon  bicolor,  Nutt. 
PI.  Gamb.  156,  chiefly. 

Dry  hillsides,  Santa  Barbara  to  Puget  Sound. 

12.  Gr.  ciliata,  Benth.  1.  c.  More  rigid  and  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  tube 
of  the  rose-colored  or  purple  or  at  length  whitish  corolla  little  if  at  all  exserted  be- 
yond the  very  hirsute  or  hispid-ciliate  bracts  and  subtending  leaves,  half  to  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  long,  the  lobes  only  a  line  and  a  half  long  :  calyx -lobes  acerose. 


492  POLEMONIACE^.  Gilia. 

Hillsides,  Mariposa  to  Sierra  and  Mendocino  Counties,  and  along  the  western  borders  of  Nevada. 
Grayish  with  short  pubescence  on  the  stems,  and  with  long  hairs,  both  soft  and  rigid,  on  the  upper 
leaves. 

*  *  Stems  leafless  below :  leaves  entire  :  anthers  sessile  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 

13.  Gr.  nudicaulis,  Gray.  An  inch  to  a  span  high,  wholly  glabrous,  simple  or 
branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  several  and  densely  crowded,  forming  an  involucre 
around  a  terminal  capitate  cluster  of  flowers,  linear  to  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
rather  fleshy,  half  an  inch  long ;  the  small  ovate  cotyledons  usually  persisting 
below  :  corolla  white,  pinkish,  or  pale  yellow  ;  its  lobes  cuneate,  with  repand  or 
1  -  3-toothed  summit,  2  or  3  lines  long,  shorter  than  the  slender  tube.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  266.     Collomia  nudica\dis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  369. 

Moist  sandy  ground,  along  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State  (Carson  City,  Anderson,  he.)  to 
Utah  and  Colorado. 

§  4.  Flowers  as  in  ^  3  ;  but  ttibe  of  the  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  throat 
more  funnelform,  and  ovules  only  2  to  4:  in  each  cell :  filaments  and  anthers 
short :  perennials,  more  or  less  woody  at  base :  leaves  opposite  and  3  -  T-joarted, 
so  appearing  to  be  tvhorled.  —  Siphon  ella.  Gray. 

14.  Gr.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  many-stemmed  from  the 
woody  subterranean  base  :  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear,  rigid  (half  to 
three  fourths  of  an  inch  long),  mucronate,  hispidulous-scabrous,  the  lower  shorter 
than  the  internodes  :  flowers  in  a  capitate  terminal  cluster  :  calyx  rigid,  cylindra- 
ceous,  soon  5-parted,  not  scarious,  the  lobes  lanceolate-subulate  :  ovules  a  pair  in 
each  cell.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  267  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  265,  t.  26,  fig.  8. 

Eastern  borders  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (near  Carson  City  and  on  Silver  Mountain,  Anderson, 
Brewer)  ;  thence  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

15.  Gr.  floribunda,  Gray,  1.  c^  Taller,  more  slender  and  bushy,  corymbose  at 
summit :  divisions  of  the  leaves  acerose  (half  to  a  full  inch  long),  and  nearly 
smooth  :  flowers  cymose-clustered  (delicate-scented),  some  of  them  rather  slender- 
pedicelled  :  ovules  4  in  each  cell. 

Near  the  southei-n  borders  of  the  State,  Coulter,  E.  W.  Morse,  Cleveland.    Also  Arizona,  Palmer. 

II.  All  the  leaves  alternate  (in  our  species)  and  palmately  parted,  crowded  on  the 
woody  stems.  (Seeds  unaltered  in  water,  developing  neither  mucilage  nor 
spiral  threads.) 

§  5.  Corolla  salverform,  with  tube  more  or  less  exceeding  the  calyx :  filaments  short, 
inserted  in  or  below  the  throat :  anthers  short,  included :  ovules  numerous  in 
each  cell :  seed-coat  close,  as  in  Phlox,  developing  neither  spiral  threads  nor 
Tnucilage  when  wetted :  ivoody  based  perennials  or  undershrubs.  Phlox-like, 
very  leafy :  leaves  alternate,  except  in  one  species,  and  much  fascicled  in  the 
axils,  palmately  3  —  1 -parted  ;  the  divisions  acerose  or  subulate,  rigid  and 
pungent :  flowers  showy,  sessile,  solitary  or  few  in  a  cluster  at  the  end  of  short 
branches  w  branchlets.  —  Leptodactylon,  Benth.  (Leptodactylon,  Hook.  & 
Arn.) 

G.  Watsoni,  Gray,  of  Utah,  is  remarkable  for  its  opposite  leaves,  and  nearly  herbaceous  flow- 
ering-stems. —  The  following  are  decidedly  shrubby. 

16.  Gr.  Califomica,  Benth.  in  DC.  Two  or  three  feet  high,  with  spreading 
rigid  branches,  villous  or  soft-pubescent  when  young  :  leaves  widely  spreading : 
corolla  rose-color  or  lilac  ;  the  ample  limb  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  the 
broadly  cuneate-obovate  lobes  often  erose  on  the  margins  :  anthers  linear-oblong, 
included  in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube  :  ovules  20  or  more  in  each  cell.  —  Leptodac- 
tylon Californicum,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  349,  t.  89 ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4872. 

Dry  hills,  throughout  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  north  at  least  to  Monterey.  A  hand- 
some species. 


Gilia.  POLEMONIACE^.  493 

1 7.  Qr.  pungens,  Benth.  1.  c.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  in  height,  bushy :  more  or 
less  viscid-pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous  :  rigid  leaves  little  spreading  or  erect  : 
corolla  white  or  rose-color ;  the  lobes  narrower  and  only  half  as  large  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding :  anthers  borne  in  the  throat,  oblong  :  ovules  8  or  10  in  each  cell.  —  Gray, 
1.  c.  268.  G.  pungens  &  G.  Hookeri,  Benth.  in  DC.  Cantua  pungens,  Ton.  Ann. 
Lye.  K  Y.  ii.  221.     Phlox  Hookeri,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  t.  159. 

Var.  squarrosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  subidate  divisions  of  the  leaves  stouter  and  soon 
spreading  or  squarrose-recurved. 

High  and  dry  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (common  above  the  Yosemite  Valley),  and  through 
the  interior  of  Oregon,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  the  var.  squarrosa,  from  the  western  bordei-s  of 
Nevada,  through  the  dry  interior.  Probably  Douglas  mistook  in  assigning  yellow  flowers  to  this 
species. 

III.  All  or  all  hut  the  lotvest  leaves  alternate  and  more  or  less  pinnately  compound, 
cleft,  or  toothed,  or  rarely  quite  entire.  {Seed-coat  when  wetted  usually  develop- 
ing spiral  threads  as  well  as  mucilage.) 

§  6.  Flowers  capitate-glomerate  or  at  least  densely  clustered,  leafy-hracted:  bracts  and 
calyx-lohes  often  laciniate,  rigid-acerose  or  spinulose-tipped.  Corolla  slender, 
tubular funnelform  or  almost  salverform,  and  with  small  oblong  lobes :  fila- 
ments inserted  in  or  below  the  throat :  anthers  short :  cells  of  the  ovary  and 
stigmas  sometimes  only  2 :  annuals,  mostly  viscid-pubescent  or  glandular,  never 
white-woolly,  toith  once  or  ttvice  pinnatifid  or  incised  leaves,  their  lobes  com- 
monly pungent :  the  bracts  sometimes  palmately  rather  than  pinnately  cleft.  — 
Navarretia,  Gray.     {Navarretia,  Ruiz  &  Pav.) 

*    Stamens  included  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  :  ovules  8  <o  1 2  in  each  cell. 

18.  G.  squarrosa,  Hook.  &  Am.  Rigid,  rather  stout,  becoming  much  branched, 
very  glandular-viscid,  fetid  :  leaves  twice  pinnatifid,  or  pinnately  parted  and  the 
divisions  either  parted  or  incised  :  upper  leaves  and  bracts  spinescent :  corolla  blue, 
rarely  whitish,  4  or  5  lines  long,  rather  shorter  than  the  usually  entire  calyx-lobes  : 
stamens  unequal  in  length  and  slightly  so  in  insertion.  —  G.  pungens.  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  2977.  Uoitzia  squarrosa,  Kschsch.  in  Mem.  Acad.  Petrop.  1826,  283. 
Navarretia  squarrosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  368 ;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr,  1.  c. 
N.  pungens,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  75. 

Open  gi'ound,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  and  in  the  foot-hills,  extending  to 
Oregon. 

*  *    Stamens  more  or  less  exserted :  corolla  slender,  S  to  5  lines  long. 

-{-  Leaves  tivice  pinnatifid,  at  least  the  lower  ones :  ovules  1  to  4:  in  each  cell. 

19.  Gr.  COtulaefolia,  Steudel.     Rather  stout  and  rigid,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 

tomentose-puberuleut,  or  above  villous-pubescent  and  minutely  glandular :  most  of 

the  leaves  twice  pinnately  divided  or  parted  into  slender-siibulate  divisions ;  the 

upper  and  the  bracts  spinescent :  tube  of  the  violet  or  whitish  corolla  hardly  longer 

than  the  sparsely  villous  calyx :  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell :  capsule  usually  only 

1 -seeded.  —  Navarretia  pubescens  &  N.  cotulaefolia,  Benth. 

^  Dry  hillsides,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  and  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierm 
Nevada.     Exhales  the  odor  of  AiUheinis  Cotula. 

20.  G.  intertexta,  Steudel.  At  length  diffusely  much  branched,  a  span  high, 
neither  viscid  nor  glandular :  stems  retrorsely  pubescent :  leaves  mainly  glabrous ; 
their  divaricate  acerose  and  spinescent  divisions  either  sparingly  divided  or  simple  : 
flowers  densely  glomerate  :  base  of  the  bracts  and  tube  of  the  calyx  densely  white- 
villous  with  long  spreading  hairs  :  corolla  white,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  ovules 
and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell.  —  Navarretia  intertexta,  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  75. 

Dry  hills,  from  near  San  Fmncisco  to  Sierra  Co.,  and  north  to  Washington  Territoiy. 


494  POLEMONIACE^.  Gilia. 

G.  MINIMA,  Gray,  a  dwarf  and  tufted  nearly  glabrous  wliite-flowered  species,  related  to  this 
and  the  next,  inhabits  the  interior  dry  region,  but  has  not  been  found  west  of  Utah. 

21.  G".  Bre'weri,  Gray.  A  span  high,  or  less,  at  length  much  branched  and  dif- 
fusely tufted,  niinutely  glandular-puberulent  throughout :  divisions  of  the  leaves 
acerose  and  mostly  entire  :  flowers  in  less  dense  leafy  heads  :  corolla  yellow,  hardly 
longer  than  the  slender  subulate  calyx-lobes  ;  the  tube  of  the  latter  very  short : 
ovules  and  seeds  mostly  solitary.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  269. 

Dry  ground,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Placer  Co.  to  Sierra  Co.  at  6,000  to  8,000  feet  {Brewer, 
Bolander),  and  through  Nevada  to  Wyoming  Territory. 

22.  Gr.  leucocephala,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  high,  rather  slender,  loosely  branched, 
not  glandular,  glabrous,  except  a  little  woolliness  at  summit  and  on  the  thin  calyx- 
tube  :  leaves  soft,  with  commonly  simple  linear-filiform  divisions ;  those  of  the 
bracts  hardly  pungent :  heads  dense  :  corolla  white,  longer  than  the  calyx  :  ovules 
2  in  each  cell.  —  Navarretia  leucocephala,  Benth.  PL  Hartw.  324. 

Damp  or  low  grounds,  around  San  Francisco  Bay  to  the  Sacramento  and  Mendocino  Co. 

-J-  -t-  Leaves  only  once  pimiatijid  or  incised,  or  many  of  them  entire, 

++  All  slender  and  filiform,  except  the  by'acts  of  the  small  heads,  which  are  more  or  less 
palmately  3  -  5-cleft :  corolla  small  (3  or  4  lines  long),  rather  slender. 

23.  Gp.  divaricata,  Torr.  Diffusely  branched,  slender,  a  span  or  more  in 
height,  somewhat  pubescent,  hardly  at  all  glandular,  the  bracts  and  calyx  more  or 
less  woolly-pubescent  :  filiform  branches  proliferous  :  divisions  of  the  uppermost 
leaves  and  the  similar  bracts  acerose  :  corolla  purple  or  (apparently)  yellowish  : 
ovules  5  to  7  in  each  cell.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 

Lake  Co.  to  Mariposa  Co.  up  to  8,000  feet. 

24.  Gr.  filicaulis,  Torr.  A  span  or  two  high,  moderately  or  at  length  widely 
branched,  slender,  viscid-glandular,  especially  above ;  branches  naked  :  upper  leaves 
filiform  or  setaceous  and  entire  ;  bracts  somewhat  cuneate  and  the  lobes  pungent, 
the  inner  ones  shorter  than  the  violet  corolla  :  ovules  mostly  solitary  in  each  cell.  — 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 

Mariposa  Co.  to  Butte  Co.,  Jeffray,  Torrey,  Mrs.  PuMfer  Ames. 

++  ++  Leaves  broader,  rigid,  linear  or  lanceolate,  and  with  spinulose  lobes:  sterna  stmit: 
flowers  densely  glomerate :  corolla  violet  or  2)urple,  barely  half  an  inch  long  ;  about 
ttvice  the  length  of  the  pungent  calyx-lobes. 

25.  Gr.  viscidula,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  high,  or  less,  at  length  much  branched, 
viscid-pubescent  :  cauline  leaves  mostly  slender  and  laciniate-pinnatitid ;  the  as- 
cending lobes  acerose  or  subulate  ;  floral  ones  broader  and  more  spinescent ;  bracts 
more  dilated  at  base  and  palmately  cleft  :  ovules  1  to  4  in  each  cell.  —  Navarretia 
viscidula,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  325,  a  small  form. 

Dry  hills,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Francisco,  &c.,  and  to  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

26.  Gr.  atractyloides,  Steudel.  A  span  high,  simple  or  much  branched,  viscid- 
pubescent,  very  rigid,  especially  the  foliage  :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper 
becoming  broader  and  the  floral  ovate,  all  pinnatifid,  witli  widely  spreading  subulate 
spine-like  lobes  :  leafy  heads  rather  few-flowered  :  ovules  6  or  7  in  each  cell. 

Open  dry  ground,  from  San  Diego  to  Santa  Cruz.  Leaves,  at  least  the  floral  ones,  almost  carti- 
laginous. 

++  ++  ++  Leaves  dilated  towards  the  apex,  at  least  the  upper  ones :  stems  depressed : 
flowers  p7'oportio7ially  large,  less  crowded. 

27.  Gr.  setosissima,  Gmy,  1.  c.  An  inch  or  two  high,  at  length  forming  a 
depressed  tuft,  cinereous-pubescent  or  glabrate  :  lower  leaves  linear  and  slightly 
toothed,   the  upper  becoming  oblauceolate,  spatulate,   or  with  a  cuneate   3-lobed 


Gilia.  POLEMONIACE^.  495 

dilated  apex,  more  or  less  incised,  all  tlie  teeth  or  lobes  and  here  and  there  the  even 
margins  beset  with  very  long  white  bristles,  many  of  the  lower  in  pairs  :  calyx-lobes 
similarly  setose-tij^ped  :  corolla  purple  or  purplish,  6  to  9  lines  long  :  ovules  several 
or  rarely  few  in  each  cell.  —  Navarretia  setosissima,  Torr.  &  Gray,  in  Ives  Colorado 
Exp.  22.     N.  Schottii,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  14-5,  a  small  form. 

Gravelly  plains,  on  the  Rio  Colorado  and  the  Mohave,  and  Providence  Mountains  {Coulter, 
Newberry,  Cooper,  &c.),  extending  to  Southern  Utah. 

§  7.  Flowers,  inflorescence,  <S:c.,  nearly  as  in  the  foregoing  section  ;  hut  the  anthers 
longer  and  ahoays  exseiHed :  corolla  (salverform)  more  conspicuous  :  plants  all 
tvhite  tvith  floccose  wool,  at  least  wlien  young,  and  neither  glandular  nor  viscid. 
—  Hltgelia  [Hugelia,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Eeg.  Gilia  §  Hugelia  &  Fseudocol- 
lomia,  Benth.  in  DC). 

*  Boot  perennial :  stems  woody  at  the  base :  anthers  linear-sagittate  :  ovules  several. 

28.  Gr.  densifolia,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  in  height :  stems  virgate  from  a  woody 
base,  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  rigid,  linear,  laciniate-pinnatitid  or  incised  ;  the  short 
lobes  few  or  several,  subulate :  flowers  numerous  in  a  compact  head  :  corolla  over 
half  an  inch  in  length,  violet-blue,  two  or  three  times  the  length  of  the  calyx  (the 
lobes  3  lines  long)  :  anthers  linear.  —  Uugelia  densifolia  (a  short  stout  form)  and 
//.  elongata,  Benth. 

Diy  hills,  from  Santa  Clara  Co.  to  the  Mohave,  and  in  Southern  Nevada, 

*  *  Root  annual :  stems  slender,  at  length  loosely  branched,  a  foot  or  less  in  height  : 
leaves  and  their  few  {^if  any)  divisions  filiform :  flowers  rather  few  in  the  small 
clusters. 

29.  Gr.  virgata,  Steudel.  At  first  strict  and  simple-stemmed,  at  length  branched 
from  the  base  or  throughout,  sometimes  glabrate  :  tube  of  the  blue  corolla  longer 
than  the  calyx  :  anthers  (when  dry)  linear,  deeply  sagittate,  a  line  long  :  ovules  2  to 
5  in  each  cell.  — -  Hugelia  virgata,  Benth.  ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  200. 

Var.  floribunda,  Gray,  1.  c.  Low  and  rather  stout :  even  the  upper  leaves 
pinnately  3  -  7-parted  :  the  numerous  heads  and  flowers  fully  as  large  as  those  of 
G.  densifolia. 

Dry  hills,  Monterey  to  San  Diego  and  east  to  the  Rio  Colorado.  Tlie  remarkable  variety  from 
Santa  Clara  Co.  {Brewer)  to  Tejon,   JVallace. 

30.  Gr.  Iloccosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Smaller  than  the  preceding  :  leaves  mostly  entire  : 
corolla  al)out  4  lines  long,  blue  or  becoming  white  (probably  never  "  yellow ")  : 
anthers  linear-oblong  (barely  half  a  line  in  length)  :  ovules  1  to  4  in  each  cell.  — 
Hugelia  lutea,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Reg.  Gilia  lutescens,  Steudel ;  Benth.  in  DC.  (But 
the  flowers  were  doubtless  bluish,  faded  to  dull  white.) 

Eastern  bordei-s  of  the  State,  from  the  Mohave  to  the  Tnickee,  &c.,  and  east  to  Utah.  Also 
near  Monterey. 

31.  Gr.  filifolia,  Jlutt.  Like  the  preceding,  but  more  rigid  :  leaves  mostly 
3-pai-ted  :  corolla  blue  or  bluish,  little  if  at  all  exserted  :  anthers  oval,  very  small : 
ovules  4  to  6  in  each  cell.  — PI.  Gamb.  1.56  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

Near  Santa  Barbara  {NuttalT),  and  San  Isabel  {Thurber),  to  the  Mohave  {Cooper),  Arizona, 
and  Nevada.  This  and  the  preceding  probably  nm  together,  and  all  these  annual  species  are  hard 
to  distinguish. 

§  8,  Floivers  capitate-croivded  or  someiohat  looser,  bracteate  :  corolla  white  or  pur- 
plish, salverform,  mostly  ivith  a  short  tube :  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla,  inserted  in  or  near  the  sinuses :  anthers  short :  lobes  of  the  calyx 
and  of  the  leaves  tipped  iinth  an  awn-like  but  not  pungent  cusp :  low  biennials, 
annuals,  or  short-lived  perennials,  usually  viscid-pubescent  tvith  many-jointed 
hairs,  and  with  simply  pinnatifid  or  entire  leaves.  —  Elaphocera,  Nutt. 


496  POLEMONIACE^.  Gilia. 

*   Perennial,  densely-flowered. 

32.  G-,  congesta,  Hook.  Woolly-pubescent,  becoming  glabrate,  tufted,  3  to  12 
inches  high  :  leaves  petioled,  much  crowded  on  the  short  sterile  shoots,  scattered  on 
the  erect  flowering  stem,  thickish,  mostly  pinnately  pkrted  into  3  to  7  short-linear 
or  oblanceolate  divisions,  which  are  not  rarely  so  crowded  as  to  appear  palmate  or 
peclate  :  flowers  numerous  in  solitary  or  a  few  corymbose  naked  and  dense  heads  : 
corolla  white ;  its  tube  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx  and  the  oval  lobes  (these  a  line 
or  two  long) :  exserted  lilaments  as  long  as  the  anthers  :  ovules  2  to  4  in  each  cell. 
—  Fl.  ii.  75,  &Ic.  Ph  t.  235. 

Sieira  Nevada  at  10,000  feet  and  upwards,  in  Placer  and  Nevada  Counties  {Brewer,  Bolander, 
E.  L.  Greene),  and  on  the  northern  border  of  the  State  (Newberry) :  tlienee  to  Oregon  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  var.  crch-ifolia.  Gray  {G.  crcbrifolia,  Nutt.),  with  entire  and  more 
glabrous  leaves,  occurs  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Nevada. 

*  *    Annual,  low  and  spreading,  loosely  branclied :  flowers  fewer,  more  leafyArraded^ 
in  less  dense  clusters :  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  leaves  conspicuously  cuspidate-tipped. 

33.  Gr.  pumila,  Nutt.  Slightly  woolly-pubescent :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  en- 
tire or  with  2  to  4  narrow  lobes  :  tube  of  the  corolla  (3  or  4  lines  long)  about  twice 
the  length  of  its  lobes  and  of  the  calyx-lobes  :  filaments  shorter  than  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla  :  ovules  5  or  6  in  each  ceU.  —  PI.  Gamb.  156.  G.  trifida,  Eenth.  in 
Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  291. 

Foot-hills  of  the  Truckee  Mountains,  Northwestern  Nevada,  Watson.  Thence  east  to  New 
Mexico  and  Wyoming. 

34.  Gr.  polycladon,  Torr.  Puberulent  or  sparsely  pubescent,  with  elongated 
branches  leafless  below  :  leaves  short,  spatulate  or  oblong  in  outline,  incisely  pin- 
natifid  into  several  small  and  irregular  lobes;  those  of  the  branches  mainly  clustered 
around  the  flowers  (half  an  inch  long)  :  corolla  barely  2  lines  long,  its  tube  hardly 
exceeding  the  calyx-lobes  :  anthers  almost  sessile  in  the  throat :  ovules  only  a  pair 
in  each  celL  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  147;  "VVatson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  268. 

Mountains  on  the  western  borders  of  Nevada,  Watson.  Thence  east  to  Utah  and  the  borders 
of  Texas.     This  and  the  preceding  will  doubtless  be  detected  within  the  State. 

§  9.  Flowers  thyrsoid-panicled,  hardly  hracteate:  corolla  (red)  salverform  with  a  long 
and  slightly  funnelform  tube,  very  much  su7passing  the  calyx:  stamens  inserted 
in  or  below  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  not  longer  than  its  lobes :  anthei's  short : 
omdes  mimerous  in  each  cell:  biennials,  merely  pubescent,  with  simple  virgate 
stem  and  large  showy  blossoms.  —  Ipomopsis,  Benth. 

35.  Gr.  aggregata,  Spreng.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high  :  leaves  thickish,  pinnately 
parted  into  7  to  1 3  linear  mucronulate  divisions,  or  in  the  upper  leaves  fewer : 
flowers  in  small  clusters,  disposed  in  a  simple  or  sometimes  branching  virgate  naked 
panicle  :  calyx  commonly  glandular ;  its  lobes  subulate  :  corolla  scarlet  (varying  to 
pink  or  rarely  white) ;  its  tube  an  inch  long,  2  to  4  times  the  length  of  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  acute  soon  recurved-spreading  lobes  :  filaments  slen- 
der.—  Don,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  218  {Cantna  aggregata,  Pursh).  G.  j^ulchella, 
Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  74.  Ipomopsis  elegans,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1281.  —  Puns 
into  various  forms,  of  which  the  most  marked  is 

Var.  Bridgesii,  Gray,  1.  c. :  a  rather  low  form,  loosely  somewhat  few-flowered  : 
corolla  said  to  be  purple :  calyx-lobes  short  and  broadly  triangular-subulate  or  ovate- 
deltoid  :  lobes  of  the  leaves  very  obtuse,  seldom  mucronulate. 

Rocky  ravines,  &c.,  Sierra  Nevada,  throughout  its  length,  to  Oregon  and  Idaho,  and  east  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  variety  collected  only  by  Bridrfes,  —  station  in  California  unknown,  —  but 
various  specimens  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  approach  it.  Flowers  "very  fragrant,"  even  more  showy 
than  those  of  the  related  G.  coronojxifolia  of  the  Southern  Atlantic  States.  Stamens  in  some  in- 
dividuals included,  in  others  conspicuously  exserted  ;  these  with  style  equally  or  even  more 
exserted. 


GUia.  .  POLEMONIACE^E.  497 

36.  Gr.  subnuda,  Torr.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  glandular-puberulent :  leaves 
chiefly  at  the  base,  spatulate  or  oblong,  incisely  toothed  or  slightly  few-lobed ;  those 
of  the  naked  stem  small  and  entire,  and  above  reduced  to  minute  bracts  :  flowers 
somewhat  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  of  the  naked  panicle:  calyx-lobes 
broadly  subulate  :  corolla  orange  or  scarlet ;  the  tube  half  an  inch  long,  thrice  the 
length  of  the  ovate  obtuse  lobes.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  276. 

Western  part  of  Nevada  {11.  H.  Stretch),  and  Arizona  {Neicberrif,  Palmer) :  may  be  expected  on 
the  eastern  borders  of  California.     In  the  specimens,  the  anthers  are  included,  on  short  filaments. 

§  10.  Flowers  capitate-glomerate  or  panicled,  or  scattered,  usually  bractless :  corolla 
(blue,  purple,  or  white)  from  funnelform  to  campanulate  or  almost  rotate : 
stameiis  included  or  not  surpassing  the  corolla-lobes  :  filaments  slender :  leaves 
mostly  pinnately  incised  or  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  dissected.  —  Eugilia, 
Benth.  mainly. 

*    Dwarf  perennial,  few-flowered  among  the  leaves :  ovules  solitary. 

37.  G-.  Iiarseni,  Gray.  Depressed,  rising  an  inch  or  two  out  of  ground  from, 
filiform  subterranean  running  shoots,  soft- pubescent :  leaves  much  crowded  at  the 
summit  (but  alternate),  somewhat  pedately  5  —  7-parted  or  the  upper  3-cleft ;  the 
lobes  2  to  4  lines  long,  hnear-oblong,  or  the  larger  more  dilated  and  2  -  3-cleft : 
flowers  almost  sessile,  little  exceeding  the  leaves  :  corolla  funnelform,  violet-purple, 
nearly  half  an  inch  long,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  lobes  broadly 
oval.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  84. 

On  Lassen's  Peak,  in  loose  soil  of  volcanic  ashes,  Lemmon  and  John  Larsen.  This  singular 
little  species  might  be  thought  to  belong  to  the  Navarretia  section  ;  but  the  lobes  of  the  leaves 
and  of  the  calyx  are  not  rigid,  nor  even  so  much  as  mucronate,  and  the  flowers  are  not  capitate- 
crowded.  In  some  flowers  two  or  three  of  the  stamens  are  abortive  and  very  short,  but  all  are- 
inserted  at  the  same  height,  low  down  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  It  is  only  in  the  solitary 
ovules  that  this  species  accords  with  the  section  Microgilia. 

*  *  Annuals :  ovules  and  seeds  few  or  numerous  in  ecu;h  cell. 

-(-  Flowers  numerous  in  dense  headlike  clusters  on  long  naked  peduncles :  stems  erect, 
a  foot  or  two  high :  stamens  inserted  in  the  very  sinuses  of  the  short  and  broad 
corolla,  as  long  as  their  lobes :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  dissected  into  very 
narrow  linear  divisions. 

38.  Gr.  capitata,  Dougl.  Glabrous  or  a  little  pubescent  :  stem  slender,  loosely 
branched  above  :  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  lobes  of  the  light  blue  (rarely  white) 
corolla  narrowly  oblong  or  almost  linear  (2  lines  long),  nearly  of  the  length  of  the 
narrow  tube.  —Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2698  ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Peg.  t.  1170. 

Low  grounds,  not  rare,  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  Oregon. 

39.  G.  achilleaefolia,  Benth.  Like  the  preceding,  but  usually  stouter,  often 
somewhat  glandular  :  the  capitate  clusters  and  flowers  larger  or  less  compact  :  calyx 
more  or  less  AvooUy,  its  lobes  with  short  recurved  tips  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate 
or  broadly  oblong  (2  or  3  lines  long),  the  throat  abruptly  much  dilated.  —  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  5939. 

Hills  and  sandy  ground,  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State. 

4-  -t-  Flowers  in  small  and  rather  loose  clusters,  or  else  scattered  in  the  open  panicle. 

++  Leaves  mainly  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  divided  into  fine  and  narrow  segments : 
corolla  funnelform,  from  one  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long :  herbage  somewhat  viscid- 
pubescent  or  glandidar,  or  glabrate :  stems  erect  or  at  length  diffusely  spreading. 

40.  Gr.  multicaulis,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  in  height,  simple  in  depau- 
perate and  early  plants,  loosely  branched  in  larger  and  later :  flowers  few  or  several 
(rarely  solitary)  in  a  cluster  terminating  the  slender  naked  peduncles,  short-pedi- 
celled  or  almost  sessile ;  corolla  (a  third  of  an  inch  long)  violet,  with  proper  tube 


498  POLEMONIACEiE.  Gilia. 

shorter  than  the  viscid  calyx,  and  the  obovate  lobes  not  longer  than  the  funnel- 
form  throat:  capsule  ovoid.  —  G.  achille(jefolia,  Lindl.  Bot.  lieg.  t.  1682;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  3440,  not  of  Benth.  G.  millefoliata,  Fischer  &  Meyer ;  a  diffuse  cul- 
tivated form. 

Var.  tenera,  Gray,  1.  c. :  a  slender,  depauperate,  few-flowered  state,  with  the 
peduncles,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  one-flowered.  —  G.  stricta,  Liebmann,  Ind. 
Sem.  Hort.  Hafn.  1853. 

In  dry  ground,  common  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Slender  depauperate  fonns 
abound  in  poor  soil. 

41.  G.  tricolor,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  two  in  height,  in  age  diff'usely 
branched  :  flowers  few  in  the  loosely  paniculate  and  rather  short-peduncled  clusters  : 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  viscid-puberulent  or  rarely  glabrous  calyx  :  corolla  (one 
third  to  half  an  inch  long)  with  very  short  proper  tube  and  ample  campanulate- 
funnelform  throat,  which  is  pale  yellow  or  orange  below,  dark  purple  above,  and  the 
lilac  or  violet  roundish  lobes  longer  than  the  stamens.  —  Hort.  Trans,  viii.  t.  18; 
Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1704  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3463. 

Common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  and  the  foot-hills  ;  familiar  in  cultivation. 

42.  G-.  tenuiflora,  Benth.  Commonly  a  foot  high,  slender :  radical  and  lower 
cauline  leaves  with  shorter  lobes  than  in  the  two  preceding  species  :  upper  leaves 
few,  small,  and  simpler :  flowers  mostly  slender-pedicelled  in  the  loose  panicle  : 
corolla  purple  or  rose-color,  funnelform  with  slender  tube,  4  or  5  times  the  length 
of  the  calyx  (7  to  9  lines  long) ;  its  lobes  broadly  obovate  and  longer  than  the 
stamens.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1888. 

Var.  latiflora,  Gray,  1.  c.  :  a  form  with  shorter  tube  to  the  corolla,  more  abruptly 
dilated  throat,  and  broader  limb  :  radical  leaves  sometimes  simply  pinnatifld. 
Dry  ground,  Monterey  to  San  Diego,  &c.     The  variety,  Los  Angeles,  &c.,  Fremont,  Wallace. 

++  ++  Leaves  once  or  sometimes  tvnce  pinnatifid,  or  merely  incised  or  toothed :  flowers 

loosely  panicled. 

=  Corolla  funnelform,  from  less  than  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long :  seeds  many. 

43.  G.  inconspicua,  Dougl.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length  loosely  much 
branched,  somewhat  viscid  or  glandular,  when  young  usually  a  slight  woolliness 
upon  the  foliage  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  numerous  short 
oblong  or  lanceolate  and  commonly  few-toothed  or  incisely-lobed  divisions;  the 
upper  with  simple  and  fewer  mostly  linear  divisions  :  pedicels  some  slender  and 
some  short  or  nearly  wanting :  corolla  violet-purple  or  bluish,  twice  or  tlirice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag,  t.  2883.  Ipomopsis  inconspicua,  Smith, 
Exot.  Bot.  t.  14.  Cantua  parvifloi-a,  Pursh,  This  is  the  smaller-flowered  form,  with 
tube  of  the  corolla  at  first  shorter  than  the  calyx,  and  lobes  only  a  line  long.  It 
passes  by  gradation  into 

Var.  sinuata,  Gray,  1.  c,  with  tube  of  corolla  more  slender  and  exserted,  and 
lobes  often  2  lines  long  :  lobes  of  the  radical  leaves  commonly  narrow  and  entire.  — 
G.  sinuata,  Dougl.  ex  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  313.  G.  arenaria,  Benth.,  appears 
to  be  a  form  of  this,  from  the  sea-beach  at  Monterey,  with  short  ovate  lobes  to 
the  radical  leaves,  and  a  slender  corolla-tube,  seemingly  passing  into  G.  tenuiflora. 

Dry  or  gravelly  ground,  common  nearly  throughout  the  State  and  in  Oregon,  and  east  through 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

44.  Gr.  leptomerisi,  Gray.  A  span  high,  minutely  glandular  or  viscid  :  leaves 
mainly  in  a  radical  tuft,  narrowly  oblong  (about  an  inch  long),  pinnatifid  with  very 
short  lobes  or  merely  incised ;  the  cauline  small,  linear,  entire,  mostly  reduced  to 
bracts  of  the  ample  and  efl'use  cymose  panicle  :  pedicels  some  filiform,  some  shorter 
than  the  calyx  :  corolla  nearly  white,  1|  to  3  lines  long,  slender,  approaching  salver- 
form,  twice  or  thrice  the  lengt.h  of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  ovate,  sometimes  repandly 


Polemonium.  POLEMONIACE^  499 

2  -  3-toothed  and  acute,  half  a  line  long  :  seeds  not  mucilaginous  when  wetted  !  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  278;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  270,  t.  26,  fig.  6,  7. 

Northwestern  Nevada,  on  the  borders  of  California  (  Watson,  Lemmon)  ;  east  to  Utah. 
=  ^  Corolla  campanulate,  white  or  nearly  so :  seeds  few. 

45.  Cr.  micromeria,  Gray.  Diffuse,  2  or  3  inches  high,  very  slender,  almost 
glabrous  :  radical  anil  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  with  linear-oblong  very  obtuse  lobes ; 
tlio.se  of  the  branches  linear  and  entire,  gradually  reduced  to  bracts  :  flowers  sparse, 
mainly  opposite  the  leaves,  on  long  filiform  at  length  somewhat  refracted  pedicels  : 
corolla  barely  a  line  long,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  :  capsule  globular,  longer  than 
the  style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  279  ;  Watson,  1.  c.  t.  26,  fig.  12-  16. 

Northwestern  Nevada,  Traekee  Valley  to  the  East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Watson.  Probably 
reaches  California. 

46.  G-.  caxnpanulata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffuse,  2  or  3  inches  high,  somewhat 
pubescent  and  viscid  :  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  or  incised  (half  an 
inch  long) ;  those  of  the  slender  paniculate  branches  similar,  or  narrower  and  entire  : 
pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  flower  :  corolla  4  lines  long,  with  hardly  any  proper 
tube,  moderately  5-lobed,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate-subulate  lobes 
of  the  deeply  parted  calyx ;  these  scariously  margined  toward  the  base  :  stamens 
inserted  low  down  :  ovules  6  or  7  in  each  cell.  — Watson,  1.  c.   t.  26,  fig.  16-18. 

Banks  of  the  Truckee  River,  Nevada,  Watson.  Perhaps  extending  to  California.  Flower  not 
luilike  that  of  the  first  species  here  described,  viz.,  G.  dcmissa. 

G.  FiLiFORMis,  Parry,  a  newly  discovered  species  of  Southern  Utah,  related  to  the  last,  has 
smaller  and  cream-colored  flowers  on  filiform  at  length  refracted  pedicels,  and  almost  filifoim 
entire  leaves. 

G.  MiNUTiFLORA,  Benth.,  of  a  peculiar  section, — with  very  small  flowers,  5-toothed  calyx, 
salverform  corolla,  and  solitary  ovules,  —  has  been  attributed  to  California,  but  is  known  only 
from  the  interior  of  Oregon  and  eastward. 

4.  POLEMONIUM,  Tourn.        Greek  Valeriax. 

Flowers  as  in  Gilia  §  Eugilia,  but  the  corolla  short  and  broad,  the  stamens 
somewhat  declined,  the  filaments  hairy-appendaged  at  base.  —  Perennial  or  rarely 
annual  herbs ;  with  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted  leaves,  and  mostly  showy  flowers. 
Calyx  herbaceous ;  its  divisions  and  those  of  the  leaves  pointless.  Corolla  more 
commonly  blue,  varying  to  white. 

The  few  species  are  all  North  American,  either  northern  or  of  elevated  districts  ;  two  of  them 
also  of  the  Old  World.  The  genus,  sufliciently  well  marked  as  to  the  original  species,  is  much 
invalidated  by  the  annual  P.  micranthum,  on  the  one  hand,  and  one  or  more  with  funnelform 
corolla  on  the  other. 

§  1.  Annual,  diffuse :  rotate  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx:  flowers  scattered. 

1.  P.  micranthum,  Benth.    Low,  weak  and  diffusely  spreading  or  procumbent, 

3  to  8  inches  high,  viscid-pubescent :  leaflets  5  to  13,  obovate  or  lanceolate  (2  to  4 
lines  long) :  corolla  rotate,  white  or  whitish,  and  decidedly  shorter  than  the  deeply 
5-cleft  calyx  :  seeds  5  to  9.  — DC.  Prodr.  ix.  318. 

Moist  grounds.  Sierra  Co.  {Lemmon),  and  adjacent  borders  of  Nevada  {Anderson,  Watson), 
north  to  British  Columbia. 

§  2.    Perennial :   corolla  rotate-campanulate  from  a  very  short  somewhat  obconical 
tube;  limb  surpassing  the  calyx:  inflorescence  cymose  (yr  thyrsoid-panicled. 

2.  P.  humile,  Willd.  A  span  high,  commonly  in  tufts  from  rather  slender 
rootstocks,  minutely  viscid-pubescent  or  almost  glabrous  :  leaflets  11  to  21,  from  ob- 
long-lanceolate to  oval,  and  from  2  to  7  lines  long,  either  scattered  or  crowded, 
entire  :  cymes  corymbose,  few-flowered,  loose  :  calyx  deeply  5-cIeft :  corolla  (blue. 


500  POLEMONIACE^.  Pol&monium. 

lavender,  or  sometimes  nearly  white)  half  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter  :  seeds  one 
or  two  in  each  cell.  —  P.  pulchellum,  Bunge ;  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  Ic.  t.  20 ;  Lindl.  Bot. 
Eeg.  t.  1304.  P.  Richardsoni,  Graham  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2800.  P.  capitatum,  Benth. 
in  DC,  not  of  Eschscholtz.     P.  pulcherrimum,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2979. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  at  and  above  8,000  feet,  from  Mariposa  Co.  {Brewer)  to  Lassen's  Peak 
{Lemmon) ;  east  to  the  higher  Rocky  Mountains,  north  to  the  Arctic  regions,  Siberia,  Spitz- 
bergen,  &c.     A  polymorphous  sjjecies. 

3.  p.  CSBruleum,  Linn.  Glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent,  2  or  3  feet  (or  in  arctic- 
alpine  forms  a  span  or  two)  in  height,  leafy,  usually  bearing  numerous  flowers  in  an 
interrupted  narrow  thyrsoid  panicle  or  in  loose  corymbose  cymes  :  leaflets  11  to  21, 
from  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong  (J  to  1^  inches  long):  calyx  cleft  to  or  beyond 
the  middle  :  corolla  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter  {bright  blue,  varying  to  white), 
shorter  than  the  stamens  or  at  least  than  the  style  :  seeds  several  in  each  cell,  in 
ours  acutely  angled. 

Low  gi-ounds,  not  rare  from  San  Francisco  to  the  high  Sierra  Nevada.  Extends  north  to  the 
Arctic  coast,  and  east  to  the  northern  Atlantic  States  (sparingly),  and  through  the  noi-th  of  Asia 
and  Europe.  A  striking  form,  var.  foliosissimum,  Gray,  approaching  P.  Mexicanum,  occurs  in 
the  Eocky  Mountains  and  those  of  Utah. 

§  3.  Perennial :  corolla  with  trxdy  funnelform  tube  longer  than  the  calyx :  inflores- 
cence capitate  or  spicate :  leaflets  mostly  palmately  divided. 

4.  P.  COnfertum,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high  from  stout  and  branching  or 
tufted  rootstocks,  on  the  summits  of  which  the  radical  leaves  are  densely  crowded, 
glandular- viscid  and  musk-scented  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  in  general  outline,  erect ; 
leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded,  sometimes  even  imbricated,  sessile,  most  of 
them  3  -  5-parted  and  seemingly  whorled ;  the  divisions  from  round-oval  to  linear- 
oblong,  and  from  a  line  to  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or  more  in  length  :  flowers  in  a 
single  dense  capitate  cluster,  or  fn  age  spicate,  honey-scented  :  corolla  (blue,  and  a 
white  variety)  with  narrow  funnelform  tube  (half  an  inch  long)  twice  or  thrice  the 
length  of  the  rounded  lobes  :  ovules  3  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  73, 
&  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  280. 

Among  rocks  on  high  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  12,000  to  13,300  feet ;  Mount  Goddard  and 
Mount  Dana  {Brewer),  Mount  Lyell  (/.  Muir);  and  on  the  higher  mountains  of  Nevada  and 
Colorado.     Ours  are  of  the  condensed  and  small -leaved  form. 

P.  viscosuM,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  154  (mainly,  Nuttall  having  mixed  the  two),  is  between  the 
above  and  P.  humile,  and  is  known  only  in  the  more  northern  Rocky  Mountains. 

6.  LCESELIA,  Linn. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Gilia  §  Jpomopsis,  except  that  the  tubular-funnelform 
corolla  is  irregular,  as  it  were  bilabiate  (|),  one  of  the  cuneate  or  oblong  lobes  being 
separated  by  deeper  sinuses.  Stamens  declined.  Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  ovoid, 
mucilaginous  when  wetted.  —  Rigid  herbs  or  undershrubs  (natives  of  Mexico) ; 
with  alternate  and  simple  and  entire  or  sharply  serrate  leaves,  and  showy  red  or 
blue  flowers  in  terminal  or  lateral  clusters,  with  or  without  scarious  dilated  bracts. 

1.  L.  tenuifolia,  Gray.  J^early  glabrous  :  stems  woody  at  base,  slender  :  leaves 
very  narrow,  spinidose-mucronate ;  tjie  lower  pinnately  parted  into  a  few  subulate 
short  lobes ;  the  upper  entire  and  filiform  (about  an  inch  long)  :  branches  loosely 
few-flowered  at  the  summit :  calyx  bractless  :  corolla  scarlet,  nearly  salverform  ;  its 
oblong  lobes  truncately  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  about  one  third  the  length  of  the 
narrow  tube  :  capillary  fllaments  inserted  low  down  and  much  exserted  :  ovules  8  or 
10  in  each  cell.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  86. 

Tantillas  Mountains,  below  San  Diego,  within  the  borders  of  Lower  California,  Mr.  Duvn, 
Dr.  Pahner.  Probably  also  within  the  southern  line  of  the  State.  Corolla  an  inch  long  :  calyx 
3  lines  long.     See  Appendix. 


HYDROPHYLLACE^.  501 


Order  LXIV.    HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

Known  in  general  by  having  the  scorpioid  inflorescence  (and  often  the  rough 
hairiness)  of  the  Borraginacece,  along  with  an  undivided  1  -  2-celled  4  -  many- 
ovuled  ovary,  and  the  two  styles  distinct  at  the  apex  if  not  to  the  base,  the  flowers 
regular  and  5-androus,  and  the  fruit  a  capsule,  with  the  two  placentae  parietal  or 
borne  upon  the  half-partitions.  —  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  mostly  5-parted  or  of  5 
separate  sepals,  persistent.  Corolla  5-lobed,  imbricated  or  sometimes  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Stigmas 
terminal,  small  and  simple  or  more  or  less  capitate.  Only  in  Rom,anzqffi.a  are  the 
stigmas  as  well  as  styles  completely  united  into  one.  Ovary  commonly  hispid  or 
hirsute,  at  least  at  the  top.  Capsule  in  all  ours  loculicidal.  Seeds  amphitropous  or 
anatropous,  with  a  close  and  commonly  reticulated  or  pitted  coat,  and  a  horny  or 
firm  fleshy  albumen,  containing  a  small  embryo.  —  Mostly  herbs,  a  few  shrubby ; 
with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  an  insipid  colorless  juice. 
Flowers  sometimes  in  perfect  cymes,  or  solitary  and  terminal  and  becoming  lateral 
by  the  forking  or  the  unilateral  continuation  of  the  stem,  or  more  commonly  re- 
duced to  either  geminate  or  single  scorpioid  and  bractless  false  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  in  the  following  descriptions  simply  called  spikes  or  racemes.  —  Benth. 
Hydrophyll.  in  Linn.  Trans,  xvii.  272;  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  287;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  312. 

A  family  of  about  120  sjiecies,  in  over  a  dozen  genera,  all  American,  except  a  few  outlying 
species  of  Hijdrolea,  mostly  North  American,  and  increasing  in  number  and  variety  from  the 
Atlantic  coast  westward,  very  fully  represented  in  California.  Wholly  inert  plants,  of  no  eco- 
nomical importance  ;  but  several  of  the  Californian  species  are  familiar  ornamental  annuals  in 
general  cultivation. 

TuiBE  I.  HYDROPHYLLE.E.  Ovary  and  capsule  one-celled  ;  the  cell  lined  with  the  pla- 
centiE  in  the  form  of  a  rather  fleshy  or  when  dry  membranous  sac,  attached  primarily  to 
the  walls  by  two  parietal  lines,  enclosing  4  to  20  amphitropous  ovules  and  (often  by  abor- 
tion fewer)  seeds.  Style  2-cleft.  Corolla  almost  always  convolute  in  the  bud.  Seeds 
spherical  or  roundish-oval,  with  cartilaginous  albumen.     Herbs. 

*  Flowers  in  crowded  or  capitate  clusters  :  stamens  and  style  longer  than  the  corolla.      Ours 

perennials,  with  calyx  not  appendaged  nor  much  enlarged  after  flowering. 

1.  Hydrophyllum.     Calyx  with  narrow  divisions.     Corolla  campanulate.     Filaments  bearded 

in  the  middle. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  on  slender  peduncles  or  loosely  racemose  :  stamens  and  style  shorter  than 

the  corolla  :  calyx  enlarged  after  flowering.     Winter  annuals. 

2.  Nemophila.     Calyx  with  a  reflexed  lobe  at  each  sinus.     Corolla  rotate  or  open-campanulate, 

mostly  longer  than  the  calyx. 

3.  Ellisia.     Calyx  naked  at  the  sinuses.     Corolla  campanulate,  shorter  or  little  longer  than  the 

calyx. 

Tribe  II.  PHACPXIEiE.  Ovary  1 -celled,  or  2-celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  two  narrow  or 
little  dilated  placenbe  in  the  axis.  Style  2-cleft  (in  Romanzoffin  entire).  Capsule  loculi- 
cidal, separating  the  placentje,  which  usually  remain  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  2  valves, 
either  directly  or  on  the  half-partition.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Calyx  naked  at 
the  sinuses.  Seeds  between  amphitropous  and  anatropous,  with  cartilaginous  or  firm  fleshy 
albumen.     Herbs. 

*  Leaves  all  opposite  and  entire. 

4.  Draperia.     Corolla  tubular-funnelform,  destitute  of  internal  appendages.     Stamens  unequal 

and  unequally  inserted.     Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  4-seeded.     Flowers  in  a  terminal 
scorpioid  cyme. 


502  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Hydrophyllum. 

*  *  Leaves  all  or  all  but  the  lower  alternate  :  flowers  in  cymes,  scorpioid  spikes,  or  racemes,  or 

rarely  in  the  forks  of  the  stem. 

-i-  Style  from  2-cleft  at  the  apex  to  2-pai'ted. 

5.  Phacelia.     Calyx  of  5  similar  or  slightly  dissimilar  iftostly  naiTow  divisions.     Corolla  de- 

ciduous, not  yellow.     Stamens  ei^ually  inserted  low  down.     Flowers  clustered,  spiked,  or 
racemed. 

6.  Emmenanthe.      Corolla  yellow  or  cream-color  and  scarious-persistent.     Otherwise  as  the 

preceding  genus. 

7.  Conanthus.    Calyx  of  very  narrow  and  similar  divisions.    Corolla  deciduous,  tubular-funnel- 

form  :  the  unequal  stamens  unequally  inserted  on  its  tube.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  leafy 
forks  and  terminal. 

8.  Tricardia.    Calyx  of  3  outer  much  enlarging  cordate  sepals  and  2  inner  linear  ones. 

+-  +-  Style  and  even  stigma  entire. 

9.  Romanzo£B2L    Calyx  of  similar  divisions.     Corolla  destitute  of  appendages.    Leaves  round- 

reniform  and  crenate-lobed.     Flowers  racemed. 

*  *  *  Leaves  (alternate)  all  radical :  peduncles  in  their  axils  1-flowered  :  style  2-cleft  at  apex. 

10.  Hesperochiron.     Corolla  campanulate  or  nearly  rotate,  deciduous. 

Tribe  III.  NAMEiE.  Ovary  (more  or  less  completely  2-celled),  capsule,  dehiscence,  &c., 
nearly  of  Phacelieiz.  Styles  2,  distinct  to  the  base,  their  tips  thickened  or  stigmas  capi- 
tate.    Herbs  or  shmbs. 

11.  Nama.     Corolla  funnelfonn.     Capsule  membranaceous,  2-valved ;  valves  undivided.     Low 

herbs  or  suffmtescent  :  leaves  entire. 

12.  Enodictyon.     Corolla  funnelform  or  almost  campanulate.     Capsule  crustaceous,  splitting 

into  4  equal  half-valves.     Shrubs  :  leaves  toothed. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM,  Toum.        Waterleaf. 

Calyx  5-parted  into  narrow  divisions,  nearly  unchanged  after  flowering ;  the 
sinuses  in  our  species  entirely  without  appendages.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed ; 
the  lobes  oval,  convolute  in  the  bud,  in  the  tube  a  nectariferous  grooved  appendage 
opposite  each  lobe.  Filaments  and  style  filiform  and  exserted  beyond  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla :  the  former  bearded  with  some  long  hairs  near  the  middle  :  anthers 
linear  or  oblong,  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Ovary  hispid  with  stiff  straight  hairs,  4- 
ovuled.  Capsule  tardily  2-valved,  1  -  4-seeded.  —  Perennials  (an  annual  species 
in  the  Atlantic  States) ;  with  erect  and  sparingly  branching  stems  from  clustered 
horizontal  rootstocks,  mostly  pinnately  parted  long-petioled  leaves,  and  white  or 
violet  flowers  in  close  or  capitate  pedunculate  cymes. 

A  wholly  North  American  genus,  of  six  species,  growing  mostly  in  wooded  or  shaded  places ;  two 
of  them  peculiar  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Pacific  regions  and  found  in  California ;  a  tliird,  viz. 

H.  ViRoiNicuM,  Linn.,  is  common  to  the  Atlantic  States  and  Oregon,  and  may  be  looked  for 
on  our  northern  borders.  This  may  readily  be  known  by  being  comparatively  smooth,  and  with 
only  3  to  5  divisions  to  the  cauline  leaves,  which  are  of  ovate  general  outline. 

1.  H.  capitatum,  Dougl.  Only  a  span  or  so  high,  in  tufts,  with  rather  small 
rootstocks  and  coarse  fleshy-fibrous  roots  :  leaves  soft-hirsute  or  ])ubescent,  and  with 
blade  shorter  than  the  petiole,  ovate  or  roundish  in  general  outline,  2  or  3  inches 
long,  pinnately  parted  or  at  base  divided  into  5  or  7  crowded  2  -  3-lobed  leaflets  or 
divisions ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate  :  flowers  in  a  close  capitate  cluster 
on  a  very  short  peduncle  :  calyx  very  hispid  :  corolla  bluish  or  violet :  anthers  ob- 
long.—  Benth.  in  Linn.  Trans,  xviii.  273.  —  In  California  we  haA^e  only 

Var.  alpinum,  Watson.  Almost  stemless,  the  comparatively  open  cymes  and  the 
petioles  of  the  leaves  rising  directly  out  of  the  ground ;  the  calyx  more  white-hairy 
and  less  hispid.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  249. 

Sierra  Nevada  (Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Pulsifer  Ames)  to  Humboldt  Mts.,  Nevada,  Watson,  &c.  The 
ordinary  form  of  the  species  from  Utah  to  Washington  Territoiy. 


Nmiophila.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  503 

2.  H.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  hirsutely  pubescent  or  above 
somewhat  hispid :  leaves  elongated-oblong  in  general  outline,  parted  or  below 
divided  into  7  to  15  oblong  and  mostly  incised  divisions  :  peduncles  longer  than 
the  petioles  and  generally  surpassing  the  leaves  (4  to  9  inches  long),  bearing  one  or 
two  rather  small  and  capitate  clusters  of  bluish  flowers  :  calyx  very  hispid  or  hispid- 
ciliate,  deeply  parted  into  lanceolate  rather  obtuse  divisions  :  anthers  linear.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  x.  314.     //.  capitatum,  Torr.  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  125,  not  of  Dougl. 

Var.  W"atSOni,  Gray,  1.  c.     Commonly  lower,  sometimes  only  a  span  or  so  high 
and  almost  stemless,  rather  soft-pubescent,  especially  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves, 
.  which,  as  well  as  the  calyx,  is  often  pale  and  Avhitish  or  canescent :  cyme  rather 
i  open.  — H.  macrophyllum,  var.  occidentale,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  248,  mainly. 

In  woods,  Duffield's  Ranch  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Bigclow),  Mendocino  Co.  {Kdlogg),  and  in 
Oregon.  Var.  IVatsoni,  Sierra  Nevada,  Bolcmider,  Anderson,  Mrs.  Ames  ;  thence  to  mountains 
of  Utah,  Watson,  Pamj.  The  larger  and  more  hirsute  form,  with  corolla  4  lines  long  and  pale 
or  white,  and  hirsute  pubescence,  approaches  the  eastern  H.  rtiacrophyllmn,  which  is  larger  and 
with  a  different  calyx.  The  var.  IVatsoni  has  rather  smaller  and  blue  flowers,  the  calyx  less 
hispid,  but  variable. 

2.  NEMOPHILA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  5-parted  and  with  a  supplementary  reflexed  lobe  at  each  sinus,  enlarging 
more  or  less  in  fruit.  Corolla  rotate,  or  inclined  to  campanulate,  deeply  5-lobed ; 
the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud;  the  throat  appendaged  more  or  less  with  10  internal 
scales  or  plaits.  Stamens  and  mostly  the  style  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  filaments 
naked  :  anthers  linear  or  oblong  and  sagittate.  Ovary,  capsule,  &c.,  nearly  as  in 
Hydroiihyllum.  Ovules  4  (i.  e.  a  pair  on  each  placenta)  or  considerably  more 
numerous,  ripening  from  1  to  16  seeds.  —  North  American  annuals,  the  greater 
number  Californian,  germinating  in  autumn  and  flowering  the  following  spring ;  with 
tender  herbage,  diffuse  or  at  length  procumbent  stems,  and  pinnately  lobed  or 
divided  leaves,  all  more  or  less  hirsute  :  peduncles  terminal  or  lateral,  one-flowered, 
slender :  corolla  blue,  violet,  or  rarely  nearly  white.  Most  of  the  species  are  well 
known  in  the  gardens  as  ornamental  annuals. 

*  Leaves  mostly  alternate :  stems  lone;  and  weak,  beset  toitk  sparse  and  stiff  reflexed 
bristles  by  ivhich  the  plant  is  disposed  to  climb :  later  flowers  unaccompanied  by 
leaves  and  therefore  loosely  racemose .  ovules  only  4. 

1.  N.  aurita,  Lindl.  Stems  1  to  3  feet  long  :  leaves  all  with  an  auriculate- 
dilated  and  clasping  base  or  winged  petiole,  above  deeply  pinnatifid  into  5  to  9 
oblong  or  lanceolate  and  mostly  retrorse  lobes  :  calyx -appendages  small :  corolla 
violet,  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter,  its  internal  appendages  broad,  partly  free,  in 
pairs  at  the  base  of  each  stamen  .  seeds  globose,  reticulated  and  the  spaces  deeply 
sunken.  —  Bot.  Peg  t.  1601  ;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  338 ;  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  290. 

Low  shady  grounds,  from  the  Sacramento  Valley  to  San  Diego. 

2.  N.  racemosa,  Nutt.  Weaker  and  more  slender  :  leaves  shorter,  rather  ovate 
in  outline,  with  fewer  divisions,  and  a  naked  petiole  not  auricled  at  base  :  flowers 
one  half  smaller,  the  upper  ones  decidedly  racemose.  —  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  315. 

San  Diego,  Nuttall.     Catalina  Island,  Dall  &  Baker. 

*  *  Leaves  all  opp)osite,  not  auricled  at  base,  commonly  surpassed  by  the  slender 
peduncles :  ovules  7  to  24,  ripening  about  4  ^o  16  seeds ;  these  visually  ivith  a  sort 
of  caruncle. 

3.  N.  maculata,  Benth.  Leaves  lyrately  pinnatifid  into  5  to  9  short  lobes,  or 
the  uppermost  only  3-lobed  :  corolla  white  with  a  strong  violet  blotch  at  the  top  of 


504  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  NemopUla. 

each  lobe ;  its  very  broad  internal  scales  hirsute  on  the  free  edge  :  seeds  globular, 
nearly  smooth,  with  a  very  prominent  nipple-like  caruncle.  —  Lindl.  in  Jour.  Hort. 
Soc.  iii.  319,  &  fig.  ;  Paxt.  Mag.  xvi.  t.  6  ;  Fl.  Serres,  v.  t.  431. 

Common  through  the  western  and  middle  portions  of  the  State.  Corolla  over  an  inch,  but  less 
than  2  inches  in  diameter. 

4.  N.  insignis,  Dougl.  Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7  to  9  oblong  and  some- 
times 2  -  3-lobed  small  divisions  :  corolla  bright  clear  blue  ;  its  internal  scales  short 
and  roundish,  partly  free,  hirsute  with  short  hairs  :  seeds  oval,  somewhat  corrugated 
or  tuberculate.  —  Benth.  Hydrophyll.  in  Linn.  Trans,  xvii.  275  ;  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1713  ; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  3485.     N.  Menziesii,  var..  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  372. 

Common  in  low  or  damp  grounds,  displaying  its  bright  blue  flowers  from  the  earliest  spring. 
Corolla  from  over  an  inch  down  to  little  over  half  that  diameter. 

5.  N.  Menziesii,  Hook.  &  Am.  Smaller  than  the  preceding,  and  the  leaves 
less  divided  :  corolla  from  light  blue  to  nearly  white,  and  sprinkled  with  dark  dots 
or  spots,  at  least  towards  the  centre,  or  (in  cultivation)  the  spots  confluent  into  a 
brownish  purple  eye  ;  its  scales  narrow  and  wholly  adherent  by  one  edge,  the  other 
edge  densely  ciliate  :  seeds  oval  or  oblong,  either  even  or  more  or  less  tuberculate 
when  ripe.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  152  &  372  (excl.  var.  ^).  N.  linljlora,  Fischer  &  Meyer, 
Sert.  Petrop.  t.  8.  N.  pedunculata,  Benth.  1.  c. ;  small-flowered  form.  N.  atomaria, 
Fischer  &  Meyer,  1.  c.  ;  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1940;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3774.  N.  discoidalis,  Fl. 
Serres,  ii.  t.  75,  a  cultivated  form  with  large  dark  eye  to  the  corolla. 

Low  or  shady  grounds,  not  uncommon.    Corolla  from  half  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  in  diameter. 

*  *  «  Upper  leaves  often  alternate  and  the  lower  opposite,  mostly  longer  than  the 
peduncles,  and  slender-petioled :  flowers  small :  ovules  only  4  :  seeds  from  1  to  4  : 
caruncle  mostly  deciduous  or  evanescent. 

6.  N.  parviflora,  Dougl.     Slender  and  weak,  or  procumbent  :  leaves  pinnately 

5  —  9-parted  or  cleft,  or  sometimes  many  only  3  — 5-lobed  ;  the  divisions  obovate  or 
oblong,  obtuse  ;  corolla  light  blue  or  whitish,  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter,  somewhat 
campanulate,  but  the  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  its  internal  appendages  oblong, 
wholly  adherent  by  one  edge,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Benth.  1.  c.     N.  parviflora 

6  N.  pedunculata  (not  of  Benth.),  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  79.  JV.  heterophylla,  Fischer  & 
Meyer,  1.  c,  a  rather  large-flowered  form. 

Low  and  shady  grounds  throughout  the  State,  and  north  to  British  Columbia :  very  variable  in 
size  and  foliage.  Forms  with  larger  and  less  lobed  leaves,  all  the  upper  ones  alternate,  have  been 
mistaken  for  N.  microcalyx,  of  the  southern  Atlantic  States  ;  which  has  minute  calyx-appendages, 
and  the  smaller  corolla  destitute  of  scales  within,  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube. 

N.  BHEVIFLOUA,  Gray  {N.  parviflora,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.,  as  to  his  specimens),  collected 
in  the  mountains  of  Northern  Utah  by  Watson,  and  in  the  adjacent  Snake  Country  by  Tol- 
raie,  may  reach  the  northeastern  borders  of  the  State.  It  is  distinguished  from  N.  parviflora 
by  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  and  entire  divisions  of  the  3-  5-parted  leaves,  a  mucli  larger  calyx 
in  fruit  (3  lines  long),  and  from  all  by  the  broadly  campanulate  corolla  being  decidedly  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  in  the  manner  of  Ellisia.  The  calyx -appendages  are  conspicuous.  In  Watson's 
.specimens  the  leaves  are  all  alternate,  in  Tolmie's  all  that  are  developed  are  opposite. 

3.  ELLISIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  stellately  enlarging  and  more  foliaceous  under  the  fruit,  the 
sinuses  destitute  of  appendages.  Corolla  either  narrowly  or  broadly  campanulate, 
mostly  short  in  proportion  to  the  calyx  ;  the  internal  appendages  at  base  minute  or 
obsolete ;  the  lobes  in  the  Californian  species  usually  one  outside  and  one  inside  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  and  style  shorter  than  the  corolla  :  filaments  naked  :  anthers 
oval  or  cordate.  Ovary,  capsule,  &c.,  nearly  as  in  the  preceding. — ^^orth  American 
annuals,  ours  commonly  germinating  in  autumn  and  flowering  from  early  spring, 


Draperia.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  505 

more  or  less  hirsute ;  the  leaves  opposite  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  once  to  thrice 
pinnatifid.  Flowers  small,  on  solitary  simple  peduncles  in  the  forks,  or  bractless 
and  loosely  racemose  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  :  corolla  white  or  whitish.  — 
(The  following  are  all  the  species  known,  excepting  the  Eastern  and  original 
E.  Nyctelea,  Linn.) 

§  1.  Leaves  once  pinnately  parted:  ovules  only  4  and  all  enclosed  in  the  dilated  invest- 
ing placentae  in  the  majiner  of  tlie  tribe  :  seeds  globose,  reticulated.  —  Ellisia 
proper. 

1.  Ii.  membranacea,  Benth.  Sparsely  beset  with  some  short  and  rigid  bristly 
hairs,  otherwise  glabrous  :  stems  a  foot  or  so  in  length,  weak,  soon  prostrate  : 
leaves  pinnately  divided  into  3  to  9  linear  very  obtuse  and  mostly  entire  divis- 
ions; the  petiole  wing-margined:  flowers  mainly  racemose  on  a  terminal  pedun- 
cle :  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  at  length  obovate,  very  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the 
open  campanulate  corolla,  not  exceeding  the  1  —  2-seeded  capsule. 

Sliady  and  damp  places,  from  the  lower  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  San  Diego. 
Corolla  only  i  lines  in  diameter.  Ovary  bearing  only  a  few  scattered  and  very  stout  subulate 
bristles. 

§  2.  Leaves  mainly  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid:  ovules  8,  viz.  a  pair  on  the  back  as 
well  as  on  the  front  of  each  placenta :  seeds  oblong-oval,  dissimilar,  tisually  two 
remaining  concealed  after  dehiscence.  — Eucrypta.     {Eua'ypta,  Nutt.) 

2.  E.  chrysanthemifolia,  Benth.  Somewhat  hirsute  and  pubescent :  stem  a 
foot  or  two  high,  erect,  paniculately  branched  :  leaves  Tansy-like,  dissected  into 
very  many  small  and  short  divisions  :  flowers  all  loosely  racemose  :  calyx-lobes  ob- 
long or  broadly  oval,  shorter  than  the  open-campanulate  corolla,  about  equalling  the 
small  capsule,  which  is  generally  6-seeded  :  the  mostly  4  ordinary  seeds  enclosed 
between  the  placentae  rugose-tuberculate  and  free  in  dehiscence ;  while  between  each 
placenta  and  the  valve  (which  it  exactly  lines  and  is  conformed  to)  is  concealed 
a  single  meniscoidal  and  smooth  seed  :  —  whence  jS^uttall's  name.  —  Eucrypta  panv- 
cidata  &  E.  foliosa,  Xutt.  PI.  Gamb.  159.  Phacelia  micrantha,  var.C?)  hipinnatifida, 
Torr.  in  Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exped.  21. 

Shady  grounds,  not  uncommon  from  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego.  Corolla  and  the 
stellate-spreading  fruiting  calyx  about  3  lines  in  diameter,  sometimes  smaller.  There  are  two 
forms,  one  with  obtuse  lobes  to  the  leaves,  broader  calyx-lobes  obovate  in  fruit,  and  corolla  barely 
exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  other  with  acutish  lobes  to  the  leaves,  and  oblong  calyx-lobes  consider- 
ably shorter  than  the  corolla.  But  they  run  together,  and  do  not  severally  accord  with  the  char- 
acters of  Nuttall's  two  species. 

4.  DRAPERIA,  Torr. 

Calyx  5-parted  to  the  base ;  the  divisions  or  sepals  filiform-linear.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar-funnelform,  with  5  short  lobes ;  tube  within  destitute  of  appendages.  Stamens 
unequal  in  length,  and  unequally  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  in- 
cluded. Ovary  strictly  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  pendulous  from  near  the 
summit  of  each  cell.  Style  long  and  filiform,  2-cleft  at  apex.  Capsule  globose, 
somewhat  didymous,  membranaceous;  the  thin  half-partition  adhering  to  the  middle 
of  each  valve,  mostly  without  the  thin  placental  portion,  which  separates  with  the 
4  seeds.  These  are  oval,  angled,  and  with  a  smoothish  close  coat. — A  single 
species,  peculiar  to  California. 

1.  D.  systyla,  Torr.  A  low,  diffusely  spreading,  grayish  silky-hirsute,  peren- 
nial herb  :  tlie  slender  stems  obscurely  woody  at  the  base  :  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate, 
entire,  slender-petioled :  flowers  crowded  in  the  scorpioid  spikes  of  a  pedunculate 


506  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Phacelia. 

once  or  twice  2-forked  or  2  -  4-rayed  cyme,  short-pedicelled  :  corolla  pui"plish.  — 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  401,  &  x.  316.     Nama  systyla,  Gray,  1.  c.  vi.  37. 

Not  rare  in  shaded  and  wooded  ravines  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  the  elevation  of  4,000  to  5,000 
feet,  from  the  Yosemite  to  Placer  Co.  Corolla  less  than  half  an  inch  long.  This  interesting  genus 
was  dedicated  by  Dr.  Torrey  to  the  distinguished  Professor  Draper  of  New  York. 

6.  PHACELIA,  Juss. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted ;  the  divisions  usually  narrow  and  similar.  Corolla  from 
almost  rotate  to  narrow-funnelform,  deciduous,  commonly  with  appendages  upon  the 
inside  of  the  tube  in  the  form  of  10  vertical  plates  or  lamellae  approximate  in  pairs 
between  the  bases  of  the  filaments,  or  else  adnate  more  or  less  to  their  base  one  on 
each  side.  Stamens  equally  inserted  low  down  or  at  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovules 
and  seeds  from  4  (a  pair  to  each  placenta)  to  very  numerous.  —  Herbs,  mostly 
branched  from  the  base ;  with  simple  or  compound  alternate  leaves,  or  the  lower 
opposite,  and  more  or  less  scorpioid  spicate  or  racemose  cyraose  inflorescence.  Co- 
rolla blue,  violet,  purple,  or  white,  never  yellow,  except  sometimes  the  tube  or 
throat. 

As  now  received  (see  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  316),  this  genus  comprises  nearly  half  the  order,  viz. 
al)out  50  N.  American  species  and  two  or  three  of  Mexico  and  Chili.  One,  the  earliest-described 
species,  is  common  to  the  two  continents  and  ranges  almost  throughout  their  length.  The  genus 
is  mainly  western,  and  is  largely  represented  in  California  and  along  its  borders. 

§  1.  Ovxdes  and  seeds  only  4,  a  pair  to  each  jjlacefita.  —  Euphacelia,  Gray. 

*  Lower  leaves  opposite :  spikes  or  branches  of  the  cyme  hardly  at  all  coiling  (or  scor- 
pioid), destitute  of  hispid  or  hirsute  hairs :  corolla-appendages  at  base  of  filament 
short. 

1.  P.  namatoides,  Gray.  Annual,  barely  a  span  high,  with  opposite  ascending 
branches,  glabrous  and  glaucous  below,  glandular-pubescent  above  :  leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  entire,  tapering  into  an  obscure  petiole,  opposite  or  nearly  so  ;  the 
uppermost  only  alternate,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  rather  loose  cyme  or  its  spike- 
like divisions  :  corolla  nan'ow-campanulate,  blue,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx  : 
stamens  and  at  length  deeply  2-parted  style  included. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  316. 
Nama  racemosa,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Acad.  Calif,  v.  51. 

Wooded  region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Calaveras  grove  to  Summit  Station,  Bolander, 
Kellogg.  Corolla  and  globular  capsule  each  only  a  line  or  so  long.  Seeds  alveolate-reticulated. 
A  genuine  Phacelia  in  structure,  with  the  aspect  of  Nama. 

«  *  Leaves  all  bid  the  very  earliest  alternate  {as  in  the  genus  generally) :  p>ubescence 
or  some  of  it  hispid  or  hirside,  especially  the  inflorescence  of  spikes  conspAcuously 
coiled  in  the  bud,  and  mostly  in  pairs  or  cymose-clustered :  internal  a]:>pendages 
of  the  corolla  manifest,  and  more  or  less  united  with  the  base  of  the  filaments. 

•+-  Leaves  either  simple  and  entire,  or  toith  a  pair  or  two  of  similar  and  smaller  leaf- 
lets or  lobes  :  capsule  ovate,  acute. 

2.  P.  circinata,  Jacq.  f.  A  span  to  2  feet  high  from  a  perennial  or  biennial 
stout  root,  hispid,  and  the  foliage  strigose,  either  green,  grayish,  or  canescent  with  a 
softish  pubescence  :  leaves  varying  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  obliquely  and 
simply  straight-veined ;  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  and  some  of  them  more 
commonly  bearing  one  or  two  pairs  of  lateral  leaflets  :  inflorescence  hispid  ;  the 
dense  spikes  thyrsoid  and  crowded  :  corolla  whitish  or  bluish,  moderately  5-lobed, 
longer  than  the  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate  calyx-lobes :  filaments  much  exserted, 
sparingly  bearded.  —  Eclog.  i.  135,  t.  91 ;  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  298.  P.  heterophylla, 
Pursh.     P.  Californica,  Cham. 


Phacelia.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  507 

Var.  calycosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  Divisions  of  the  calyx  larger  and  more  foliaceous,  at 
length  witli  narrowed  base,  obovate-spatulate  or  oblong,  Avhen  old  reticulated. 

Very  common  in  dry  open  gi-ounds,  extending  north  to  British  Columbia,  east  to  and  beyond 
the  Uocky  Mountains,  southward  into  Mexico,  and  even  to  Patagonia.  A  very  variable  species  ; 
the  more  dwarf  states  sometimes  with  nearly  leafless  and  scape-like  stem.  The  variety  may  be 
common  in  California  ;  but  thus  far  seen  only  in  a  cultivated  specimen  raised  by  iJ.  Hall,  and 
wild  from  Borax  Lake  (Tonry),  and  foot-hills,  Mariposa  Co.,  A.  Gray  ;  also,  a  form  with  lai-ge 
and  green  entire  and  ovate  leaves,  collected  on  the  Mission  hills,  San  Francisco,  by  Kellogg. 

3.  P.  Brevreri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Foliage,  habit,  and  pubescence  as  in  the  foregoing, 
but  smaller  and  more  slender,  from  an  annual  root  :  leaves  seldom  an  inch  long, 
many  of  them  3  -  5-parted,  the  lanceolate  lateral  lobes  ascending  :  corolla  (barely  3 
lines  long)  more  broadly  campanulate,  blue  or  violet,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the 
linear  calyx-lobes  :  lilaments  glabrous,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

On  Monte  Diablo,  on  dry  and  soft  sandstone,  Brewer.  In  character  this  approaches  the  Chilian 
P.  brachyanUui,  Benth.  ;  but  that  has  softer  pubescence,  broader  and  almost  all  entire  leaves, 
longer  calyx,  narrower  corolla,  and  still  shorter  stamens. 

4.  P.  humilis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  span  high,  diffusely  branched  from  a  slender 
annual  root,  pubescent,  or  the  inflorescence  hirsute  :  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  all  entire,  or  rarely  some  of  the  lower  with  1  to  3  lateral 
ascending  lobes,  the  veins  lax  and  sparingly  branching :  spikes  at  length  slender, 
solitary  or  loosely  panicled :  corolla  (2  or  3  lines  long)  bright  indigo-blue,  rather 
deeply  5-lobed,  surpassing  the  linear  calyx-lobes  :  filaments  moderately  exserted, 
glabrous  or  bearded  with  very  few  hairs.  —  Pacif  E.  liep.  ii.  122,  t.  7  ;  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  250. 

Var.  calycosa,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  less-branched  and  more  slender  form,  with  corolla 
apparently  pale,  and  the  calyx-lobes  dilated-spatulate,  as  in  the  analogous  variety 
of  P.  circinata. 

Nortlieastem  part  of  the  State  ;  Sierra  and  Nevada  Counties,  at  5,000  to  6,000  feet  {BechcUh, 
Bolander,  Lemmon)  :  also  in  the  adjacent  parts  of  Nevada,  Andcrsmi,  Watson,  &c.  The  var. 
calycosa,  from  near  Mono  Lake,  Bolander.  Only  in  Bolander's  specimens  have  any  divided  leaves 
been  seen. 

-H  -t-  Leaves  simple,  rounded  and  cordate,  incisely  lohed  and  serrate. 

5.  P.  malvsefolia,  Cham,  Eather  tall  and  stout,  loosely  branching,  hispid  with 
spreading  or  retlexed  stinging  hairs,  and  the  foliage  more  or  less  pubescent  :  root 
unknown  :  leaves  green,  membranaceous,  all  petioled,  somewhat  palmately  5-9- 
lobed,  acutely  toothed  (2  inches  or  more  in  diameter) :  spikes  solitary  or  in  pairs : 
corolla  (pale  or  white  (1),  3  or  4  lines  long)  surpassing  the  unequal  linear  and  spatu- 
late  calyx-lobes  :  stamens  much  exserted  :  seeds  alveolate-scabrous. 

Bay  of  San  Francisco,  Outmisso  (lAxmisa.,  iv.  494) ;  not  since  detected,  until  lately  collected  by 
Dr.  Kellogg,  at  Potrero.     The  bristles  appear  to  sting  like  those  of  a  Loasa. 

-f-  -t-  -H  Leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  compound,  oblong  or  lutkroiDer 
in  general  outline  :  style  %parted :  corolla  light  violet  or  blue,  varying  to  white : 
calyx  {excepting  the  first  species)  bristly-hispid,  its  lobes  not  rarely  dissimilar.  An- 
nuals, the  species  difficult  to  discriminate. 

6.  P.  crenulata,  Torr.  A  span  or  a  foot  high,  viscid-pubescent  and  very 
glandular,  and  tlie  calyx  hirsute  but  not  hispid  :  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong  in 
outline,  crenately  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  or  at  base  lyrately  divided  ;  the  lobes  short 
and  rounded,  the  larger  ones  oblong  and  sometimes  crenately  incised  :  spikes  clus- 
tered :  corolla  rotate-campanulate,  bright  violet :  stamens  and  style  much  exserted  : 
calyx-lobes  oblong-linear  or  somewhat  spatiUate,  equalling  the  globular  capsule: 
seeds  with  corky-thickened  and  transversely  corrugated  inflexed  margins  and  centml 
ridge,  — Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  251. 

Near  the  border  of  the  State  in  Washoe  Co.,  Nevada,  Lemmm.  The  deeply  pinnatifid  form  : 
occurs  through  Nevada  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


508  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Phacelia. 

7.  P.  tanacetifolia,  Benth.  Erect,  1  to  3  feet  high,  roughish-hirsute  or  hispid  : 
leaves  9-17-divided  into  linear  or  oblong  linear  once  or  twice  pinnately-parted  or 
cleft  divisions,  all  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  the  lobes  small  and  mostly  linear  oblong  : 
spikes  cymosely  clustered,  at  length  elongated ;  thp  very  short  pedicels  ascending 
or  erect :  corolla  light  violet  or  bluish :  stamens  and  style  usually  very  much 
exserted  :  calyx-lobes  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  oval 
or  oblong-oval  capsule.  — Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1696  ;  Brit.  Fl.  Card.  ser.  2,  t.  360;  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  3703. 

Sandy  or  gravelly  banks  of  streams,  &c.,  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Generally 
well  marked  by  its  much  dissected  Tansy-like  foliage,  which  gives  the  specific  name  :  this  is 
particularly  applicable  to  the  foim  called  by  Thurber  var.  tenuifolia  (Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  143),  a 
very  fine-leaved  state. 

8.  P.  ramosissima,  Dougl.  Divergently  branched  or  straggling,  below  merely 
pubescent  or  hispid,  above  hispid  and  commonly  glandular-viscid  :  leaves  pinnately 
5  -  7-divided  or  parted  into  oblong  or  even  linear  pinnatihd-incised  divisions  :  spikes 
clustered  and  elongating  little  in  age,  the  short  pedicels  soon  horizontal :  stamens 
and  style  moderately  exserted  :  calyx-lobes  from  linear  or  spatulate  to  obovate,  more 
than  twice  the  length  of  the  almost  globular  capsule.  —  Benth.  in  Linn.  Trans, 
xvii.  280 ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  80.  P.  taiiacetifolia,  var.  latifolia,  Thurber  in  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  143. 

Var.  hispida,  Gray,  1.  c.  Conspicuously  bearded  with  long  and  white  spreading 
bristles,  like  Borrage,  especially  the  spikes,  which  are  more  open  and  racemose  in 
fruit,  sometimes  elongated  :  calyx-lobes  from  narrow  spatulate-linear  to  more  broadly 
spatulate,  in  fruit  sometimes  half  an  inch  long. 

Dry  ground,  apparently  from  San  Francisco  Bay  to  the  southern  limits  of  the  State,  and  in  all 
the  dry  regions  east  of  the  crests  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  whence  it  ranges  far  northward  and 
southward,  passing  into  the  foregoing.  The  var.  hispida,  a  striking  and  less  known  Ibmi,  if 
not  distinct  species,  occurs  from  Santa  Barbara  southward,  Nuttall,  Xantus,  Torrcy,  Cleveland. 

9.  P.  ciliata,  Benth.  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high,  resembles  depauperate  or  low 
forms  of  the  two  preceding  with  less  dissected  foliage  :  leaves  rarely  divided  but  much 
incised  or  cleft  and  toothed  :  spikes  simple  or  in  pairs,  at  length  loosely-flowered, 
the  short  pedicels  ascending  in  fruit :  stamens  and  commonly  the  style  not  surpass- 
ing the  more  open  or  almost  rotate  corolla  :  calyx-lobes  from  linear-lanceolate  to 
ovate,  thin,  bristly  only  or  chiefly  along  their  edges  (whence  the  specific  name). 

Near  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  and  the  Sacramento  southward.  The  included  stamens, 
if  constant,  should  mark  this  species. 

P.  PHYLLOMANICA,  Gray,  is  a  remarkiible  new  species  of  this  subdivision,  most  peculiar  in 
having  all  or  a  part  of  the  sepals  pinnatifid  or  trifid  and  foliaceous  ;  and  the  pubescence  is  very 
soft.     It  was  discovered  on  Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California,  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer. 

§  2.  Ovules  and  seeds  several  or  numerons  to  each  placenta,  the  latter  not  transversely 
corrugated:  tube  of  the  corolla  appendaged  with  10  internal  vertical  plates  or 
lamellce  in  pairs.  —  Eutoca,  Gray.     [JEutoca,  R.  Brown.) 

*  Stamens  and  style  capillary  and  much  longer  than  the  open-campamdate  corolla. 

-t-  Perennial,  silky-pubescent  or  canescent :  leaves  once  to  thrice  jnnnatifid. 

10.  P.  sericea,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high  :  stems  simple,  rather  leafy  :  leaves 
with  numerous  narrow  and  mostly  linear  lobes  :  flowers  much  crowded  in  a  narrow 
spike-like  cluster :  corolla  violet-blue  or  sometimes  whitish,  cleft  to  the  middle, 
persistent  in  fruit  around  the  base  of  the  ca])sule  (as  in  no  other  species) ;  the  in- 
ternal appendages  oblong  and  free  from  the  stamens  :  style  2-cleft  at  the  apex  only  : 
seeds  12  to  18,  ribbed  and  reticulated. — Amer.  Jour.  Science  (1862),  xxxiv.  254; 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  252.     Eutoca  sericea,  Graham ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3003. 

In  the  higher  mountains  of  Nevada  (as  well  as  in  the  Rocky  Mountains),  also  in  tlie  south- 
eastern borders  of  Oregon,  and  thence  northward  ;  therefore  probably  in  the  northern  sierras  of 
California. 


Phacdia.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  509 

-{-  -{-  Perennials,  tvith  soft  and  not  bristly  pubescence :  corolla  short-campanulate,  with 
very  large  and  broad  internal  appendages  united  in  pairs  to  or  across  the  base  of 
the  Jilajnent :  leaves  all p)€tioled :  stems  nearly  simple:  flowers  cymose-clustered. 

11.  P.  hydrophylloides,  Torr.  A  span  or  two  high  from  a  thickened  root  or 
rootstock,  canescently  pubescent,  above  hirsute  and  glandular :  leaves  silky-pubes- 
cent both  sides,  ovate  or  rhombic  (an  inch  or  two  long),  obtuse,  incisely  few-toothed 
or  lobed,  or  the  lowest  lyrate,  having  one  or  two  nearly  .separate  small  basal  lobes  : 
flowers  in  a  glomerate  pedunculate  cyme,  the  short  spikes  of  which  hardly  lengthen : 
corolla  violet  or  whitish  :  anthers  short-linear  :  style  almost  2-parted  :  capsule  about 
the  length  of  the  slightly  hispid  calyx,  short-pointed,  6  -  8-seeded.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  400,  &  x.  323. 

Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  in  the  higher  sierras,  from  Mariposa  to  Sierra  Counties,  Brewer, 
Bolander,  Lcmmon,  &e.     Has  the  aspect  of  a  U ydrophyllum,  whence  the  name. 

12.  P.  procera,  Gray,  1.  c.  Several  feet  high,  minutely  soft-pubescent,  glan- 
dular at  summit :  leaves  green  and  membranaceous,  2  to  5  inches  long,  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  ovate,  acute,  mostly  incised-pinnatitid  or  cleft ;  the  lobes  2  to  4  pairs 
and  acute  :  spikes  in  a  2-parted  or  crowded  cyme,  somewhat  lengthened  when  old  : 
corolla  white  or  bluish :  anthers  oblong :  style  cleft  hardly  to  the  middle :  calyx  not 
at  all  hispid  :  capsule  nearly  blunt,  10-  1 8-seeded. 

Mountain  meadows  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  4,000  to  5,000  feet,  in  Nevada  and  Sierra  Counties, 
Bolander,  Lemmon. 

-H  -i-  -f-  Annual,  bristly  hispid,  branching. 

13.  P.  loasaefolia,  Torr.  A  foot  high,  very  hispid  with  long  and  spreading 
bristly  hairs  (as  in  P.  malvcefolia,  which  it  resembles),  also  viscid-pubescent :  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  or  the  lower  almost  cordate,  more  or  less  pinnatifid  and  the  lobes 
incisely  toothed  :  spikes  rather  crowded  :  corolla  whitish,  a  little  longer  than  the 
calyx-lobes ;  the  semi-cordate  broad  internal  appendages  auriculate-inflexed  at  the 
base,  where  they  are  united  with  the  base  of  the  filament,  free  and  pointed  at  the 
apex  :  ovules  12  to  18.  —  Eutoca  loasaefolia,  Beuth.  1.  c. 

Near  Monterey,  Douglas,  Parry.  Seldom  collected  and  little  known  ;  in  aspect  between  P. 
malvafolia  and  P.  rarnosissima. 

*  *  Stamens  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  rotate-campanulate  corolla. 

+■  Appendages  of  the  corolla  large,  semi-obovate,  the  pairs  united  at  base  before  the 
base  of  the  filament :  root  perennial  ? 

14.  P.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Hispid  with  slender  bristles,  above  viscid-pubescent: 
stem  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  loosely  branched  :  lower  and  radical  leaves  lyrate 
and  oblong  in  outline,  at  base  usually  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  small  and  incised 
lateral  divisions  ;  the  terminal  division  and  the  short-petioled  upper  leaves  ovate  or 
oval  (2  or  3  inches  long),  coarsely  lobed  or  toothed,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base  : 
cymes  once  to  thrice  forked,  the  divisions  racemose  :  corolla  large  (almost  an  inch 
in  diameter),  white ;  its  internal  appendages  almost  as  broad  as  long  :  anthers  ob- 
long :  style  cleft  to  near  the  middle  :  ovules  40  or  50  on  each  dilated  placenta  : 
capsule  ovate,  acute,  many-seeded.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  322. 

Mendocino  Co.,  on  Cottonaby  Creek,  20  miles  north  of  Noyo,  Bolander.  A  striking  and  pe- 
culiar species,  allied  in  most  respects  to  No.  10  and  11,  in  others  to  P.  loasoifolia ;  but  the 
stamens  and  style  slightly  if  at  all  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  ample  and  almost  rotate  corolla. 
It  is  uncertain  if  the  root  is  perennial, 

-{-  -{-  Ajjpendages  of  the  corolla  long  and  narrow,  free  from,  the  filaments :  calyx-lobes 
linear  :  style  2-cleft  at  apex  :  annuals,  a  span  to  a  foot  high. 

15.  P.  Franklinii,  Gray.  Soft-hirsute  or  pubescent :  stem  simple  or  corymbose 
at  summit :  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  divided  or  parted  into  numerous  short 


510  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Phacdia. 

oblong  or  linear  lobes  ;  the  lower  petioled  ;  the  upper  sessile  and  less  divided  : 
flowers  cymose-clustered  :  corolla  pale  blue  or  nearly  white  :  capsule  about  the 
length  of  the  calyx  :  ovules  40  or  more  :  seeds  minu.tely  alveolate  in  vertical  lines. 
—  Eutoca  Franklinii,  K.  Brown  in  Frankl.  Jour.  App.- 1.  27  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2985. 

Southwestern  borders  of  Idaho,  and  therefore  likely  to  occur  in  the  northeastern  borders  of 
California  :  extends  northeastward  to  Lake  Superior  and  Bear  Lake. 

IG.  P.  Menziesii,  Torr.  Cinereous-pubescent,  and  above  mostly  roughish-hir- 
sute  or  even  hispid,  at  length  paniculately  branched  :  leaves  usually  sessile,  linear  or 
lanceolate  and  entire,  or  some  of  them  cleft  into  2  to  5  linear  or  lanceolate  entire 
divisions  or  lobes  :  inflorescence  thyrsoid-paniculate,  the  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes 
at  length  elongated  and  strict :  corolla  bright  violet,  varying  to  white  :  capsule 
shorter  than  the  calyx  :  ovules  12  to  16  :  seeds  oblong,  reticulate-])itted.  — Hydro- 
phylium  lineare,  Pursh.,  Fl.  i.  134.  Eutoca  Menziesii,  R.  Brown,  1.  c. ;  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  37G2.     E.  viultijiora,  Dougl. ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1180. 

Common  in  open  ground  through  the  northern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  thence  to  Utah,  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  &c.  It  is  veryrfloriferous  and  handsome  ;  the  corolla  usually  deep  violet,  half  to 
three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

*  *  *  Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla  [in  No.  20,  21,  sometimes  equalling  it)  : 
inflorescence  spiciform  or  racemose. 

-t-  Leaves  pinnatifid,  elongated-ohlong  or  spatidate  ;  the  lobes  short  and  obtuse  :  appen- 
dages of  the  corolla  narrow  and  nearly  free  from  the  filaments. 

++  Flowers  (small)  in  at  length  elongated  spikes. 

1 7.  P.  brachyloba,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  erect,  roughish-pubescent,  above 
viscid-glandular  :  leaves  short-petioled  ;  the  7  to  15  lobes  entire  or  obtusely  few- 
toothed  :  spikes  solitary  or  in  pairs,  slender  :  flowers  very  short-pedicelled  :  lobes  of 
the  campanulate  nearly  white  corolla  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube :  style  2-cleft 
above  the  middle  :  capsule  oblong-oval,  very  obtuse,  thin,  shorter  than  the  calyx  : 
seeds  6  or  fewer  to  each  placenta.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  324.  Eidoca  brachyloba, 
Benth.  1.  c. 

Near  Monterey  and  Santa  Barbara,  in  open  ground,  Douglas,  Brewer,  Torrcy. 

++  ++  Flowers  loosely  racemose  and  long-pedicelled :  stems  low  or  diffuse,  a  span  or 
less  high :  leaves  mainly  at  or  near  the  base. 

18.  P.  Douglasii,  Torr.  Pubescent  and  hirsute  with  mostly  spreading  hairs  : 
leaves  elongated-oblong  or  linear  in  outline,  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted  into  sev- 
eral or  numerous  pairs  of  lobes ;  the  terminal  lobe  hardly  larger  than  the  others  and 
not  parallel-veined  :  calyx-lobes  spatulate  :  corolla  open-cam panulate,  rather  large : 
ovules  12  to  14  on  each  dilated  placenta:  capsule  ovate,  mucronate. — Exdoca  Doug- 
lasii, Benth.  1.  c. 

Open  grounds,  rather  common  from  Monterey  southward.  In  aspect  considerably  resembling 
Netnophila  insignis.  Pedicels  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  spreading.  Corolla  half  an  inch  high, 
and  proportionally  broad  when  expanded. 

19.  P.  Davidsonii,  Gray,  1.  c.  Low  and  depressed  :  hoary  with  appressed  hir- 
sute hairs  and  a  minute  close  pubescence  :  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  into  one  or  two 
pairs  of  triangular  entire  lateral  lobes,  and  a  much  larger  oblong  or  lanceolate  termi- 
nal one,  the  conspicuous  veins  of  which  are  nearly  parallel,  or  some  upper  leaves 
entire  :  racemes  few-flowered  :  calyx-lobes  oblanceolate  or  linear  :  corolla  small 
(3  lines  long),  violet-colored  :   ovules  8  or  10  to  each  placenta. 

Kern  Co.,  Califoniia,  Prof.  Davidson.  In  aspect  resembling  the  species  of  the  next  section  and 
P.  humilis,  but  with  the  long  pedicels  of  the  preceding ;  the  llowers  much  smaller. 

+■   -(-  Leaves  entire,  or  the  lower  rarely  1  —  2-lobed,  not  cordate,  the  veins  parallel  or 
converging  as  in  P.  circinata :  no  glandular  pubescence :  calyx  hirsute  or  hispid 


Phacelia.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  511 

vnth  long  spreading  liairs .  appendages  of  corolla  united  to  the  base  of  the  fila- 
ments. 

20.  P.  circinatifonuis,  Gray.  Erect,  a  span  high,  hispid  and  puberulent : 
leaves  ovate  and  oblong-lanceolate,  conspicuously  parallel -veined,  somewhat  strigose  : 
racemes  or  spikes  dense  :  corolla  naiTOw,  almost  funnelform,  little  longer  than  the 
calyx,  apparently  pale  or  white,  much  surpassing  the  stamens  :  ovules  about  4  to 
each  placenta.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  325.     Eutoca  phacelioides,  Benth.  1.  c. 

Califoniia,  Douglas  ;  only  known  in  Ms  collection,  probably  from  Monterey.  Has  the  aspect 
of  a  small  form  of  P.  circinata. 

21.  P.  curvipes,  Torr.  Diifuse,  3  or  4  inches  high,  hirsute  and  puberulent : 
leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  petiole  :  racemes  simple, 
soon  loose  ;  the  lower  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  corolla  open-campanidate,  violet 
or  blue:  style  2-cleft  to  the  middle:  ovules  8  or  10  to  each  placenta. — Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  252. 

Eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (  Wat,s(m\  extending  to  Owens  Valley,  Dr.  Horn.  Re- 
sembles P.  humilis.  Pedicels  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long,  even  the  lowest  not  commonly 
deflexed  and  then  upturned  ;  so  that  the  name  is  seldom  applicable.  Corolla  3  lines  long  :  the 
hispid  calyx  in  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long. 

22.  P.  divaricata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffusely  spreading,  a  span  high,  more  or  less 
hirsute  and  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  longer  than  the  petiole,  occa- 
sionally 1  -  2-toothed  or  lobed  at  base,  the  veins  curving  upwards  :  spikes  or  racemes 
at  length  loose  :  the  pedicels  usually  much  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  style  2-cleft  at 
the  apex  :  corolla  open-campanulate,  pretty  large  (three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter when  expanded),  violet :  ovules  1 2  to  20  on  each  placenta.  —  Eutoca  divaricata, 
Benth.;  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1784;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3706.  E.  Wrangeliana, 
Fischer  &  Meyer ;  Don,  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  362,  a  form  with  leaves  inclined  to 
be  1  -  2-lobed  or  toothed. 

Common  about  Sau  Francisco  Bay,  &c.  :  a  showy  species  in  cultivation. 

-i-  -t-  -t-  Leaves  entire  or  crenate-lohed,  roundish ;  the  veins  divergent,  mostly  obscure  : 
pubescence  glandular,  not  at  all  hispid:  appendages  of  the  narrow-campanulate 
white  corolla  nearly  free  from  the  unequal  filaments :  flowers  small  (only  about  2 
lines  long)  in  a  loose  raceme. 

23.  P.  pusilla,  Torr.  1.  c.  Only  2  or  3  inches  high,  slender  :  leaves  roundish- 
oval  or  oblong,  entire,  seldom  half  an  inch  long  :  flowers  few  on  filiform  pedicels : 
capsule  narrow-oblong,  obtuse  and  slightly  pointed,  18-24-seeded. 

Under  sage-brush  and  junipers,  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  extending  to  the  borders  of  Califor- 
nia,  fVafson. 

24.  P.  rotundifolia,  Torr.  1.  c.  Diffusely  branched,  slender,  2  to  4  inches 
high  :  leaves  thin,  round-cordate,  crenately  7-13-toothed  or  somewhat  lobed,  much 
shorter  than  the  petiole  :  flowers  on  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes  :  style 
obscurely  2-cleft  at  the  apex:  capsule  oval-oblong,  abruptly  pointed,  60-100- 
seeded. 

Southeastern  borders  of  California  (on  the  Mohave,  &c.  Cooper)  to  Southern  Utah.  Leaves  half 
an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  nearly  palmately  veined. 

§  3.  Seeds  (several  or  numerous)  transversely  corrugated :  otherwise  as  in  §  2.  Low 
annuals :  stamens  unequal  and  shorter  than  the  corolla :  style  2-cleft  only  at 
the  tip.  — MiCROGENETES,  Gray.     (Microgenetes,  A.  DC.) 

*  Corolla  almost,  rotate,  the  tube  being  shorter  than  the  lobes :  the  internal  appendages 
10  transverse  callous  ridges  just  beloiv  the  throat,  remote  from  tlie  stamens. 

25.  P.  micrantha,  Torr.  Slender  and  delicate  herb,  branching  and  spreading 
or  procumbent,  slightly  hirsute  and  glandular  :  leaves  thin,  pinnately  parted  into 


512  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Phacelia. 

5  to  9  obovate  or  oblong  mostly  entire  divisions ;  the  upper  with  dilated  and  some- 
times auricled  and  partly  clasping  base ;  the  lower  with  margined  petiole  :  racemes 
geminate  or  panicled,  very  loose  :  pedicels  as  long  as  calyx  :  corolla  blue  with  yel- 
lowish tube  (barely  2  lines  broad),  little  surpassing  -the  spatulate  enlarging  calyx- 
lobes  :  capsule  globular,  20  -  24-seeded  :  seeds  cylindraceous,  incurved,  very  deeply 
rugose  transversely  and  tuberculate.  —  Eot.  Mex.  Bound.  144;  Gray,  Proc  Am 
Acad.  x.  327. 

Along  the  Rio  Colorado  {Parry,  Bigelow),  and  eastward  through  S.  Arizona  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

«  *  Corolla  funnelform  or  cylindraceous  ;  the  internal  appendaxjes  vertical,  long  and 
narrow,  united  more  or  less  extensively  to  the  base  of  the  filaments :  style  mc/re  or 
less  hairy  below  :  leaves  pinnaiifid  and  with  naked  petioles  :  seeds  finely  reticulated 
as  well  as  coarsely  rugose.     {^Phacelia  §  Euglypta,  Watson.) 

-«-  Corolla  white  or  pale  purple,  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

26.  P.  Ivesiana,  Torr.  A  span  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  hir- 
sute-pubescent and  glandular  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7  to  15  linear  or 
oblong  divisions,  rarely  twice  pinnatifid  :  racemes  loose,  6-20-flowered  :  appendages 
of  the  corolla  almost  free  from  the  iilament  :  calyx-lobes  linear  :  capsule  oblong, 
16 -24-seeded.  — Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  21. 

Arizona  from  the  borders  of  California  {Ives),  Southern  Nevada,  and  Utah. 

•<-  -t-  Corolla  conspicuously  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  limb  mostly  bright  purple  or 
violet-blue  ;  the  throat  and  tube  whitish  or  yellowish. 

27.  P.  Fremontii,  Torr.  1.  c.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  much  branched  from  the 
base,  viscid-puberulent :  leaves  simply  pinnatifid  into  7  to  15  obovate  or  short- 
oblong  mostly  entire  lobes  :  flowers  short-pedicelled,  crowded  in  an  elongating 
spike  :  funnelform  corolla  (3  to  5  lines  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  spatulate 
calyx-lobes ;  the  appendages  united  below  to  the  filament  :  capsule  oblong,  20  -  30- 
seeded. 

From  Kern  County  through  Western  Arizona  and  Southern  Nevada  to  Southern  Utah. 

28.  P.  bicolor,  Torr.  Diffusely  branched  from  tlie  base,  barely  a  span  higli, 
viscid-pubescent :  leaves  twice  pinnately  parted  or  merely  pinnatifid  into  small 
short-linear  or  oblong  lobes:  racemes  or  spikes  loosely  10-20-flowered  :  funnelform 
corolla  (5  to  7  lines  long)  about  thrice  the  length  of  the  almost  linear  calyx-lobes  ; 
the  long  and  narrow  appendages  united  for  more  than  half  their  length  with  the 
filament,  forming  a  narrow  tubular  cavity  behind  it  :  capsule  oval-oblong,  about 
16-seeded.  — Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  255. 

Eastern  portion  of  tlie  Sierra  Nevada  (Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon,  &c.),  and  adjacent  parts  of  Nevada, 
first  collected  by  Dr.  Anderson.  The  largest-flowered  of  these  species ;  the  rather  showy  corolla 
purple,  with  a  yellowish  tube  and  eye. 

29.  P.  gymnoclada,  Torr.  1.  c.  Branched  from  the  base,  low,  somewhat  viscid- 
pubescent;  the  primary  branches  decumbent,  long  and  naked  below:  leaves  obovate, 
oyal,  or  oblong,  obtusely  toothed  or  almost  pinnatifid,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
petiole  :  spikes  several-flowered :  the  short-funnelform  corolla  (3  or  4  lines  lonj.) 
not  twice  the  length  of  the  obscurely  spatulate  and  hirsute  calyx-lobes  (its  appen- 
dages as  in  the  preceding)  :  capsule  oval,  or  oblong,  5-1 6-seeded. 

Truckee  Pass  and  Winnemucca,  Watson,  Lemmon.  Therefore  probably  within  the  eastern  border 
of  California.  Lemmon's  specimens  are  better  developed  than  Watson's,  without  such  long  naked 
branches  from  the  root  ;  the  ovules  about  12,  only  4  or  5  ripening  into  pretty  large  seeds  :  the 
capsule  oval  or  elliptical. 

30.  P.  crassifolia,  Torr.  1.  c.  Diffusely  branched,  3  or  4  inches  high,  viscid- 
pubescent  :  leaves  thickish  and  rather  fleshy,  roughish,  half  an  inch  or  less  long, 
oblong-ovate,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  the  lower  with  some  short  blunt  teeth, 


Phacdia.  HYDROPHYLLACE^  513 

the  upper  entire  :  racemes  loosely  few-flowered ;  short  pedicels  spreading :  funnel- 
form  corolla  (3  or  4  lines  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  linear  calyx-lobes ; 
the  appendages  small  and  obscure  :  capsule  ovoid,  6  -  8-seeded.  —  Watson,  1.  c. 
Reese  River  Valley,  Nevada,  Watson.     Not  unlikely  to  be  also  Californian. 

§  4.  Like  §  2,  hut  no  appendages  loithin  the  rotate-campanulate  corolla  or  on  the  hose 
of  the  filaments :  ovules  and  seeds  very  numerous  on  the  dilated  placentae^  the 
latter  pitted :  very  glandular  annuals.  —  Gymnobythus,  Gray. 

31.  P.  viscida,  Torr,  A  foot  or  two  high,  branching  and  hirsute  at  base,  very 
glandular-viscitl  above  :  leaves  ovate  or  obscurely  cordate,  doubly  and  irregularly 
toothed  or  incised,  an  inch  or  two  long :  flowers  in  loose  racemes  :  corolla  deep  blue 
with  purple  or  pale  centre  (sometimes  wliite),  from  6  to  10  lines  broad,  about  the 
length  of  the  very  slender  filaments :  style  2-parted :  capsule  ovate,  abruptly  pointed. 
—  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  143  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  Eidoca  viscida,  Benth.  in  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1808; 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  3572.      Cosmanthus  {Gymnobythus)  viscidus,  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  296. 

Var.  albiflora,  Gray  {Eutoca  albiftora,  Kutt.),  is  a  white-iiowered  form,  other- 
"wise  similar. 

Open  grounds  near  the  coast,  from  Santa  Barbara  southward. 

32.  P.  grandiflora,  Gray,  1.  c.     Very  like  the  preceding,  perhaps  more  hispid 

at  the  base  of  the  stem ;  but  the  light  blue  or  white  almost  rotate  corolla  about 
double  the  size.  —  Eutoca  grandiflora,  Benth,  1.  c.     E.  speciosa,  Nutt.  PL  Gamb. 
158,  Cosmanthus  [Gymnobythus)  grandiflorus,  A.  DC.  1.  c. 
Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego,  Douglas,  Nuttall,  Pecklmm,  Cleveland,  &c, 

§  5.  Like  §  4,  but  vtith  a  small  truncate  or  emarginate  scale  adnate  to  the  inner  base 
of  each  capillary  exserted  filament:  style  2-cleft  above  the  middle:  corolla  either 
oblong-cavipanulate  or  open-campamdate  :  glandidar  annuals.  —  Whitlavia, 
Gray. 

*   Corolla  open-campanulate  :  ovules  and  seeds  not  very  numerous. 

33.  P.  Panyi,  Torr.  1.  c.  A  span  or  two  high,  hireute  or  even  hispid  as  well 
as  glandular-viscid  :  leaves  ovate,  irregularly  doubly  toothed  or  laciniate,  or  the 
lowest  pinnately  parted,  the  upper  cauline  longer  than  their  petioles  :  racemes  very 
loose,  at  length  elongated  :  pedicels  widely  spreading,  slender  (from  half  to  a  full 
inch  long)  :  corolla  cleft  beyond  the  middle,  deep  violet  with  a  yellowish  or  white 
5-rayed  eye,  half  an  inch  long,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  narrow  calyx-lobes  : 
filaments  bearded,  a  little  exserted :  ovules  20  or  30  to  each  placenta. 

Near  San  Diego  and  Los  Angeles,  Parry,  Cooper,  &c. 

34.  P.  longipes,  Torr.  Apparently  low,  slender,  loosely  branched,  glandular 
and  slightly  hispid  (base  of  the  stem  iinknown)  :  cauline  leaves  round-oval  or 
cordate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  5  -  8-toothed  (half  an  inch  long),  shorter  than  their 
petioles  :  racemes  very  loose  :  corolla  hardly  half  an  inch  long,  apparently  white, 
5-cleft  to  the  middle,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  spatu late-linear  sparsely  hispid 
calyx-lobes:  style  rather  deeply  2-cleft:  ovules  only  8  or  10  to  each  placenta:  seeds 
few.  —  Gray,  1.  c.  322. 

Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Torrey.     No  one  else  has  yet  met  with  it. 

*  *  Corolla  oblong-campamdate,  the  tube  cylindraceous-ventricose :  ovules  and  seeds 
very  numerous  on  tlie  dilated  placentae.  —  (  Whitlavia,  Harvey.) 

35.  P.  Whitlavia,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high,  loosely  branching,  hirsute  and 
glandular :  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid,  obtusely  and  incisely  toothed,  longer  than  the 
petiole  :  raceme  loose  and  elongating  :  tube  of  the  violet  (or  rarely  white)  corolla  an 
inch  or  so  long,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  rounded  lobes  and  of  the  narrow 
calyx-lobes :   stamens  conspicuously   exserted.  —  Whitlavia  grandiflora,    Harv,   in 


514  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Emmenanthe. 

Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  v.  312,  t.  11 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4813.      W.  minor,  Harvey,  1.  c, 
a  depauperate  form. 

Los  Angeles  to  San  Bernardino,  Coulter,  Wallace,  Antiscll,  &c.  Prized  in  cultivation,  as  are 
several  of  the  foregoing  species. 

6.  EMMENANTHE,  Benth. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  divisions  similar.  Corolla  campanulate,  yellow  or 
cream-colored,  persistent.  Otherwise  as  in  Pliacelia  §  Eutoca  &  Microgenetes.  Low 
Californian  annuals.  —  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  x.  328.     Emmenanthe  &  Miltitzia,  A.  DC. 

§  1.  Resembling  Pliacelia  §  Microgenetes:  seeds  more  or  less  rugose  transve7'sely : 
flowers  small :  calyx-lobes  broader  uj^wards.  —  Miltitzia,  Gray.  (Miltitzia, 
A.  DC.) 

«  Corolla  bright  yellow,  merely  5-lobed,  exceeding  or  at  least  equalling  the  calyx  both 
in  floiver  and  in  fruit,  withering-persistent  and  enclosing  the  capsule ;  tlie  tube 
within  mostly  with  10  narrow  appendages  :  style  persistent :  Jierbage  pubescent. 

1.  E.  parviflora,  Gray.  Low  and  depressed,  rather  densely  pubescent,  viscid  : 
leaves  deeply  pinnatitid  :  flowers  spicate-crowded,  very  short-pedicelled  :  corolla  not 
longer  than  the  almost  linear  sepals  :  style  hardly  longer  than  the  20  -  40-ovuled 
ovary.  —  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi.  85,  t.  15,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  328. 

Shore  of  Lake  Klamath,  Oregon,  Neivberry.  Therefore  probably  extending  into  the  northern 
borders  of  California. 

2.  E.  lutea,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diff"use,  minutely  pubescent,  somewhat  viscid  but 
slightly  if  at  all  glandular  :  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  incisely  few-toothed  or  pin- 
natifid  :  flowers  rather  crowded  in  short  racemes  :  corolla  (3  lines  long)  surpassing 
the  spatulate-linear  calyx-lobes  :- style  flliform,  much  longer  than  the  about  12- 
ovuled  ovary.  —  E.  parviflora,  "Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  257,  not  of  Gray.  Eutoca 
lutea,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  &  Ic.  PI.  t.  354.     Miltitzia  lutea,  A.  DC. 

Northeastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Anderson,  Watson,  &c.),  and  through  Nevada  to  the 
borders  of  Idaho. 

3.  E.  glandulifera,  Torr.  More  slender,  3  to  5  inches  high,  diffuse,  glandular 
as  well  as  viscid  :  leaves  small  (half  an  inch  or  less  in  length),  oblong  or  spatulate, 
incisely  few-toothed,  or  the  upper  entire  :  flowers  numerous  in  slender  spikes  or 
racemes  :  corolla  narrowly  campanulate,  exceeding  the  linear  calyx-lobes  :  style  fili- 
form :  ovules  6  to  12.  — Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  257. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  Carson  City,  on  the  borders  of  California,  Anderson,  Wat- 
son.    Corolla  2  lines  long  ;  no  appendages  detected.     Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

«  *  Corolla  apparently  nearly  white,  5-cleft,  usually  shorter  than  the  calyx  and  cap- 
sule ;  internal  appendages  not  manifest :  leaves  rather  fleshy  and  entire,  tapering 
into  a  petiole  :  capsule  8  —  10-seeded. 

4.  E.  glaberrima,  Torr.  1.  c.  Wholly  glabrous  and  glandless,  stout  and  some- 
what succulent,  a  span  or  less  high,  diffusely  decumbent :  leaves  oblong-spatulate  or 
obovate  (half  an  inch  or  more  long),  some  of  the  lower  occasionally  2  —  4-toothed  : 
flowers  few  or  several  in  short  or  at  length  elongated  spikes  or  strict  racemes ;  pedi- 
cels short  and  appressed  :  corolla  not  exceeding  the  thick  spatulate  or  oblong  calyx- 
lobes,  hardly  surpassing  the  glabrous  ovary,  rather  shorter  than  the  firm-coriaceous 
capsule,  which  is  pointed  with  the  indurated  base  of  the  style.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King 
Exp.  257 ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

Low  saline  ground,  Humboldt  Sink  and  Reese  Valley,  Nevada,  Watson,  on  whose  authority  it 
is  said  to  be  the  "Eutoca  arctioidrs"  of  the  Botany  of  the  Ives  Colorado  Expedition.  Not  yet 
found  within  California,  but  may  be  expected.  Fruiting  calyx  and  capsule  2^  lines  long,  thick, 
tardily  dehiscent. 


Tricar  dia.  HYDKOPHYLLACE^.  515 

5.  C  pusilla,  Gray.  Soft-pubescent,  an  inch  or  two  high,  erect,  at  length 
branclied  from  the  base  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  spatulate,  2  to  5  lines  long  and 
with  slender  petiole  of  equal  length  :  flowers  3  to  7,  scattered  in  a  filiform  loose 
raceme,  the  primary  one  scapiform  ;  pedicels  spreading :  corolla  about  half  the 
leugth  of  the  linear  and  obscurely  spatulate  calyx-lobes  and  also  of  the  ovoid  very 
obtuse  and  pointless  capsule  :  style  very  short  and  deciduous.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xi.  87. 

Northwestern  Nevada,  Watson  (young  specimens,  taken  for  a  state  of  Phacelia  pusilla),  also 
Zeminon.  Calyx  in  blossom  one  line,  in  fruit  2  lines  long.  Corolla  apparently  white,  persistent, 
investing  the  base  of  the  capsule.     Seeds  strongly  corrugated. 

§  2.  Larger,  with  loose  panicled  racemes :  seeds  coarsely  pitted :  calyx-lobes  broader 
doivnivard :  style  deciduous  :  corolla  cream-colored,  with  short  roanded  lobes, 
destitute  of  appendages.  —  Emmenanthe  proper. 

6.  E.  penduliflora,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  villous-pubesceut,  some- 
wliat  viscid  :  leaves  pinnatifid;  the  lobes  numerous,  short,  somewhat  toothed  or 
incised  :  pedicels  filiform,  at  base  sometimes  bracted,  as  long  as  the  at  length  nod- 
ding flowers  :  filaments  almost  free  from  the  broadly  campauulate  unwithering 
corolla  :  ovules  about  16. 

Open  ground,  not  rare  from  Lake  Co.  to  San  Diego,  extending  east  to  Southern  Utali.  Flowers 
handsome  :  corolla  almost  half  an  inch  long.     Seeds  a  line  long. 

7.   CONANTHUS,  S.  Watson. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  very  narrow  and  similar.  Corolla  funnelform, 
not  appendaged,  deciduous.  Stamens  unequally  inserted  more  or  less  high  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  :  filaments  slender.  Style  2-cleft  at  apex,  sometimes  nearly 
entire  :  stigmas  capitellate.  Ovary  and  capsule  2-ceUed,  10  -  20-seeded.  Seeds 
with  a  thin  and  translucent  coat,  nearly  smooth,  the  sides  obscurely  rugose  or 
excavated  when  mature.  —  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  256 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am,  Acad. 
X.  329.     Eutoca  (1)  sect.  Conanthus,  A.  DC. 

1 .  C.  aretioides,  Watson,  1.  c.  A  small  and  depressed  winter-annual,  repeatedly 
forked  from  the  very  base,  two  or  three  inches  high,  soon  forming  a  matted  tuft, 
hirsute-hispid,  flowering  copiously  a  long  time  :  leaves  spatulate-linear  (an  inch 
or  less  long) :  flowers  sessile  in  the  forks,  half  an  inch  long :  corolla  with  a  nar- 
row tube  and  rather  ample  limb,  purple.  —  Eutoca  aretioides.  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot. 
Beechey,  374  ;  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  355. 

Dry  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  adjacent  portions  of  the  interior  region,  from  Oregon 
to  Arizona.  Plant  with  mostly  the  characters  of  Nama,  except  the  united  styles.  Stamens  and 
style  varying  in  length  and  height  of  insertion,  apparently  from  dimorphism. 

8.   TRICARDIA,  Torr. 

Calyx-lobes  or  sepals  very  dissimilar,  three  outer  ample  and  round-cordate,  thin- 
herbaceous,  enlarging  and  becoming  scarious  and  reticulated  with  age  ;  the  two 
inner  small  and  linear.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deciduous ;  internal  appen- 
dages 10  narrow  plaits,  free  and  rather  distant  from  the  unequal  filaments.  Style 
2-cleft.  Ovary  glabrous,  incompletely  2-celled  :  ovules  4  to  each  placenta.  Flowers 
racemose,  rather  few  :  corolla  purplish.  —  S.  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  258,  t.  24. 

1.  T.  Watsoni,  Torr.  in  Bot.  King,  1.  c.  A  low  perennial,  branched  from  the 
base,  a  span  high,  cottony-pubescent,  but  nearly  glabrous  when  old  :  leaves  all  alter- 
nate, entire ;  the  radical  and  lower  cauline  spatulate-lanceolate  (one  or  two  inches 
long)  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole;   the  upper  much  smaller  and  more 


516  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  Romanzoffia. 

oblong,  short-petioled  or  sessile  :  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit  :  the  enlarged  heart- 
shaped  sepals  much  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  8-seeded  capsule  :  stamens  and 
style  included. 

Truckee  Pass,  &c.,  Nevada,  Watson,     Probably  extending  to  the  California  line. 

9.  BOMANZOPFIA,  Cham. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  similar.  Corolla  more  or  less  funnelform,  not 
appendaged  within,  deciduous.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  unequal.  Style  undivided,  filiform  :  stigma  small,  entire.  Ovary  and  the 
retuse  capsule  2-celled  or  nearly  so.  Ovules  and  pitted-reticulated  seeds  numerous, 
on  narrow-linear  jilacentse.  —  Low  and  delicate  perennial  herbs,  with  the  aspect  of 
Saxifrages  :  the  leaves  mainly  radical,  all  alternate,  round-cordate  or  reniform,  cre- 
iiately  7-11-lobed,  long-petioled  :  the  scapes  or  flowering  stems  racemosely  or  pa- 
uiculately  and  loosely  several-flowered.  Corolla  pink  or  purple,  varying  to  white, 
delicately  veiny. 

A  genus  of  two  species,  the  original  one,  R.  Uhalaschkcnsis  of  Chamisso,  found  only  on  Una- 
laska  and  adjacent  islands. 

1.  R.  Sitchensis,  Bongard.  Slender  filiform  rootstocks  bearing  small  grain-like 
tubers  :  scapes  weak,  a  span  long  :  pedicels  spreading  and  longer  than  the  flowers  : 
calyx-lobes  glabrous,  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  capsule  :  style  long  and  slender.  — Veg.  Sitka,  41,  t.  4  : 
Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6109. 

In  shady  woods  along  the  Coast  Range,  especially  in  redwoods,  from  Santa  Cruz  northward ; 
extending  to  Alaska. 

10.  HESPEROCHIEON,  S.  Watson. 

Calyx  5-parted,  rarely  6  -  7-parted,  and  the  lanceolate  or  linear  lobes  sometimes 
unequal.  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate,  5-cleft,  rarely  6  -  7-cleft,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  base  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  unequal,  included  :  filaments 
subulate.  Ovary  partly  one-celled,  tapering  into  a  short  style,  which  is  barely 
2-cleft  at  the  tip  :  stigmas  minute.  Ovules  numerous,  on  dilated  placentee,  borne 
on  incomplete  semi-dissepiments.  Capsule  loculicidal,  15  -  20-seeded.  —  Dwarf 
and  stemless  perennials  or  possibly  biennials,  soft-pubescent ;  with  spatulate  or 
oblong  entire  leaves  on  margined  petioles,  and  from  their  axils  naked  one-flowered 
scapes,  of  about  the  same  length,  bearing  a  solitary  purplish  or  nearl}'^  Avhite  flower. 
Base  of  the  calyx  obscurely  adnate  to  the  broad  base  of  the  conical-ovate  ovary : 
seeds  rather  large,  and  with  a  somewhat  fleshy  minutely  reticulated  coat.  —  Bot. 
King  Exp.  281,  t.  30 ;  Gray,  1.  c.  330. 

An  anomalous  genus,  but  probably  of  this  order,  peculiar  to  California,  Oregon,  and  the  adja- 
cent interior  region.  Only  one  species  has  been  found  in  California,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  the 
second  is  distinct. 

1.  H.  Californicus,  Watson,  1.  c.  Leaves  co])ious  in  a  rosulate  tuft  (an  inch 
or  two  long,  besides  the  petiole  into  which  the  blade  abruptly  contracts  or  gradually 
tapers) :  corolla  oblong-campanulate ;  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Ourisia 
Californica,  Benth.  PI.  liartw.  327.  U.  latif alius,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad. 
V.  44,  a  large  state. 

Hills  and  meadows  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  the  Yosemite  northward  to  "Washington  Territory, 
and  east  to  Nevada  and  Utah.     Corolla  from  5  to  8  or  9  lines  long  :  the  lobes  oblong. 


Nama.  HYDROPHYLLACE^.  517 

H.  PUMTLUS,  Porter  {Villarsia immila,  Dougl.  ;  Griseb.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  70,  t.  157),  has  fewer 
leaves  from  a  more  slender  rootstock,  and  a  nearly  rotate  corolla  with  lobes  longer  than  the  tube, 
this  densely  bearded  within.  It  gi'ows  in  springy  or  marshy  ground,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of 
Idaho  and  Northern  Utah  (near  Ogden,  Haijden),  &c. 

11.   NAMA,  Linn. 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted.  Corolla  funnelform  or  somewhat  salverform;  the  tube 
destitute  of  internal  appendages.  Stamens  often  unequal,  and  unequally  inserted, 
included.  Styles  2,  distinct  to  the  base  :  stigmas  somewhat  capitate.  Capsule 
thin,  completely  or  incompletely  2-celled  by  the  meeting  or  approximation  in  the 
axis  of  the  two  thin  and  dilated  placentae,  2-valved  ;  the  valves  entire.  Seeds  usu- 
ally numerous.  —  Low  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants ;  with  entire  leaves,  and  purple, 
bluish,  or  white  flowers. —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  337,  viii.  282,  &  x.  330. 

The  species  are  all  American,  excepting  one  in  the  Sandwich  Islands,  most  numerous  near  and 
in  Mexico.  Of  the  seven  known  within  the  United  States  four  inhabit  California  ;  and  a  fifth, 
N.  stenocarpum,  Gray,  common  on  the  southern  border  of  Arizona  (and  well  marked  by  its  almost 
linear  capsule)  may  yet  be  found  near  the  southeastern  frontiers  of  our  State. 

§  1.  Annuals,  pubescent  or  hirsute :  flowers  terminal  and  lateral  or  in  the  forks,  short- 
j^eduncled  or  sessile  :  seeds  with  a  thin  and  translucent  close  coat. 

1.  N.  hispidum,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  repeatedly  forked,  hirsute  or 
hispid  :  leaves  liuear-spatulate,  most  of  the  upper  ones  sessile  :  flowers  lateral  and 
solitary,  or  3  to  5  in  terminal  and  one-sided  nearly  bractless  clusters:  sepals  narrow- 
linear,  hardly  if  at  all  broadened  upward,  shorter  than  the  purple  corolla  :  capsule 
narrowly  oblong,  30-40-seeded  :  seeds  nearly  smooth. 

Along  the  Rio  Colorado  (mostly  a  low  form,  with  soft  pubescence,  and  occasionally  3  or  4  styles 
and  placentfe ! ),  thence  east  to  Texas. 

2.  N.  demissum,  Gray.  Dwarf  and  depressed,  commonly  2  or  3  inches  high, 
pubescent,  hirsute,  or  sometimes  rather  hispid  :  leaves  linear-spatulate,  all  or  most 
of  them  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  flowers  subsessile  in  the  forks  :  sepals  very  narrow- 
linear,  not  at  all  broader  upward,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  bright  purple  or 
"crimson"  corolla:  capsule  sliort- oblong,  10  -  16-seeded. 

Interior  desert  region,  from  the  Rio  Colorado  and  the  Mohave,  tlirough  "W.  Arizona,  Nevada, 
and  Utah,  to  Washington  Territory.  Flowers  showy,  as  in  Conantkm,  wliich  it  much  resembles 
(but  that  has  the  styles  united  into  one)  :  corolla  4  or  5  or  even  6  lines  long  :  filaments  veiy 
unequally  inserted,  somewhat  subulate.     Seeds  much  larger  and  fewer  than  in  the  preceding. 

3.  N.  Coulteri,  Gray.  A  span  high,  difl'usely  branched,  hirsute-pubescent  and 
somewhat  viscid :  leaves  short,  oblong-spatulate,  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  : 
flowers  short-pedicelled  in  the  forks  :  sepals  with  spatulate-dilated  tips,  not  half  the 
length  of  tlie  narrow  funnelform  corolla  :  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  50  -  60-seeded  : 
seeds  obscurely  wrinkled  or  pitted. 

No.  463  of  the  Califomian  collection  of  Coulter  ^  not  since  found  ;  perhaps  really  collected  in 
Ai'izona  or  Mexico. 

§  2.   Svffruticose,  silky-woolly :  flowers  clustered :  ovary  and  styles  hirsute, 

4.  N.  Lobbii,  Gray.  Depressed  and  procumbent,  forming  broad  matted  tufts ; 
the  older  stems  woody  and  rigid  :  leaves  narrowly  spatulate  or  linear,  tapering  to  a 
nearly  sessile  base,  an  inch  or  two  long ;  the  younger  ones  white  with  the  soft  vil- 
lous wool ;  the  older  becoming  naked  and  their  margins  revolute,  more  or  less  per- 
sistent :  flowers  clustered  in  the  upper  axils  and  at  the  summit :  se{)als  very  slender, 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  funnelform  purj)le  corolla  (this  half  an  inch  long). 

On  rocks,  &c.,  not  rare  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Sien-a  Nevada,  first  collected  by  Lobb. 
Fruit  not  yet  seen. 


518  BORRAGINACE^.  Eriodidyon. 

12.  ERIODICTYON,  Benth. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  or  sepals  not  broader  upwards.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  or  approaching  campanulate  or  salverform.  -Stamens  more  or  less  included. 
Styles  2,  distinct  to  the  base ;  their  tips  or  the  stigmas  clavate-capitate.  Capsule 
crustaceous,  small,  globose-ovate  and  pointed,  2-celled  and  with  dilated  placentae, 
4-valved,  i.  e.  at  first  loculicidal  in  the  manner  of  the  tribe,  then  septicidal,  thus 
splitting  into  four  hard  and  thick  half-valves,  closed  by  a  portion  of  the  partition 
on  one  side  and  partly  open  on  the  other.  Ovules  rather  numerous,  but  seeds  few. 
—  Low  shrubs  (CaUfornian,  &c.) ;  the  leaves  alternate,  of  rigid  coriaceous  texture, 
pinnately  veined  and  with  finely  reticulated  veinlets  conspicuous  on  a  fine  woolly 
ground  (whence  the  generic  name),  at  least  underneath,  their  margins  beset  with 
rigid  teeth,  the  base  tapering  into  more  or  less  of  a  petiole.  Flowers  in  scorpioid 
cymes  collected  in  a  terminal  panicle  :  corolla  violet  or  purple,  varying  to  white. 
Filaments  variably  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  sometimes  almost  up  to  the 
throat. — Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  35. 

1.  Zi.  tomentosum,  Benth.  White  or  in  age  rusty-colored  with  a  dense  coat 
of  short  villous  down,  G  to  10  feet  high ;  branches  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  oblong 
or  oval,  very  rigid,  obtuse  (2  to  4  inches  long) :  calyx  and  corolla  villous,  the 
latter  somewhat  salverform  and  about  twice  the  length  of  the  former.  —  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  148.     E.  crassifolium  &  E.  tomentosum,  Benth.  1.  c. 

San  Gabriel  and  Fort  Tejon  to  San  Diego,  &c.     Corolla  hardly  half  an  inch  long. 

2.  Ii.  glutinosum,  Benth.  Smoothish,  glutinous  with  a  resinous  exudation, 
3  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  (3  to  6  inches  long)  lanceolate,  irregularly  serrate  or  nearly 
entire,  whitened  beneath  between  the  reticulations  by  a  minute  close  woolliness, 
glabrous  above  :  cymes  in  a  long  naked  panicle  :  corolla  tubular-funnelform,  thrice 
the  length  of  the  sparsely  and  slightly  hairy  calyx.  —  Wigandia  Californica,  Hook. 
&  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  364,  t.  88. 

Dry  hills  ;  common  through  the  western  and  southern  portion  of  the  State.  Corolla  half  an 
inch  long.     Infusion  of  the  balsamic-resiniferous  leaves  in  spirit  used  as  a  tonic. 

E.  ANGUSTIFOLIUM,  Nutt.  PL  Gamb.  {E.  glutinosum,  var.  angiistifolium,  Torr.),  is  found  only 
in  the  interior,  from  S.  Nevada  and  Utah  to  the  adjacent  borders  of  New  Mexico.  It  is  barely 
distinguished  from  E.  glutinosum  by  its  linear  leaves  with  revolute  margins,  and  almost  camjjan- 
ulate  corolla  only  2  or  3  lines  long. 


Order  LXV.    BORRAGINACE^. 

Mostly  roughish-pubescent  herbs,  with  colorless  and  inert  juice,  alternate  entire 
leaves  without  stipules,  scorpioid  inflorescence,  and  perfect  regular  5-androus  flowers; 
the  ovary  of  4  lobes  or  divisions  around  a  central  style,  ripening  into  seed-like 
nutlets,  or  when  undivided  4-celled  and  4-ovuled  and  splitting  into  nutlets  (if 
drupaceous  containing  seed-like  stones).  Calyx  free,  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  persist- 
ent. Corolla  with  a  5-lobed  limb,  commonly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
distinct,  inserted  in  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla  alternate  with  the  lobes ;  an- 
thers 2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovules  solitary,  anatropous,  amphitropous,  or 
almost  orthotropous ;  tlie  orifice  and  the  radicle  of  the  straight  embryo  (mostly  with- 
out albumen)  always  superior  or  when  the  nutlets  are  horizontal  centripetal,  or  in 
one  anomalous  genus  inferior  in  an  erect  nutlet.      Lower  leaves  not  rarely  opposite. 


BORRAGnTACE^.  519 

The  one-sided  and  coiled  apparent  spikes  or  racemes  straighten  as  the  blossoms 
develop  :  these  sometimes  scattered  :  bracts  frequently  wanting.  Echium,  an 
Old  World  genus  with  irregular  corolla  and  stamens,  has  not  reached  California 
(altliough  the  common  species  is  naturalized  in  the  United  States) :  nor  are  there 
any  of  the  first  and  second  tribes  with  flashy  or  berry-like  drupaceous  fruit ;  these 
belonging  mainly  to  tropical  regions.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  48. 

A  rather  large  order,  of  wide  distribution,  comprising  between  60  and  70  genera,  of  no  economi- 
cal imiwrtance,  except  that  the  roots  of  several  yield  a  red  dye,  and  those  of  Coiufrey  were  of  re- 
pute in  popular  medicine  as  a  demulcent,  while  some,  such  as  Heliotropes  and  Forget-me-nots, 
are  cultivated  for  ornament.  Although  the  Califoniiau  genera  are  hardly  more  numerous  than 
those  of  the  Atlantic  States,  the  species  are  twice  as  many. 

As  in  the  foregoing  order,  the  scorpioid  flower-clustei"s  are  termed  spikes  or  racemes,  although 
the  flowers  are  not  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts,  when  these  are  present. 

EcuiDiocAiiYA  AuizoNicA,  Gray,  a  new  genus  of  a  single  species  from  the  middle  of  Arizona, 
is  doubtless  wholly  out  of  our  range.  The  asjject  of  the  plant  is  wholly  that  of  an  Eritrichimn : 
but  the  nutlets  are  as  it  were  stipitate  and  iuflexed  over  the  short  free  style,  with  the  thick 
and  cartilaginous  elongated  bases  or  stalks  united  in  paii-s,  the  whole  bearing  some  likeness  to 
four  viper-heads. 

Tribe  I.  CORDlEiE.  Style  tenniual,  once  or  twice  forked  ;  the  branches  tipped  with  a 
simple  stigma.     Ovary  laterally  4-lobed  or  entire.     Generally  woody,  ours  herbaceous. 

1.  Coldenia.     Corolla-lobes  imbricated  or  partly  convolute  in  the  bud.    Style  simply  and  deeply 

2-clelt.     Fruit  separating  into  4  (or  by  abortion  fewer)  one-seeded  dry  nutlets. 

Tribe  II.  HELIOTROPIE/E.  Style  teiminal,  sometimes  very  short  or  none,  entire :  stigma 
a  fleshy  ring  or  the  margin  of  a  disk,  which  is  mostly  sunnounted  by  a  conical  appendage. 
Ovary  entire  or  laterally  2  -  l-lobed.  Inflorescence  unilateral.  Herbs  or  sometimes 
shrubby  plants. 

2.  Heliotropium.     Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  the  sinuses  plaited.     Fruit  splitting 

into  4  one-seeded  or  2  two-celled  and  two-seeded  nutlets. 

Tribe  III.  BORRAGEiE.  Style  central,  entire  or  nearly  so,  terminated  by  a  single  stigma 
or  pair  of  stigmas  destitute  of  any  appendage,  its  base  surrounded  by  the  divisions  of  the 
deeply  4-parted  ovary,  which  in  fruit  are  separate  dry  nutlets.  Inflorescence  mostly  uni- 
lateral and  scorpioid.  Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  shrubby  plants,  commonly  scabrous  or 
hispid. 

*  Nutlets  naked  in  the  base  of  the  equal  and  imchanged  calyx. 

-H  Nutlets  fixed  by  their  very  base  to  a  flat  receptacle,  erect ;  the  scar  flat  and  rather  small. 

3.  Lithospermum.     Nutlets  bony.      Flowers  leafy-bracted.      Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the 

bud,  as  in  all  the  following  but  No.  4. 

4.  Myosotis.     Nutlets  thin-crustaceous,  smooth.     Inflorescence  bractless.     Corolla-lobes  con- 

volute in  the  bud. 

-i-  +■  Nutlets  fixed  by  some  part  of  the  inner  angle  or  face,  either  next  the  base  or  higher  up,  to 
a  conical,  low-pyramidal,  or  more  elevated  receptacle  (gynobase), 

++  Unarmed  and  except  one  species  unappendaged,  erect. 

5.  Mertensia.     Flowers  violet  or  blue.     Nutlets  rather  fleshy,  becoming  coriaceous.     Smooth 

or  soft-pubescent  perennials. 

6.  Amsinckia.      Flowers  bright  yellow.      Nutlets  coriaceous  or  crustaceous,  fixed  above  the 

base.     Cotyledons  4,  that  is  each  of  the  pair  2-parted  !     Bristly-hispid  annuals. 

7.  Eritrichium.      Flowers  in  ours  white.      Nutlets  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  ovate  or  tri- 

angidar.     Hirsute  or  hispid,  mostly  annuals. 

++  ++  Glochiiliate  or  otherwise  armed  or  prickly  nutlets,  becoming  burs  (sticking  in  the  fleece  or 
hair  of  sheep  and  cattle) ;  calyx  open  or  spreading  in  fniit :  corolla  blue  or  white. 

8.  Echinospermum.     Nutlets  erect :  the  margin  surrounded  by  barbed-tipped  prickles.    Flow- 

ers small,  in  partly  bracted  racemes  or  spikes.     Annuals  or  biennials. 

9.  Cynoglossum.      Nutlets  becoming  dejiressed,  oblique  or  horizontal,  all  the  back  covered 

with  short  and  stout  barbed-tipped  bristles  or  prickles,  at  maturity  separating  from  the 
receptacle  from  the  base  upwards  and  hanging  awhile  from  the  style.  Flowers  larger, 
in  bractless  panicled  racemes.     Oure  jjerennial. 


520  BORRAGINACEiE.  Coldenia. 

10.  Pectocarya.     Nutlets  divergent  and  horizontal  in  pairs,  oblong,  somewhat  boat-shaped  by 

a  wing-like  tootlied  or  pectinate  border,  which  bears  more  or  less  hook-tipped  bristles. 
Flowers  very  small,  white,  scattered  along  leafy  branches. 

*  *  Fertile  nutlet  invested  by  two  united  and  cornute-appehdaged  divisions  of  the  very  unequal 
calyx  ;  the  others  sterile  :  seed  erect  and  radicle  inferior  ! 

11.  Harpagonella.     Fnictiferous  portion  of  the  calyx  bur-like,  about  7-horned,  the  horns  or 

processes  armed  with  hooked  bristles.     Flowers  very  small,  scattered  along  the  leafy  stem 
and  branches. 

1.  COLDENIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  deeply  5-cleft  (or  in  one  species  4-parted).      Corolla  short- 

funnelform  or  salverform;  the  lobes  rounded  and  usually  between  convolute  and 

imbricated  in  the  bud  (one  lobe  wholly  exterior).     Anthers  oval.     Style  2-cleft  or 

2-parted  :  stigmas  small,  capitate.     Ovary  more  or  less  4-lobed,  in  fruit  forming 

4  or  fewer  one-seeded  nutlets.     Seeds  destitute  of  albumen  :  cotyledons  thick.  — 

Low  herbs  or  suffrutescent   plants,   with   mostly  white  small   flowers   in  sessile 

terminal  and  lateral  clusters.  —  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  558 ;  Gray,  Proc,  Am.  Acad.  v. 

340,  viii.  292,  &  x.  48.      I'iquilia,  Pers.      Galapagoa,  Hook.  f.      Stegnocarpiis, 

Ptilocalyx  &  Mdya,  Torr.  &  Gray,  Pacif.  K.  Eep.  ii.   169. 

The  original  species  is  East  Indian  and  also  widely  dispersed  over  the  warmer  parts  of  the 
world  ;  the  sections  Stegnocarjms  and  Ptilocalyx,  and  also  Eddya,  inhabit  the  southern  borders 
of  the  United  States  from  Arizona  or  New  ^lexico  eastward  (one  of  them  C.  hispidissima, 
which  has  narrow  and  excessively  hispid  leaves,  &c.,  may  approach  the  eastern  borders  of  our 
State)  ;  the  section  Tiquilia  consists  of  two  Western  South  American  species  ;  and  finally  ours 
form  the  section  Tiquiliopsis,  characterized  by  scales  or  plaits  at  the  base  of  the  corolla- 
tube,  and  cotyledons  either  horseshoe-shaped  and  surrounding  or  else  entire  and  incumbent  on 
the  radicle. 

1.  C.  Nuttallii,  Hook.  Annual,  prostrate  and  many  times  forked,  hoary-pubes- 
cent and  sparingly  hispid  :  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  about  2  lines  long  and  on 
petioles  of  equal  or  gi-eater  length,  marked  with  2  or  3  strong  veins  on  each  side  of 
the  midrib :  flowers  densely  clustered  in  the  forks  of  the  stem :  lobes  of  the  5-parted 
calyx  linear,  sparsely  hispid,  equalling  the  tube  of  the  pinkish  or  white  corolla : 
filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers,  inserted  high  up  on  the  corolla-tube,  at  the  base 
of  which  within  are  5  very  short  adnate  scales  :  style  almost  2-parted  :  nutlets  ob- 
long-ovate, smooth  and  shining,  rather  thin,  marked  with  a  linear  ventral  scar  : 
embryo  straight :  cotyledons  elongated  horseshoe-form,  the  4  long  basal  lobes  almost 
enclosing  the  long  radicle.  —  Benth.  in  Kew  Jour.  Bot,  iii.  296;  Watson,  Bot, 
King  Exp.  248.  Tiquilia  hrevifolia,  Nutt.  in  herb.;  Torr,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  136, 
&  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  xvii.  411,  t.  12  A. 

Arid  plains,  along  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State  {Anderson,  Torrey,  &c.),  extending  through 
the  arid  interior  district  from  Washington  Territory  to  Arizona,  and  eastward  to  Wyoming 
Territory. 

2.  C.  Falzneri,  Gray.  Perhaps  perennial  and  slightly  woody  at  base,  Avhitened 
with  a  tine  and  close  pubescence,  not  hispid  :  branches  ascending :  leaves  obovate 
or  ovate,  2  to  4  lines  long  and  with  shorter  petioles,  strongly  marked  or  lineate  by 
about  6  pairs  of  straight  veins  :  lobes  of  the  5-cleft  calyx  lanceolate,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  tube  of  the  (bluish)  corolla,  Avhich  bears  5  salient  plaits  extending 
upwards  quite  to  the  base  of  the  slender  filaments  :  nutlets  only  one  or  two  ripen- 
ing, these  globular  and  with  a  round  scar :  cotyledons  entire  and  thick,  incumbent 
on  the  radicle !  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  292,  &  x.  49  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp. 
247.     Tiquilia  hrevifolia,  xht.  plicata,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  136. 

Sand-hills,  along  the  Rio  Colorado  and  the  lower  part  of  the  Mohave,  and  adjacent  parts  of 
Arizona,  Cooper,  Emory,  Schott,  Palmer.  Mr.  Watson  found  evident  albumen  ;  but  in  mature 
seeds  there  is  merely  a  trace. 


Heliotropium.  BORRAGINACE^.  521 

2.  HELIOTROPIUM,  Tourn.  Heliotrope.  Turnsole. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  imbricated  and  the  sinuses 
plaited  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included  :  filaments  mostly  short  or  none  :  anthers 
connivent  and  sometimes  cohering  by  their  usually  acuminate  or  mucronate  tips. 
Style  entire  or  none  :  stigma  a  fleshy  ring  or  the  edge  of  a  peltate  or  umbrella- 
shaped  disk,  which  is  surmounted  by  a  conical,  capitate,  or  subulate  often  2-cleft 
appendage  (this  obsolete  in  H.  Curassavicuvi).  Ovary  4-celled,  4-ovuled.  Fruit 
dry,  often  4-Iobed,  sometimes  2-lobed,  splitting  into  4  one-seeded  or  sometimes  into 
2  two-seeded  nutlets.  Embryo  either  straight  or  curved,  commonly  surrounded  by 
some  albumen.  —  Herbs  or  low  shrubby  plants,  with  the  usually  small  flowers  more 
commonly  spiked  and  bractless,  sometimes  accompanied  by  leafy  bracts;  the  so- 
called  "spikes"  one-sided  and  coiled  at  the  apex,  straightening  as  the  blossoms 
open.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  49. 

A  large  genus,  widely  dispersed  over  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world,  represented  in  the  United 
States  by  fully  a  dozen  species,  only  three  of  which  occur  in  California,  and  two  of  these  are  of 
great  range.  The  Sweet  Heliotrope  of  cultivation  is  Peruvian  {H.  Pcruvianum,  Linn.).  H.  Indi- 
cum,  Linn.,  the  common  representative  of  the  section  Tiaridium,  Lehm.,  or  He liophy turn,  DC. 
(by  these  and  other  authors  regarded  as  a  distinct  genus),  although  a  common  weed  of  waste 
giounds  in  wann-tem[ierate  and  tropical  countries,  appears  not  to  have  run  wild  in  California.  The 
two  following  are  true  Heliotropes,  with  fruit  of  i  one-seeded  nutlets,  distinct  stamens,  flowers  in 
bractless  spikes,  &c. 

§  1.  Fruit  i-lohed,  splitting  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets. — True  Heliotropium. 

1.  H.  Curassavicum,  Linn.  A  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous  succulent 
herb,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  diffiisely  spreading  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  varying  either 
to  linear  or  to  obovate-oblong  (an  inch  or  two  in  length) :  spikes  mostly  either  in 
pairs  or  twice  forked,  forming  a  kind  of  cyme  :  flowers  crowded,  pure  white,  rather 
large  for  the  genus  :  stigma  sessile,  umbrella-shaped,  nearly  flat-topped,  as  broad  as 
the  glabrous  ovary. 

Sands  of  the  sea-shore,  also  in  damp  saline  soil  in  the  interior ;  widely  spread  over  the  world. 
Specimens  from  Tcjoii  {UoUirock)  apparently  have  blue  flowers  ! 

2.  H.  inundatuin,  Swartz.  Annual,  hoary  with  a  fine  appressed  pubescence, 
a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  sometimes  oblanceolate,  tapering  at 
base  into  a  slender  petiole :  spikes  2  to  4  in  a  cluster,  filiform  :  flowers  very  small 
and  close  :  corolla  only  a  line  long,  white  :  stigma  sessile,  thick,  surmounted  by  a 
short  blunt  cone. 

California,  Coulter  (probably  on  the  Rio  Colorado) :  thence  to  Texas ;  also  West  Indies,  Tropical 
America,  &c. 

§  2.  Fruit  2-fflobose,  solid,  each  lobe  or  carpel  splitting  into  2  hemispherical  one-seeded 
nutlets :  corolla  pretty  large :  style  long  :  truncate  cone  of  the  stigma  bearded 
with  a  tuft  of  strong  bristles.  — Euploca,  Gray.     {Euploca,  Xutt.) 

3.  H.  convolvulaceum,  Gray.  Annual,  with  diff"use  or  spreading  branches 
from  the  base  (a  span  to  a  foot  long),  hoary  or  strigose-hispid  :  leaves  oblong-lance- 
olate or  ovate,  petioled  :  flowers  scattered,  short-pedicel  led,  generally  opposite  the 
leaves,  sweet-scented,  opening  towards  evening :  corolla  white,  with  the  upper  part 
of  the  hairy  tube  somewhat  enlarged  and  the  orifice  narrowed,  and  a  rotate  scarcely 
lobed  but  plaited  border  :  anthers  with  slightly  cohering  tips.  —  Mem.  Am.  Acad, 
vi.  403 ;  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  340,  x.  50.  Euploca  convolvulacea,  Nutt.  in  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  ser.  v.  189  ;  Torr.  in  Marcy,  Eep.  t.  15. 

In  white  sand  near  "Soda  Lake,"  Dr.  Cooper.  Otherwise  known  only  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  on  sandy  plains,  from  Nebraska  to  Texas. 


522  BORRAGINACE^.  Lithospermum. 

3.  LITHOSPERMUM,  Toum.        Gromwell.     Puccoon. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform ;  its  lobes  rounded,  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Filaments  short.  Style  slender :  stig^ma  capitate  -  2-lobed  or  some- 
times truncate.  Ovary  of  4  distinct  lobes.  Nutlets  4,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  ovate, 
bony,  naked,  usually  white  and  smooth,  erect,  attached  to  the  flat  receptacle  by  the 
base ;  the  scar  flat,  rather  small.  —  Herbs,  usually  with  red  or  violet-colored  roots 
which  contain  coloring-matter,  pubescent  or  hairy  ;  the  flowers  in  or  near  the  axils 
of  the  upper  leaves,  or  leafy-spiked. 

A  genus  of  a  considerable  number  of  species  in  the  Old  World,  several  in  North  America,  of 
which  the  most  striking  are  the  Fuccoons.  One  of  these,  L.  caiiescens,  reaches  Arizona,  and  a 
species  much  like  it  has  been  sparingly  found  in  California,  viz. : 

1.  L.  Califomicum,  Gray.  Perennial,  a  foot  or  two  high,  soft-hirsute  through- 
out :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  (about  2  inches  long) :  corolla  apparently  bright 
light  yellow,  hardly  an  inch  long ;  its  narrow  tube  almost  twice  the  length  of  the 
soft-hirsute  calyx ;  the  open  and  enlarged  throat  nearly  naked ;  lobes  very  short.  — 
L.  canescens,  var.,  Torr.  Pacif.  li.  Pep.  iv,  124. 

Grass  Valley,  Nevada  Co.,  Bigelow.  Plumas  Co.,  Lemmon.  The  former  in  flower,  the  latter 
in  fruit  :  fruiting  branches  not  elongated. 

2.  L.  pilosum,  Nutt.  Perennial,  pale  or  hoary  with  a  soft  hirsute  pubescence  : 
stems  nuruerous  from  a  stout  root,  a  foot  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late (2  to  4  inches  long),  mostly  tapering  from  base  to  apex  :  flowers  crowded  in  a 
leafy  cluster  :  corolla  dull  greenish-yellow,  hardly  half  an  inch  long,  silky  outside, 
the  open  throat  naked  or  nearly  so  :  nutlets  broadly  ovate,  acute,  smooth  and  pol- 
ished. —  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  viii.  43  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  238.  L.  ruderale, 
Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  89. 

Hills  and  canons  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Sierra  Valley,  Carson,  &c. ),  and  through  the  interior  to 
British  Columbia,  and  east  to  Dakota. 

4.  MYOSOTIS,  Linn.        Scorpion-Geass.     Forget-me-not. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  between  salverform  and  rotate ;  the  tube 
rarely  surpassing  the  calyx  ;  throat  with  small  and  blunt  crests  at  base  of  the 
rounded  lobes ;  these  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens,  pistil,  &c.,  as  in  Lithosper- 
mum. Nutlets  smooth,  somewhat  compressed,  thin-crustaceous  in  texture,  attached 
to  the  flat  receptacle  by  the  very  base  ;  the  scar  minute.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  soft- 
hairy  ;  with  small  flowers  in  so-called  spikes  or  racemes,  bractless,  but  sometimes 
there  is  a  leaf  or  two  at  base  of  the  inflorescence.  Corolla  blue,  varying  to  purple 
or  white. 

Species  rather  numerous  in  the  cooler  parts  of  the  Old  World,  very  few  in  the  New.  None 
have  yet  been  detected  in  California  ;  but  the  following  are  not  unlikely  to  occur,  and  are  there- 
fore briefly  characterized.  Both  are  of  the  section  in  whiiih  the  calyx  is  closed  or  with  lobes  erect 
in  fruit,  and  some  of  its  loose  hairs  or  bristles  minutely  hooked  at  tip. 

1.  M.  vema,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  at  first  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
roughish-hirsute  :  leaves  spatu late-oblong  :  racemes  strict,  often  leafy  at  base :  pedi- 
cels in  fruit  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  rather  unequally  5-cleft  hispid  calyx,  the 
lower  part  erect,  the  upper  spreading  :  corolla  white,  very  small.  —  M.  versicolor 
&  M.  flaccida  in  part.  Hook.  Fl.  (1).     Lycopsis  Virginica,  Linn. 

Coast  of  Oregon  ;  a  large  and  loose  form,  with  nutlets  unusually  large  (var.  macrosperma, 
Chapman) ;  rather  common  through  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  M.  sylvatica,  Hoff"mann,  var.  alpestris,  Koch.  Perennial,  in  loose  tufts, 
pubescent  or  barely  hirsute,  a  span  or  so  in  height :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  lance- 


Amsinckia.  BORRAG-INACE^.  523 

olate  ;  racemes  rather  dense  :  pedicels  short  and  mostly  spreading :  corolla  with 
briglit  blue  or  at  firet  purple  limb  about  3  lines  in  diameter. 

Mountains  of  Oregon  and  northward  (to  be  souglit  in  the  high  SieiTa  Nevada  or  on  the  north- 
western borders  of  the  State) :  extending  to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  in  Asia  and  Europe. 

5.  MERTENSIA,  Roth. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  herbaceous.  Corolla  salverform  or  somewhat  funnel- 
form,  with  rounded  lobes,  the  open  throat  naked  or  with  mostly  inconspicuous 
crests.  Filaments  in  our  species  broader  than  the  anthers.  Style  filiform  :  stigma 
minutely  capitate.  Nutlets  ovate  or  somewhat  triangular,  between  fleshy  and  cori- 
aceous, dull,  commonly  somewhat  wrinkled  when  dry,  sometimes  smooth  and 
vesicular,  fixed,  usually  by  a  projection  of  the  ventral  angle  towards  or  above  the 
base,  to  a  low  pyramidal  or  convex  receptacle  or  gynobase.  —  Perennials,  remarkable 
in  this  order  for  their  smoothness ;  witli  broad  leaves,  and  racemose  or  paniculate- 
clustered  flowers,  which  are  usually  nodding  or  inclined  on  rather  slender  pedicels, 
only  the  lowest  leafy-bracted  :  flowers  blue,  violet-purple,  or  rarely  white.  —  DC. 
1.  c. ;  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiv.  339  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  52. 

A  gemis  of  a  dozen  or  more  species,  divided  between  North  America  and  Northern  Asia,  one 
species,  tlie  liandsomest  and  largest-flowered,  peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  States,  and  one  small- 
flowered  maiitinie  species  (J/.  ruarUima)  on  all  the  northern  shores.  On  the  Pacific  coast  this  is 
not  known  to  occur  south  of  Puget  Sound.  Besides  the  following,  M.  paniculaia,  Don,  and 
J/,  alpina,  Don,  Ijoth  common  in  the  higher  Rocky  Mountains,  are  likely  to  be  found  also  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada. 

1.  M.  Sibirica,  Don.  Smooth  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  a  foot  or  more  higli, 
rather  succulent,  leafy  :  leaves  pale,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  2  to  5  inches 
long,  or  the  lowest  larger  and  broader,  minutely  ciliate  :  flowers  at  first  clustered  : 
corolla  half  an  inch  or  less  long,  much  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  divisions 
of  the  calyx ;  the  5-cleft  limb  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube  :  stamens  protrud- 
ing out  of  the  throat,  and  the  capillary  style  early  projecting  beyond  the  lobes,  — 
Gray,  1.  c. ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  239.  Pulmonaria  Sibirica,  Linn.  Mertensia 
dentiadata  &  ciliata,  DC. 

Along  mountain  streams,  in  the  Sien-a  Nevada,  Bolander,  Lemmon.  Also  in  the  mountains 
eastward,  and  in  N.  E.  Asia.     Flowers  handsome,  violet-blue. 

6.  AMSINCKIA,  Lehm. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  salverform,  or  at  the  throat  somewhat  funnel- 
form,  more  or  less  plaited  in  bud  at  the  sinuses,  Avith  tube  exceeding  the  calyx,  and 
rounded  lobes :  throat  naked  or  rarely  with  minute  hairy  tufts  opposite  the  lobes. 
Filaments  short :  anthers  oblong  or  oblong-linear.  Style  filiform :  stigma  capitate- 
2-lobed.  Nutlets  ovate-triangular  or  triquetrous,  coriaceous  or  crustaceous,  affixed 
above  the  base  to  an  oblong-pyramidal  gynobase ;  the  scar  ovate  or  oblong.  Coty- 
ledons each  2-parted !  —  Hispid  annuals  (of  Western  America,  one  in  Chili),  with 
oblong-ovate  to  linear  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  in  at  length  loose  spikes  or  racemes, 
without  bracts,  except  sometimes  to  the  lowest.  Bristles  mostly  from  a  conspic- 
uous pustulate  base.  Flowers,  at  least  in  some  species,  dimorphous  as  to  insertion 
of  stamens  and  length  of  style.  —  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  1835, 
26 ;  DC.  Prodr.  x.  117  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  54. 

The  species  are  difficult  to  characterize,  except  the  last,  which  has  a  peculiar  fruit. 


» 


524  BORRAGINACE^.  Amsinckia. 

§  1.  Nutlets  hroadbj  ovate-triangular,  someivhat  incurved,  narrowed  at  the  apex,  con- 
vex and  somewhat  ridged  on  the  back,  dull,  roughened-granulate,  rugose,  or 
muricate  ;  ventral  angle  acute  and  prominent  down  to  the  ratlier  broad  scar. 
*  Nutlets  beset  with  slender  prickly^projections. 

1.  A.  echinata,  Gray,  1.  c.  Erect,  3  feet  liigh  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  broadly- 
linear  :  corolla  slender,  apparently  light  yellow,  3  or  4  lines  long,  not  broadened  at 
the  throat,  twice  the  length  of  the  yellowish-hispid  calyx  :  anthers  borne  in  the 
throat,  oval-oblong :  nutlets  thickly  armed  with  long  and  narrow  rather  soft  spiny 
projections,  and  between  these  sharp  granulate  points,  not  rugose. 

Sandy  plains,  west  of  Fort  Mohave,  Cooper.  The  nutlets  are  peculiar ;  otherwise  the  species 
resembles  some  fomis  of  the  next. 

*  *  Nutlets  granulate-roughened  or  rugose,  the  muricate  points  very  short  if  any,  the 
back  convex  or  at  length  keeled  or  ridged. 

2.  A.  spectabilis,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  1.  c.  Erect,  slender,  a  span  (when  depau- 
perate) to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  mostly  linear  :  tube  of  the  bright  orange-yellow  corolla 
twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  linear  lobes  of  the  rusty  or  reddish-yellow-hispid 
calyx,  nearly  half  an  inch  long  ;  the  throat  enlarging,  and  the  expanded  limb  a 
third  to  half  an  inch  in  diameter  :  anthers  oblong- linear,  when  high  protruding  from 
the  throat:  nutlets  granulate-rugose,  roundish  on  the  back. — A.  Bouglasiana,  A. 
DC.  Prodr.  x.  118. 

Open  ground,  throughout  the  southern  and  western  part  of  the  State,  and  as  far  northeast  as 
Plumas  Co.  The  corolla  has  5  minute  bearded  tufts  in  place  of  crests  in  the  throat,  when  the 
stamens  are  inserted  low  down  the  tube  ;  these  not  found  when  the  anthers  are  borne  in  the 
throat,  which  is  more  plaited  than  in  the  other  species. 

3.  A.  intermedia,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  1.  c.  Erect,  usually  a  foot  or  two  high  : 
the  Ijristles  even  of  the  calyx  whitish  or  merely  yellowish  :  leaves  linear  or  only  the 
lower  lanceolate  :  corolla  bright  yellow,  3  or  4  lines  long ;  its  tube  a  little  surpass- 
ing the  narrow-linear  calyx-lobes ;  the  limb  barely  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter  :  anthers 
oblong,  high  or  sometimes  low  on  the  tube  :  nutlets  not  half  the  length  of  the 
narrow  calyx-lobes.  — A.  lycopsoides,  partly,  of  authors,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 

Dry  open  grounds,  on  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State  (Carson  City,  Andersmi)  and  common  in 
the  interior  country  to  Utah,  Idaho,  and  Oregon.  Also  near  the  coast  in  Sonoma  Co.,  &c.  ;  on 
the  sea-shore  perhaps  passing  into  the  next  species. 

4.  A.  lycopsoides,  Lehm.  More  branching  and  diffuse  in  age  :  leaves  mostly 
lanceolate,  or  even  oblong,  greener,  and  the  sparse  bristles  with  conspicuous  pustu- 
late base  :  lower  part  of  the  at  length  lax  spikes  commonly  leafy-bracted  :  corolla 
light  yellow,  3  lines  long  or  less ;  the  tube  equalling  or  hardly  surpassing  the  lan- 
ceolate calyx-lobes,  which  are  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  nutlets  :  anthers  short. 
—  Del.  Sera.  Hort.  Hamb.  1831,  7  ;  Gray,  1.  c.  in  part.  Lithospermum  lycopsoides, 
Lehra.  Pug.  PL  ii.  28,  &  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  89. 

On  the  coast,  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Puget  Sound.     Limb  of  the  corolla  a  line  or  two  broad. 

*  *  *  Nutlets  nearly  flat  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  coarsely  granulate. 

5.  A.  tessellata,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high,  rather  stout,  coarsely  hispid,  the 
bristles  of  the  calyx  rusty-reddish  or  paler  :  corolla  orange-yellow,  3  or  4  lines  long  ; 
the  throat  plaited ;  the  tube  rather  longer  than  the  lanceolate  obtuse  calyx-lobes  : 
anthers  oblong ;  nutlets  broadly  ovate,  obscurely  ridged  on  the  flattened  back, 
thickly  covered  with  truncate  warty  granulations,  which  are  compacted  in  more  or 
less  wavy  transverse  lines  (so  as  to  appear  rugose),  closely  fitting  like  the  blocks  of 
a  pavement.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  54. 

Dry  or  arid  grounds,  from  Tejon  (Xantus),  and  the  mountains  north  of  Monte  Diablo  (Brewer), 
to  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Anderson,  Lemmon),  and  through  Nevada  {Watson,  &c.) 
to  Southern  Utah,  Parry. 


Eritrichium.  BORRAGINACE^.  525 

§  2.  Nutlets  ovate-triquetrous,  straight,  at  maturity  whitish,  smooth  and  polished, 
attached  by  the  lotver  part  of  the  sharp  inner  angle,  the  scar  narrow,  all  three 
faces  fiat  or  nearly  so. 

6.  A.  vernicosa,  Hook.  &  Aru.  Sparsely  bristly,  simple  or  loosely  branched,  a 
foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  from  linear  to  ovate-lanceolate-  :  corolla  light  yellow,  4  or 
5  lines  long,  and  the  limb  2  lines  in  diameter  ;  the  tube  longer  than  the  linear-lan- 
ceolate calyx-lolies  :  nutlets  shaped  like  a  grain  of  buckwheat. 

Var.  grandiflora,  Gray.  Kobust,  more  hispid,  and  remarkably  large-flowered ; 
the  more  exserted  and  somewhat  funnelform  tube  of  the  corolla  nearly  half  an  inch 
long,  and  the  ample  limb  broader :  calyx-lobes  often  combined,  so  as  to  appear 
as  3  or  4  :  nutlets  broader,  and  rather  concave  on  the  back.  — A.  grandijlora,  Klee- 
berger,  ined.  (Stamens  low  on  the  tube,  and  style  very  long,  in  the  specimen ; 
whUe  in  those  known  of  A.  vernicosa  the  stamens  are  borne  in  the  throat.) 

Westem  part  of  the  State,  probably  near  Monterey,  Coulter,  Dourjlas.  The  remarkable  variety, 
which  may  be  quite  distinct,  at  Autioch,  Kellogg. 

7.   ERITRICHIUM,  Schrader. 

Calyx  5-parted  and  persistent  (one  species  excepted),  erect  or  closed  in  fruit. 

Corolla  salverform  with  tube  mostly  short  and  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  with  or 

"without  arching  crests  iu  the  throat ;    the  rounded  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

Filaments  short.    Style  short  or  sometimes  long  :  stigma  minutely  capitate.     Ovary 

of  4  lobes.     ^Nutlets  4,  or  sometimes  by  abortion  fewer,  usually  ovate  and  more  or 

less  triangular,  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  destitute  of  wings  or  appendages  except 

iu  one  species,  attached  by  the  inside  of  the  base  or  some  part  of  the  ventral  face 

or  angle  to  a  convex,  pyramidal,   or  more  elevated  and  even  subulate  receptacle 

{gynohase),  which  when  slender  is  usually  called  the  base  of  the  style.  —  Mostly 

hispid  or  hairy  herbs,  mainly  annuals,  with  usually  small  or  minute  and  either 

bracteate  or  bractless  flowers,  which  are  white  in  all  our  species,  except  No.  15  ;  the 

leaves   narrow.  —  Gray,   Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.   55.      Eritrichium,  Plagiobothrys,  & 

Krynitzkia,  Fischer  &  Meyer ;  A.  DC.  Prodr.     Piptocalyx,  Torr. 

A  rather  large  genus,  of  N.  America,  N.  Asia,  &c.,  one  extending  into  the  Alps  of  Europe,  a 
few  South  American.  The  greater  part  of  our  species  inhabit  the  region  stretching  from  Rupert's 
Land  to  Texas  and  westward. 

§  1.  Nutlets  attached  by  the  inside  of  the  base  only  to  a  slightly  elevated  receptacle  : 
small  or  low  and  diffuse  or  spreading  annuals,  more  or  less  hirsute,  vnth  linear 
leaves,  the  lower  ones  oftener  opposite:  flowers  with  or  without  bracts :  fruiting 
calyx  rather  open,  except  in  No.  2. 

1.  E.  Chorisianmn,  DC.  Diffusely  branching  or  at  length  decumbent  stems  a 
span  or  two  long  :  leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  linear  (1  to  3  inches  long,  1  to  4 
lines  wide)  :  flowers  loosely  racemose,  on  spreading  pedicels  which  are  generally  3 
to  5  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  both  yellowish-hirsute  when  young  :  corolla  with 
lobes  longer  than  its  tube  and  much  surpassing  the  calyx  ;  the  limb  2  to  4  lines  in 
diameter ;  yellow  crests  in  the  throat  conspicuous  :  nutlets  roughish,  somewhat 
keeled  down  the  back.  —  Myosotis  Chori^ana,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Eritrichium 
connatifolium,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif  Acad.  ii.  103,  fig.  51. 

Wet  ground,  shores  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  south  to  Monterey.  Known  by  the  pedicels,  of 
which  the  earlier  and  longer  are  usually  half  an  inch  long,  but  the  later  ones  much  shorter. 

2.  E,  Scouleri,  A.  DC.  Slender,  generally  upright,  a  span  to  a  foot  high : 
leaves,  narrow :  flowers  rather  crowded  in  naked  spikes  (these  often  in  pairs), 
the  lowest  leafy-bracted,  the  rest  bractless  :  pedicels  very  short  and  nearly  erect, 


626  BORRAGINACE^.  Eritrichium. 

only  half  the  length  of  the  fruiting  calyx  (half  a  line  to  a  line  long) :  corolla  smaller 
than  in  the  preceding  :  nutlets  smaller  and  smoother,  but  rugose,  broadly  ovate.  — 
Myosotis  Scotderi,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Eritrichium  plebeium,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv. 
124,  not  of  DC,  which  is  an  Alaskan  species  more  like  the  preceding. 
Moist  or  rather  dry  soil,  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Oregon,  &c.     Between  the  last  and  the  next. 

3.  E.  Californicum,  DC.  Slender,  spreading,  2  to  10  inches  high  :  leaves 
mainly  alternate,  small,  narrowly  linear :  flowers  very  small,  almost  sessile,  in  fruit 
scattered,  chiefly  accompanied  by  a  leaf  or  bract :  corolla  hardly  surpassing  the 
calyx,  its  limb  only  a  line  or  less  in  diameter  and  shorter  than  its"  tube  ;  the  crests 
in  the  throat  smooth  and  inconspicuous :  nutlets  ovate  or  oblong,  more  or  less  rugose- 
roughened.  —  Myosotis  Californica,  Fischer  &  Meyer. 

Var.  subglochidiatum,  Gray.  Somewhat  succulent :  nutlets  Avhen  young  more 
or  less  hirsute  or  hispid  (especially  on  the  crests  of  the  rugosities),  some  of  the 
bristles  at  length  stouter  and  glochidiate  under  a  lens  ;  the  roundish  carunculate 
scar  almost  strictly  basal. 

Springy  or  wet  places,  rather  common,  extending  through  Oregon  and  Nevada  to  and  beyond 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  remarkable  variety  (which  passes  into  the  accomimnying  ordinary 
form),  Placer  to  Sierra  Co.  {Kellogg,  Lemmon),  Nevada  ( IVatson),  &c. 

§  2.  Nutlets  attached  by  the  middle  of  the  somewhat  concave  inner  face  by  a  large  and 
roundish  jxrotuherant  scar  to  a  hemispherical  or  globular  receptacle,  broadly 
ovate-triangular  and  somewhat  incurved,  rugose  on  the  back :  low,  mostly  vtl- 
lous-hirsute  annuals,  with  small  flowers  like  those  of  the  preceding  section.  — 
Plagiobothrys,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  57. 

*  Nidlets  not  vitreous-shining,  the  wrinhles  elevated  narrow  meshes. 

4.  E.  falvum,  A.  DC.  An  inch  or  so  to  a  foot  high,  slender :  leaves  linear  or 
the  lowest  rather  spatulate  :  spike  naiked,  at  first  dense,  in  fruit  elongating :  calyx 
densely  clothed  with  rusty-yellow  or  reddish  hairs  :  corolla  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter  : 
nutlets  (a  line  long)  dull,  rugose  with  elevated  narrow  meshes  bounding  minutely 
granulated- roughened  or  at  length  smooth  surfaces,  an  indistinct  ridge  down  the  back. 
—  Myosotis  fulva.  Hook.  &  Arn.     Plagiobothrys  rufescens,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  &c. 

Common  through  the  State,  in  open  grounds,  extending  through  Oregon,  &c.     Also  in  Chili. 

5.  E.  canescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Generally  larger  than  the  foregoing,  villous-hir- 
sute  with  white  or  whitish  hairs  :  nutlets  larger  (1|^  lines  long),  less  dull,  with 
longer  transverse  but  otherwise  similar  meshes  and  a  more  distinct  dorsal  ridge,  the 
surface  either  granulate  with  some  projecting  points  or  smoothish.  —  Plagiobothrys 
canescens,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  336. 

Open  grounds,  common  through  the  State,  mainly  towards  the  coast,  and  Washington  Terr. 

*  *  Nutlets  vitreous-shining  or  porcelain-like,  the  vrrinkles  narrow  and  impressed 
transverse  lines  mostly  running  unbroken  from  the  low  and  narrow  dorsal  ridge  to 
tlie  margin  of  the  broad  posterior  face. 

6.  E.  tenellum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Seldom  a  span  high,  hirsute  with  rather  soft  hairs, 
those  of  the  calyx  only  fulvous  or  yellowish  :  stems  erect  and  slender  from  the 
rosulate  tuft  of  radical  leaves  :  these  broadly  linear  or  spatulate-lanceolate  (one 
third  to  an  inch  long),  the  cauline  shorter  or  smaller  :  seldom  any  bracts  among  the 
rather  few  flowers  of  the  spike  :  corolla  a  line  or  two  in  diameter :  nutlets  (a  line 
long)  broadly  ovate  and  obscurely  cruciform  from  the  abrupt  contraction  of  base  and 
apex,  cartilaginous,  the  broad  and  low  transverse  ridges  separated  by  very  narrow 
impressed  lines  and  conspicuously  muricate.  —  Myosotis  tenella,  Nutt.  in  Kew  Jour. 
Bot.  v.  295.     Eritrichium  fulvnm,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  243,  not  of  DC. 

Sierra  Nevada  and  foot-hills,  especially  northward,  to  British  Columbia  and  through  Nevada, 
Idaho,  &c.     The  fruit  is  very  characteristic. 


Eritrichium.  BORRAGINACE^.  527 

7.  £j.  Torre3a,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffuse  or  decumbent,  rough-hirsute  or  even  hispid, 
the  hairs  even  of  the  calyx  not  yellowish :  stems  branching  and  uniformly  leafy  : 
leaves  oblong  (half  an  inch  or  less  in  length) ;  the  uppermost  forming  similar 
bmcts  to  the  lax  leafy  and  interrupted  spikes  :  corolla  apparently  as  in  the  preced- 
ing species:  nutlets  broadly  ovate  and  only  the  apex  contracted,  the  broad  trans- 
verse ridges  separated  by  narrow  sunken  lines,  very  smooth,  or  obscurely  tuberculate 
along  the  sides. 

Sierra  Nevada  :  Yosemite  Valley  and  Mountains,  Torrey  (a  rather  slender  and  upright  form, 
with  bracts  hardly  surpassing  the  flowers).  Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon :  a  diffusely  spreading  form, 
with  copious  bracteal  leaves,  like  those  below,  accompanying  and  much  exceeding  the  fiowera. 

§  3.  Calyx  only  5-cleft,  at  maturity  separating  about  the  middle  of  the  short  tube  by 
a  transvei'se  division,  the  membranaceous  base  lyersisthiy  under  the  fruit, 
while  tJie  rest  falls  away :  otherwise  as  in  tJie  next  section.  —  Piptocalyx, 
Gray,  1.  c.      (^Piptocalyx,  Torr.) 

8.  E.  circmuscissuin,  Gray,  1.  c.  Very  low  and  diffusely  much-branched 
annual,  an  inch  to  a  span  high,  whitish-hispid  throughout :  narrow  linear  leaves 
(half  an  inch  or  less  long)  and  minute  flowers  crowded  on  the  branches,  forming 
leafy  spikes  :  corolla  without  crests  in  the  throat,  bearing  the  stamens  on  the  mid- 
dle of  the  tube  :  nutlets  (less  than  a  line  long)  oblong-ovate,  very  smooth,  attached 
by  almost  the  whole  length  of  the  narrow-grooved  inner  angle  to  the  narrow  almost 
subulate  receptacle  (gynobase)  which  bears  the  short  style.  —  Lithospermum  circum- 
scissum.  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  370.  Piptocalyx  circumscissus,  Torr.  Bot, 
Wilkes  Exp.  414,  t.   12  B;  Watson,  1.  c.  240. 

Southwestern  borders  of  the  State  and  along  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  also  through- 
out the  interior  arid  region  to  Utah,  Washington  Territory,  and  Wyoming. 

§  4.  Calyx  (as  in  the  genus  generally)  deeply  5-parted,  persistent,  or  sometimes  at 
maturity  falling  off  lohole  with  the  fruit  enclosed:  nutlets  attached  by  the  ven- 
tral face  or  angle,  either  from  base  to  near  the  middle  or  for  almost  tlie  xohole 
length,  to  a  high  pyramidal  or  subulate  receptacle  {gynobase),  which  when 
slender  is  commonly  called  the  base  of  the  style  :  the  scar  either  a  naiTOW 
groove  or  broader.  —  Kbynitzkia,  Gray,  1.  c. 

There  are  several  species  besides  the  following  in  the  interior  region,  some  extending  to  the 
plains  east  of  tlie  Rocliy  Mountains  and  to  Texas. 

*  Nutlets  rounded  (or  at  least  not  margined  or  acute-angled)  at  the  sides,  attached  to 
a  slender  mostly  subulate  gynobase  by  a  narrow  {or  in  No.  12  downwardly  ividen- 
ing)  scar  or  groove,  occupying  nearly  its  whole  length:  calyx  very  hispid,  much 
disposed  to  fall  off  when  ripe  as  a  sort  of  bur  :  style  short :  corolla  small  or  minute : 
annuals,  mostly  low  and  slender  :  Jlowers  in  at  length  elongated  bractless  spikes. 
{Krynitzkia,  Fischer  &  Meyer.) 

-t-  Nutlets  very  smooth  and  shining. 

9.  E.  oxycaryum,  Gray.  Hirsute  and  somewhat  canescent,  a  span  to  a  foot 
high,  slender  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  :  spikes  rather  densely*  flowered,  at  length 
strict  :  corolla  naked  in  the  throat :  bristles  of  fruiting  calyx  rigid,  partly  reflexed, 
inclined  to  have  hooked  tips  :  only  one  nutlet  maturing,  that  lanceolate-ovate  (a  line 
and  a  half  long),  much  longer  than  the  gynobase,  to  which  it  is  attached  only  by 
the  lower  part  of  the  slender  ventral  groove.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 

Open  grounds  from  Tcjon  to  Oregon,  also  Arizona.     Corolla  only  about  2  lines  wide. 

1 0.  E.  leiocarpuxn,  Watson,  1,  c.  Rough-hispid  and  loosely  branched  :  leaves 
linear  :  spikes  often  becoming  loosely-flowered  below  :  corolla  (2  or  3  lines  wide) 
with  crests  in  the  throat  :  calyx  very  bristly  :  nutlets  all  4  maturing,  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate  (barely  a  line  long),  attached  by  the  greater  part  of  the  slender  groove 


528  BORRAGmACE^.  EritricMum. 

to  the  subulate  gynobase.  —  Echinospermum  leiocarpum,  and  afterwards  Krynitzhia 
leiocarpa,  Fischer  &  Meyer.     Myosotis  flaccida,  Dougl.,  at  least  in  part. 

Common  in  open  grounds,  extending  to  British  Columbia  and  across  the  Eocky  Mountains. 
Variable  in  size  and  appeamnce. 

-t-  -j-  Nutlets  granulate-roughened. 

11.  E.  muriculatum,  A.  DC.  (?);  Torr.  Eesembles  the  foregoing ;  but  the  nut- 
lets are  mostly  larger  and  broader,  the  grooved  scar  when  ripe  wider  and  deeper  at 
base,  and  the  rounded  back  either  sparsely  or  densely  granulate-roughened.  • —  Torr. 
Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  416,  t.  13  A.  E.  angustifolium,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  241, 
not  the  true  one  of  Torrey. 

Nearly  the  same  range  as  the  last,  and  not  uncommon. 

12.  E.  angustifolium,  Torr.  Hispid  with  very  stiff  spreading  bristles,  often 
accompanied  by  softer  hairs,  low,  diffusely  branched  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  :  calyx 
very  closely  sessile  and  mostly  persistent  in  the  densely  flowered  spikes,  its  lobes 
almost  filiform  in  fruit  (less  than  2  lines  long,  not  longer  indeed  than  their  rigid 
divaricate  bristles) :  corolla  minute,  but  its  crests  prominent :  nutlets  minute  (barely 
half  a  line  long),  oblong-ovate,  minutely  and  densely  granulate,  the  scar  gradually 
broadening  from  apex  to  base,  affixed  by  its  whole  length  to  the  conical-subulate 
gynobase.  — Pacif.  E.  Eep.  v.  363. 

Southeastern  bordere  of  California  {Coulter,  Thonias,  Thurber,  &c.)  and  adjacent  parts  of  Ari- 
zona ;  also  Lower  California. 

*  *  Nutlets  roundish  at  the  sides,  somewhat  incurved  at  maturity,  attached  to  a  pp-a- 
midal  gynobase  by  a  shorter  narrow  salient  scar :  calyx  less  hispid,  not  separating  at 
maturity :  style  short :  corolla  larger  [limb  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter).  (Intermedi- 
ate between  this  section  and  §  Plagiobothrys.) 

13.  E.  Kingii,  Watson.  Apparently  biennial,  villous-hirsute  and  somewhat  his- 
pid :  stems  erect  or  spreading,  a  span  high,  rather  stout :  leaves  from  spatulate  or 
the  upper  oblong  to  oblong-linear :  flowers  very  short-pedicelled,  crowded  in  short 
spikes  or  clusters,  which  are  sometimes  leafy  at  base  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  :  tube 
of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  its  lobes,  the  crests  conspicuous :  nutlets  triangular- 
ovate,  with  the  summit  at  maturity  incurved,  roughish-rugose  on  the  flattish  back  ; 
the  scar  linear-lanceolate  in  outline  and  somewhat  salient,  extending  from  above  the 
broad  rounded  base  to  beyond  the  middle. — Bot.  King  Exp.  243,  t.  23;  Gray, 
1.  c.  60. 

Eastern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  Truckee  Pass,  Sierra  Valley,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Nevada, 
Watson,  Lemmmi.  Mature  fruit  of  an  apparently  decumbent  form  was  collected  by  Mr.  Lemmon, 
in  1874  and  1875. 

*  *  *  Nutlets  three-sided  and  with  acute  lateral  angles,  attached  by  the  lower  part  of 
the  ventral  angle  to  a  subulate  or  narroxv-columnar  gynobase;  style  mostly  long: 
anthers  linear-oblong  :  corolla  rather  large  and  the  crests  in  its  throat  very  promi- 
nent and.  arching  :  stout  biennials  or  perennials,  with  thyrsiform  leafy-bracteate 
infiorescence  :  the  cnlyx  and  pedicels  persistent  in  fruit. 

14.  E.  glomeratum,  DC.  Eoot  biennial,  or  in  the  mountain  form  perhaps 
perennial,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  grayish-hirsute  and  hispid  :  leaves  spatulate  and 
linear-spatulate  :  tube  of  the  corolla  not  surpassing  the  linear-lanceolate  lobes  of 
the  very  bristly  hispid  (sometimes  yellowish)  calyx,  and  hardly  longer  than  its 
lobes,  the  limb  3  to  5  lines  in  diameter  :  nutlets  tuberculate-rugose  on  the  back.  — 
Cynoglossum  glomeratum,  Pursh.    Myosotis  glomerata,  Nutt. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  82,  t.  162. 

High  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  to  Sierra  counties,  thence  eastward  and  northward  to 
British  Columbia  and  the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  :  only  the  low  and  less  hispid  form 
(var.  humile,  Gray)  in  California. — The  two  following  species,  not  yet  actually  found  within 
tlie  State,  may  be  expected. 


EcUnospermum.  BORRAGINACE^.  529 

15.  E.  fdlvocanescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  Differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  peren- 
nial ciespitose  roots,  softer  silky-strigose  hairiness  of  the  leaves,  and  ferrugineous- 
yellow  hairs  of  the  calyx :  tube  of  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  twice  or  thrice  the 
length  of  its  own  lobes  (limb  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter) :  nutlets  granulate-rough- 
ened. —  E.  glomeratum,  var.  (?)  fulvocanescens,  Watson,  1.  c. 

High  mountains  of  Nevada,  to  New  Mexico  and  Wyoming.  Intermediate  in  aspect  between 
the  last  and  the  next. 

16.  E.  leucophaeum,  A.  DC.  Perennial,  and  almost  woody  at  base,  a  span  to 
a  foot  high  in  tufts,  silvery-canescent  and  somewhat  strigose  :  letives  lanceolate  and 
linear,  acute  :  spicate-glomerate  inflorescence  and  calyx  hirsute  and  hispid  with 
whitish  or  yellowish  hairs  and  slender  bristles  :  tube  of  the  (cream-colored  or  yel- 
low!) corolla  exceeding  the  calyx  and  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  its  lobes  :  style 
very  long  :  nutlets  whitish,  ivory-like,  smooth  and  polished  (1^  to  2  lines  long).  — 
Myosotis  leucophoea,  Dougl.  in  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  163. 

Dry  and  barren  interior  region,  from  British  Columbia  to  Southern  Utah,  reaching  the  bor- 
ders of  California  near  Mono  Lake,  Brewer. 

*  *  *  *  Nutlets  narrowly  ovate,  affiled  by  their  whole  length  to  the  subulate  gyno- 
base  by  a  very  narrow  groove  having  a  more  or  less  widened  base,  one  of  them 
ivithout  lateral  angles  (as  in  9  <£-•  10),  t/ie  other  three  ivith  their  lateral  angles 
extended  into  a  continuoxis  broad  and  somewhat  crenate  or  pectinate  wing,  rarely 
all  four  winged. 

1 7.  E.  pterocaryuin,  Torr.  Slender  annual,  hirsute,  loosely  branching  :  leaves 
linear  or  tlie  lowest  spatulate  :  flowers  in  naked  and  mostly  bractless  geminate  or 
c3'raosely  clustered  spikes  :  calyx-lobes  oblong  or  in  fruit  ovate,  enclosing  the  nut- 
lets :  corolla  minute,  barely  a  line  long.  —  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  415,  t.  13  B  ;  Watson, 
Bot.  King  Exp.  245. 

Eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Anderson,  Watson,  Lemmon),  and  through  the  dry  interior 
region,  fiom  the  borders  of  British  Columbia  to  New  Mexico  and  the  borders  of  Texas.  Nutlets 
a  line  and  a  half  long  ;  the  wing  on  either  side  as  wide  as  the  body,  usually  merely  toothed,  in 
var.  pcctinatum  cut  half-way  down  into  narrow  and  crowded  lineai'-oblong  lobes. 

8.  ECHINOSPEEMUM,  Swartz.        Stickseed. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  spreading  or  reflexed.  in  finiit.  Corolla  short-salver- 
form  and  with  conspicuous  arching  crests  at  the  throat.  Short  filaments,  style, 
ovary,  &c.,  as  in  Uritrichium.  Nutlets  4,  erect,  attached  by  their  ventral  angle  for 
most  of  their  length  to  a  subulate  or  broadly  pyramidal  gynobase,  the  sides  sur- 
rounded by  one  or  more  rows  of  rigid  prickles  with  backwardly  barbed  (glochidiate) 
tips,  either  distinct  or  confluent  into  a  border  or  wing,  the  back  unarmed  or  some- 
times similarly  prickly,  —  forming  a  bur,  which  is  carried  in  the  wool  and  hair  of 
animals. — DC.  1.  c. 

A  genus  of  about  30  species,  mostly  rather  coarse  and  small-  (blue-  or  rarely  white-)  flowered 
weedy  plants,  abounding  through  Northern  Asia,  a  few  reaching  Europe,  one  of  which,  E.  Lap- 
pula,  is  a  naturalized  weed  throughout  the  Atlantic  United  States.  We  have  also  two  or  three 
indigenous  species. 

1.  E.  RedO'WSkii,  Lehm.  Annual,  roughish  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  two 
high,  much  branched  :  leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  somewhat  spatulate, 
obtuse ;  the  upper  becoming  bracts  of  the  loose  leafy  spikes  :  pedicels  erect  or 
merely  spreading,  stout,  shorter  than  the  narrow  and  at  length  unequal  lobes  of  the 
calyx,  which  mostly  exceed  the  fruit :  corolla  small,  a  line  or  two  long,  blue  :  nut- 
lets bordered  by  a  single  row  of  subulate  barbed  prickles,  their  bases  often  broad- 
ened and  more  or  less  confluent ;  the  back  and  sides  thickly  beset  with  irregular 
sharp  points  or  tubercles  ;  scar  and  gynobase  slender.  —  E.  Redowskii,  var.  occiden- 


530  BORRAGINACE^.  Echinospermum. 

tale,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp,  246,  t.  23,  fig.  9  to  12.  E.  patulum,  Lehm.  in  Hook. 
Fl. ;  Torn  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  418,  not  of  Lehm.  Asper.  E.  Lajypula,  Hook.  &  Arn. 
Bot.  Beechey,  not  of  Lehm. 

Var.  cupulatum,  Gray.  Prickles  of  the  fruit  with  broadened  bases  united  into 
a  coriaceous  wing,  which  sometimes  forms  a  deep  cup  on  the  back  of  the  nutlet,  its 
margins  incurved  and  thickened.  —  E.  stridum,  Nees  in  !Neu-Wied,  Trav.,  not  of 
Ledeb.     E.  Redoivskii,  var.  strictum,  Watson,  1.  c. 

Dry  plains,  along  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (  Watson,  &c.),  and  through  the  whole 
interior  region,  eastward  to  Minnesota  and  Texas  (also  in  N.  Asia).  The  variety  with  the  other 
form,  and  passing  into  it  by  gradations ;  sometimes  one  of  the  four  nutlets  bordered  with  distinct 
prickles,  while  the  other  three  are  deeply  cupped  by  their  union  up  to  near  their  barbed  tips.  — 
The  E.  patulum  of  Siberia  has  the  little  tubercles  on  the  back  and  sides  of  the  nutlets  fewer  and 
arranged  in  regular  rows,  as  indicated  by  Mr.  W^atson. 

2.  E.  deflexum,  Lehm.,  var.  floribundum,  Watson.  Biennial,  hoary-pubes- 
cent or  hirsute  :  stem  erect,  from  a  foot  to  4  feet  high,  with  erect  paniculate 
branches  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2  to  5  inches  long :  racemes  pan- 
icled,  at  length  slender ;  the  lower  bract  rather  leafy,  the  upper  ones  minute  or 
wanting :  pedicels  slender,  a  line  or  two  long,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  deflexed 
in  fruit :  corolla  sky-blue  (rarely  white),  conspicuous,  the  limb  a  quarter  to  fully 
half  an  inch  in  diameter :  nutlets  bordered  by  a  single  row  of  numerous  subulate 
barbed  prickles  with  bases  more  or  less  confluent ;  the  flattish  back  minutely  rough- 
granulate  or  rarely  smooth ;  the  scar  short  and  broad  :  gynobase  broadly  conical- 
pyramidal. —  E.  floribundum,  Lehm. ;  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  164. 

Open  woods,  not  rare  through  the  State,  and  eastward  to  and  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains  ; 
northward,  on  the  borders  of  British  Columbia,  passing  into  the  smaller-flowered  and  greener  fonn 
which  well  represents  the  European  and  Siberian  K  deflexum.  On  Mount  Shasta,  Prof.  Brewer 
collected  an  ambiguous  form,  tall  and  stout,  with  upper  cauline  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  partly 
clasping,  and  fruit  laige,  the  nutlets  equally  prickly  all  over  the  back  ;  perhaps  a  distinct  species, 
possibly  E.  diff'usum,  Lehm. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM,  Toum.        Hound's-tongue. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  open  in  fruit.  Corolla  short-salverform  or  funnelform, 
with  conspicuous  arching  crests  at  the  throat.  Stamens  and  style  included.  Nut- 
lets 4,  clothed  over  the  whole  back  with  short  and  stout  prickles  having  minutely 
barbed  (glochidiate)  tips,  or  sometimes  merely  muricate,  oblique  or  horizontal 
(although  the  lobes  of  the  ovary  are  erect  or  ascending,  and  with  an  ascendiug 
anatropous  ovule),  the  inner  angle  being  carried  upwards  by  the  growth  of  the 
pyramidal  gynobase  to  which  the  nutlets  are  affixed  by  a  large  scar,  separating 
at  maturity  from  below  upwards,  hanging  for  some  time  by  a  process  which  at 
length  peels  off  from  the  style.  —  Coarse  and  broad-leaved  herbs,  with  lower  leaves 
large  and  long-petioled,  and  middle-sized  flowers  in  bractless  panicled  racemes ;  the 
nutlets  forming  "  burs," 

C.  OFFICINALE,  Linn. ,  the  common  Hound's-tongue,  is  a  coarse  biennial  weed  of  the  Old  World, 
abundantly  naturalized  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States.  It  has  not  reached  California,  appar- 
ently. The  plant  so  named  in  the  Botany  of  Beechey's  Voyage  doubtless  belongs  to  the  following 
species. 

1.  C.  grande,  Dougl.  A  thick-rooted  perennial,  about  2  feet  high,  pubescent 
when  young  with  mostly  soft  slender  hairs,  or  the  stem  and  the  upper  face  of  the 
leaves  glabrous  :  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  ovate-oblong,  usually  rounded  or 
cordate  at  base,  long-petioled ;  the  upper  ones  similar,  but  smaller  and  with  taper- 
ing base  or  short  margined  petiole  :  panicled  racemes  or  cyme  small,  on  a  long 
naked  peduncle  terminating  the  stem  :  corolla  blue  or  violet,  its  tube  longer  than 
the  calyx,  but  hardly  longer  than  the  ample  roundish  lobes. 


Harpagonella.  BORRAG-INACE^.  531 

"Woods,  from  Monterey  to  Washington  Territory.  An  unusually  smooth  form  from  Plumas 
Co.,  Mrs.  PiUsifer  Ames.  Nutlets  not  seen;  the  moderately  enlarging  lobes  of  the  ovary  only 
spai-sely  and  minutely  muricate  on  the  back. 

2.  C.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  About  a  foot  high,  leafy  to  the  top  or  nearly,  rough- 
ish-hirsute  :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse  and  with  a  small  point ; 
radical  and  lower  ones  oblong-spatulate  and  tapering  gradually  into  a  long  narrow 
base  or  winged  petiole ;  the  upper  closely  sessile  and  half-clasping  :  peduncle  2  or  3 
inches  long,  bearing  a  small  mostly  forked  cyme  :  corolla  purple  or  violet,  its  tube 
twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  short  and  roundish  lobes  :  nutlets  horizontal  at 
maturity,  very  convex  and  tumid  as  in  the  Eastern  G.  Virginicum.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  58. 

Sierra  Co.  and  northward,  Lemmon  (in  fruit),  Eev.  E.  Burgess  (in  flower). 

10.  PECTOCABYA,  DC. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  spreading.  Corolla  very  small,  salverform  or  funnel- 
form,  with  crests  in  the  throat.  Stamens  and  very  short  style  included.  Nutlets 
widely  spreading  in  pairs,  horizontal,  oblong  or  almost  linear,  surrounded  by  a  more 
or  less  incurved  wing-like  border,  which  is  sometimes  deeply  cut  into  stout  bristle- 
bearing  teeth,  or  is  more  or  less  beset  with  stiff  bristles  or  slender  prickles,  the  tips 
of  which  are  simply  hooked.  Gynobase  very  short.  Radicle  of  the  embryo  centrip- 
etal, i.  e.  pointing  to  the  gynobase.  —  Low  and  insignificant  slender  annuals,  dif- 
fusely branching;  with  hoary  strigose-hirsute  pubescence,  narrow  linear  leaves 
(barely  half  a  line  wide),  and  very  small  lateral  flowers  scattered  along  the  branches, 
on  very  short  peduncles:  corolla  white. — DC.  Prodr.  x.  120;  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  61. 

A  genus  of  probably  only  two  variable  species,  and  perhaps  of  only  one,  inhabiting  the  western 
coast  of  America  from  Chili  to  California,  perhaps  diffused  since  the  introduction  of  sheep  and 
cattle,  the  nutlets  being  bur-like. 

1.  P.  lateriflora,  DC,  Nutlets  about  2  lines  long,  surrounded  by  a  rather 
broad  and  thick  expanded  wing,  which  is  deeply  cut  or  parted  into  about  9  to  15 
triangular-subukte  teeth,  more  or  less  tipped  with  hook-bristly  points.  —  Cynoglos- 
sum  lateriflarum,  Lam.  C.  pilosum,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Pectocarya  lateriflora,  linearis,  & 
(a  slender  form)  Chilensis,  DC.  1.  c.  P.  Chilensis,  var.  Californica,  Torr.  in  Pacif. 
R.  Rep.  iv.  124,  where  the  character  in  the  Prodromus  as  to  the  position  of  the 
radicle  is  corrected. 

Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Los  Angeles  to  Arizona  and  Southern  Utah  {Parry,  Bigelow,  &c.). 
Also  coast  of  Peru  and  Chili. 

2.  P.  penicillata,  A.  DC.  Plants  very  slender  :  nutlets  little  over  a  line  long, 
with  narrow  and  entire  or  rarely  few-toothed  wing,  the  apex  thickly  beset  with 
hooked  bristles,  the  sides  more  or  less  incurved  and  naked  or  sometimes  bearing  a 
few  scattered  bristles.  —  Cynoglossum  penicillattim,  Hook.  &  Arn. 

Common  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  along  and  near  the  coast.  Also  in  N.  "W.  Nevada,  between 
Long  Lake  and  Soda  Lake  Valleys,  Lemmon.     Probably  passes  into  the  preceding. 

11.  HAKPAGONELLA,  Gray. 

Calyx  irregular ;  three  of  the  sepals  distinct  nearly  to  the  base,  two  imited  to 
near  the  middle.  Corolla  almost  rotate,  hardly  surpassing  the  calyx ;  the  throat 
with  obtuse  crests ;  the  roundish  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  short :  stigma 
somewhat  capitate.  Divisions  of  the  ovary  globular,  attached  by  the  base  to  a 
nearly  flat  receptacle,  two  of  them  apparently  always  abortive.      Ovule  nearly  erect. 


532  CONVOLVULACE^.  Harpagondla. 

anatropous,  the  orifice  inferior.  Nutlets  mostly  2,  collateral,  oblong,  coriaceous, 
perfectly  smooth,  obliquely  fixed  by  the  base ;  one  of  them  naked,  ascending,  and 
usually  if  not  always  infertile  ;  the  other  larger  and  completely  invested  by  the  two 
united  lobes  of  the  now  A^ery  oblique  calyx,  in  tbe  form  of  a  bur  (somewhat 
resembling  that  of  a  small  Franseria),  being  sparsely  beset  with  7  to  9  long  and 
diverging  soft  spines,  which  are  armed  with  short  hook-tipped  bristles.  Eadicle 
inferior  or  centripetal.  —  A  little  herb  with  the  aspect  of  Pectocarya.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  88. 

1.  H.  Falmeri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Difiuse  and  slender  annual,  a  span  high,  minutely 
strigose-hirsute  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  :  flowers  very  small,  lateral  at  all  the  nodes, 
on  short  at  length  deflexed  peduncles  :  corolla  white,  minute  :  spines  of  the  fruiting 
calyx  as  long  as  the  bur-like  body ;  the  3  free  calyx-lobes  small  and  rather  remote. 

Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California,  Dr.  E.  Pabner.  Although  from  a  station  two  hundred 
miles  below  the  line  of  the  State,  this  curious  little  plant  is  not  unlikely  to  occur  along  the 
borders,  in  company  with  Pectocarya,  with  which  it  is  associated  on  Guadalupe  Island, 


Order  LXVI.    CONVOLVULACEiEI. 

Herbs,  or  some  shrubs  in  warm  climates,  more  commonly  twining  or  trailing, 
many  with  milky  juice;  all  with  alternate  leaves  (or  scales)  and  regular  perfect 
flowers ;  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  angles  of  the  corolla  and  alternate 
with  them  (5,  rarely  4) ;  the  free  pei-sistent  calyx  of  mostly  distinct  much-imbri- 
cated sepals ;  ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with  a  pair  of  erect  or  ascending  ovules  in  each 
cell,  the  cells  occasionally  divided,  so  as  to  form  4  one-ovuled  half-cells ;  capsule 
generally  globular ;  seeds  1  to  4,  proportionally  large,  with  a  large  embryo  and 
a  little  mucilaginous  albumen.  Inflorescence  axillary  :  peduncles  1 -flowered  or 
cymosely  several-flowered.  Flowers  oftener  large  and  showy,  and  opening  only 
once. 

An  order  of  nearly  30  genera  and  numerous  species,  widely  spread  over  the  w-orld,  but  most 
abundant  in  warm  countries,  moderately  well  represented  in  the  Atlantic  United  States,  at  least 
in  the  Southern,  but  there  are  wonderfully  few  on  the  Pacific  side.  Lower  California  has  several, 
all  of  the  tropical  types  and  quite  beyond  our  reach.  The  order  yields  purgative  medicines,  such 
as  Jalap  and  Scammony,  and  one  important  article  of  food.  Sweet- Potato,  the  root  of  Ipomoea  Ba- 
tatas ;  also  some  ornamental  flowers. 

EvoLVULUS,  Linn.,  a  genus  of  low  and  slender  plants,  not  twining,  small-flowered,  and  remark- 
able for  having  two  styles  each  2-cleft,  is  represented  by  two  or  three  species  reaching  as  near 
as  Lower  California  and  Arizona. 

DiCHONDRA,  Forster,  a  genus  of  two  small  creeping  herbs,  — one  of  them  most  widely  diff'used 
throughout  the  warm-temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  the  world,  the  other  Mexican  extending 
into  Arizona,  &c. ,  —  appears  to  be  wholly  absent  from  California.  The  genus  is  known  by  the 
anomaly  of  two  distinct  ovaries  as  well  as  styles. 

Tribe  I.    CONVOLULE.^^.     Plants  with  ordinary  green  herbage.     Embryo  with  broad  and 
thin  foliaceous  cotyledons,  folded  and  crumpled  in  the  seed. 

1.  Convolvulus.     Corolla  plaited  and  usually  convolute  in  the  bud ;  the  limb  mostly  entire  or 

5-angled.     Style  single  :  stigmas  2,  linear,   or  oblong.     (Ipomcea  will  be  known  by  its 
capitate  or  2-3-capitate  stigma.) 

2.  Cressa.     Corolla  not  plaited,  5-cleft.     Styles  2,  distinct,  each  with  a  capitate  stigma. 

Tribe  II.  CUSCUTINEyE.    Twining  parasites,  whitish  or  yellowish,  wholly  destitute  of  green 
foliage.     Embryo  filiform  and  spiral,  destitute  of  cotyledons. 

3.  Cuscuta.    The  only  genus.     Corolla  not  plaited,  4  -  5-lobed.     Styles  in  ours  2,  and  stigmas 

capitate. 


Convolvulus.  CONVOLVULACE^  533 

1.  CONVOLVULUS,  Linn.        Bindweed. 

Corolla  campanulate  or  sliort  and  open-funnelform,  with  more  or  less  5-angulate 
or  obscurely  5-lobecl  border,  deeply  plaited  down  the  sinuses  in  the  bud ;  the  plaits 
convolute,  commonly  straight,  sometimes  contorted  (either  in  the  same  direction  as 
the  plaits  overlap  or  in  the  opposite).  Stamens  included.  Style  filiform  :  stigmas 
2,  subulate,  or  in  ours  flat,  and  from  narrowly  linear  to  oval.  Capside  globose, 
2-celled  (sometimes  imperfectly  so) :  cells  2-ovuled  and  commonly  2-seeded  :  dehis- 
cence when  perfect  septifragal,  i.  e.  the  valves  separating  from  the  partition.  Em- 
bryo with  broad  and  foliaceous  cotyledons,  folded  and  crumpled  in  the  seed.  — 
Stems  twining,  trailing,  or  in  some  erect  and  bushy.  Peduncles  solitary  in  the 
axils,  in  ours  one-flowered,  or  occasionally  2-flowered.     Ours  are  all  perennial  herbs. 

A  rather  large  genus  in  the  Old  World,  sparingly  represented  in  the  New. 

Ipomcea  (Pharbitis)  purpurea,  and  I.  Nil,  the  common  species  of  annual  Moming-Glory 
of  cultivation  and  occasional  naturalization  in  the  Atlantic  States,  natives  of  Mexico,  &c. ,  might 
be  expected  to  occur,  either  indigenous  or  adventive,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  ;  but  we 
have  not  met  with  them. 

Calystegia,  R.  Brown,  in  view  of  the  Californian  species,  is  not  even  a  well-marked  section. 
All  the  following  species  would  belong  to  it  except  the  last,  and  the  next  to  the  last,  which  is 
ambiguous. 

*  A  pair  of  thin  membranaceo-foliaceous  bracts  close  to  the  calyx,  and  enveloping  it 

or  partly  so.  —  {Calystegia,  E.  Brown.) 

-f-  Herbage  rather  fleshy :  stigmas  ovate  or  oval. 

1.  C.  Soldanella,  Linn.  Maritime,  low,  glabrous  :  stems  a  foot  or  less  in 
length,  trailing,  rarely  attempting  to  climb  :  leaves  kidney-shaped,  entire  or  ob- 
scurely angvilate-lobed,  an  inch  or  two  broad,  long-petioled  :  bracts  ovate-cordate, 
not  longer  than  the  sepals  :  corolla  pink  or  purplish,  an  inch  or  more  in  length  : 
capsule  becoming  one-celled.  —  Calystegia  Soldanella  &  C.  reniformis,  E..  Brown. 

Sandy  sea-shore,  San  Diego  and  northward  to  Puget  Sound.  Widely  distributed  over  the 
Pacific  and  Eurojjean  coasts. 

-(-  ■¥-  Not  fleshy :  stigmas  linear,  or  at  most  oblong-linear. 

2.  C.  OCCidentalis,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent :  stems  twining, 
several  feet  high  :  leaves  from  broadly  ovate-triangular  with  a  deep  and  naiTOW 
basal  sinus  to  narrowly  lanceolate-hastate  ;  the  posterior  lobes  often  1  -  2-toothed  : 
peduncle  elongated,  not  rarely  2-flowered  within  the  bracts  ;  these  ovate  or  i-arely 
oblong,  commonly  surpassing  and  enclosing  the  calyx  :  corolla  white  or  pinkish, 
1  to  1|  inches  long,  and  the  expanded  limb  as  Avide.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  89. 

Dry  hills,  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  from  near  San  Francisco  {Dr.  Gibbons,  with 
SBwller  ovate-lanceolate  and  not  enveloping  bracts,  and  a  second  flower  from  the  axil  of  one  of 
them)  to  San  Diego  {Ooopcr,  Cleveland)  :  var.  angnstissimiis,  an  extreme  form,  with  2-flowered 
fKeduneles  and  very  narrow  linear-lanceolate  sagittate  leaves,  Santa  Barbara,  Nuttall.  The  oppo- 
site extreme,  resembling  a  large  and  broad-leaved  C.  sepium,  and  with  peduncle  occasionally 
3-flowered,  is  from  Guadalupe  Island,  off"  Lower  California,  Dr.  Palmer.  The  stigmas  are  linear : 
the  style  in  age  inclines  to  split  in  two. 

C.  SEPIUM,  Linn.,  which  occurs  northeast  of  California,  and  extends  round  the  world,  is  distin- 
guished by  its  ovate  or  oblong  stigmas,  and  only  one-flowered  peduncles  have  been  observed. 

3.  C.  Califomicus,  Choisy.  Minutely  and  rather  densely  pubescent,  or  some- 
what glabrate,  a  span  or  less  high  and  subcaulescent,  or  producing  trailing  stems  a 
span  to  a  foot  long  :  leaves  mostly  obtuse,  from  ovate  or  obovate  and  obscurely  has- 
tate to  triangular-hastate  and  the  later  ones  acute,  and  the  basal  lobes  sometimes 
1  -  2-toothed,  long-petioled :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petiole  :  bracts  oblong  or 
oval,  not  unlike  the  outer  sepals  and  equalling  them,  or  rather  shorter :  corolla 


534  CONVOLVULACE^.  Convolvulus. 

white,  cream-color,  or  flesh-color,  1|  to  2  inches  long.  — DC.  Prodr.  ix.  405.     Caly- 
stegia  suhacaulis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  363. 

Hills  and  banks,  Marin  Co.  to  San  Luis  Obispo.  Blade  of  the  leaf  from  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  or  more  in  length  :  peduncles  1  to  3  inches  long. 

4.  C.  villosus,  Gray.  Densely  and  softly  white-tomentose  throughout :  stems 
a  span  to  2  feet  long,  trailing  or  feebly  twining  :  leaves  from  reniform-hastate  to 
sagittate,  the  upper  acuminate,  mostly  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  the  basal  lobes 
often  augulate-1  -  2-toothed  :  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole  :  bracts  oval 
or  ovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  corolla  cream-color,  an  inch  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
1.  c.  Convolvulus  (n.  sp.  1),  Torr.  in  Pacif.  K.  Kep.  iv.  127.  Calystegia  villosa, 
Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  17. 

Dry  hills,  from  the  Upper  Salinas  Kiver,  Monterey  Co.,  and  Tejon,  to  Plumas  and  Sierra 
counties.     The  silky-villous  wool  veiy  soft  and  velvety. 

«  *  No  calyx-like  bracts,  sometimes  a  pair  of  leaves  close  under  the  flower  or  a  pair 
of  bracts  at  some  distance  below  it. 

5.  C.  luteolus,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  pubescent :  stems  at  length  2  or  3  feet  long 
and  twining  :  leaves  triangular-hastate  or  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  sometimes 
2-lobed  :  peduncles  commonly  as  long  as  the  leaves,  bearing  a  pair  of  linear  or 
lanceolate  entire  foliaceous  bracts  a  little  below  the  flower ;  a  second  flower  occa- 
sionally from  the  axil  of  one  of  them  :  sepals  mostly  broad  and  roundish  :  corolla 
pale  yellow,  an  inch  or  more  in  length. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  Ipomoea  sagiitifolia. 
Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  151  (1),  but  the  stigmas  are  linear. 

Var.  fiilcratUS,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  pubescent :  a  pair  of  hastate  or  sagittate  small 
leaves  for  bracts  either  below  or  close  to  the  flower.  —  C.  Calif  amicus,  Torr.  Pacif. 
R  Eep.  iv.  127,  not  of  Choisy. 

Hillsides  from  Lake  and  Colusa  to  Alameda  counties.  Variable  in  foliage,  generally  glabrous ; 
the  bracts  from  1  to  4  lines  long  and  ab6ut  the  same  distance  below  the  calyx.  Var.  fulcratus, 
which  in  aspect  sometimes  much  resembles  the  less  downy  fomis  of  the  preceding  species,  comes 
from  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Sonora,  Bi(/elow)  to  Fort  Tejon  ( Wallace,  Horn),  and 
Cajon  Pass  (jCoopcr)  :  its  bracteal  leaves  commonly  half  an  inch  long. 

6.  C.  longipes,  Watson.  Glabrous  throughout,  erect  and  much  branched,  the 
filiform  branches  sometimes  twining  :  leaves  small  and  sparse,  rather  short-petioled, 
or  the  upper  sessile,  entire,  or  most  of  the  lower  hastate  by  a  pair  of  oblong  or 
linear  divaricate  basal  lobes  :  peduncles  1-flowered,  2  to  6  inches  long,  naked,  or 
with  one  or  two  distant  small  leaves  remote  from  the  bractless  calyx  :  corolla  yel- 
lowish, over  an  inch  long.  —  Am.  Nat.  vii.  302. 

Owen's  Valley  or  near  Fort  Tejon,  Dr.  Horn.     Southern  Nevada,  Liewt.  IVhceler. 

2.  CBESSA,  Linn. 

Corolla  deeply  5-cleft,  not  plaited  ;  the  oblong  or  ovate  lobes  more  than  half  the 

length  of  the  somewhat  campanulate  tube,  lightly  convolute  in  the  bud,  or  Avith  one 

lobe   external.      Stamens  and  the   two   distinct  entire  styles  exserted.     Stigmas 

capitate.     Capsule  2-valved,  by  abortion  commonly  one-seeded.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  C.  Cretica,  Linn,  Perennial  herb,  a  span  or  two  high,  erect  or  difl'use, 
exceedingly  branched,  silky-villous  and  hoary  :  leaves  very  numerous,  small  (2  to  4 
lines  long),  almost  sessile,  mostly  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  :  flowers  sessile  or 
short-peduncled  in  the  upper  axils  :  corolla  2  or  3  lines  long,  white,  silky-pubescent 
outside,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  C.  Truxillensis,  HBK.,  a  name  for  the 
American  form,  which  does  not  much  differ  from  that  of  Australia  {C.  australis,  R. 
Brown),  but  is  more  silky  than  that  of  Europe. 

Saline  soil,  along  the  whole  length  of  the  coast.  Also  in  alkaline  soil  in  valleys  of  the  Monte 
Diablo  Range,  Brewer.     Extends  to  Arizona,  kc,  and  coast  of  S.  America  round  to  S.  Brazil. 


Cuscuta.  CONVOLVULACE^.  535 

3.  CUSCUTA,  Tourn.  Dodder. 
(By  Dr.  George  Engelmann.) 
Calyx  5-  (sometimes  4-)  cleft  or  parted.  Corolla  campanulate  or  short-tubular, 
the  spreading  limb  5  -  4-parted,  between  convolute  and  imbricated  in  the  bud,  not 
plaited.  Stamens  mostly  furnished  with  a  scale-like  fringed  appendage  below  their 
insertion  in  the  throat.  Ovary  globose,  2-celled,  4-ovuled.  Styles  in  all  our  species 
2,  distinct.  Capsule  1  -  4-seeded,  circumscissile  (bursting  transversely),  or  mostly 
baccate.  Embryo  filiform,  spirally  coiled  in  the  (when  dry)  hard-fleshy  albumen, 
destitute  of  cotyledons,  sometimes  furnished  at  the  upper  part  with  a  few  alter- 
nate scales  (belonging  to  the  plumule),  germinating  in  the  soil,  but  not  rooting 
in  it,  developing  into  filiform  and  branching  annual  stems  of  a  yellowish  or  reddish 
hue,  which  become  parasitic  on  the  bark  of  herbs  or  small  shrubs,  being  attached 
by  means  of  suckers  at  the  whole  surface  of  contact  (the  base  soon  dying  away), 
twining  extensively,  bearing  occasional  small  scales  in  the  place  of  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  cymose  or  densely  clustered,  white  or  whitish,  usually  produced  late  in  the 
season.  —  Engelm.  in  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  1842,  &  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.  (1859) 
i.  453. 

A  widely  distributed  genus  of  nearly  80  species,  divided  into  three  subgenera  ;  the  first,  Eucus- 
cula  (with  distinct  styles  and  elongated  stigmas,  and  circumscissile  capsule),  indigenous  exclu- 
sively to  the  Old  World,  although  the  injxu-ious  Flax-Dodder  has  been  introduced  with  flax-seed 
into  the  New ;  the  second  and  largest,  Grammica  (with  distinct  styles  and  capitate  stigmas), 
belonging  principally  to  the  New ;  the  third  and  smallest,  Monogyna  (with  styles  united  into 
one),  scattered  over  the  whole  globe.  The  Californian  species  are  all  of  the  section  Clisf.ogram- 
mica,  having  capitate  stigmas  and  a  baccate  or  indehiscent  capsule.  The  following  species, 
natives  of  Arizona  or  Utah,  are  not  unlikely  to  reach  California  :  — 

C.  TENiTiFLORA,  Engelm.  and  C.  obtusifloha,  HBK.,  both  with  closed  or  baccate  capsule: 
C.  APPLANATA,  Engelm.,  C.  odontolepis,  Engelm.,  and  C.  umbellata,  HBK.,  with  capsule 
opting  regularly  round  the  base. 

^4^  *   Capsule  depressed-glohose. 

1.  C.  arvensis,  Beyrich.  Stems  capillary  :  flowers  small  (about  a  line  long), 
in  small  umbel-like  cymes,  pedicellate :  tube  of  the  broad-campanulate  corolla 
included  in  the  broadly  lobed  calyx,  as  long  as  or  rather  shorter  than  its  ovate- 
lanceolate  inflexed-pointed  lobes:  scales  large,  broadly  oval,  deeply  fringed:  styles 
shorter  than  the  large  depressed  ovary  :  capsule  depressed-globose,  girt  at  the 
base  by  the  persistent  corolla  :  seeds  4.  —  Engelm.  in  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  336, 
&  ed.  5,  378. 

Long  Valley,  Mendocino  Co.,  Kellogg.  Not  rare  from  the  Middle  Atlantic  States  to  Texas, 
but  thus  far  found  only  once  in  California. 

2.  C.  Califomica,  Choisy,  and  Hook.  &  Arn.  Stems  capillary ;  flowers  small 
or  middle-sized,  pediceUed  in  loose  few-flowered  cymes  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  acute  : 
lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate-subulate,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  shallow  cam- 
panulate tube  :  filaments  mostly  as  long  as  the  linear-oblong  anthers  :  scales  none, 
or  sometimes  indicated  by  rudimentary  inverted  arches  near  the  base  of  the  tube  : 
ovary  small,  mostly  depressed,  with  slender  styles;  capsule  depressed. — DC.  Prodr. 
ix.  457.  — The  extreme  forms  are  : 

Var.  breviflora,  Engelm.  Flowers  scarcely  more  than  a  line  long  :  calyx-lobes 
acuminate,  eijualling  or  surpassing  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  filaments  and  anthers 
short :  styles  as  long  as  the  ovary  :  corolla  withering  at  base  of  or  around  the  2-4- 
seeded  capsule.  —  Engelm.  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.  1.  c.  499. 

Var.  longiloba,  Engelm.  1.  c.  Flowers  longer-pedicelled,  H  to  2|  lines  long: 
calyx-lobes  sliort,  or  sometimes  long  and  acuminate  and  even  recurved  at  tip  :  lobes 


536  CONVOLVULACE^.  Cuscuta. 

of  the  corolla  slender,  longer  than  the  tube  or  even  twice  as  long  :  filaments  and 
anthei-s  more  slender  :  styles  much  longer  than  the  ovary  :  capsule  mostly  1 -seeded 
and  enveloped  by  the  corolla. 

Not  rare  through  the  western  part  of  the  State.  The  shortei'-flowered.  variety  from  the  coast  at 
Monterey  {Hartweg)  to  Clear  Lake  {Torrcy),  and  to  the  Tuolumne  in  tlie  Sierra  Nevada  {Bolan- 
der) :  a  low  plant,  often  only  a  few  inches  high.  The  var.  longiloba,  principally  near  the  coast  in 
the  southern  i)art  of  the  State,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego  and  into  Arizona,  in  arid  localities,  on 
Eriogonum,  &c.  These  extreme  and  the  numerous  intermediate  forms  are  easily  recognized  by 
the  delicate  white  sharply-lobed  flowers  destitute  of  the  substamineal  scales  :  lobes  of  calyx  and 
corolla  never  overlapping. 

*  *  Capsule  more  or  less  conical  or  pointed. 

3.  C.  salina,  n.  sp.  Engelm.  Stems  slender  :  flowers  (1|  to  2|  lines  long) 
pedicelled  in  loose  cymes,  shorter  and  wider  than  in  the  next :  lobes  of  the  calyx 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  similar  but  mostly  broader  and  overlapping 
denticulate  lobes  and  as  the  shallow  campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla :  lilaments  about 
as  long  as  the  oval  anthers  ;  fringed  scales  mostly  shorter  tlian  tlie  tube,  sometimes 
incomplete  :  styles  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  pointed  ovary ;  capsule  conical, 
surrounded  (not  covered)  by  the  withered  corolla,  mostly  1 -seeded.  —  C.  subinclusa, 
war.  abhreviata,  &  C.  Calif  arnica,  var.  (1)  squamigera,  Engelm.  1.  c.  499,  500. 

Saline  marshes,  on  various  Chenopodiaceous  plants,  especially  Salicornia:  Bay  of  San  Francisco, 
C.  Wright,  Bolander,  Kellogg.  Also  extending  to  British  Columbia  {Lyall),  and  in  the  inteiior 
to  Arizona  and  Southern  Utah.  In  many  respects  intermediate  between  the  preceding  and  the 
following  species  ;  but  distinguished  from  the  former  by  the  presence  of  infrastamineal  scales  and 
the  larger  flowers ;  from  the  latter  by  the  less  crowded  flowers,  with  shorter  more  delicate  and 
open  corolla. 

4.  C.  subinclusa,  Durand  &  Hilgard.  Stems  rather  coarse  :  flowers  sessile  or 
short-pedicelled,  at  length  in  large  (half-inch  or  inch  thick)  clusters,  2\  to  3|  or  4 
lines  long  :  calyx-lobes  ovate-lance'olate,  acutish,  overlapping,  much  shorter  than 
the  cylindrical  at  last  urn-shaped  tube  of  the  corolla :  lobes  of  the  corolla  much 
shorter  than  tube,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  minutely  crenulate  or  papillose  :  anthers 
oval,  nearly  sessile :  scales  narrow,  fringed,  reaching  only  to  the  middle  of  the  tube : 
slender  styles  longer  than  the  pointed  ovary  :  capsule  conical,  capped  by  the  with- 
ered corolla  :  seeds  mostly  solitary. 

The  most  common  Californian  sj)ecies,  on  shrubs  or  coarse  herbs  throughout  the  State,  mostly 
in  the  mountains,  the  coast  ranges  as  well  as  the  Sierra  Nevada,  but  also  along  the  coast.  The 
long  and  naiTow  tube  of  the  corolla,  only  partially  covered  by  the  thick  and  fleshy  and  usually 
reddish  calyx,  readily  distinguishes  this  species. 

5.  C.  decora,  Choisy,  Engelm.  Stems  coarse:  flowers  (1|  to  2|-  lines  long) 
pedicelled  in  loose  clusters  :  lobes  of  the  fleshy  calyx  acute,  as  long  as  the  broadly 
campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla  :  lobes  of  the  latter  as  long  as  its  tube,  ovate-lance- 
olate, minutely  papillose-crenate,  spreading  and  with  acute  inflexed  tips  :  scales 
large,  broadly  oval,  deeply  fringed  :  capsule  pointed,  enveloped  by  the  remains  of 
the  corolla  ;  seeds  about  4. 

Near  Clear  Lake,  Bolander  ;  on  a  Senecio.  A  variable  species  of  the  southern  Atlantic  States, 
extending  through  a  large  part  of  America,  apparently  rare  in  California.  The  only  specimen 
seen  belongs  to  the  large-flowered  form,  which  often  has  deep  purple  anthers  and  stigmas.  Tex- 
ture of  the  corolla  fleshy,  granular-papillose. 

6.  C.  denticulata,  Engelm.  Stems  capillary :  flowers  small  (about  a  line  long), 
short-pedicelled  in  small  umbel-like  clusters  :  tube  of  the  broadly  campanulate 
corolla  included  in  the  rounded-lobed  and  denticulate  calyx,  and  as  long  as  its 
round-ovate  spreading  lobes  :  anthers  oval,  on  very  short  filaments  :  scales  reaching 
to  the  base  of  the  stamens,  denticulate  at  the  rounded  tip  :  styles  as  long  as  the 
pointed  ovary :  stigmas  very  small  and  hardly  capitate  :  capsule  covered  by  the 
withered  corolla,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix.  348. 

Southwestern  Utah,  Parry.     To  be  looked  for  in  adjacent  parts  of  California. 


SOLANACE^.  537 

Order  LXVII.     SOLANACE^. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (commonly  rank-scented),  with  colorless  juice,  alternate  leaves 
and  no  stipules,  regular  5-merous  5-androus  flowers  on  bractless  pedicels,  the  corolla 
valvate  or  sometimes  imbricated  and  usually  plaited  in  the  bud,  a  single  style,  and 
a  (normally)  2-celled  ovary ;  the  fruit  a  many-seeded  berry  or  capsule ;  the  embryo 
slender  and  mostly  curved  in  fleshy  albumen  : — distinguished  from  Scrophulariacece 
by  the  regular  5-androus  flowers ;  from  the  preceding  orders  with  free  calyx  and 
stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla,  by  the  plaited  corolla  along 
with  a  single  style,  placentae  in  the  axis,  numerous  seeds,  curved  embryo,  &c.  Seeds 
campylotropous  or  amphitropous.  Calyx  usually  persistent.  Flowers  solitary  or 
cymose,  mostly  unaccompanied  by  bracts,  and  the  cymes  or  their  branches  oftener 
secund  or  scorpioid  and  imitating  racemes,  in  the  manner  of  Borraginacece,  &c. 
Leaves  commonly  unequally  geminate,  and  peduncle  distant  from  the  nearest  leaf, 

A  large  and  widely  diffused  order,  mainly  affecting  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world,  but  most 
sparingly  represented  in  California.  Narcotic  and  poisonous  properties  prevail  in  it,  as  exempli- 
fied by  the  Deadly  Nightshade  of  Europe  {Atro}^  Belladonna),  Henbane  (ffi/oscyamtis),  Tobacco, 
&c.  Nevertheless  it  furnishes  important  esculents,  such  as  the  Tomato  and  Egg-plant,  condi- 
ments, such  as  CnpsicAim,  and  one  staple  article  of  farinaceous  food,  the  Potato. 

The  five  natural  tribes  which  the  order  comprises  being  rather  difficult  to  characterize,  and  the 
Californian  genera  few,  it  is  more  convenient  to  omit  the  former  from  the  synopsis,  in  which, 
however,  the  natural  arrangement  is  mainly  followed. 

NiCANDKA  PHYSALOiDEs,  Gsertner,  sometimes  called  Apple  of  Peru,  a  widely  dispersed  weed 
of  waste  grounds  and  gardens,  is  very  likely  to  be  introduced,  but  has  not  yet  been  met  with.  It 
is  like  a  tall  Pht/salis,  but  larger-flowered,  very  smooth,  and  with  a  Jive-celled  berry,  which  dries 
as  it  ripens  and  bursts  irregularly  like  a  capsule. 

I.    Fruit  a  berry,  from  an  ovary  of  2  or  rarely  (except  in  cultivated  plants)  of  3  or  more  cells  : 

embrj'^o  coiled  or  curved. 

*  Corolla  rotate  or  barely  campanulate,  valvate  and  mostly  induplicate  or  plaited  in  the  bud. 

1.  Lycopersicum.    Anthers  united  into  a  cone  ;  the  cells  opening  lengthwise  down  the  inside  : 

filaments  very  short.     Leaves  pinnately  compound,  the  leaflets  stalked.     Beny  naked. 

2.  Solanutn.    Anthers  distinct,  but  generally  conniving,  longer  than  the  filaments  ;  their  cells 

opening  at  the  apex  by  a  hole  or  slit,  but  often  also  longitudinally. 

3.  Capsicum.     Anthers  distinct,  short,  not  longer  than  the  filament,  the  cells  opening  length- 

wise,  without  a  terminal  hole.     Calyx  herbaceous,  girting  only  the  base  of  the  berry, 
and  with  little  or  no  border  or  lobes. 

4.  Chamaesaracha.     Anthers  distinct  and  not  connivent,  short,  on  slender  filaments,  opening 

lengthwise.     Calyx  enlarging  close  around  but  not  completely  enclosing  the  berry,  not 
reticulate- veiny. 

5.  Physalis.    Anthers  distinct,  opening  lengthwise,  without  pores.    Calyx  enlarging,  becoming 

bladdery-inflated  and  reticulate- veiny,  enclosing  the  berry. 

*  *  Corolla  tubular  or  funnelform,  imbricated  or  induplicate-plaited  in  the  bud. 

6.  Oryctes.     Herbaceous.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  5-toothed. 

7.  Lyciiun.      Diffusely  branched  shrubs,  commonly  spiny,  with  entire  leaves.      Calyx  3-5- 

toothed  or  cleft.     Corolla  4  -  5-lobed.     Berry  minutely  stalked  in  the  calyx. 

II.  Fruit  a  capsule,  but  sometimes  a  fleshy  one  :  corolla  plaited  in  the  bud. 
♦  Calyx  deciduous,  leaving  a  short  base  under  the  fruit :  seeds  large  :  embryo  curved. 

8.  Datura.     Capsule  dry,  or  somewhat  succulent  but  at  length  bursting,  prickly,  2-celled,  and 

the  cells  incompletely  again  2-celled.     Corolla  convulute  as  well  as  plaited  (i.  e.  the  plaits 
convolute)  in  the  bud. 

*  *  Calyx  persistent  :  seeds  small  :  embryo  shorter,  straightish. 

9.  Nicotiana.    Capsule  smooth,  with  2  (rarely  more)  simple  cells,  splitting  at  the  a])ex  into  as 

many  valves,  and  these  2-cleft,  mostly  enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  toothed  or  lobed  calyx. 
10.  Petunia.     Capsule  smooth,  2-celled,  simply  2-valved.     Calyx  5-parted,  with  narrow  and 
foliaceous  lobes. 


538  SOLANACE^.  Lycopersicum. 

1.  LYCOPERSICUM,  Tourn.        Tomato. 

Flowers  as  in  Solanum,  except  that  the  anthers  (on  very  short  filaments)  are  united 
hy  their  contiguous  edges  into  a  cone,  and  their  cells  open  longitudinally  down  the 
whole  length  of  the  inner  face,  not  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  —  Herbs  of  the  warmer 
part  of  America,  one  species  widely  dispersed  in  cultivation ;  the  small  racemose 
flowers  on  peduncles  which  soon  become  lateral  or  opposite  a  leaf :  pedicels  articu- 
lated and  reflexed  in  fruit. 

1.  L.  esculentum,  Mill.  (Tomato.)  Annual,  widely  spreading,  rank-scented, 
hirsute  and  glandular,  at  least  the  branches  :  leaves  interruptedly  once  or  twice 
pinnate  ;  the  larger  leaflets  cut  and  toothed,  the  interposed  small  ones  rounder 
and  often  entire :  corolla  yellow  :  berry  edible.  —  Solanum  Lycopersicum,  Linn. 

The  common  Tomato  probably  has  run  wild  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State.  Var.  cekasiforme  (Cherry  Tomato)  is  seemingly  native  along  the  southern 
borders  of  the  United  States  as  far  west  as  Arizona,  probably  reaching  California.  The  parts  of 
the  flower,  normally  five,  and  two  in  the  ovary,  are  often  increased  in  the  cultivated  plant,  and 
very  commonly  two  or  more  flowers  are  blended  into  one. 

2.  SOLANUM,  Tourn.        Nightshade.     Potato. 

Calyx  and  rotate  corolla  5-parted  or  cleft  (or  sometimes  4-10-parted  or  lobed); 

the  lobes  of  the  latter  valvate  in  the  bud,  with  margins  usually  turned  inwards 

more  or  less,  or  the  sinuses  plaited.     Filaments  short :  anthers  distinct,  although 

often  conniving ;  the  cells  with  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  apex,  in  many  species  also 

opening  lengthwise.      Style  elongated  :  stigma  mostly  entire.     Ovary  with  2  cells, 

or  rarely  more,  becoming  a  berry.    Seeds  many,  flat. — Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubby 

plants,  of  various  aspect  and  foliage. 

One  of  the  largest  genera  known,  chiefly  indigenous  to  warm  climates,  a  moderate  miniber  in 
temperate  regions,  but  exceedingly  few  in  the  Pacific  United  States.  S.  tuberosum  is  the  com- 
mon Potato.  S.  Melongena,  the  Aubergine  or  Egg-plant.  S.  heteuodoxum,  Dunal,  and 
S.  rostratum,  Dunal,  peculiar  species  extending  from  Mexico  well  into  the  United  States  east 
of  the  Kocky  Mountains  (and  remarkable  for  prickliness,  for  somewhat  iri-egular  corolla,  one 
anther  much  larger  and  longer  than  the  rest,  and  the  berry  completely  and  closely  invested  by 
the  prickly  calyx),  might  be  expected  to  reach  California  by  way  of  Aiizona  ;  but  they  have  not 
been  met  with  here. 

«  Never  prickly :  anthers  not  tapering  iipward,  disposed  to  dehisce  from  top  to  bottom. 

•4-  Corolla  (mostly  white)  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  small. 

1.  S.  nigrum,  Linn.  Annual,  or  sometimes  becoming  woody  at  base  and  more 
enduring,  widely  branching,  green  and  almost  glabrous  :  leaves  more  or  less  ovate 
and  sinuate-toothed,  sometimes  merely  repand  or  nearly  entire,  acute  or  acuminate  : 
flowers  in  small  and  pedunculate  lateral  umbellate  clusters  :  berries  small,  black 
when  ripe,  or  rarely  reddish.     (The  common  Black  Nightshade.) 

Var.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Varying  from  almost  glabrous  to  hoary-puberulent,  and 
from  one  to  several  feet  high  :  leaves  apt  to  be  coarsely  toothed,  and  the  flowers 
larger  (sometimes  half  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter) :  fruiting  calyx  erect.  —  S.  Doug- 
lasii, Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii.  49, 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds  and  along  streams  towards  the  coast ;  mainly  or  wholly  the 
var.  Douglasii,  which  is  seemingly  indigenous,  sometimes  very  large,  and  "shrubby  at  base." 
S.  umhellifenom,  var.  trachydadon,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vii.  12,  from  Santa  Inez,  is  of  this 
form.  Southward  it  runs  into  the  var.  iwdiflorum,  which  inclines  to  have  entire  leaves  and 
glabrous  filaments,  and  the  fruiting  calyx  reflexed.  In  multifarious  forms  this  weed  occurs  in 
almost  every  country.  At  least  fifty  of  the  species  admitted  by  Dunal  in  De  Candolle's  Prodromus 
are  by  other  authors  reduced  to  this.  The  berries  have  the  reputation  of  being  poisonous,  but 
in  some  parts  of  the  world  they  are  safely  eaten. 


Capsicum.  SOLANACE^.  539 

2.  S.  triquetrum,  Cav.  Perennial  and  more  or  less  woody  at  base,  glabrous  : 
the  slender  and  triangular  branches  disposed  to  climb  or  to  be  flexuous  :  leaves 
deltoid-cordate  or  hastate,  sometimes  3  -  5-lobed,  the  margins  entire ;  the  middle 
lobe  varying  to  lanceolate  or  even  linear :  umbellate  pedunculate  clusters  rather  few- 
flowered  ;  berry  red.  —  Cav.  Ic.  iii.  30,  t.  259.  >S'.  LindheimeriaHum,  Scheele  in 
Linnsea,  xxi.  766. 

From  Texas  westward  along  the  southern  frontier  ;  given  on  the  authority  of  a  sterile  specimen 
said  to  be  Caliibmiau,  but  more  likely  from  Arizona. 

+■  -t-  Corolla  {violet  or  blue  and  showy,  often  green  and  yellow  in  the  throat),  b-angled 
or  very  moderately  5-lobed,  very  flat :  peduncles  short,  terminal  or  becoming  lateral, 
bearing  an  open  forking  or  umbellate  cyme ;  a  nodose  or  cupshaped  enlargement 
under  the  articulation  at  tlie  base  of  each  slender  pedicel :  berries  purple,  the  base 
covered  by  the  somewhat  enlarged  calyx. 

3.  S.  Xanti,  Gray.  Perennial,  nearly  herbaceous  except  the  base,  pubescent 
with  simple  glandular  hairs,  or  sometimes  almost  glabrous:  branches  slender:  leaves 
thinnish,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  entire  or  repand,  or  rarely  auriculate-lobed  at  the 
usually  obtuse  or  rounded  or  subcordate  base  :  corolla  from  three  fourths  to  a  full 
inch  in  diameter.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  90. 

Var.  Wallace!,  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  and  flowers  much  larger ;  the  former  3  or  4 
inches  long  and  the  corolla  fully  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter :  inflorescence  and 
branches  villous  with  long  and  viscid  many-jointed  hairs. 

Common  through  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  north  to  Santa  Barbara ;  also  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Nevada,  and  in  Sierra  Co.  Has  been  confounded  with  the  following,  and  is  almost  as 
polymorphous  ;  is  known  by  the  pubescence  of  simple  and  jointed  hairs,  commonly  tipped  with 
a  gland.  Named  for  Xantus  de  Veseij,  one  of  the  first  to  collect  it.  Var.  Wallacei,  Catalina 
Island,  a  striking  form. 

4.  S.  umbeUiferum,  Eschscholtz.  Perennial  from  a  shrubby  base,  minutely 
hoary-pubescent  or  tomentose  with  short  many-branched  hairs,  occasionally  almost 
glabrous  :  flowering  branches  mostly  short  and  leafy :  leaves  obovate  and  oblong 
and  commonly  obtuse,  sometimes  ovate  and  acute,  entire  (half  an  inch  to  an  inch  or 
two  in  length) ;  the  upper  acute  or  narrowed,  the  lower  and  larger  ones  rounded  at 
base  :  flowers  few  or  sever.d  in  umbel-like  clusters  :  corolla  about  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  in  diameter.  —  aS'.  Californiciim  &  S.  genistoides,  Dunal  in  DC. ;  the  latter 
a  starved  and  twiggy  form  with  small  leaves. 

Common  from  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  coast,  and  south  to  San  Diego  Co. 
A  very  polymorphous  species,  producing  through  the  season  its  handsome  violet-blue  (or  rarely 
white)  flowers. 

*  *  Sometimes  pricJcly :  antJiers  longer,  tapering  upwards,  opening  only  at  the  tip. 

5.  S.  elseagnifolium,  Cav.  Low  perennial,  or  the  base  somewhat  woody,  silvery- 
whitened  all  over  by  a  dense  and  rather  scurfy  pubescence  composed  of  many- rayed 
stellate  hairs  :  prickles  straight  and  small  on  the  branches  and  midribs,  but  some- 
times wanting :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sinuate  or  entire  :  peduncles  at  first 
terminal,  few-flowered  :  calyx  5-angled  and  with  slender  lobes  :  corolla  violet, 
moderately  5-lobed,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter  :  ovary  tomentose  :  berry  yellowish, 
at  length  nearly  black. 

A  Mexican  and  extra-tropical  South  American  species,  extending  from  Texas  to  Arizona,  and 
in  a  shrubby  form  (.S^.  Hindsianum,  Benth.)  to  Lower  California  :  probably  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  State. 

3.  CAPSICUM,  Tourn.        Cayenne  Pepper.     Chile. 

Calyx  short,  minutely  toothed  or  truncate,  little  enlarging,  girting  the  base  of 
the  acrid  and  sometimes  juiceless  berry.  Corolla  5  -  6-cleft.  Anthers  shorter  or 
not  longer  than  the  filament,  oblong,  blunt ;  the  cells  opening  lengthwise.     Other- 


540  SOLANACE^.  Capsicum. 

wise  as  Solanum.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  natives  of  the  warm  parts  of  America,  green 

and  mostly  glabrous ;  with  many-times  forking  stems,  ovate  and  entire  or  barely 

repand  thinnish  leaves,  and  small  flowers  on  solitary  or  cymose-clustered  pedicels. 

Corolla  mostly  white  and  the  anthers  bluish. 

Capsicum  annuum,  Linn.,  is  the  Cayenne  Pepper,  or  Chile  Colorado  of  the  Mexicans,  with 
large  and  long  pod-like  fruit,  of  very  warm  and  pungent  acridity. 

1.  C.  baccatum,  Linn.  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  slender  diverging 
branches  :  leaves  ovate,  slender-petioled :  berry  globiilar,  as  large  as  a  pea,  on  a 
slender  erect  peduncle. 

Wild  along  the  Mexican  frontier,  and  in  Arizona,  probably  within  the  borders  of  the  State,  the 
form  called  0.  microphyllum  by  Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr. 

4.  CHAM^SARACHA,  Gray. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  enlarging  after  flowering,  but  remaining  rather  herbaceous,  not 
reticulated,  incompletely  investing  the  rather  dry-globose  berry.  Corolla  rotate, 
5-angulate.  Anthers  short,  on  slender  (not  at  all  connivent)  filaments ;  the  cells 
opening  lengthwise  throughout.  —  Low  perennial  (Texano-Californian)  herbs ;  with 
the  corolla  of  Saracha  and  a  calyx  between  that  of  Solanum  and  PhysaJis,  with 
rather  narrow  leaves  tapering  into  margined  petioles,  and  in  their  axils  filiform 
solitary  or  sometimes  geminate  pedicels,  which  are  mostly  refracted  or  recurved  in 
fruit.  Corolla  white,  yellowish,  or  tinged  with  \nolet.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI. 
11.  891.     Saracha  §  Chamcesaracha,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  Q'2. 

1.  C.  Coronopus,  Gray.  Difi"usely  much  branched,  green,  almost  glabrox;s,  or 
beset  with  some  short  and  roughish-  hairs,  a  span  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear 
with  cuneate-attenuate  base,  varying  from  almost  entire  to  laciniate-pinnatifid  : 
calyx  somewhat  scurfy-hirsute  with  2-forked  hairs  :  corolla  yellowish,  half  an  inch 
or  less  in  diameter  :  berry  nearly  white  :  seeds  thickish,  rugose  and  favose.  — Sola- 
num Coronopus,  Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii.  64.  Withania  \V)  Coronopus,  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  155.  Saracha  {Chamcesaracha)  Coronopus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Saracha 
acutifolia,  Miers  in  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  18491  (but  the  flowers  too  small). 

Arizona  {Palmer)  and  S.  Utah  (Capt.  Bishop)  to  Texas  and  Colorado.  Not  met  with  in  Cali- 
fornia, unless  it  be  Saracha  acutifolia  of  Jtliers,  and  it  is  probable  Coulter's  specimen  on  which 
that  was  founded  came  from  Arizona.  The  more  eastern  and  broader-leaved  specimens  are  near 
to  C.  sordida,  which  is  pubescent  and  glandular. 

2.  C.  nana.  Gray.  Many-stemmed  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  barely  a 
span  high,  cinereous-puberulent,  comparatively  large-leaved  :  leaves  crowded,  ob- 
long-ovate and  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  undulate  (the  blade  an  inch  or  two  long, 
and  at  base  contracted  into  a  petiole  of  equal  length)  :  peduncles  mostly  shorter 
than  the  petiole  :  corolla  white  or  bluish,  7  to  9  lines  in  diameter :  fruiting  calyx 
hemispherical  and  with  distant  subulate  teeth  :  seeds  flat,  smoothish.  —  Saracha 
nana,  Gray,  1.  c. 

Eastern  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Nevada  and  Sierra  counties,  Kellogg  or  Bolander,  Lem- 
mon.     Connects  with  Physalis  through  P.  graiidiflora. 

5.  PHYSALIS,  Linn.        Ground  Cherry. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  enlarging  after  flowering  and  becoming  membranaceous  and  veiny, 
forming  a  loose  bladdery  envelope  enclosing  the  2-celled  juicy  berry.  Corolla  rotate 
or  commonly  with  an  open-campanulate  base,  5-angulate  or  obscurely  lobed.  An- 
thers oblong  or  linear,  not  connivent,  on  short  or  slender  filaments ;  the  cells  open- 
ing lengthwise  throughout.  —  Herbs,  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  mainly  in 


Orydes.  SOLANACE^.  541 

the  warmer  regions,  the  greater  number  American,  but  there  are  remarkably  few  in 
Oregon  and  California,  and  those  only  on  the  borders.  The  fruit  of  several  species 
is  edible  when  cooked,  but  of  little  importance. 

§  1.  Corolla  violet  or  purple,  open-rotate :  seeds  thickish  and  obscurely  tuber culate- 
rugose :  calyx,  pedicels,  and  all  the  young  parts  scurf y-granuli/erous 
or  mealy,  otherwise  wholly  glabrous.  —  Cham^physalis,  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  62. 

1.  P.  lobata,  Torr.  Low,  diffusely  branched  or  at  length  spreading  and  de- 
cumbent from  a  thickish  perennial  root :  leaves  oblong-spatulate  or  obovate,  vary- 
ing from  nearly  entire  to  angulate-toothed  and  pinnatitid,  tapering  into  a  margined 
petiole  :  pedicels  usually  in  pairs,  longer  than  the  Hower :  corolla  from  half  to  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  wide  :  fruiting  calyx  globular-inflated,  about  half  an  inch  long.  — 
Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  226.  Solanum  luteolijlorum,  Dunal  in  DC.  1.  c.  Saracha 
acutifolia,  Miers  ? 

Dry  plains,  from  Texas  to  Arizona  ;  probably  reaching  the  southeastern  border  of  California. 

§  2.  Corolla  white,  greenish,  or  yellow,  mostly  rotate-campanulate :  seeds  smx)oth  and 
even,  minutely  punctate :  no  scurf  or  mealiness,  and  leaves  never  truly  pin- 
natifid.  —  True  Physalis. 

*  Root  perennial :  anthers  yellow :  corolla  not  spotted  or  dark  in  the  centre :  leaves 

thickish. 

2.  P.  crassifolia,  Benth.  Pale  or  minutely  hoary  with  an  extremely  short  and 
fine  almost  imperceptible  pubescence  :  leaves  at  length  nearly  glabrous  (half  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  long),  ovate  or  round-cordate,  repandly  few-toothed  or  almost  entire : 
pedicels  long  and  slender  :  corolla  apparently  cream-color,  half  an  inch  in  diameter  : 
fruiting  calyx  an  inch  long,  5-angled.  —  Bot.  Sulph.  40.  P.  cardiophylla,  Torr. 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  153,  a  form  with  mostly  round-cordate  leaves. 

Along  the  Rio  Colorado  (JSigelow,  &c.),  east  of  San  Bernardino  {Parry),  and  in  Lower  California. 

P.  GLABRA,  Benth.  1.  c,  is  a  diffuse  and  small-leaved  species,  as  yet  known  only  in  Lower 
Califomia,  well  marked  by  being  perfectly  glabrous,  even  to  the  calyx,  the  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late and  approaching  hastate  ;  otherwise  nearly  like  P.  crassifolia. 

*  *  Root  annual :  anthers  tinged  toith  blue  or  violet :  corolla  greenish-yellow  vnth  a 

dark  centre :  leaves  thin  or  soft. 

3.  P.  aequata,  Jacq.     Green  and  almost  glabrous,  a  foot  or  two  high,  widely 

spreading  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sinuate-toothed  or  repand  :  pedicels  very  short : 

corolla  less  than  half  an  inch  broad :  fruiting  calyx  ovate-globose  and  little  angled 

at  maturity.  — Jacq.  f  Eclog.  2,  t.  137  ;  Gray,  1.  c. 

This  is  in  Coulter's  Californian  collection,  probably  from  the  most  southern  part  of  the  State, 
as  it  is  a  Mexican  species. 

4.  P.  pubescens,  Linn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  widely  spreading,  villous  or 
pubescent  with  viscid  spreading  soft  hairs,  strong-scented  :  leaves  ovate  or  cordate, 
varying  from  entire  to  angulate-toothed,  rather  tender,  about  2  inches  long :  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  ovate  strongly  5-angled  fruiting  calyx  :  corolla  barely  half  an 
inch  in  diameter. 

Fort  Yuma,  on  the  Rio  Colorado  {Thomas,  &c.),  thence  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States,  where 
it  is  common. 

6.   OEYCTES,  Watson. 

Calyx  deeply  5 -cleft,  with  narrow  lobes,  somewhat  enlarging  in  fruit  and  loose, 
nearly  the  length  of  the  globose  rather  few-seeded  dry  berry.  Corolla  short-tubular, 
a  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  5-toothed,  plaited  in  the  bud ;  the  lobes  nearly  erect. 


■* 


542  SOLAN  ACE^.  Oryctes. 

Stamens  somewhat  unequal  in  length :  filaments  slender,  included :  anthers  very 
short.     Seeds,  habit,  &c.,  of  Phy sails  and  the  related  genera.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  O.  Nevadensis,  Watson.  Annual  herb,  a  span  high,  with  some  rather 
scurfy  viscid  pubescence :  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  with  undulate  margins, 
the  base  tapering  into  a  petiole :  pedicels  2  to  4  in  an  axillary  sessile  umbel :  corolla 
blue  or  purplish,  3  lines  long.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  274,  t.  18,  fig.  5-10. 

Eastern  foot-hills  of  the  Virginia  Mountains,  Nevada,  in  stony  barren  soil  under  Artemisia 
bushes,  near  the  Big  Bend  of  the  Truckee,  Walson.  Not  again  met  with  as  yet.  Mature  fmit 
is  desired.     Evidently  the  seed  figured  was  immature  and  the  embryo  not  fully  grown. 

7.  LYCIUM,  Linn. 

Calyx  4-5-toothed  or  more  deeply  cleft,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry. 
Corolla  varying  from  short-funnelform  to  tubular,  the  4  or  5  lobes  commonly  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  the  sinuses  often  plaited.  Filaments  filiform,  included  or 
exserted  :  anthers  short,  fixed  by  the  middle ;  the  cells  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary 
2-celled,  slightly  stalked  in  the  calyx :  style  filiform :  stigma  capitate.  Berry  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  roundish  :  embryo  coiled  or  curved,  slender.  —  Shrubs,  mostly 
spiny,  diflfusely  much  branched ;  with  entire  alternate  leaves,  commonly  fascicled  in 
the  axils  or  on  short  axillary  spurs,  in  our  species  small  and  spatulate  or  somewhat 
linear,  nearly  veinless.  Pedicels  solitary  or  fascicled,  mostly  from  the  leafy  fas- 
cicles.    Flowers  white  or  purplish.     Berries  small,  usually  red,  sometimes  white. 

A  large  genus,  dispersed  over  the  warm-temperate  and  subtropical  zones,  one  species,  native 
of  the  Levant,  &c.,  commonly  planted  for  ornament  in  the  Atlantic  United  States  (under  the 
name  of  Matrimony  Vine),  but  it  is  by  no  means  showy  ;  several  are  indigenous  to  the  Mexican 
frontier  and  its  vicinity.  Of  these  L.  pallidum,  Miei-s,  the  largest  flowered  of  all,  with  corolla 
nearly  an  inch  long,  L.  Palmehi,  Gray,  from  W.  Sonora,  Mexico,  with  long  calyx-lobes,  L. 
PARVIFLORUM,  Gray,  from  S.  Arizona,  with  corolla  only  one  sixth  of  an  inch  long,  and  two  little- 
known  species  of  Lower  California,  viz.  L.  brevipes,  Benth.,  with  5-merous  slender  flowers  and 
acicular  spines,  and  L.  Kichii,  Gray,  may  hereafter  be  found  within  the  State.  But  the  follow- 
ing are  all  that  are  now  known  -within  or  near  its  bordei-s.  For  an  account  of  the  North  American 
species,  see  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  45,  vii.  388,  &  viiL  292. 

*  Lobes  of  the  calyx  foliaceous,  as  long  as  the  tnbe. 

1.  L.  Cooperi,  Gray.  Minutely  pubescent,  with  stout  branches  and  some  very 
short  spines  :  leaves  spatulate,  apparently  somewhat  viscid,  half  an  inch  or  more 
long :  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  cylindraceous  or  when  old  campanulate 
calyx,  both  somewhat  hirsute  ;  lobes  of  the  latter  oblong  and  not  longer  than  tlie 
tube  :  corolla  apparently  white,  narrow-funnelform,  half  an  inch  long,  its  ovate 
lobes  short  :  filaments  hairy  at  base:  anthers  oval,  mucronulate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  388. 

San  Bernardino  Co.,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  Providence  Mountains,  Cooper. 

2.  L.  xnacrodon,  Gray.  Puberulent,  becoming  glabrate  :  leaves  spatulate -ob- 
lanceolate,  only  2  to  4  lines  long  ;  pedicels  very  short :  calyx  minutely  viscid ;  its 
lobes  narrowly  linear  and  twice  the  length  of  the  short  campanulate  tube,  half 
the  length  of  the  narrow  coroUa :  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  base  :  anthers  oval- 
oblong.  —  Proc.  1.  c.  vi.  46. 

California  or  Nevada,  Fre'mont  (coll.  1849  ;  not  otherwise  known). 

*  *  Calyx  with  A  or  5  short  teeth,  or  sometimes  irregularly  2  -  3-cleft. 
•i-  Corolla  very  small  and  short. 

3.  L.  Califomiciim,  Nutt.  in  herb.  Glabrous,  very  much  branched,  2  to  4 
feet  high :  branchlets  spinescent :  leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  very  small,  in  the  fascicles 


Datura.  SOLANACE^.  543 

a  line  or  two  long,  from  oval  or  obovate  to  oblong  or  spatulate,  or  on  vigorous 
shoots  3  lines  long  and  almost  linear :  flowers  nearly  sessile  or  on  pedicels  of  one 
or  two  lines  in  length  :  tube  of  the  white  corolla  included  in  the  campanulate 
4-toothed  calyx,  its  4  oval  rotately  spreading  lobes  hardly  a  line  long. 

Near  San  Diego,  on  clay-liill  slopes,  Nxdtall  (without  flowers),  Coojtcr,  Cleveland.  The 
flowers  barely  2  lines  long,  on  slender  short  pedicels  in  Dr.  Cooper's  specimen,  but  nearly  sessile 
in  those  of  Jtlr.  Cleveland  ;  the  plants  otherwise  similar.  Foliage  apparently  as  fleshy  as  in  L. 
CarolinUinum. 

-I-  -(-  Corolla  a  third  to  half  an  inch  in  length. 

4.  L.  Fremontii,  Gray,  1.  c.  IVIinutely  soft-puberulent,  2  to  4  feet  high :  leaves 
spatulate,  4  to  9  lines  long :  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  oblong-campanulate  or 
cylindraceous  calyx  :  corolla  white  with  some  purplish,  tubular,  4  to  6  lines  long, 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate  and  very  short :  filaments  nearly  naked. 

California  or  Nevada  ?  Frcmmit,  1849  (the  station  unknown).  There  is  a  var.  (?)  Bigelovii, 
Gray,  with  shorter  flowei-s,  in  Arizona. 

5.  L.  Torreyi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous,  3  to  8  feet  high  :  leaves  nearly  spatulate 
or  oblanceolate,  6  to  14  lines  long:  pedicels  usually  as  long  as  the  calyx  (2  lines 
long) :  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  purple,  5  or  6  lines  long,  tubular-funnelform 
gradually  enlarging  from  base  to  summit,  with  4  or  5  short  and  broad  spreading 
lobes,  the  edges  of  these  minutely  tomentose  :  filaments  woolly  at  base  :  berries 
red,  "  not  edible."  —  Parry  in  Am.  Nat.  ix.  348. 

Southeastern  borders  of  the  State,  lower  part  of  the  Rio  Colorado  to  S.  Utah,  on  low  saline 
flats,  Thomas,  Cooper,  Parry,  &c.     Extends  eastward  to  the  bordei-s  of  Texas. 

6.  L.  Anders onii,  Gray.  Eesembles  the  preceding ;  but  is  lower,  2  to  4  feet 
high,  smaller-leaved,  very  abundantly  flowered ;  the  white  corolla  narrower  and 
more  tubular,  5  lines  long,  its  limb  only  2  or  3  lines  wide,  and  its  short  rounded 
lobes  with  naked  edges  :  pedicels  and  calyx  only  a  line  long :  berries  bright  red, 
or  amber-colored,  "ripening  a  month  earlier  than  those  of  the  preceding,  edible."  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  388  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  275  ;  Parry,  1.  c. 

Rocky  hills  in  the  desert  region,  borders  of  S.  Nevada  {Anderson)  to  Utah  ( Watson,  Parry) ;  not 
certiiinly  known  within  the  limits  of  the  State.  —  Var.  IVrightii,  Gray,  is  a  more  leafy  and 
sparsely  flowered  fomi,  with  smaller  flowers,  collected  by  C.  Wright  and  E.  Palmer  in  Arizona, 
and  perhaps  to  be  found  on  the  Rio  Colorado. 

8.  DATURA,  Linn.        Stramonium.     Thorn-Apple. 

Calyx  prismatic  or  tubular,  5-toothed,  deciduous  after  flowering  by  a  transverse 

separation  near  the  base,  which  persists  as  a  circular  plate  under  the  fruit.     Corolla 

funnelform,  with  an  ample  expanded  border  which  is  strongly  5-plaited  and  the 

plaits  convolute  in  the  bud.    Stamens  mostly  included  :  filaments  long  and  filiform  : 

anthers   opening   lengthwise.      Style  long  :    stigma  2-lipped.      Capsule   thickish, 

prickly  or  muricate  all  over,  with  2   proper  cells,  each  divided  more  or  less  by 

a  false  partition  which  bears  the  two  broad  transverse  placentae  across  its  middle. 

Seeds   very  numerous,  rather   large,  reniform.      Embryo   slender  and   coiled.  — 

Plants  (our  species  coarse  herbs),  of  rank  odor  and  narcotic-poisonous  qualities ; 

with  ovate  petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  mostly  large  flowers  in  the  forks  of  the 

stem,  on  short  peduncles,  produced  through  the  season.     Corolla  commonly  white 

or  tinged  with  violet,  sometimes  fragrant. 

Chiefly  natives  of  tropical  America,  but  now  widely  diffiised  over  the  world.  There  is  a  section, 
Briupiutnsia,  consisting  of  soft-wooded  arborescent  or  shrubby  plants,  with  pendulous  flowers  of 
huge  size,  of  which  the  commonest  is  D.  arborea,  the  Tree  Stramonium,  not  rare  in  cultivation, 
and  which  may  stand  the  winter  without  protection  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  —  Our 
wild  or  spontaneous  species  are  herbs,  with  the  flower  erect. 


544  S0LANACEJE3.  Datura. 

§  1.  Calyx-tube  prismatic,  acutely  5-angled :  border  of  the  corolla  vdth  5  acute  teeth: 
cajisule  dry  and  of  firm  texture,  ^-valved  from  the  top  :  seeds  with  a  thick  and 
rough  dark-colored  coat :  root  annual. 

*   Capsule  erect  as  well  as  the  fifiiver. 

1.  D.  Stramonium,  Linn.  (Common  Stramonium.)  Smooth,  green,  2  or  3  feet 
high  :  leaves  siuuately  and  laciniately  angled  and  toothed  :  corolla  white,  about 
3  inches  long  :  capsule  thickly  beset  with  short  and  stout  prickles,  the  lower  ones 
commonly  shorter  than  the  upper. 

Waste  giounds,  especially  near  towns,  sparingly  naturalized,  probably  originally  from  Asia. 

2.  D.  Tatula,  Linn.  Like  the  preceding,  except  that  the  stem  is  reddish- 
purple,  the  corolla  pale  violet,  and  the  prickles  on  the  fruit  about  equal. 

Not  yet  recorded  from  California,  but  probably  introduced  in  some  places,  from  Tropical 
America. 

3.  D.  quercifolia,  HBK.  Green,  and  the  young  herbage  commonly  a  little 
pubescent :  leaves  sparingly  but  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid  :  corolla  nearly  as  in  the 
foregoing  :  capsule  armed  with  unequal  and  flattened  prickles,  some  of  them  large 
and  strong,  even  an  inch  long. 

Along  the  Eio  Colorado,  especially  in  Arizona  ;  perhaps  indigenous,  as  it  is  a  Mexican  species. 
*  *   Capsule  nodding  on  a  recurred  peduncle. 

4.  D.  discolor,  Bernh.  Eather  low,  pubescent :  leaves  laciniately  or  sinuately 
toothed  :  corolla  2  or  3  inches  long,  white  with  a  purple  tinge:  capsule  globose, 
pubescent,  armed  with  stout  large  prickles.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  v.  165.  1). 
Thomasii,  Torr.  in  Pacif  E.  Eep.  v.  362,  &  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  155. 

Along  the  Eio  Colorado,  at  Fort  Yuma,  &c.  ;  thence  into  Mexico,  from  which  it  is  likely  to 
have  been  introduced  :  yet  it  may  be  indigenous. 

§  2.  Calyx  tvhular  and  nearly  cylindrical:  capsule  nodding  on  the  recurved  short 
peduncle,  globose,  succident,  bursting  from  the  apex  someivhat  irregularly 
at  maturity :  seeds  flatter,  with  a  softer  and  pale  smoothish  coat. 

5.  D.  meteloides,  DC.  Perennial,  pale,  being  coated  with  a  very  minute  and 
soft  whitish  pubescence,  from  one  to  4  feet  high  :  leaves  mostly  only  repand  or 
entire  :  calyx  3  and  corolla  7  or  8  inches  long  ;  the  latter  white  or  suffused  with 
violet,  the  widely  expanded  border  with  5  (not  10)  slender-subulate  conspicuous 
teeth  :  capsule  2  inches  in  diameter,  thickly  beset  with  short  and  weak  equal 
prickles  :  seeds  bordered  by  a  narrow  and  uniform  cord-like  margin.  —  Dun.  in  DC. 
Prodr.  xiii.  544  (with  erroneous  descr.);  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  154.  Z>.  Metel, 
var.  quinquecuspida,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  vii.  18.  D.  Wrightii  of  the  gardens, 
&  Eegel,  Gartenfl.  viii.  t.  260. 

Southern  part  of  the  State,  extending  northward  as  far  as  to  Santa  Barbara  on  the  sea-shore, 
and  eastward  to  Texas,  and  in  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico.  Now  common  and  very  ornamental  in 
cultivation. 

9.  NICOTIANA,  Touni.        Tobacco. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  oblong,  5-toothed  or  moderately  lobed,  pei-sistent,  closely 
investing  the  capsule.  Corolla  various,  but  commonly  funnelform  or  salverform ; 
the  limb  plaited  and  the  plaits  more  or  less  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly 
included :  anthers  short,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  long  :  stigma  capitate  or  de- 
pressed, somewhat  2-lobed.  Capsule  smooth,  with  2  (rarely  more)  cells,  and  very 
numerous  seeds  on  broad  placentae  borne  in  the  axis,  2-valved  from  the  top,  and 
the  valves  themselves  soon  2-cleft,  thus  becoming  as  it  were  4-valved.  Seeds  very 
numerous  and  small,  oval  or  roundish,  somewhat  pitted.     Embryo  straightish.  — 


Nicotiana.  SOLAN  ACE^.  545 

Herbs  (or  one  or  two  soft-woody  plants),  nearly  all  of  American  origin,  heavy- 
scented,  viscid-pubescent,  narcotic-poisonous,  with  mostly  entire  leaves  and  panicu- 
late or  racemose  flowers,  some  of  them  rather  showy.     Our  species  all  annuals. 

§  1.  Flowers  pink-red  {sometimes  in  cultivation  white),  open  through  tlie  day:  capsule 
septicidal,  dividing  the  two  placentae  as  well  as  the  partition.  —  Tabacum. 

1.  N.  Tabacum,  Linn.  (Common  Tobacco.)  Tall,  large-leaved,  with  a  panicle 
of  sliort-pedicelled  flowers :  corolla  2  inches  long,  funnelform  with  a  wide  or  inflated 
throat,  and  spreading  acute  or  acuminate  lobes. 

Var.  undulata,  Sendtner.  Leaves  very  long  and  narrowly  lanceolate,  undulate 
below  the  middle,  gradually  and  much  tapering  to  the  slender  apex :  corolla-lobes 
also  much  acuminate.  — N.  caudata,  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  181  ] 

The  common  Tobacco,  of  Central  or  South  American  origin,  is  merely  cultivated  in  California. 
This  may  have  been  the  case  also  with  Nuttall's  N.  caudata,  from  Monterey  ;  wliicli  appears  to 
be  the  same  as  the  Vaqui  Tobacco,  found  in  a  cultivated  state  in  Arizona  or  Sonora,  by  Br, 
Palmer.     It  is  probably  the  N.  lanci/olia,  Willd.,  and  N.  Ybarrcnsis,  HBK. 

§  2.  Flowers  white,  greenish,  or  yellowish :  capsule  septifragal,  leaving  the  thin  par- 
tition with  the  undivided  placental  column  in  the  centre. 

*  Corolla  more  or  less  constricted  at  the  orifice,  dull-colored,  open  through  the  day ; 

the  lobes  short  and  rounded. 

2.  N.  rustica,  Linn.  Eather  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  petioled,  ovate, 
or  the  lower  somewhat  cordate,  these  oftener  a  foot  long :  panicle  thyrsiform :  calyx 
broad,  and  with  short  and  broad  teeth,  shorter  than  tlxe  globular  at  flrst  only 
2-valved  capsule  :  corolla  short  and  broad,  less  than  an  inch  long,  hardly  thrice  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  oblong-inflated  from  the  short  narrow  base ;  the  broad  lobes 
reticulate-veiny. 

Waste  giounds,  in  California,  as  well  as  eastward  and  northward,  probably  escaped  from 
al)original  cultivation  :  the  native  country  uucei-tain. 

3.  N.  trigonophylla,  DunaL  Eather  slender,  one  to  three  feet  high  :  leaves 
sessile,  oblong,  2  to  4  inches  long,  or  the  upper  smaller ;  the  lower  obovate,  with 
narrow  tapering  auriculate  and  partly  clasping,  the  upper  with  broader  and  more 
clasping  base :  raceme  at  length  loose  and  virgate,  with  bracts  small  or  sometimes 
wanting  ;  pedicels  rather  unilateral  :  calyx  with  subulate-lanceolate  teeth,  about 
equalling  the  ovate  4-valved  capsule  :  corolla  greenish-white,  less  than  an  inch  long, 
narrowly  tubular  and  gradually  enlarging  upwards,  a  little  constricted  at  the  oriflce, 
the  very  short  limb  obscurely  5-lobed.  —  DC.  Prodr.  xiii.  562.  N.  ipomopsifiora, 
Dunal,  1.  c.  559  (Mo9ino  &  Sesse,  Ic.  Mex.  Ined.  t.  909) ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
V.  166.    N.  multifiora,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  v.  302. 

Southern  part  of  the  State  ;  "Monterey"  (Coulter,  but  probably  from  farther  south),  and  on 
the  Mohave  and  Colorado  (Bigelow,  Cooper) ;  thence  southward  into  Mexico  and  east  to  Texas. 
Comparison  of  a  tracing  of  Mo9ino  and  Sesse's  figure  leaves  little  doubt  of  the  identity  of  Dunal's 
two  species  :  but  the  name  here  adopted  was  founded  on  specimens,  the  other  upon  a  figure  only. 

*  «  Corolla  with  open  more  or  less  dilated  orifice  to  the  long  tube,  white,  sometimes 
ivith  a  greenish  or  bluish  tinge,  expanding  at  sunset,  closed  by  day  except  in  very 
cloudy  weather. 

4.  N.  attenuata,  Torr.  A  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  all  petioled ;  the  radical 
oval  or  oblong  ;  the  lower  cauline  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrower ;  the  upper  narrowly 
lanceolate  or  linear  and  long-tapering  to  the  point :  flowers  loosely  panicled,  short- 
pedicelled  :  upper  bracts  minute  or  none  :  calyx  with  triangular-lanceolate  teeth 
much  shorter  than  the  tube  and  rather  shorter  than  the  4-valved  capsule  :  corolla 
fully  an  inch  long,  narrow-salverform,  with  obtusely  5-lobed  border  a  third  to 
half  an  inch  in  diameter. — Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  276,  t.  27. 


546  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Nicotiana. 

Dry  plains  and  hills,  Monterey  Co.  to  the  Mohave,  and  along  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State 
in  Nevada  ;  east  to  Colorado. 

5.  N.  Bigelovii,  Watson.  Larger  and  stouter  than  the  preceding  :  leaves  ob- 
long or  oblong-lanceolate  (4  to  6  inches  long,  or  the  uppermost  smaller),  only  the 
lower  ones  petioled ;  some  of  the  upper  often  with  bYoader  and  partly  clasping  base : 
flowers  scattered  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate  and  surpassing  the  ovate 
4-valved  capsule  :  corolla  nearly  salverform,  with  tube  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and 
a  5-cleft  border  of  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  its  lobes  triangular  and  acute.  ■ — 
Bot.  King  Exp.  1.  c.  t.  27.  N.  plumbagini folia,  var.  {V)  Bigelovii,  Torr.  in  Pacif.  E. 
Kep.  iv.  27. 

Not  uncommon,  from  Lake  Co.  to  San  Diego,  and  east  to  the  borders  of  Nevada.  Very  viscid 
and  stinking  :  this  and  the  preceding  much  used  by  the  Indians. 

N.  QUADRiVALVis,  Pursh,  and  its  variety  multivalvis  {N.  multivalvis,  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg. 
t.  1057),  may  be  expected  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  being  not  uncommon  in  Oregon. 
It  may  be  distinguished  from  N.  Bigelovii  by  its  lower  and  stouter  habit,  corolla  with  proportion- 
ally shorter  tube,  broader  obtusely  5  -  7-lobed  border,  and  globose  at  length  thin-walled  capsule 
of  four  cells,  in  the  var.  multivalvis  of  several  cells  ;  —  an  anomaly  in  the  genus.  No  certain 
indigenous  habitat  is  known  :  the  plant  was  cultivated  by  the  aborigines  from  the  Missouri  Eiver 
to  the  Pacific,  and  greatly  piized  for  its  tobacco.     N.  Bigelovii  is  perhaps  the  original  of  it. 

10.  PETUNIA,  Juss. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ;  the  divisions  narrow  and  foliaceous.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  or  somewhat  salverform ;  the  5-lobed  limb  plaited  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
unequal,  included  :  filaments  and  tip  of  the  style  more  or  less  incurved.  Stigma 
dilated-capitate  and  2-lobed.  Capsule  simply  2-valved  (the  valves  entire),  leaving 
the  placenta  in  the  axis.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  scrobiculate.  Embryo  straightish. 
—  Viscid-pubescent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves  and  lateral  or  at  first  terminal  flowers. 

The  common  Petunias  of  the  gardens  are  mixtures  of  two  showy  species  from  Buenos  Ayres. 
Very  different  in  appearance  is  the  following. 

1.  P.  parviflora,  Juss.  A  small  and  insignificant  annual,  much  branched,  spread- 
ing or  nearly  prostrate,  pubescent :  leaves  narrow-spatulate,  hardly  half  an  inch 
long,  almost  sessile  :  flowers  small  (about  a  third  of  an  inch  long),  very  short- 
peduncled :  calyx-lobes  resembling  the  leaves :  corolla  purple  with  a  yellowish  tube, 
its  short  retuse  lobes  slightly  unequal :  capsule  ovoid.  —  Ann.  Mus.  Par.  ii.  216, 
t.  47.     Salpiglossis  prostrata,  Hook.  &  Am.  Eot.  Beechey,  123,  376. 

Common  on  the  sea-shore  from  the  Bay  of  Monterey  south  :  also  in  Texas,  and  S.  America. 

Order  LXVIII.    SCROPHULARIACE^. 

Known  by  the  irregular  (more  or  less  bilabiate)  corolla  with  lobes  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  single  style,  2-celled  many  -  few-seeded 
capsule  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis,  and  seeds  with  a  small  embryo  in  copious 
albumen.  The  exceptions  do  not  concern  the  Californian  flora,  except  an  intro- 
duced MuDeiu,  which  has  5  perfect  stamens.  —  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  of  5  or 
sometimes  4  distinct  or  variously  united  sepals.  Corolla  4  -  5-lobed  or  cleft,  com- 
monly bilabiate  (|,  i.  e.  two  lobes  forming  the  upper  and  three  the  lower  lip),  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  not  plaited.  Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  4  and 
didynamous  or  only  2,  tha  fifth  and  upper  stamen  and  sometimes  the  two  lateral 
or  anterior  ones  either  absent  or  reduced  to  sterile  filaments  or  vestiges,  rarely  (in 
Verbascum,  &c.)  all  five  present  and  fertile.     Stigma  entire,  or  with  two  (upper  and 


SCROPHULARIACE^.  547 

lower)  lobes.  Ovary  2-celled,  the  placentae  being  firmly  united  in  the  axis  (or  in 
Mimulus  §  Diplacus  little  if  at  aU  so) :  ovules  very  numerous  or  occasionally  few ; 
aiiatro[)ous  or  amphitropous.  Seeds  mostly  small.  —  Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubs, 
very  rarely  trees,  destitute  of  colored  juice,  with  the  general  inflorescence  indeter- 
minate in  all  genuine  members  of  the  order,  but  when  compound  the  partial  in- 
florescence determinate,  i.  e.  the  axillary  clusters  are  cymes :  in  Veronica,  <fec.,  in- 
determinate, i.  e.  racemes  or  spikes. 

A  large  and  wide-spread  family,  of  over  150  genera,  numerously  represented  in  California. 
Generally  bitterish,  many  inert,  some  narcotic-poisonous,  the  common  Foxglove  {Digitalis)  of 
Europe  useful  in  medicine  and  ornamental  in  cultivation,  as  are  species  of  Pentstemon,  Collinsia, 
Mimulus,  and  others. 

I.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  covering  the  lower  in  the  bud. 
*  Stamens  all  five  present  and  anther-bearing. 

1.  Verbascum.     Corolla  wheel-shaped.     Filaments  woolly.     Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Stamens  two  pairs  with  anthers,  or  one  pair  in  No.  4  :  capsule  opening  by  holes  or  chinks 
near  the  apex  :  corolla  personate,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  base  anteriorly  :  pedimcles  1-flowered. 

2.  Linaria.     Corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  spurred  at  base. 

3.  Antirrhinum.     Corolla  only  saccate  or  gibbous  at  base.     Stamens  4. 

4.  Mohavea.   Corolla  merely  gibbous  at  base.    FertUe  stamens  2  :  anthers  confluently  1 -celled. 

*  *  ♦  Stamens  two  pairs  with  anthers  :  capsule  opening  from  top  to  bottom  by  valves :  leaves  all 

opposite  or  whorled. 
-f-  Stigma  small  and  entire  or  minutely  2-cleft :  calyx  5-parted. 

5.  Scrophularia.     Corolla  erect,  short  and  ventricose,  with  5  short  lobes  ;  the  anterior  one 

retiexed,  the  others  erect  :  a  scale  in  the  throat  on  the  upper  side  answers  to  the  fifth 
stamen.     Peduncles  cymosely  several-flowered. 

6.  Collinsia.     Corolla  declined,  with  ventricose  tube  gibbous  posteriorly,  bilabiate,  the  middle 

lobe  of  the  lower  lip  folded  lengthwise  into  a  sac  which  encloses  the  stamens  and  style  :  a 
gland  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  answere  to  the  fifth  stamen.     Peduncles  1-flowered. 

7.  Tonella.     Corolla  obscurely  if  at  all  bilabiate  ;  the  lobes  rotately  spreading,  flat :  otherwise 

nearly  as  Colliiisia. 

8.  Pentstemon.     Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate,  open.     Sterile  filament  of  the  fifth  (posterior) 

stamen  long  and  conspicuous. 

-i-Hf-  Stigma  dilated,  2-lipped,  or  a  broad  disk  :  peduncles  all  1-flowered. 

9.  Mimulus.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  barely  5-cleft,  5-angled.     Cells  of  the  anther  contiguous. 

10.  Stemodia.     Calyx  deeply  5-parted.     Cells  of  the  anther  separated,  as  if  stalked. 

*  *  *  *  Stamens  only  a  single  pair  with  anthers  :  the  anterior  pair  reduced  to  sterile  filaments 
or  sometimes  wanting  altogether  :  capsule  opening  from  top  to  bottom  by  valves  :  stigma  of  2 
flat  lobes  :  calyx  5-parted  :  leaves  all  opposite  :  peduncles  1-flowered. 

11.  Gratiola.     Sterile  filaments  simple  or  none.     Capsule  4-valved. 

12.  Ilysanthes.     Sterile  filaments  unequally  2-forked,  borne  high  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 

II.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  covering  the  npper  in  the  bud. 
*  Corolla  rotate  or  short-campanulate,  not  evidently  bilabiate. 

13.  Limosella.    Calyx  (5-toothed)  and  corolla  (5-cleft)  campanulate,  nearly  regular.    Stamens  4, 

nearly  equal :  anthers  confluently  1 -celled.     Peduncles  scape-like,  1-flowered. 

14.  Synthyris.     Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  4-lobed,  campanulate.    Stamens  2  :  anthers  2-celled. 

Flowers  racemed.     Leaves  alternate. 

15.  Veronica.     Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  rotate,  4-lobed  ;  the  lower  lobe  narrower.     Stamens 

2  :   cells  of   the  anther  confluent  at  their  tips.      Flowers  mostly  racemed  and  leaves 
opposite. 

*  *  Corolla  tubular  ;  the  upper  lip  {galea)  erect  or  incurved,  laterally  compressed  ;  the  lower 
various  :  stamens  ascending  under  or  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip  :  capsule  loculicidal :  flowers 
spicate  or  rarely  racemed. 

+-  Anthers  unequally  2-celled  or  sometimes  1 -celled. 

16.  Castilleia.     Corolla  narrow,  with  lower  lip  very  short,  or  small  in  proportion  to  the  upper. 

Calyx  tubular,  cleft  anteriorly  or  posteriorly  or  both.     Mostly  perennials. 


548  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Verbascum. 

17.  Orthocarpus.     Corolla  with  saccate  lower  lip  large  in  proportion  to  the  upper.     Calyx 

tubular  or  campauulate,  4-cleft.     All  but  one  annuals. 

18.  Cordylanthus.     Lips  of  the  corolla  both  short,  of  nearly  equal  length  ;  the  lower  merely 

3-crenulate.     Calyx  spathaceous,  2-leaved,  anterior  and  posterior,  or  the  anterior  division 
wanting.     Annuals. 

+-  +-  Anthers  equally  2-celled. 

19.  Pedicxilaris.    Calyx  irregular^    Corolla  various  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed.     Perennials. 

1.  VERBASCUM,  Linn.        Mullein. 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  rotate,  more  or  less  irregularly  5-lobed,  the  lobes  broad 
and  rounded.     Stamens  5,  all  with  anthers,  but  more  or  less  dissimilar  :  all  the  fila- 
ments or  the  three  upper  woolly  :  anthers  transverse.      Style  flattened  and  enlarged 
at  the  tip,  entire.     Capsule  globular,  many-seeded.  —  Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes. 

The  Mulleins  all  belong  to  the  Old  World  :  some  are  introduced  weeds  in  the  New.  But  even 
the  common  one,  F.  Thapsus,  is  yet  unknown  on  the  Pacific  coast,  although  a  Moth  Mullein, 
different  from  that  found  in  the  Atlantic  States,  is  sparingly  spontaneous. 

1.  V.  virgatum,  Withering.     Annual  or  biennial,  3  or  4  feet  high  :  leaves  ob- 
long, crenate-toothed,  nearly  glabrous  :  raceme  loose  and  virgate,  somewhat  hairy 
and  glandular :  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  broadish  calyx-lobes,  some  of  them 
clustered  :  corolla  yellow  or  sometimes  white  :  filaments  all  violet-bearded. 
Waste  grounds,  naturalized  in  a  few  places,  from  Southern  Europe,  probably  by  way  of  Mexico. 

2.  LINARIA,  Tourn.        Toad-flax. 

Calyx  5-parted.  CoroUa  strongly  bilabiate,  personate,  i.  e.  with  a  prominent 
palate  to  the  lower  lip  nearly  closing  the  throat,  the  base  at  the  front  continued 
into  a  dependent  spur.  Stamens  4  :  anthers  2-celled.  Stigma  nearly  entire.  Cap- 
sule opening  by  an  irregular  hole  near  the  top  of  each  cell,  many-seeded. 

While  the  Old  World  abounds  in  species,  only  one  or  two  are  indigenous  to  the  New.  Even 
the  common  Toad-flax  of  Europe,  L.  vulgaris,  which  is  a  pernicious  although  handsome  weed  in 
the  Atlantic  States,  is  happily  yet  unknown  in  California. 

1.  Ii.  Canadensis,  Dum.  A  slender  and  nearly  glabrous  annual  or  biennial,  a 
span  to  2  feet  high,  with  linear  alternate  leaves  on  the  erect  flowering  stems,  but 
the  smaller  and  broader  ones  crowded  on  procumbent  radical  shoots  oftener  opposite 
or  whorled  :  flowers  small,  blue,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  on  erect  pedicels  not  longer 
than  the  slender  curved  spur. 

Sandy  ground,  less  common  than  in  the  Atlantic  States,  extending  far  into  South  America. 

3.  ANTIRRHINUM,  Tourn.        Snapdragox. 
Like  Linaria,  except  that  the  corolla  has  merely  a  sac-like  protuberance  or  gib- 
bosity at  base  in  front,  instead  of  a  spur.     Sometimes  the  cells  of  the  capsule  open 
by  two  holes.  —  For  IS".  American  species,  see  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  372. 

A  genus  of  several  Old  World  species  and  of  as  many  Californian  ones,  none  in  the  Atlantic 
States,  except  that  the  cultivated  Snapdragon,  A.  majus,  and  the  insignificant  A.  Orontium,  are 
disposed  to  escape  from  gardens. 

A.  CYATHiFERUM,  Bcntli.  Bot.  Sulph.,  is  described  from  Lower  California,  an  annual,  with 
cupshaped  seeds.     Nothing  like  it  has  been  detected  in  the  State  or  on  its  borders. 

§  1.  Herbs,  toith  entire  leaves  short-petioled  or  sessile,  all  but  the  lowest  alternate: 
corolla  with  very  protuberant  palate  closing  the  throat  or  nearly  so :  seeds  not 
cvpshaped  nor  margined,  but  rugose-pitted  or  ttiberculate :  capsule  oblique,  the 
persistent  style  or  its  base  bent  forwards.  (Ours  are  all  annuals,  so  far  as 
the  root  is  known;  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  spreading,  and  tlie  lobes  of 
the  lower  deflexed.)  —  Antirrhinastrum,  Chavannes. 


Antirrhinum.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  549 

*  Erect,  3  to  5  feet  high,  destitute  of  lyrehensile  branchlets:  flowers  crowded  in  a  sjnke 
or  raceme,  mostly  rose-colored. 

1.  A.  virga,  Gray,  1.  c.  Glabrous  :  stem  strict  and  simple  (its  base  unknown)  : 
upper  leaves  linear,  gradually  diminished  upwards  into  subulate  or  setaceous  bracts 
of  the  long  and  naked  spike-like  raceme  :  flowers  mostly  secund,  soon  horizontal : 
corolla  with  narrow  tube  (half  an  inch  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  lips  : 
dilated  tip  of  the  longer  filaments  broader  than  the  anther. 

Known  only  in  a  collection  made  by  the  late  Thomas  Bridges,  the  station  unknown. 

2.  A.  glandulosum,  Lindl.  A  tall  and  rather  coarse  herb,  very  glandular- 
pubescent  and  viscid  throughout,  branching  and  leafy  :  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly 
sessile,  gradually  passing  into  bracts  of  the  dense  spike  or  raceme  :  sepals  unequal : 
corolla  (over  half  an  inch  long)  pink  with  a  yellowish  palate  :  capsule  tipped  with 
a  long  persistent  style.  — Bot.  Keg.  t.  1893. 

Gravelly  beds  of  streams,  from  Santa  Cioiz  southwards. 

«  *  Erect,  a  span  or  two  high,  destitute  of  jyreheTisile  or  tortile  branchlets :  flowers 
small,  yellowish  or  dull-colored,  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  tlie  axils  of  the  almost  uni- 
form leaves,  beginning  nearly  at  the  base  of  the  stem :  sepals  equal,  linear :  wliole 
style  indurated  and  persistent. 

3.  A.  cornutum,  Benth.  Villous  and  viscid,  simply  branched  :  leaves  linear- 
oblong  or  lanceolate  (an  inch  long),  the  lower  tapering  into  a  short  petiole  :  fila- 
ments all  dilated  at  tip  :  style  rather  longer  than  the  capsule  :  seeds  echinate  and 
pitted.  —  PI.  Hartw.  328. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  Hartweg.  No  one  else  has  yet  found  it.  Corolla  less  than  half  an 
inch  long  ;  the  lips  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  the  sac  at  base  prominent. 

4.  A.  leptaleum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  viscid -pubescent,  mostly  simple-stemmed : 
lower  leaves  almost  linear  (less  than  an  inch  long);  the  upper  and  smaller  spatulate- 
oblong :  shorter  filaments  hardly  at  all  dilated :  style  rather  shorter  than  the  capsule : 
seeds  rugose-pitted.  —  A.  cornutum,  Durand,  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  v.  t.  10,  not  Benth. 

Banks  of  streams,  Mariposa  to  Kern  counties,  Bolander,  &c.     Corolla  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long. 

*  *  *   Erect  or  spreading,  branching,  slender,  producing  filiform  and  at  length  tortile 
axillary  branchlets,  by  which  the  plant  is  disposed  to  climb :  calyx  iinequal:  corolla 
{small)  short,  both  lips  spreading,  the  loioer  larger  and  as  long  as  the  tube. 
+-  Flowers  in  a  naked  spike  or  dense  raceme :  bracts  minute. 

5.  A.  Coulterianum,  Benth.  Stem  weak,  2  to  4  feet  high,  gaining  support 
by  its  numerous  filiform  tortile  branchlets  acting  as  tendrils,  glabrous  below,  as  are 
the  linear  or  narrow-oblong  and  distant  leaves  :  spike  villous-pubescent  and  viscid, 
virgate,  2  to  10  inches  long  :  pedicels  usually  shorter  than  the  linear  or  lanceolate 
obtuse  sepals,  which  are  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  capsule  :  style  short.  — 
DC.  Prodr.  x.  592. 

Santa  Barbara  Co.  to  San  Diego,  Coulter,  Wallace,  Cleveland,  &c.  Corolla  either  violet-purple 
or  white,  with  a  yellowish  palate,  this  and  the  lower  lip  forming  the  larger  part  of  the  flower, 
the  tube  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long.  Tendril-shoots  mostly  below  the  inflorescence,  some- 
times from  the  lower  part  of  it. 

-H  -{-  Flowers  {purple  or  blue,  rarely  tohite)  scattered  along  the  slender  diffuse  branches, 
in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  leaf -like  bracts,  some  of  them  often  accompanied  by  tortile 
prehensile  branchlets  :  upper  sepal  conspicuously  larger  titan  the  others :  haves 
short,  from  linear  to  ovate. 

++  Peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx,  sometimes  hardly  any  :  tube  of  the  corolla 
rather  longer  than  the  lips :  seeds  tuber culate. 

6.  A.  vagans,  Gray,   1.  c.      Very  diffuse,  sparingly  bristly,  often  glandular. 


* 


550  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Antirrhinum. 

varying  to  glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate  :  flowers  comparatively  large 
(half-inch  long)  :  sepals  or  at  least  the  oblong  upper  one  equalling  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  the  others  linear :  saccate  base  of  the  corolla  broad  :  style  slender,  as  long 
as  the  capsule.  —  A.  Coulterianum,  var.  a]ypendiculaty.m,  Durand,  1.  c.  11,  t.  11. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c,  a  form  growing  in  the  shade  of  Eedwoods,  has 
broader  and  thinner  leaves,  those  on  tortile  branchlets  orbicular,  and  an  unusually 
large  posterior  sepal. — A.  Breweri,  var.  (?)  ovalifoLium,  Gray,  1,  c,  may  be  a  form  of 
this  with  shorter  calyx. 

Wooded  places,  apparently  common  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State ;  the  variety, 
Marin  Co.,  Bolandcr. 

7.  A.  Breiveri,  Gray,  1.  c.  Slender,  paniculately  branched,  more  or  less  viscid- 
pubescent  or  puberulent,  at  first  erect  and  with  few  tortile  branchlets  :  leaves 
from  oblong-linear  to  oval  (half  an  inch  long) :  tube  of  the  corolla  (3  lines  long) 
considerably  longer  than  the  moderately  unequal  sepals,  narrowly  saccate  at  the 
base  :  style  subulate,  glandular,  at  length  strongly  deflexed,  and  rather  shorter  than 
the  capsule. 

Lake  to  Mendocino  and  Plumas  coimties,  rather  common, 

++  ++  Peduncles  mostly  slender,  many  of  them  longer  than  the  flower :  tube  of  the 
corolla  rather  shorter  than  the  spreading  lips:  capsule  tipped  with  the  nearly 
straight  style  or  its  persistent  base. 

8.  A.  Nntt alii aniim,  Benth.  Viscidly  soft-pubescent,  or  below  glabrous,  at 
length  a  foot  or  two  high  and  diffusely  much-branched ;  the  tortile  branchlets  few 
or  more  leaf-bearing  than  in  the  preceding  :  leaves  ovate  or  the  lowest  slightly  cor- 
date (an  inch  long),  those  of  the  branchlets  gradually  much  diminished  and  nearly 
sessile  :  some  of  the  lower  peduncles  longer  than  the  flowers,  often  tortile  :  sepals 
ovate  or  oblong,  shorter  than  (or  the  broader  upper  one  almost  equalling)  the  tube 
of  the  corolla;  this  2  or  3  lines  long,  merely  gibbous  at  base:  caj)sule  oblong:  seeds 
sharply  and  strongly  ribbed. 

Common  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  about  Los  Angeles,  San  Diego,  &c. 

9.  A.  Kingii,  Watson.  Glabrous,  slender,  a  span  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  loosely 
branching,  at  length  producing  more  or  less  tortile  branchlets  :  leaves  linear  or  the 
lower  lanceolate,  tapering  more  or  less  into  a  petiole  :  peduncles  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  sometimes  fully  as  long  as  the  flower:  sepals  linear-oblong,  slightly  glandular; 
the  upper  one  as  long  as  the  corolla  (2  or  3  lines  long  and  obtuse) ;  the  others  about 
the  length  of  its  tube,  which  is  merely  gibbous  at  base  :  capside  globose  :  seeds 
pitted  and  tuberculate.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  215,  t.  21. 

Dry  valleys,  along  the  western  borders  of  Nevada  ( Watson,  Lemmon),  and  east  to  Salt  Lake. 

§  2.  Herbs,  with  entire  or  lobed  leaves  and  no  prehensile  branchlets,  mostly  climbing  by 
tortile  filiform  petioles  or  peduncles,  or  by  both,  mainly  glabrous  :  corolla  with 
the  prominent  palate  wholly  or  partly  closing  the  throat:  capsule  and  calyx 
equal-sided  or  nearly  so :  seeds  as  in  the  preceding :  all  but  the  lower  leaves 
alternate.  —  Maurandella,  Gray. 

*  Annuals,  with  narrow  and  short-petioled  leaves,  but  long  and  filiform  prehensile 
peduncles :  calyx  rather  shorter  than  the  globose  capsule. 

10.  A  Strictum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Erect,  nearly  simple,  a  foot  or  two  high,  some- 
what pubescent  below  :  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  linear,  and  the  upper 
floral  ones  filiform;  the  latter  much  shorter  than  the  tortuous  racemose  peduncles: 
corolla  violet-purple,  half  an  inch  long,  gibbous  at  base ;  the  palate  hairy  :  capsule 
crustaceous,  tipped  with  a  straight  style  of  equal  length.  —  Maurandia  stricta, 
Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  375. 

Mountains  behind  Santa  Barbara,  Douglas,  Brewer. 


Mohavea.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  551 

11.  A.  Cooperi,  Gray,  1,  c.  Climbing  (2  or  3  feet)  by  the  long  filiform  pe- 
duncles :  stems  very  slender,  at  length  much  branched :  lowest  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong,  the  others  linear,  and  the  upper  floral  minute  :  corolla  bright  yeUow  (half 
an  incli  long),  conspicuously  saccate  at  base;  the  palate  hairy:  style  deciduoiis  from 
the  thin-walled  capsule  :  seeds  rough-rugose  and  with  3  or  4  corky  ribs. 

Eavines  on  the  Moliave,  Cooper,  Almcndinger.     Also  Southern  Utah,  Parry. 

12.  A.  filipes,  Gray.  More  delicate  than  the  preceding,  with  broader  and 
thinner  leaves,  very  capillary  tortile  peduncles,  and  very  small  flowers :  corolla 
"white,"  little  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  19. 

Desert  arroyos  on  the  Arizona  side  of  the  Colorado.  Perhaps  a  depauperate  form  of  A.  Cooperi, 
with  imperfectly  developed  corolla. 

*  *  Perennial,  climbing  hy  the  slender  tortile  petioles  and  axillary  peduncles :  leaves 
lohed  or  cordate :  calyx  longer  than  the  globular  capsule. 

1 3.  A.  maurandioides,  Gray.  Either  low  or  tall-climbing,  glabrous,  slender  : 
leaves  triangular-hastate  or  more  cordate,  the  lobes  at  base  often  with  a  posterior 
tooth:  corolla  (purple  or  sometimes  white,  6  to  12  lines  long);  its  palate  nearly 
closing  the  throat :  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute  :  style  slender  :  seeds  corky-ribbed. 
—  Proc.  1.  c.  vii.  374.  Usteria  antirrhiniflora,  Poir.  Maurandia  antirrhinifiora, 
Willd.  Hort.  Berol.  t.  83;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1643. 

A  Mexican  and  Texan  species,  common  in  cultivation,  extending  westward  through  Arizona  to 
or  near  the  Colorado. 

§  3.  Shrubby  and  erect :  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  in  threes,  evergreen,  entire :  corolla 
tnbidar  with  short  lijjs :  the  smooth  palate  prominent,  but  not  closing  the 
throat :  capsule  globose,  not  oblique :  style  straight,  slender :  seeds  as  of  the 
preceding  sections.  —  Gambelia,  Gray.     (Gambelia,  Nutt.) 

14.  A.  speciosiun,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  much-branched  shrub,  3  or  4  feet  high; 
the  young  parts  soft-pubescent,  the  older  glabrous,  at  least  the  oval  or  oblong 
thickish  and  firm  leaves  (these  an  inch  or  two  long  and  half  to  an  inch  wide) : 
flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes  and  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  :  pedicels  like 
the  leaves  or  bracts  usually  verticiUate  :  corolla  scarlet,  hardly  an  inch  long ;  the 
tube  cylindrical  except  the  gibbous  base,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  narrowly 
lanceolate  sepals,  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  short  lips  :  stigma  entire  or  emargi- 
nate :  capsule  pubescent,  opening  by  a  chink  on  each  side  of  the  slender  straight 
style :  seeds  oblong,  truncate,  strongly  rugose-ribbed.  —  Gambelia  speciosa,  Nutt, 
PI.  Gamb.  149,  t.  22. 

Island  of  Catalina,  Gambcl.  Also  Guadalupe  Island,  off  Lower  California,  in  flower  and  fruit, 
Palmer.  A  sliowy  shrub,  with  bright  red  flowers  ;  these  pubescent  outside  :  the  foliage  not  un- 
like that  of  Cestrum  diumiim. 

15.  A. junceum,  Gray,  1.  c.  Perhaps  shrubby,  glabrous,  2  feet  high:  leaves 
small,  oblong-linear :  tube  of  the  corolla  8  lines  long.  —  M.  juncea,  Benth.  Bot. 
Sulph.  41. 

From  San  Diego  to  Bay  of  Magdalena  in  Lower  California,  Hinds.  Not  since  seen  ;  perhaps 
same  as  the  preceding. 

Sac(;ulauia  Veatchii,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.,  from  Cerros  Island,  off"  Lower  California, 
which  has  been  conjectured  to  be  a  Russellia,  is  probably  a  form  of  Galvesia  Liinensis,  a  shrubby 
plant  of  the  Pacific  coast,  near  the  last  section  of  Antirrhinum. 

4.   MOHAVEA,  Gray. 

Calyx  of  5  lanceolate  acuminate  and  nearly  equal  sepals.  Corolla  with  short  tube 
merely  gibbous  at  base  in  front,  and  a  very  ample  and  bilabiate  but  somewhat  cam- 
panulate- erect  limb ;  the  lips  broad  and  almost  fan-shaped  ;  upper  one  2-lobed  ;  the 


552  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Mohavea. 

lower  3-lobed  and  bearing  a  prominent  but  comparatively  small  palate,  bearded 
down  its  middle;  all  the  lobes  broad,  erose-denticulate  and  abruptly  short-acumi- 
nate. Fertile  stamens  2,  with  anthers  one-celled  by  confluence  :  the  other  pair 
reduced  to  rudimentary  sterile  filaments.  Stigma  depressed-capitate.  Capsule 
globular,  thin-walled,  tipped  with  the  persistent  style,  the  nearly  equal  cells  open- 
ing near  the  top  by  a  transverse  chink.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  smooth  on  the 
back,  cupshaped  and  with  thickened  corky  sides  on  the  inner  face.  A  single 
species. — Gray  in  Pacif.  E.  Eep.  iv.  122,  Bot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  19,  &  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  377. 

1.  M.  viscida,  Gray,  1.  c.  An  erect  annual,  a  span  to  2  feet  high,  corym- 
bosely  branched,  pubescent  and  very  viscid  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  (2  inches 
long),  tapering  into  more  or  less  of  a  petiole ;  the  lower  opposite,  the  upper  alternate : 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  and  corymbose  or  at  length  racemose  at 
the  summit,  short-pedi celled  :  corolla  sulphur-colored  and  somewhat  purple-dotted 
(an  inch  and  a  half  long).  —  Antirrhinum  confertiflorum,  Benth.  in  DC. 

Gravelly  banks,  from  Fort  Mohave  to  Fort  Yuma  on  the  Colorado,  and  adjacent  parts  of 
Arizona,  first  found  by  Coulter  and  Fremont. 

5.  SCROPHULAEIA,  Toum.        Figavort. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes  usually  broad  and  rounded.  Corolla  short,  with  a 
vent'ricose  globular  or  oblong  tube,  unequally  5-lobed  ;  4  of  the  lobes  erect  (the  two 
upper  longer),  the  fifth  or  lower  one  recurved  or  spreading.  Stamens  4  in  two 
pairs,  inserted  low  down  on  the  corolla,  shorter  than  the  lobes  :  anthers  transverse 
and  by  confluence  one-celled  :  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth  stamen  conspicuous  in  the 
form  of  a  scale  borne  on  the  upper  side  of  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Stigma  entire 
or  emarginate.  Capsule  ovate,  septicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  tuberculate-rugose. 
— Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  of  homely  aspect ;  with  opposite  leaves,  and  loose  cymes 
of  small  flowers  in  a  narrow  terminal  panicle  or  thyrsus. 

1.  S.  Califomica,  Cham.  Nearly  smooth  perennial,  2  to  5  feet  high  :  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  of  the  open  panicle  minutely  glandular  :  leaves  oblong-ovate  Avith 
a  truncate  or  cordate  base,  or  narrowly  deltoid,  coai'sely  doubly  toothed  or  incised, 
sometimes  laciniate ;  the  loAver  ones  occasionally  with  a  pair  of  detached  lobelets 
near  the  summit  of  the  petiole  :  rudiment  of  the  sterile  stamen  spatulate  or  nar- 
rowly cuneiform,  either  rounded  or  somewhat  pointed  at  the  apex.  —  Linnaja,  ii. 
585.     S.  nodosa,  var.,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.,  &c. 

Moist  grounds,  from  San  Diego  to  San  Francisco,  &c.,  and  east  to  Nevada.  Variable  in  the 
foliage  and  size  of  flowers  and  capsules.     Corolla  3  to  5  lines  long,  dull  or  lurid  purple. 

S.  NODOSA,  Linn.,  of  the  Atlantic  States  and  Europe,  extends  west  to  Utah  and  apparently  to 
Oregon.  It  may  therefore  occxir  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  It  is  distinguished  by 
the  larger  and  orbicular  sterile  stamen-rudiment,  and  the  leaves  are  merely  serrate,  rarely  at  all 
incised. 

6.  COLLINSIA,  Nutt. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  somewhat  campanulate.  Corolla  with  tube  more  or  less 
ventricose  and  gibbous  or  saccate  on  the  upper  side,  more  commonly  declined,  con- 
spicuously bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  and  its  lobes  more  or  less  recurving ;  the 
lower  3-lobed  and  larger,  its  lateral  lobes  pendulous-spreading,  the  middle  one 
conduplicate  into  a  keel-shaped  sac  and  including  the  declined  stamens  and  style. 
Stamens  4  in  two  pairs,  with  long  filaments ;  the  lower  or  anterior  pair  inserted 


Collinsia.  SCEOPHULARIACE^.  553 

higher  on  the  corolla  than  the  other :  anthers  round-reniform,  their  two  cells  con- 
fluent at  the  apex  into  one.  A  gland  at  the  base  of  the  corolla  on  the  upper  side 
answers  to  the  fifth  stamen.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  small,  entire  or  minutely 
2-cleft.  Capsule  ovate  or  globose,  at  first  septicidal,  but  the  valves  soon  2-cleft. 
Seeds  few  or  several  in  each  cell,  amphitropous  and  peltate ;  the  face  concave.  — 
"Winter  annuals  (all  Xorth  American  and  mainly  western) ;  with  simple  opposite 
sessile  leaves,  or  the  lowest  petioled  and  the  upper  whorled,  and  usually  handsome 
flowers  in  their  upper  axils  :  pedicels  solitary  or  cymosely  umbellate-clustered,  or  in 
whorls ;  the  uj^per  tiers  commonly  naked  by  the  diminution  of  the  later  leaves  into 
small  bracts.  Corolla  blue,  purple,  or  white,  sometimes  yellowish,  commonly  two- 
colored.  The  plants  mostly  spring  from  seed  in  autumn  and  flower  early  the  next 
season.  In  garden  cultivation  the  Californian  species  flower  directly  as  annuals.  — 
The  stamens  and  style  not  rarely  rise  out  of  the  sac  of  the  corolla  into  a  more  erect 
position  before  all  the  pollen  is  shed.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  91. 

The  short  base  of  the  corolla  below  the  bulging  we  will  call  the  tube,  and  the  whole  mflated 
and  bulging  jiortion  up  to  the  cleft,  the  throat.  The  little  organ  which  stands  in  place  of  the 
fifth  stamen,  we  call  simply  the  gland. 

*  Floivers  short-pedicelled  or  nearly  sessile,  viostly  6  or  more  in  each  close  and  whorl- 
like or  head-like  cluster,  only  the  loivest  clusters  subtended  by  leaves,  ilie  others  by 
small  bracts. 

-t-  Corolla  strongly  declined ;  the  much  inflated  and  saccate  gibbous  throat  fully  as 
broad  as  long  and  forming  an  obtuse  or  right  angle  vrith  the  very  short  proper  tube: 
gland  short  and  small,  sessile:  upper  pair  of  filaments  more  or  less  bearded  towards 
tlie  base. 

1.  C.  bicolor,  Benth.  A  foot  or  so  high,  from  nearly  glabrous  to  hirsute  and 
above  somewhat  viscid-hairy  :  leaves  more  or  less  toothed  and  oblong  or  lanceolate  ; 
the  upper  usually  ovate-lauceolate  and  sessile  by  a  broad  often  subcordate  and 
nervose-veined  base  :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  acute  lobes  of  the  calyx  :  corolla 
party-colored  (the  lower  lip  violet  or  rose-purple  and  the  upper  paler  or  nearly  white), 
occasionally  all  white ;  the  saccate  throat  very  oblique  to  the  tube  ;  the  recurved- 
spreading  upper  lip  a  little  shorter  than  the  lower.  —  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1734;  Brit.  Fl. 
Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  307  ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3488.  C.  heterophylla,  Graham  in  Bot.  Mag.  t. 
3695,  a  form  with  3-cleft  lower  leaves,  which  is  rare. 

Moist  hillsides,  &c.  ;  abounding  through  all  the  western  part  of  the  State.  A  pure  white- 
flowered  form  (var.  Candida)  is  in  cultivation,  and  also  (we  believe)  wild.  The  most  showy  species, 
with  corolla  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long. 

2.  C.  tinctoria,  Hartweg.  Foliage,  &c.,  like  the  preceding,  above  generally 
more  viscid-pubescent :  flowers  almost  sessile  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear  or  oblong- 
linear,  mostly  obtuse  :  corolla  yellowish,  cream-color,  or  white,  usually  with  some 
purple  dots  or  lines ;  the  axis  of  the  strongly  saccate-ventricose  throat  at  right 
angles  with  that  of  the  tube ;  the  upper  lip  and  its  lobes  very  short.  —  Benth.  PI. 
Hartw.  328  (1849).  C.  barbata,  Bosse  in  Verhand.  Gartenb.'Preuss.  1853,  &  Bot. 
Zeit.  xii.  905.     C.  septemnervia,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  224,  fig.  69. 

Moist  gi'ounds  and  banks  of  streams,  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and 
through  its  foot-hills.  The  yellowisli  or  brownish  and  viscid-glandular  pubescence  (some- 
times short  and  sometimes  villous)  stains  the  fingei-s,  whence  i>robably  the  specific  name. 
The  upper  face  of  tlie  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  is  sparsely  bearded,  and  the 
margins  of  the  leaves  are  scabrous. 

+■  +-  Corolla  less  declined  or  curved ;  the  gibbous  but  not  saccate  throat  much  longer 
than  broad :  low  species,  a  span  or  so  high  :  leaves  crenate  or  obtusely  toothed,  ob- 
tuse, often  thickish  in  texture,  seldom  over  an  inch  long. 


554  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Collinsia. 

++  Filaments  and  interior  of  the  throat  of  the  corolla  somewhat  bearded:  upper  lip  of 
the  latter  crestless :  calyx-lobes  broadish,  obtuse. 

3.  C.  bartsisefolia,  Benth.  Puberulent  and  somewhat  glandular,  rarely  hairy 
above  :  stem  strict  and  simple  or  loosely  branched':-  leaves  from  ovate-oblong  to 
linear  :  flower-whorls  2  to  5,  rarely  only  one  :  calyx  either  naked  or  villous  :  upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  about  the  length  of  the  curved  gibbous  throat ;  the  lower  narrow 
at  the  base,  its  lateral  lobes  emarginate  or  obcordate  :  gland  sessile  and  elongated, 
porrect.  —  DC.  Prodr.  x.  318.  C.  bicolor,  var.,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  328,  no.  1884. 
C.  hirsuta,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  110,  fig.  34,  hairy  form. 

Common  throughout  the  central  and  western  parts  of  the  State  to  the  foot-lulls  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  mostly  in  sandy  soil.  Corolla  from  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  purplish,  pale 
violet,  or  whitish  :  upper  lip  with  a  low  transverse  callosity  at  the  origin  of  the  limb,  bordering 
a  small  hooded  depression. 

4.  C.  COrymbosa,  Herder.  Minutely  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  branched 
from  the  base  and  diffuse  or  decumbent,  tufted  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  very  obtuse, 
rather  fleshy :  flowers  mainly  in  a  single  terminal  and  leafy-bracted  capitate  cluster : 
upper  lip  of  the  straightish  corolla  very  shoit,  its  limb  (spreading  above  the  trans- 
verse callosity)  almost  obsolete  ;  lobes  of  the  elongated  lower  lip  entire  :  gland 
small,  oblong,  flattish,  short-stipitate. — Ind.  Sem.  Petersb.  1867,  &  Gartenfl.  1868, 
35,  t.  568 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  378. 

Coast  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State  ;  on  the  beach  at  Fort  Bragg,  Humboldt  Co.,  Bolander. 
Described  from  cultivated  specimens,  the  seed  said  to  come  from  Mexico,  which  is  most  unlikely. 
Corolla  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long  ;  lower  lip  white  or  somewhat  cream-colored,  the  very  short 
upper  one  blue  or  bluish. 

++  -M-  Filaments  and  interior  of  the  corolla  glabrous :  upper  lip  of  the  latter  promi- 
nently crested. 

5.  C.  G-reenei,  Gray.  Small  a»d  slender,  glandular-puberulent :  leaves  oblong- 
linear  and  tapering  to  the  base,  rather  coarsely  and  sparsely  dentate  :  flowers  few 
(2  to  6)  in  the  clusters,  on  pedicels  sometimes  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  lobes  of  the 
latter  acutish  :  upper  lip  of  the  violet  purple  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  oblong 
throat,  about  half  the  length  of  the  lower,  crested  above  the  gorge  and  under  the 
origin  of  the  limb  with  a  pair  of  conspicuous  callous  teeth  on  each  side,  which  are 
connected  by  a  less  elevated  transverse  ridge;  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip 
small :  gland  small  and  sessile.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  75. 

Crevices  of  rocks,  Lake  Co.,  E.  L.  Greene.  Corolla  5  lines  long  :  the  callosity  of  the  upper 
lip,  which  is  obvious  in  some  other  species,  is  in  this  developed  into  a  projecting  2-toothed 
crest. 

*  «  Flowers  slender-pedicel  led,  solitary  or  nmbellate-whorled. 
-t-  Glabrous  or  minutely  more  or  less  puberulent :  at  least  the  lowest  leaves  broadish  or 
roundish  and  more  or  less  toothed:  lobes  of  t/te  calyx  acute,  longer  than  the  capside. 

6.  C.  grandiflora,  Dougl.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  so  in  height :  upper  leaves  from 
spatulate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate ;  the  floral  mostly  in  whorls  of  3  to  7 :  pedicels 
at  least  as  many  in  the  whorls,  not  longer  than  the  flowers  :  calyx-lobes  tapering 
from  a  broad  base  to  a  slender  subulate  point :  corolla  strongly  declined  ;  the  very 
saccate  throat  broader  than  long,  and  with  its  axis  almost  transverse  with  that  of 
the  tube,  about  the  length  of  the  pale  or  white  upper  lip  ;  the  larger  lower  lip  deep 
bright  blue  or  violet :  filaments  glabrous  :  gland  sessile  and  capitate.  —  Lindl.  Bot. 
Eeg.  t.  1107. 

Shady  hillsides,  Mendocino  Co.  (Bolander,  Kellogg) ;  thence  north  to  Washington  Tenitory. 
Corolla  about  half  an  inc^h  long ;  the  lobes  a  little  undulate  or  merely  emarginate  :  a  pair  of 
strong  and  hood-like  callosities  on  the  upper  lip.  Nearest  O.  violacea  of  Arkansas,  which  has 
obcordate-cleft  lateral  lobes  to  the  corolla  and  much  less  acute  calyx-lobes.  Notwithstanding 
the  name,  this  is  by  no  means  the  largest-flowered  species,  but  the  blossoms  are  numerous 
and  showy. 


Toneaa.  SCROPHULARIACE.E.  555 

7.  C.  sparsiflora,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Slender,  diffuse  or  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot 
high  :  upper  leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  seldom  tapering  at  base, 
merely  opposite,  or  the  minute  upper  tioral  ones  in  threes  :  pedicels  solitary,  in 
pairs,  or  some  of  the  upper  in  whorls  of  three,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  flower : 
calyx-lobes  from  ovate  to  deltoid-lanceolate  :  corolla  (mostly  violet)  strongly  de- 
clined ;  the  inflated  saccate  throat  very  oblique  on  the  tube,  about  the  length  of  the 
upper  lip  :  filaments  hairy  below:  gland  sessile  and  projecting  forwards,  cylindrical- 
subulate. —  Ind.  Sem.  Petersb.  (1835)  ii.  33.  C.  parvijiora,  var,  sparsiflora,  Benth. 
in  DC.     C.  solitaria,  Kellogg,  1.  c.  ii.  10. 

Shaded  hillsides,  &c. ,  from  near  San  Francisco  northward.  Corolla  4  to  6  lines  long :  the  upper 
lip  and  the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  commonly  yellowish  and  purple-dotted,  or  paler  than  the 
ample  and  violet  lateral  lobes.     Calyx-tube  commonly  tinged  with  purple. 

8.  C.  parviflora,  Dougl.  Low,  at  length  diffuse,  a  span  high  :  leaves  mostly 
oblong  or  lanceolate ;  the  upper  narrowed  at  base  and  entire ;  the  floral  often  in 
tlirees  or  fours  or  even  fives  :  pedicels  1  to  5,  mostly  longer  than  the  small  flowers  : 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  blue  moderately  oblicpie  corolla,  the 
oblong  gibbous-saccate  throat  of  which  is  longer  than  the  lips  :  filaments  all  gla- 
brous :  gland  small  and  capitate,  short-stipitate  :  stigma  2-cleft.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg. 
t.  1802;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  94,  by  misprint  as  C.  pauciflora.  C.  minima,  Nutt.  in  Jour. 
Acad.  Philad.  vii.  47. 

Shady  moist  grounds,  from  the  coast  north  of  San  Francisco  to  the  Sierra  Nevada ;  thence 
northward  to  Washington  Territory  and  Lake  Superior.  Corolla  2  to  4  lines  long,  rather  narrow. 
Nuttall's  C  minima  is  a  depauperate  form,  early  flowering  from  the  seed,  with  corolla  (3  or  4 
lines  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  shortish  calyx. 

-J-  "i-  Glandular :  leaves  entire,  narrow:  lobes  of  the  calyx  obtuse,  shoHer  tJian  the 

capsule. 

9.  C.  Torreyi,  Gray.  Slender,  erect,  a  span  or  so  high,  divergently  branched  : 
leaves  thickish ;  the  lowest  narrowly  spatulate ;  the  others  linear  with  a  tapering 
base,  mainly  opposite,  or  the  floral  in  threes  or  fours ;  all  the  uppermost  of  these 
reduced  to  minute  bracts :  pedicels  2  to  7  in  a  whorl,  rather  longer  than  the  flowers : 
corolla  deep  violet-blue,  almost  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  moderately  declined, 
the  gibbous  throat  with  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  lower  lip  :  filaments  gla- 
brous :  gland  sessile,  subulate. — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  378. 

Common  in  the  higher  parts  of  the  Sien-a  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Nevada  Co.,  Tmrrey, 
Boln,rtder,  Watson,  &c.  Somewhat  viscid,  beset  with  minute  dark  glands.  Corolla  3  or  4  lines 
long  ;  the  plaits  forming  the  margins  of  the  sac  of  the  lower  lip  terminating  below  in  a  spur-like 

f)rojection.     Seeds  oblong,  more  terete  than  usual,  and  large  for  the  size  of  the  capsule,  a  line 
ong. 

7.  TONELLA,  Nutt. 
Corolla  obscurely  bilabiate ;  the  5  more  or  less  unequal  lobes  somewhat  rotately 
spreading,  the  lower  not  complicate  nor  enclosing  the  soon  ascending  stamens  and 
style ;  the  tube  slightly  gibbous  posteriorly.  Ovules  and  seeds  from  one  to  four 
in  each  cell.  Cauline  leaves  mainly  temately  divided  or  3-parted.  Otherwise  as 
in  Gollinsia.  —  ^Xutt.  ex  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  593  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii. 
378,  &  xi.  92. 

1.  T.  collinsioides,  Xutt,  1.  c.  Slender  annual,  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base,  nearly  glabrous  :  branches  filiform,  a  span  to  a  foot  long  :  radical  and  lowest 
cauline  leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  somewhat  lobed,  crenate  or  entire  (a  quarter  to 
half  an  inch  long),  on  slender  petioles ;  the  others  sliorter-petioled  or  sessile,  3-parted 
or  divided  into  oblong  or  lanceolate  divisions  or  leaflets  ;  the  flonil  ones  sometimes 
in  whorls  of  three,  and  the  uppermost  simple,  and  shorter  than  the  slender  filiform 
pedicels  ;  these  solitary,  or  in  pairs,  or  sometimes  3  in  a  whorl :  flowers  minute,  at 


* 


556  SCROPHULARIACEJE.  Pentstemon. 

most  a  line  and  a  half  long :  corolla  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx ;  its  5  lobes  of 
equal  length,  but  the  anterior  one  transversely  oval  or  roundish,  very  much  larger 
tlian  the  lateral  and  posterior  oblong  ones,  and  separated  from  them  by  deeper 
sinuses  :  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell :  capsule  considerably  exceeding  the  calyx,  — 
Collinsia  tenella,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c. 

Mendocino  Co.,  near  Ukiah,  in  shady  ground  {Kellogg,  Bolander) ;  also  in  Oregon,  where  it  was 
first  collected  by  Nidtall  and  later  by  E.  Hall. 

T.  FLOitiBUNDA,  Gray,  the  other  species,  has  been  collected  only  in  Idaho,  on  the  Koos- 
kooskie  River,  by  Spalding,  Gcyer,  &c.  It  is  much  larger,  a  foot  or  two  high  ;  the  stems  termi- 
nating in  a  rather  crowded  raceme  of  whorls,  each  of  3  to  6  comparatively  showy  flowers ;  the  open 
(purple)  corolla  over  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  the 
three  lobes  answering  to  the  lower  lip  obovate  and  nearly  alike,  smaller  than  those  of  the  2-cleit 
upper  lip  ;  the  ovules  and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell. 

8.  PENTSTEMON,  Mitchell. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  with  a  conspicuous  and  mostly  elongated  or  ventricose 
tube  ;  the  throat  gibbous  on  the  lower  if  on  either  side ;  the  limb  more  or  less 
bilabiate;  upper  lip  2-lobed;  the  lower  3-cleft,  recurved  or  spreading.  Stamens  4, 
declined  at  base,  ascending  above ;  the  fifth  (posterior)  stamen  represented  by  a 
conspicuous  sterile  filament :  anthers  with  their  cells  mostly  united  or  confluent  at 
the  summit.  Style  long  :  stigma  entire.  Capsule  ovate,  septicidal,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  angled,  wingless.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  a  few  shrubby ;  with  opposite  (rarely 
verticillate)  leaves,  the  upper  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  the  floral  gradually  or 
abruptly  reduced  to  bracts.  Flowers  (appearing  in  summer)  commonly  showy 
and  racemose-panicled,  the  peduncle  from  the  axil  of  the  floral  leaves  or  bracts 
generally  2-bracteolate  when  single-flowered,  oftener  cymosely  few-several-flowered. 
Corolla  red,  blue,  purple,  or  white,  rarely  yellow.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi. 
56  ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  456. 

A  well-marked  genus  of  nearly  70  species,  all  North  American  with  a  few  Mexican,  much  more 
numerous  in  the  Pacific  than  the  Atlantic  States,  most  so  in  the  intennediate  region.  Several 
are  common  in  ornamental  cultivation.  In  a  few  instances  the  mdimentary  stamen  has  been 
found  to  be  antheriferous. 

Chklonf,  nemorosa,  Dougl.,  a  native  of  the  woods  of  Oregon,  has  been  met  with  in  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  about  200  miles  north  of  the  California  line.  It  would  be  taken  for  a  Pentstemon 
except  for  the  seeds,  which  are  broadly  winged. 

§  1.  Anthers  vrlth  cells  at  length  diverging  or  divaricate,  so  as  to  become  transverse, 

and  ojtening  for  their  whole  length. 

*  Anthers  long-tvoolly :  stems  suffrutescent. 

1.  P.  ]V[enziesii,  Hook.  Branching  and  tufted  at  the  woody  base,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high,  nearly  glabrous ;  the  flowering  shoots  erect :  leaves  coriaceous,  oval  or 
oblong,  mostly  beset  with  some  small  rigid  teeth,  an  inch  or  less  in  length :  pedun- 
cles almost  always  1-flowered,  and  forming  a  short  somewhat  glandidar  raceme  : 
corolla  about  an  inch  long,  pink-red ;  the  narrow  but  gradually  expanding  tube  and 
throat  much  longer  than  the  lips.  —  Gerardia  fruticosa,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  423,  t.  18. 
P.  Newberryi,  Gray,  in  Pacif.  Ii.  Pep.  vi.  82,  t.  14,  the  var.  Newherryi,  Gray, 
Proc.  1.  c. 

On  rocks,  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  5,000  to  12,000  feet ;  thence  north  to  British  Columbia 
and  the  northern  Kocky  Mountains.  Showy  in  blossom,  running  into  several  varieties ;  the  Cali- 
fomian  form  apparently  always  with  pink  or  rose-red  corollas. 

*  *    Anthers  glabrous,  or  sometimes  toith  a  few  scattered  beard-like  hairs. 

-f-  Stems  woody,  at  least  the  base :  leaves  somewhat  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  snuill, 

mostly  very  short-petioled :  f  laments  all  bearded  at  base. 


Fentstemon.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  557 

++  Corolla  red,  long  and  narrow-tubular  (an  inch  or  more  in  length) ;  the  ujyper  lip 
erect;  lower  more  or  less  spreading:  injlorescence  somewhat  glandular,  paniculate 
or  cgmose :  sterile  filament  bearded  down  one  side. 

2.  P.  cordifolius,  Benth.  Scrambling  over  bushes  by  long  sarmentose  branches 
to  several  feet  in  height,  scabrous-puberulent,  very  leafy  :  leaves  somewhat  cordate, 
or  some  ovate  with  a  truncate  base,  mostly  acute  and  serrate  or  denticulate  with 
sharp  salient  teeth  :  the  veins  impressed  on  the  upper  and  prominent  on  the  lower 
face  :  flowers  in  a  somewhat  leafy  panicle  :  peduncles  divaricate  :  calyx-lobes  ovate- 
lanceolate:  corolla  scarlet  (an  inch  and  a  half  long,  the  upper  lip  over  half  an 
inch). 

Towards  the  coast,  from  Los  Angeles  to  Santa  Barbara.  Sterile  filament  densely  yellowish- 
bearded  from  the  apex  for  some  distance  downward. 

3.  P.  corymbosus,  Benth.  Lower  than  the  foregoing,  a  foot  or  two  high,  soft- 
pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  leafy  to  the  tip  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  acute 
or  acutish  at  base,  slightly  and  sparsely  denticulate  (half  an  inch  to  nearly  2  inches 
long),  the  veins  disposed  to  be  parallel :  flowers  few  or  rather  numerous  in  a  close 
corymbiform  terminal  cyme  :  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate  :  corolla  scarlet  (an  inch 
long).  —  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  395. 

Shasta  Co.  to  Santa  Craz  ;  first  collected  by  Coulter  (small  branches  or  depauperate  specimens), 
but  the  station  unknown.  Nearly  related  to  the  preceding  ;  the  steiile  filament  about  e(j[ually 
bearded  above  and  sparsely  so  lower  down. 

4.  P.  ternatus,  Torr.  Glabrous,  the  long  virgate  shoots  glaucous,  2  to  4  feet 
high  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  or  denticulate  with  sharp  rigid  teeth,  all  but 
the  uppermost  in  whorls  of  three  :  flowers  in  a  more  naked  long  and  narrow  virgate 
panicle  :  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate  :  corolla  pale  scarlet  (an  inch  long, 
the  lobes  or  lips  3  lines  long).  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  115. 

Mountains  east  of  San  Diego  {Parry,  Cleveland),  and  Fort  Tejon,  Xantus. 

++  ++  Corolla  more  or  less  yelloiv  or  tinged  with  purple  {half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long),  the  tube  much  shorter  than  the  widely  gaping  lips,  of  which  the  upper  is  arch- 
ing and  merely  notched,  and  the  lower  pendulous-recurved. 

5.  P.  breviflorus,  Lindl,  Glabrous,  3  to  6  feet  high,  with  long  and  slender 
flowering  branches,  leafy  up  to  the  panicle  :  leaves  only  opposite,  lanceolate,  some- 
times ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate  :  peduncles  few  -  several-flowered,  racemose- 
pan  icled  :  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate  and  acuminate  :  corolla  yellowish  or  flesh- 
colored,  striped  within  with  pink,  externally  especially  the  upper  lip  beset  with 
some  long  and  rather  viscid  beard-like  hairs ;  these  sometimes  on  the  calyx  also  : 
sterile  filament  naked.  —  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1946. 

Dry  hills  and  banks,  throughout  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Coast  Range. 

6.  P.  antirrhinoides,  Benth.  Very  minutely  puberulent  or  cinereous,  or  gla- 
brous, dittusely  much  branched  and  spreading,  1  to  5  feet  high,  very  leafy  ;  leaves 
thickish,  spatulate-oblong  or  oval,  entire  (seldom  half  an  inch  long,  not  diminishing 
upwards) :  peduncles  1-flowered,  terminating  leafy  paniculate  branches  and  in  the 
upper  axils  :  calyx-lobes  roundish-ovate  :  corolla  very  broad  for  its  length,  pure 
lemon-yellow :  short  sterile  filament  very  densely  bearded  on  one  side.  —  Hook. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  6157.     P.  Lobbii,  of  the  gardens,  Illiist.  Hort.  1862,  t.  315. 

Southern  part  of  the  State,  not  rare  about  San  Diego  and  San  Pascual.  Peculiar  for  its  clear 
yellow  flowers. 

+-{-  +-^  +-h  Corolla  flesh-color  or  purplish  {half  an  inch  long)  ;  the  tube  and  throat  longer 

than  the  short  spreading  lips. 

7.  P.  Lemmoni,  Gray.  Two  to  4  feet  high,  slender ;  the  virgate  simple  branches 
rather  leafy,  and  whole  plant  glabrous  up  to  the  pedicels  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 


558  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Penistemon. 

sharply  and  sparsely  denticulate  (about  an  inch  or  less  long),  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes  :  panicle  virgate  and  racemose,  loose  :  peduncles  longer  than  the  subtending 
floral  leaves,  cymosely  2  -  7-flowered  :  very  short  pedicels  and  calyx  glandular  : 
sterile  filament  strongly  yellow-bearded  on  one  side  x)f  the  curved  apex. 

Long  Valley,  Mendocino  Co.  (Kellogg,  1869) ;  Plumas  Co.  (Lemmon,  1874).  Resembles/*. 
hrcviflorus  in  habit  and  foliage  ;  but  the  leaves  proiwrtionally  broader  and  the  flowers  fewer  ;  the 
form  of  the  corolla  nearly  that  of  the  succeeding  sjjeeies.  Divisions  of  the  calyx  ovate-lanceolate 
and  gradually  much  acuminate,  rather  dry.  Corolla  in  Dr.  Kellogg's  specimens  "flesh-colored, 
inclining  to  pink  veins,  with  red-pui-]ile  throat,"  externally  somewhat  glandular,  not  bearded,  the 
general  form  campanulate,  the  lips  about  2  lines  long  ;  upper  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed.  Main 
peduncles  an  inch  or  more  long. 

•»—  -f—  Stems  herbaceous,  generally  simple. 

-f+  Corolla  at  least  an  inch  long,  showy,  never  red ;  the  short  tube  abruptly  dilated 
into  an  ample  and  vride  veyitricose  throat ;  the  broad  and  roundish  lobes  spreading  : 
plants  glabrotis :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate :  panicle  naked  and  elongated. 

=  Leaves  all  entire  and  distinct  at  the  base :  panicle  strict  and  raceme-like  or  spicate; 
the  peduncles  and  pedicels  both  short. 

8.  P.  glaber,  Pursh.  Very  smooth  throughout,  a  foot  or  two  high :  leaves 
mostly  lanceolate  or  the  lowest  oblong  or  spatulate,  tlie  upper  closely  sessile :  panicle 
very  narrow,  a  span  to  a  foot  long  :  corolla  blue  or  violet,  or  varying  to  purple, 
ventricose-oblong  or  between  campanulate  and  funnelform  above  the  narrow  tube  : 
anthers  either  glabrous  or  with  some  scattered  short  hairs ;  the  cells  not  dehiscent 
quite  to  the  tip,  so  that  they  never  open  widely  :  sterile  filament  either  naked  or  a 
little  bearded  on  one  side  at  the  apex.  —  P.  glabra,  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  738 ;  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  1672.  P.  Erianthera,  Nutt.  in  Fraser  Cat.  P.  speciosus,  Dough;  Lindl.  Bot. 
Eeg.  t.  1720.     P.  Gordoni,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4319. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Nevada  Co.  northward  to  Oregon  (mainly  the  western  form  with 
narrow  leaves  and  wholly  naked  sterile  filament  and  anthers,  the  P.  speciosus  of  Douglas) ;  thence 
eastward  to  and  much  beyond  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

=  =  Leaves  or  some  of  them  beset  with  rigid  sharp  teeth ;  the  %ipper  connate-per- 
foliate :  panicle  long  and  open,  most  of  the  peduncles  and  pedicels  of  the  several- 
flowered  cymes  being  slender. 

9.  P.  Palmeri,  Gray.  Glaucous,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate,  or  the  lower 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  pairs  broadly  united  :  panicle  and  calyx  commonly 
puberulent  and  a  little  glandular  :  corolla  white  or  cream-color  partly  suffused  with 
pink  or  rose,  very  abruptly  dilated  and  broad-canipanulate  above  the  narrow  short 
tube,  the  limb  an  inch  broad  :  sterile  filament  densely  yellow -bearded  above.  — 
Proc.  1.  c.  vii.  378,  &  viii.  291  ;  Hook.  f.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6064. 

Native  of  Arizona,  Utah,  and  Nevada,  in  the  latter  found  on  the  foot-hills  of  Trinity  Moiui- 
tains  (  Watson)  so  near  the  eastern  line  of  California  that  it  doubtless  occurs  within  it. 

10.  P.  spectabilis,  Thurber.  Smooth  throughout,  inclined  to  be  glaucous,  2  to  4 
feet  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  the  upper  pairs  united  into  a  roundish  or  oblong 
disk  with  acuminate  ends  :  panicle  often  2  feet  long,  loosely  many-flowered  :  corolla 
abruptly  oblong-campanulate  beyond  the  narrow  tube,  purple  and  the  lobes  often 
blue  :  sterile  filament  naked.  —  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  119,  &Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
113;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5260. 

Dry  plains  and  hills,  Ventura  Co.  to  San  Diego  (fii-st  collected  by  W.  A.  Wallace),  thence  to 
the  northern  part  of  Arizona.     One  of  the  handsomest  species. 

■¥■¥■¥+  Corolla  two  thirds  or  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  not  scarlet-red;  the  tube 
gradually  and  moderately  enlarged  above  ;  the  roundish  lobes  short  and  spreading  : 
plants  glabrous  throughout  and  glaucous :  leaves  thickish,  closely  sessile. 


Pentsiemon.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  559 

1 1 .  P.  Cleveland!,  Gray.  About  3  feet  high,  rather  leafy :  leaves  oblong,  irreg- 
ularly and  sharply  toothed  (2  inches  long) ;  the  floral  merely  small  ovate-subulate 
bracts  of  the  loose  and  naked  virgate  panicle :  few-flowered  peduncles  and  pedicels 
slender:  calyx  herbaceous;  the  lobes  ovate:  corolla  crimson  (three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long),  tubular-funnelform,  distinctly  bilabiate  ;  the  lobes  barely  one  quarter 
of  the  length  of  the  tube  including  the  throat :  sterile  tilament  moderately  bearded 
at  and  below  the  dilated  tip.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  94. 

Canon  Tantillas,  in  Lower  California,  about  25  miles  below  the  State  boundary  {Cleveland, 
Palmer)  ;  east  of  San  Bernardino,  Parry. 

12.  P.  acuminatus,  Dougl.  A  foot  or  so  high,  leafy:  leaves  from  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate  (an  inch  or  two  long),  entire;  the  upper  and  the  floral  ones  inclined 
to  be  cordate-clasping  :  flowers  numerous  in  a  long  and  mostly  interrupted  virgate 
spike-like  panicle,  the  base  of  which  is  usually  leafy,  mostly  several  in  the  floriferous 
axils  :  pedicels  and  especially  the  peduncles  short :  lobes  of  the  calyx  narrow  or 
acuminate  :  corolla  lilac-purple  or  violet,  with  open  throat  and  widely  spreading 
lobes  :  sterile  filament  strongly  bearded  at  the  dilated  tip  (rarely  naked) :  capsule 
firm-coriaceous  and  acuminate.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1285.  P.  nitidus,  Dougl. 
P.  Fendleri,  Gray  in  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  ii.   168,  t.  5. 

Near  Humboldt  Lake,  Nevada,  Watson.  Therefore  not  improbably  reaching  the  borders  of 
the  State.  A  neat  species,  widely  diffused  northward  and  eastward  through  the  interior  region 
to  and  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

++  ++  ++  Corolla  half  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  blue,  jnirplish,  or  whitish,  moderately 

enlarging  above  ;  the  roundish  lobes  spreading. 

=  Leaves  serrate  or  toothed. 

13.  P.  deustUS,  Dougl,  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  in  tufts  from  an  almost  woody 
branching  base,  glabrous  :  leaves  all  sessile,  from  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  seldom  over 
an  inch  long,  sharply  serrate  with  many  or  rarely  few  naiTow  teeth  (occasionally 
some  of  them  entire) :  narrow  and  virgate  or  spike-like  panicle  mostly  leafy  below  ; 
the  clusters  several  -  many-flowered,  close  :  peduncles  and  pedicels  short :  corolla 
cream-color  or  buff",  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  rose  :  sterile  filament  naked.  —  Lindl. 
Bot.  Reg.  t.  1318.     P.  heterander,  Torr.  &  Gray,  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  123,  t.  8. 

Dry  rocks  and  banks,  eastern  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Sierra  Valley,  Lemmon,  &c.),  to  the 
interior  borders  of  British  Columbia  and  Wyoming  Terr.  Varies  much  in  the  foliage  and  more 
or  less  dense  or  internipted  inflorescence  ;  also  in  the  sepals,  which  are  commonly  lanceolate 
and  rather  long,  sometimes  shorter,  rarely  almost  ovate.  P.  heterander  is  a  narrow-leaved  and 
strict  fomi,  from  Beckwith's  Pass,  in  which  the  sterile  filament  was  found  to  be  antheriferous  ; 
but  this  occasionally  happens  in  cultivated  plants  of  other  species,  and  has  not  been  found  a 
second  time  in  this. 

P.  ovATUs,  Dougl.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2903,  a  native  of  the  woods  of  Oregon,  may  reach  California  : 
it  is  a  foot  or  two  high,  minutely  pubescent,  has  thinnish  and  blight  green  ovate  or  somewhat 
cordate  and  acutely  serrate  leaves,  and  a  rather  open  naked  panicle  of  blue  flowers. 

=  =  Leaves  quite  entire. 

1 4.  P.  Gairdneri,  Hook.  A  span  high,  in  tufts  from  a  somewhat  woody  base, 
minutely  cinereous-puberulent  throughout :  leaves  all  linear  or  the  radical  linear- 
spatulate,  seldom  an  inch  long,  the  margins  soon  revolute :  flowers  few  and  almost 
simply  racemose  :  calyx  somewhat  glandular :  sterile  filament  bearded  down  one 
side.  — Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  321. 

Virginia  City,  Nevada  (Bloomer),  doubtless  also  within  the  State  line  :  also  in  the  dry  interior 
of  Oregon. 

P.  LARiciFOLics,  Hook.  &  Am.,  a  still  dwarfer  species,  wholly  glabrous,  with  simple  stems 
and  leaves  almost  filiform,  sparingly  inhabits  the  same  interior  region,  and  may  reach  the  north- 
eastern borders  of  the  State. 

P.  AMBiGUUS,  Torr.,  also  witli  filifonn  leaves  and  racemose  flowers,  but  taller  and  branching, 
is  of  more  southern  range  through  the  interior,  and  is  not  known  farther  west  than  Southern 
Utah. 


560  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Pentstemon. 

15.  P.  confertus,  Dougl.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  wholly  glabrous : 
stem  strict  and  simple :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatiilate- 
oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long  :  the  upper  pairs  often  distant :  floAvers  numerous  and 
crowded  in  short-peduncled  or  sessile  clusters  and  very  short-pedicelled,  forming  an 
interrupted  spike  of  2  to  5  apparent  whorls,  or  sometimes  a  solitary  terminal  head  : 
edges  of  the  calyx-lobes  usually  scarious  and  lacerate  :  corolla  (a  third  to  half  an 
inch  long),  either  yellowish  cream-color,  violet  or  blue,  the  short  lower  lip  bearded 
inside:  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  tip,  —  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1260.  P.  procerus, 
Dougl. ;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2954 ;  the  var.  cceruleo-purpureus,  Gray,  1.  c. 

Moist  grounds,  common  in  the  higher  portions  of  the  Siena  Nevada  ;  thence  north  to  Wash- 
ington Territory  and  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Only  violet-  or  blue-flowered  forms  yet  found 
in  California,  but  some  are  pale. 

++  ++  ++  ++  Corolla  deep  and  bright  red,  tubular,  fully  an  inch  long :  the  short  lobes 
or  lips  less  spreading,  hardly  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  throat:  perfectly 
glabrous  plants:  leaves  thickish,  all  but  the  loivest  closely  sessile  by  a  broadish 
base,  the  tipper  pairs  more  or  less  cordate-clasping :  stamens  included:  slender 
stei'ile  filament  naked. 

16.  P.  centranthifolius,  Benth.  Glaucous,  strict  and  virgate,  very  leafy,  1  to 
3  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lower  lanceolate-oblong  or  narrower  : 
panicle  narrow,  commonly  a  foot  or  two  long :  pedicels  slender :  corolla  very  narrow- 
tubular  and  obscurely  bilabiate ;  the  short-oblong  lobes  alike  except  that  the  pos- 
terior are  united  higher  :  anthers  opening  widely  (in  the  usual  way).  —  Hook.  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  5142. 

Open  and  dry  grounds,  from  Monterey  ?  and  Santa  Barbara  southward.  A  showy  species  ;  the 
narrow  corolla  bright  vermilion-colored.  The  name  comes  from  the  resemblance  of  the  foliage  to 
that  of  Gcntranthus  ruber. 

1 7.  P.  Eatoni,  Gray.  Hardly  if  at  all  glaucous,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
from  lanceolate  to  nearly  ovate:  panicle  narrow  and  racemose,  a  span  to  a  foot  long: 
corolla  gradually  a  little  broadening  upwards  ;  the  roundish-oval  lobes  nearly  alike 
except  that  the  two  of  the  upper  lip  are  united  higher,  all  nearly  erect :  cells  of  the 
anther  diverging  from  the  first  or  divaricate,  never  spreading  open,  the  line  of  dehis- 
cence stopping  short  of  the  apex.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  395.  P.  centranthifolius, 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  219. 

Open  dry  gi-ound,  from  the  southern  part  of  the  State  (  Wallace)  to  Utah.  Also  a  very  showy 
species,  with  broader  corollas  than  the  last,  in  color  less  verging  to  scarlet.  It  belongs  to  the 
same  group  as  P.  harbat.us  (which  is  common  in  cultivation)  and  F.  imberbis,  natives  of  the 
southern  Rocky  Mountains  and  Northern  Mexico. 

P.  PUNiCKUS,  Gray,  is  another  red-flowered  species  in  Arizona,  but  it  has  not  been  found  very 
near  California. 

§  2.  Anthers  horseshoe-shaped,  reniform,  or  sagittate  ;  the  cells  opening  from  the  con- 
fluent apex  down  only  to  or  below  the  middle,  leaving  the  bases  saccate  (the 
edges  of  the  chink  usually  denticulate  or  bristly-ciliate). 

*  Leaves  entire :  corolla  scarlet,  tubular. 

18.  P.  Bridgesii,  Gray.  A  foot  or  two  high,  up  to  the  inflorescence  glabrous  : 
leaves  pale  or  glaucous,  thickish,  spatulate-lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  ob- 
long-spatulate ;  the  upper  not  broadened  at  base  (as  in  the  two  preceding)  :  flowers 
iu  a  loose  virgate  naked  panicle  or  raceme;  the  clusters  1-5-flowered:  short  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  as  well  as  calyx  somewhat  glandular-pubescent :  corolla  slightly 
and  gradually  enlarging  upwards,  an  inch  long ;  the  short  lips  3  or  4  lines  long, 
upper  one  erect  and  2-lobed  at  apex,  the  lower  3-parted  and  its  oblong  lobes  recurved : 
anthers  deeply  sagittate.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  379. 

Rocky  l>anks,  Yosemite  Valley,  &c.  (Bridges,  Bolander),  to  Kern  Co.  (Rothrock)  ;  and  east- 
ward to'  Bill  Williams  Mountain,  in  N.  Arizona  {Palmer),  and  S.  W.  Colorado,  Brandegee. 


Pentstemon.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  561 

*  *  Leaves  entire :  corolla  purple  or  blue. 

+-  Corolla  rather  slender,  half  an  inch  or  so  long :  stei'ile  jUament  commonly  a  little 

bearded  down  one  side. 

19.  P.  gracilentus,  Gray.  A  foot  or  more  high,  up  to  the  inflorescence  gla- 
brous :  stems  slender,  few-leaved  and  with  long  internodes  above,  terminating  in  a 
loose  mostly  naked  and  short  panicle  :  leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  ones  linear 
and  the  lowest  oblong :  slender  2  -  5-ttowered  peduncles  and  short  pedicels  as  well 
as  the  calyx  glandular-pubescent :  corolla  bright  violet-blue,  tubular  and  gradually 
broadening  upwards;  the  lips  (2  lines  long)  moderately  spreading.  —  Pacif.  E.  Eep. 
vi.  82,  &  Proc.  Am,  Acad,  vi,  75. 

Shaded  ground  or  banks,  through  the  northern  jwrtion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  {Newberry,  An- 
derson, &c.),  and  on  Mt.  Shasta  above  8,000  feet,  Brewer. 

-t-  -t-  Corolla  larger  and  ventricose-dilated  above ;  the  broad  lips  widely  spreading : 
sterile  filament  glabrous :  flowers  racemose-panicled,  showy. 

20.  P.  heterophyllus,  Lindl.  Glabrous  or  minutely  hoary-puberulent,  not 
glandular,  pale,  and  sometimes  glaucous,  sending  up  many  virgate  leafy  stems,  2  to 
5  feet  high  from  a  persistent  woody  base  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  floral  diminishing  into  narrow  subulate  bracts  :  peduncles 
1  -  3-flowered,  mostly  short  and  erect  :  corolla  pink  or  rose-purple,  or  with  shades 
of  violet,  fully  an  inch  long,  ventricose-funnelform  above  the  narrow  rather  slender 
base.  — Bot.  Reg.  t.  1899;  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3853. 

Diy  banks  of  streams,  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  from  San  Diego  to  Mendocino 
Co.  Tlie  anthers,  as  in  all  the  following,  are  ciliate  with  short  and  stiff  bristles  along  the  line 
of  opening,  and  otherwise  either  glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute  underneath.  All  these  are  showy 
species  ;  and  they  seem  to  run  into  one  another.     The  calyx  is  variable. 

21.  P.  azureus,  Be  nth.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  1  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  as  in 
the  preceding,  or  inclined  to  be  more  lanceolate  or  with  a  broader  base :  corolla 
similar,  but  azure-blue  or  approaching  violet,  sometimes  with  red-purple  tube, 
mostly  rather  broader  and  larger.  —  PI.  Hartw.  327  ;  Gray,  Proc.  1.  c.  vi.  75. 

Var.  Jafi&ayanus,  Gray.  A  foot  high  :  leaves  broader ;  the  lower  spatulate- 
oblong,  the  upper  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate.  —  P.  glaticifolius,  Gray  in  Pacif. 
R.  Rep.  vi.  82.  P.  Joffrayanus,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5045.  P.  heterophyllus,  var. 
latifolius,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  222. 

Common  through  the  interior,  from  the  Sacramento  Valley  eastward  :  the  variety  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  ;  also  in  the  Wahsatch  Movmtains  of  Utah. 

22.  P.  laetus,  Gray.  Cinereous-puberulent  or  pubescent  and  above  glandular, 
a  foot  high  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  linear  or  below  to  spatulate  :  panicle  more 
open  ;  the  peduncles  and  pedicels  often  spreading  :  coroUa  as  of  the  preceding  or 
smaller,  an  inch  long,  blue.  —  Jour.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  147,  &  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vi.  76. 

Near  Los  Angeles  (  Wallace)  and  Tejon  (Xantics)  to  the  Sierra  above  the  Yosemite  Valley,  &c. 

23.  P.  Roezli,  Regel.  Smaller,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  so  high,  below  glabrous  or 
minutely  puberulent,  above  (at  least  the  inflorescence)  glandular-pubescent :  leaves 
all  lanceolate  or  linear  (an  inch  or  more  long)  :  panicle  open  and  often  compound ; 
the  few-flowered  or  loosely  several-flowered  peduncles  and  the  pedicels  commonly 
diverging :  corolla  from  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  bluish  or  pale  violet.  — 
Regel  in  Proc.  St.  Petersb.  Bot.  Gard.  ii.  326.  P.  heterophyllus,  var.  (]),  Ton.  & 
Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii.  122. 

Higher  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Nevada  and  SieiTa  counties,  Beckicith,  Lemmon,  &c.  Also  Washoe 
Valley,  Nevada,  Stretch,  &c.  Resembles  a  reduced  form  of  P.  Imtus,  but  more  glabrous,  and  the 
flowers  much  smaller.  Regel  finds  occasionally  some  scattered  hairs  on  the  sterile  filament :  we 
find  none. 


* 


562  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Pentstemon. 

*  *  *  Leaves  all  or  some  of  them  sharply  serrate  or  ladniate :  corolla  purple  or 
mostly  violet,  with  ample  ventricose-injlated  throat ;  the  tipj)er  lip  somewhat  and  the 
lower  more  vndely  spreading  ;  the  lobes  short  and  roundish. 

24.  P.  triphyllus,  Dougl.  A  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  glabrous :  stems  slender, 
paniculately  branched,  leafy  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  sharply  toothed  or  laciniate- 
pinnatitid,  about  an  inch  long,  many  of  the  middle  ones  in  whorls  of  three  or  four, 
and  of  the  uppermost  alternate  :  peduncles  1  -  3-fiowered  in  a  simple  or  compound 
loose  and  sometimes  leafy  panicle  :  corolla  fully  half  an  inch  long,  less  enlarged  in 
the  throat  than  the  following  :  sterile  filament  densely  bearded  at  the  tip.  —  Lindl. 
Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1245. 

Not  rare  in  Oregon  and  Washington  Temtory  ;  said  in  the  Botanical  Register  to  have  been 
found  by  Douglas  in  Northern  Calit'oniia  also. 

25.  P.  Richardsonii,  Dougl.  Like  the  preceding,  but  more  branched  and 
diffuse,  2  feet  or  more  high  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrow,  acute,  laciniate- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  an  inch  or  two  long,  opposite  or  on  the  branchlets  alternate  : 
panicle  loose  and  irregular,  glandular  ;  corolla  an  inch  long,  much  enlarged  at  the 
throat,  violet  :  sterile  filament  slightly  bearded  at  the  tip.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t. 
1121 ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3391. 

Northern  part  of  the  State,  Kellogg  &  Harford.  Thence  through  Oregon  to  Washington  Ten-. 
—  The  three  following  Oregon  species  have  not  been  detected  in  California,  but  are  so  likely  to 
occur  that  their  names  and  main  distinctions  are  appended. 

P.  DiFFrsus,  Dougl.  Glabrous  or  merely  pubemlent  above,  2  or  3  feet  high  ;  the  ascending 
stems  simple  or  branching  at  the  summit  :  leaves  ovate  or  ovatedanceolate,  coarsely  or  finely  ser- 
rate, the  upper  slightly  cordate  and  clasping  at  base  :  panicle  rather  leafy  ;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
rather  short :  corolla  over  half  an  inch  long,  light  purple  :  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  tip.  — 
Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1132  ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3645.     In  aspect  most  like  P.  ovaius. 

P.  VENUSTUS,  Dougl.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems  strict  and  simple,  erect,  very  leafy:  leaves 
narrower  than  in  P.  diffusus,  of  firmer  texture,  mostly  oblong-lanceolate,  beset  with  close  sharp 
teeth  :  panicle  narrow  or  thyi"siform,  usually  naked  :  corolla  usually  more  than  an  inch  long, 
violet-purple  ;  the  lobes  ciliate.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1309. 

P.  GLANDULOSus,  Dougl.,  is  a  rather  large-leaved  and  large-flow-ered  species,  probably  growing 
in  shade,  clothed  with  a  short  and  soft-downy  more  or  less  glandular  pubescence  :  leaves  thin, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  moderately  serrate ;  the  upper  cordate-clasping,  acuminate,  often  nearly 
entire  ;  the  floral  ones  mostly  longer  than  the  short  peduncles  in  their  axils  :  pedicels  very  short : 
corolla  pale  violet,  fully  an  inch  long,  much  broadened  above  :  sterile  filament  glabrous. 

P.  CANOSo-BAKBATUM,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  15, — described  from  a  specimen  col- 
lected in  the  Sierra  Nevada  by  Mr.  HutcMngs,  said  to  have  "scarlet  or  red"  peduncles,  a 
• '  colored  "  corolla  with  ' '  lower  lip  slightly  2-notched,  carinate,  densely  bearded  below,  mostly  at 
the  extremity,  with  white  or  long  transparent  frosted  hairs," — is  a  complete  puzzle.  As  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  "short,  like  that  of  P.  breviflorus,"  it  may  belong  to  that 
species. 

P.  ROSTRiFLOiiiTM,  Kellogg,  1.  c,  from  the  same  source,  — said  to  have  linear-lanceolate  leaves, 
narrow  creamy-yellow  corolla,  with  linear  and  acute  lobes  to  the  lower  lip,  —  is  wholly  confound- 
ing in  its  characters. 

9.  MIMULUS,  Linn.        Monkey-flower. 

Calyx  tubular-prismatic  or  campanulate,  mostly  plicately  5-angled,  5-toothed, 
rarely  5-cleft,  often  oblique.  Corolla  funnelform,  with  included  or  rarely  prolonged 
and  exserted  tube,  bilabiately  5-lobed ;  the  upper  lip  2-  and  the  lower  3-lobed  or 
parted ;  the  lobes  plane  or  roundish,  more  or  less  spreading  or  those  of  the  upper 
lip  turned  back;  a  pair  of  palatine  ridges  (either  bearded  or  naked,  and  more  or 
less  intruded)  running  down  the  lower  side  of  the  throat.  Stamens  4  :  the  anthers 
oftener  approximate  in  pairs,  their  cells  divergent.  Style  filiform :  stigma  bilamellar, 
with  the  lips  or  lobes  commonly  petaloid-dilated,  or  more  or  less  entire  and  peltate- 
funnelform.     Capsule  loculicidally  2-valved,  the  placentae  either  remaining  united  in 


Mimulus.  SCROPHULARIACE^E.  563 

the  axis,  or  separating  and  borne  by  the  half-partitions  on  the  middle  of  the  valves. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  small,  oval  or  oblong,  mostly  with  a  close  smooth  coat,  often 
apiculate  at  each  end.  —  Herbs,  or  one  peculiar  species  shrubby ;  with  opposite 
simple  leaves,  and  axillary  flowers  on  simple  peduncles,  whoUy  destitute  of  bractlets, 
sometimes  becoming  racemose  by  the  diminution  of  the  upper  leaves  to  bracts ;  the 
flowers  various  in  color,  commonly  handsome,  usually  appearing  in  long  succession, 
— Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  95.  Mimulus,  Diplac.us  (Nutt.),  &  Eunamis  (Benth.), 
with  Herpestis  §  Mimuloides,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  368. 

A  genus,  as  here  maintained,  of  40  or  50  species,  far  the  greater  number  Pacific-North 
American,  a  few  extending  to  extra-tropical  South  America,  one  or  two  Asiatic,  Austmlian,  or 
even  South  African.  Several  species,  chiefly  indigenous  to  California,  are  prized  in  ornamental 
cultivation. 

In  this  and  related  genera,  the  lips  of  the  stigma  close  with  a  quick  movement  upon  receiving 
pollen  or  being  otherwise  touched. 

§  1.  Corolla  with  a  long  filiform  tube,  very  much  exserted  beyond  the  narrow  pris- 
matic oblique  calyx :  stamens  strongly  didynamous ;  tlie  anthers  approximate 
in  pairs,  forming  crosses :  style  pubescent  above :  stigma  variable :  capsule 
cartilaginous,  filling  the  calyx  or  its  lower  part,  gibbous  at  base,  sulcate  at  the 
septiferous  sutures,  very  tardily  dehiscent;  the  valves  bearing  the  placentae: 
dwarf  Californian  annuals,  in  the  earlier  stage  the  {purple  or  variegated') 
corolla  much  longer  than  all  the  rest  of  the  plant :  leaves  entire  or  obscurely 
few-toothed.  —  CEnoe,  Gray. 

M.  LATiFOLius,  Gray  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c,  a  species  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  Palmer  on 
Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California,  accords  with  this  section  except  in  having  a  shorter  and 
barely  exseited  tube  to  the  corolla  (which  otherwise  is  nearly  that  of  M.  Dcniglasii) :  so  that  this 
section  might  as  well  be  merged  in  Eunamis,  to  which  Bentham  referred  it ;  but  the  very  long  and 
slender  tube  of  the  corolla  in  the  two  following  species  is  very  characteristic. 

1.  M.  Douglasii,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  3  — 5-nerved  at  base,  mostly 
contracted  abruptly  into  a  short  petiole  :  calyx  soon  very  gibbous  at  base  on  the 
upper  side  :  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  very  much  shorter  than  the  ample  erect  upper 
one,  sometimes  almost  wanting  :  capsule  linear  or  linear-oblong,  nearly  terete  but 
strongly  4-sulcate,  gibbous  or  somewhat  inflexed  at  the  very  base  :  seeds  oval, 
apiculate  at  both  ends.  —  M.  nanus,  var.  subunifiortis.  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey, 
378.     Eimamis  Douglasii,  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  374. 

Gravelly  hills  and  banks,  rather  common  through  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  State.  Stems 
at  first  flowering  half  an  inch  or  less,  soon  rising  to  a  span  in  height.  Later  flowers  distinctly 
peduncled.  Calyx  about  half  an  inch  long  ;  its  orifice  very  oblique  and  the  teeth  short  and 
obtuse.  Corolla  with  tube  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long  ;  the  funnelform  dilated  throat 
about  3  lines  long,  deeper  pink  or  purple  or  spotted,  with  some  yellow  below  ;  the  broad  and 
2-cleft  upper  lip  as  long  as  the  throat.  Stigma  in  some  specimens  with  a  long  and  lanceolate 
upper  lip  and  a  very  short  and  obtuse  lower  one,  or  with  two  broad  and  unequal  connate  lips,  or 
eccentrically  disk-shaped,  or  sometimes  with  very  broad  and  equal  connate  lips  and  appearing 
saucer-shajjed  or  centrally  peltate  when  expanded,  in  the  manner  of  the  next  section  :  the 
differences  unaccompanied  by  other  distinctions.  Capsule  3  to  5  lines  long.  Seeds  hardly  half  a 
line  long. 

2.  M.  tricolor,  Lindl.  Leaves  from  oblong  to  linear,  with  narrowed  base  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  obscurely  nerved  :  calyx  hardly  gibbous  at  base,  ampler  toward  the 
very  oblique  orifice,  and  the  teeth  longer  :  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  about  the  length 
of  tlie  upper ;  tlie  5  lobes  somewhat  similar :  capsule  somewhat  compressed,  short- 
oval  or  ovate,  very  obtuse,  the  anterior  and  posterior  edges  acute  :  seeds  obovate, 
obUque. — Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  iv.  222,  June,  1849.  Eunanus  Coulteri,  Gray  ex  Benth. 
PL  Hartw.  329,  Aug.,  1849. 

Var.  angustatus,  Gray.  Leaves  small  and  narrow :  tube  of  corolla  (2  inches 
long)  very  slender.  —  Eunanus  Coulteri,  var.  angustatus.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
vii.  38L 


564  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Mimulus. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento  to  Plumas  and  Mendocino  counties.  The  slender  var.  in  Long  Valley, 
Plumas  Co.,  Bolmider.  Much  like  the  preceding,  except  in  the  points  noted.  Tube  of  the 
corolla  from  1  to  2  inches  long  ;  the  limb  oblique,  but  the  roundish  lobes  of  the  two  lips  nearly 
equal,  "  pink  with  a  deep  crimson  spot  upon  the  base  of  each  lobe,  and  a  bright  yellow  stain  along 
the  lower  lip"  (Lindley  ;  hence  the  name).  Stigma  of  two  broad  and  rounded  and  mostly  equal 
lips,  which  are  imited  so  as  to  form  when  expanded  a  saucer-shaped  disk.  Capsule  almost  bony, 
only  2  or  3  lines  long,  and  about  2  lines  wide,  furnished  with  a  groove  at  the  septiferous  suture 
on  the  sides.  Seeds  double  the  size  of  those  of  M.  Douglasii.  —  it  is  well  that  Lindley's  appro- 
priate name  is  the  earlier ;  as  there  was  a  mistake  in  supposing  this  species  to  have  been  in  Coul- 
ter's collection. 

§  2.  Corolla  from  tuhular-funnelform  to  nearly  campanulate ;  its  lobes  about  equal 
in  length :  calyx  campanulate  or  barely  oblong,  angled  in  the  manner  of 
Mimulus  proper  :  style  glandular-pubescent  above  :  stigma  a  peltate-funnelform 
and  entire  or  obscurely  2-lobed  dilated  disk :  capsule  between  membranaceous 
and  coriaceous ;  the  valves  in  dehiscence  bearing  the  placentae :  dwarf  or 
low  annuals,  viscid-pubescent  or  glandular.  —  Eunanus,  Gray.  {Eunanus, 
Benth.  in  part.)  Closely  connects  the  preceding  section  witli  true 
Mimulus. 

*  Small-  and  slender-flowered :  corolla  3  to  6  lines  long :  calyx-teeth  nearly  equal. 

3.  M.  leptaleus,  Gray.  At  length  much  branched,  1  to  3  inclies  high  :  leaves 
from  spatulate-oblong  to  lanceolate-linear  (half  an  inch  or  less  long)  :  teeth  of  the 
campanulate  calyx  ovate  or  triangular,  a  quarter  or  one  third  the  length  of  the  tube, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  oblong-ovate  obtuse  capsule  :  corolla  crimson-red,  slender, 
with  filiform  tube,  little  enlarged  throat,  and  oblique  limb  (1^-  to  3  lines  wide). — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  96. 

Sierra  Nevada,  in  gravelly  soil,  above  the  Yosemite,  at  about  6,000  feet  (3fiss  Dix,  Gray), 
and  Sierra  Co.,  Lemmon.     Capsule  2  lines  long. 

*  *  Large-flowered  for  the  size  of  the  plant  {an  inch  to  a  span  high)  :  corolla  7  to  11 
lines  long,  funnelform,  with  widely  spreading  limb  ;  the  proper  tube  not  much  if  at 
all  longer  than  the  calyx :  calyx  hardly  at  all  obliqiie,  the  teeth  almost  equal. 
(Species  seemingly  too  nearly  related.) 

4.  M.  Bigelovii,  Gray.  An  inch  to  a  span  high  :  leaves  oblong  and  the  tipper 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate  (about  2  lines  long  when 
well  developed),  half  tlie  length  of  the  broadly  campanulate  tube ;  the  lower  ones 
shorter :  corolla  with  cylindraceous  or  narrow  throat  and  ample  rotate-spreading 
limb  :  capsule  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  the 
valves  membranaceous.  —  Eunanus  Bigelovii,  Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  121. 

Gravelly  hills  and  ravines,  on  the  Mohave  and  Colorado  (Bigdow,  Cooper),  and  Tejon  {Xantus), 
to  "Western  Nevada  {Bloomer,  Torrey),  and  Southern  Utah,  Parry.  Corolla  crimson  or  purple, 
with  yellow  centre. 

5.  M.  nanus,  Hook.  &  Am.  From  an  inch  to  at  length  a  span  in  height : 
leaves  from  oblong  or  the  lowest  obovate  to  lanceolate  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  broadly 
lanceolate  or  triangular,  acute  (a  line  long,  fully  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  tube) : 
corolla  (either  deep  crimson-purple  or  yellow)  with  narrow  tube  rather  longer 
than  the  calyx,  and  a  gradually  dilated  funnelform  throat :  capsule  with  tapering 
apex  rather  exceeding  the  calyx;  valves  chartaceous. — Bot.  Beechey,  378  (var.  plu- 
riflorus).    Eunanus  Tolmioii,  Benth.  1.  c.    E.Fremonti,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  226. 

Var.  (1)  bicolor,  Gray:  a  doubtful  form,  with  throat  of  the  corolla  abruptly  much 
dilated  and  "  dark  purple,  the  limb  yellow."  —  Eunanus  bicolor.  Gray,  Pi'oc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  381. 

Hillsides  and  banks,  throughout  the  Sierra  Nevada,  extending  more  or  less  into  the  western 
part  of  the  State,  and  into  Nevada,  the  eastern  borders  of  Oregon,  and  to  Wyoming.  The  greater 
pai't  of  Hooker  and  Arnott's  description  of  M.  nanus  relates  to  var.  subuniflorus,  i.  e.  to  M. 
Douglasii.  The  var.  bicolor,  from  the  higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Fresno  Co.  (^Brewer), 
is  known  only  from  scanty  young  specimens,  and  may  be  quite  distinct. 


Mimulus.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  565 

6.  ]M.  Fremonti,  Gray.  Two  to  four  inches  high  :  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  or 
the  lowest  spatulate,  obtuse  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  (less  than  a  line  long)  ovate,  obtuse 
or  acutish,  less  than  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  tube,  surpassing  the  proper 
tube  of  the  crimson  corolla  :  throat  of  the  latter  gradually  dilated,  funnelform.  — 
Eunanus  Frem<*nti,  Benth.  1.  c. 

Southern  part  of  the  State,  Coulter,  Fremont  (his  specimens  probably  from  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley  or  fixrther  south),   Wallace,  &c. 

*  *  *  Ample-flowered:  calyx  with  manifestly  oblique  orifi.ce  and  unequal  teeth,  the 
upper  larger  ;  pi'oper  tube  of  the  corolla  short  and  included. 

7.  in.  Panyi,  Gray.  Less  than  a  span  high,  slightly  glandular  :  leaves  oblong 
or  oblanceolate,  entire  (half  an  inch  long)  :  teeth  of  the  campanulate  oblique  calyx 
acute ;  the  upper  and  larger  one  ovate ;  the  others  subulate  from  a  broad  base,  a 
third  or  a  fourth  the  length  of  the  campanulate  tube  :  corolla  yellow  or  sometimes 
pink,  funnelform,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  :  capsule  oblong-lanceolate,  not  longer 
than  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  97. 

Gravelly  hills,  near  St.  George,  Southern  Utah,  Parry  (No.  147).  Beginning  to  flower  at  the 
first  or  second  2)air  of  leaves. 

8.  M.  Torre3a,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  simple  or  loosely  branching, 
viscid-pubescent :  leaves  oblong  or  almost  lanceolate,  entire  (half  to  a  full  inch 
long) :  teeth  of  the  moderately  oblique  calyx  all  very  broad  and  obtuse,  the  upper 
and  larger  one  barely  a  line  long  :  corolla  funnelform,  from  half  to  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  long,  pink-purple  :  capsule  lanceolate-oblong,  chartaceous.  —  Eunanus  Fre- 
monti, Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  vi.  83,  not  of  Benth. 

Through  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  moist  grounds,  at  4, 000  feet  and  upwards,  from  Mariposa  Co. 
northwards  :  first  collected  by  Newberry  in  Plumas  Co.,  and  next  by  Torrey  and  others.  Calyx 
teeth  fully  as  broad  as  long.     Capsule  3  or  4  lines  long. 

9.  M.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  A  foot  or  less  high,  somewhat  simple,  viscid-pubes- 
cent :  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  sharply  denticulate  (one  or  two  inches  long),  the 
lower  exceeding  the  ilowers  :  teeth  of  the  very  oblique  calyx  lanceolate ;  the  upper 
and  longer  one  3  lines  long,  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  tube :  corolla  purple, 
about  an  inch  long,  with  short  wholly  included  tube  and  ample  throat :  capsule 
fusiform-subulate,  somewhat  coriaceous.  — ■  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  380.  M.  brevipes. 
Gray  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  120,  not  of  Benth.,  a  large  form. 

Foot-hills  and  lower  part  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Bridges,  Bolander  (at  Clark's),  Bigelow  (at 
Knight's  Ferry  on  the  Stanislaus).  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rather  short.  Stigma  sometimes  un- 
equally bilamellate  or  very  obli(i[uely  peltate. 

10.  M.  brevipes,  Benth.  A  foot  or  two  high,  viscid- pubescent :  stem  mostly 
simple :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  somewhat  oblong,  entire  or  sharply 
denticulate  with  salient  teeth  (from  1  to  4  inches  long)  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  very 
unequal,  acuminate,  the  upper  one  fully  half  the  length  of  the  broadly  campan- 
ulate tube  :  corolla  yellow,  with  very  short  included  tube,  campanulate-ventricose 
throat,  and  ample  rounded  lobes,  when  expanded  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter : 
capsule  ovate,  acuminate,  firm-coriaceous.  —  DC.  Prodr.  x.  369  ;  Gray,  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  116. 

Hillsides,  San  Diego  to  Santa  Barbara.  A  very  large-flowered  species,  quite  unlike  the  rest  of 
the  section,  but  connected  with  it  through  the  immediately  preceding  species. 

§  3.  Corolla  funnelform,  with  the  proper  tube  little  or  not  at  all  exceeding  the  long  and 
narrow  prismatic  calyx:  style  glandular:  stigma  almost  equally  2-lipped : 
placentce  meeting  but  not  cohering  in  the  axis,  in  dehiscence  borne  on  the  linear 
firm-corUiceous  valves :  shrubby  plants,  with  glutinous  exudation  and  thickish 
firm  leaves. — -Diplacus,  Gray.     {^Diplacus,  Nutt.) 

11.  M.  glutinosus,  Wendland.  Two  to  six  feet  high,  nearly  glabrous  or  mi- 
nutely pubescent :  leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  and  from  minutely 


566  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Mimulus. 

dentate  to  nearly  entire  (1  to  4  inches  long),  the  margins  inclined  to  be  revolute  : 
peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  either  a  little  or  much  shorter  than  the  narrow- 
prismatic  calyx  :  corolla  1|^  to  2  inches  long,  in  the  typical  form  bulf  or  salmon- 
color  ;  the  lobes  either  erose-toothed  or  emarginate,  -r-r  Jacq.  Hort.  Schoenb.  iii.  364. 
M.  aurantiacus,  Curt.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  354.  Diplacus  glutinosMH  &  latifolius,  Nutt.  in 
Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  i.  137.  D.  stellatus,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  18. 
A  common  and  very  polymorphous  species,  which  runs  into  the  following  principal 
but  indefinite  varieties. 

Var.  puniceus,  with  red  or  scarlet  flowers  on  mostly  slender  peduncles  :  lobes 
of  the  corolla  simply  obcordate  or  emarginate,  or  sometimes  irregularly  toothed  : 
calyx  glabrous.  —  Diplacus  puniceiis,  Nutt.  1.  c. ;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3655.  D. 
glutinosns,  var.  punicens,  Benth.  in  DC. 

Var.  linearis,  with  red-brown  or  salmon-colored  flowers  on  very  short  pedun- 
cles :  calyx  commonly  pubescent :  leaves  linear  and  with  nearly  entire  soon  revolute 
margins,  more  rigid.  —  M.  linearis,  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind.  27.  Biplacus  leptanthus, 
Nutt.  1.  c. 

Var.  brachypus,  with  salmon-colored  flowers  of  pretty  large  size  (fully  2  inches 
long),  on  very  short  peduncles  :  calyx  viscid-pubescent  or  villous  :  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so. — Diplacus  longiflorus,  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Dry  and  rocky  banks,  &c.,  common  from  San  Diego  to  San  Francisco  Bay  ;  common  and  very 
ornamental  in  cultivation,  especially  ."vS  a  green-house  plant :  flowering  almost  through  the  year. 
Even  in  the  wild  state  it  exliibits  a  great  diversity  of  colors  ;  but  it  seems  impossible  to  distin- 
guish the  forms  as  species.  The  last  variety  collected  by  Coulter  (No.  639),  near  Santa  Barbara 
by  Nuttall,  and  a  fonn  of  it,  connecting  with  ordinary  M.  glutinosus,  in  San  Luis  Obispo  Co., 
by  Brewer. 

§  4.  Corolla  toith  short  and  included  proper  tube :  calyx  tvith  plaited-carinate  salient 
angles,  5-toothed,  the  strong  nerve  traversing  the  teeth :  style  glabrous :  stigma 
2-lipped,  the  lips  ovate  or  roamdish  and  equal :  placentce  remaining  united  in 
the  axis  of  the  capstde,  or  dividing  m,erely  at  to])  {in  M.  ruhellus  sometimes 
completely)  ;  the  thin  and  often  membranaceous  valves  tardily  separating  from 
the  axis :  annual  or  perennial  herbs.  —  Mimulus  proper. 

*  Large-flowered :  corolla  1^  to  2  indies  long,  red  or  rose-color,  with  cylindrical  tube 
and  throat  longer  than  the  limb  :  calyx  oblong-prismatic  ;  the  short  teeth  nearly 
equal :  anthers  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous  in  the  same  species :  peduncles  elongated : 
seeds  toith  a  loose  dull  epidermis  wrinkled  lengthwise :  leaves  several-nerved  from  the 
base :  root  perennial. 

1 2.  M.  cardinalis,  Dougl.  Villous  with  viscid  hairs  :  leaves  ovate  and  the 
upper  often  connate,  the  lower  commonly  obovate-lanceolate,  all  erosely  dentate  : 
corolla  scarlet,  with  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx ;  the  limb  remarkably  oblique, 
the  upper  lip  nearly  erect  with  the  lobes  turned  back,  the  lower  reflexed  :  stamens 
projecting. — Lindl.  in  Hort.  Trans,  ii.  70,  t.  3;  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  358; 
Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3560. 

Common  along  water-courses  throughout  the  State  and  in  Oregon  ;  much  prized  in  cultivation. 
Capsule  oblong,  thin-chartaceous  when  dry  ;  the  valves  tardily  separating  from  the  placenta- 
bearing  axis. 

13.  M.  Levnsii,  Pursh.  More  slender  than  the  foregoing,  greener,  minutely 
somewhat  viscid-pubescent :  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  merely  denticu- 
late :  corolla  rose-red  or  paler  (the  throat  spotted  with  yellow) ;  its  tube  longer  than 
the  calyx ;  the  roundish  lobes  all  spreading :  stamens  included.  —  Pursh,  Fl.  ii. 
427,  t.'20.  M.  roseus,  Dougl.  in  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1591;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3353;  Brit. 
Fl.  Gard.  ser.  2,  t.  210. 

Shady  or  damp  places  and  along  streams,  throughout  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  in  tlie  northern 
part  of  the  State,  extending  through  Oregon  and  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Capsule  as  in  the 
preceding. 


Mimulus.  SCROPHULARIACE.E.  567 

*  *  Smaller-flowered  or  small-flowered,  hut  tlie  yellow  {sometimes  coppery  or  reddish) 
corolla  often  a  full  inch  or  more  long  in  M.  luteus :  seeds,  except  in  the  first  species, 
with  smooth  and  thin  polished  coat. 

-i-  Leafy-stemmed,  glabrous,  or  merely  pubescent  or  glandular. 

++  Calyx  oblique  at  the  orifice,  especially  in  fruit;  the  upper  tooth  largest:  leaves 
mostly  broad  and  thin,  at  least  the  lower  very  distinctlg  or  abruptly  petioled,  all 
3  —  several-nerved  at  base. 

14.  M.  luteus,  Linn.  Erect  or  diffuse,  from  a  fibrous  annual  root,  and  com- 
monly perennial  by  short  stolons,  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent ;  the  ordinary 
erect  form  a  foot  or  two  or  even  3  or  4  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate,  oval  or  roundish, 
sometimes  cordate,  several-nerved  from  base  and  near  it,  sharply  and  irregularly 
dentate,  or  the  lower  occasionally  lyrate-laciniate ;  the  upper  sessile ;  the  floral 
becoming  small  and  bract-like,  often  connate  :  peduncles  becoming  racemose,  equal- 
ling or  shorter  tlian  the  flower  :  calyx  becoming  ovate-inflated  in  fruit  and  the 
upper  tooth  conspicuously  largest :  corolla  from  1^  to  f  of  an  inch  long,  yellow, 
often  dotted  within  and  sometimes  blotched  with  brown-red  or  purple.  —  Bot.  Mag. 
t.  1501,  3363;  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  1030,  1796;  Andr.  Bot.  Eep.  t.  661.  M.  guttatus, 
DC. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  99.  M.  variegatus,  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1872.  M.  rivularis, 
Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  t.  1575  ;  ^utt.  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  47.  M.  lyratus,  Benth. 
Scroph.  Ind.  1.  c,  a  state  with  lower  leaves  lyrately  laciniate  at  base.  M.  Scouleri, 
Hook.  1.  c,  a  narrow-leaved  form.  M.  glabratus,  HBK.  (V)  M.  Roezli,  Kegel.  —  Runs 
through  numerous  and  very  various  forms.  The  following  are  dwarf  or  depauperate 
varieties. 

Var.  alpinus,  Gray.  A  span  or  less  high,  equably  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  half 
an  inch  to  an  iucli  long,  ovate  or  oval,  denticulate  or  some  of  them  entire  :  stems  1'  — 4- 
flowered :  corolla  proportionally  large  (an  inch  or  less  long).  —  Proc.  Acad.  Philad. 
1863,  71;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  224.  M.  Tilingii,  Kegel,  Gartenfl.  1869,  t. 
631,  —  the  same  plants  the  second  year  developing  into  the  ordinary  condition  of 
the  species,  and  figured  by  Regel,  1.  c.  1870,  290,  t.  665.  M.  cupreus,  Veitch,  in 
Gard.  Chron.  1864,  2;  Regel,  1.  c.  1864,  t.  422  (i/.  luteus,  var.  cuprea.  Hook.  f. 
Bot.  Mag.  t.  5478),  —  a  form  with  the  corolla  turning  orange  or  copper-red. 

Var.  depauperatUS,  Gray.  Slender,  mostly  smooth,  and  with  sharply-toothed 
or  laciniate  leaves  (from  a  fourth  to  half  an  inch  long),  slender  petioles,  and  filiform 
peduncles  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  small  flowers  :  corolla  only  a  third  or 
half  an  inch  long :  some  forms  much  approaching  M.  alsinoides ;  but  the  calyx  is 
that  of  M.  luteus,  except  in  size.  —  M.  microphyllus,  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  M.  tenel- 
lus,  I^utt.  herb.,  not  of  Bunge. 

Moist  or  wet  grounds,  very  common,  extending  north  to  the  Alaskan  Islands,  east  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  south  along  the  Andes  to  the  extremity  of  Chili.  The  var.  alpinus  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  &c.  Tlie  var.  dcjmuperatus  consists  of  reduced  forms,  flowering  as  tiny  or 
slender  annuals,  in  Oregon  and  California. 

M.  PENTATL'S,  Nutt.,  from  the  woods  of  Oregon,  if  a  variety  of  this  species  is  a  peculiar  one, 
growing  in  much  shade.  The  plant  so  named  in  the  Botany  of  Whipple  s  Expedition  (Pacif.  R. 
Rep.  iv.  64)  is  a  smaller-flowered  and  depauperate  form  of  if.  luteus. 


M.  ALSINOIDES,  Dougl.,  of  Oregon  and  British  Columbia,  resembles  the  last  Variety  of  3f.  ^iftots, 
but  is  known  by  the  narrower  calyx,  in  fruit  oblong  (3  or  4  lines  long),  and  the  teeth  very  short ; 
also  by  the  filiform  at  length  divaricate  peduncles,  of  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  and  nearly  all  of 
them  longer  than  the  ovate  or  roundish  leaves,  these  all  petioled.  The  largest  forms  are  a  foot 
high,  and  diffusely  much  branched,  with  naiTow  corolla  half  an  inch  long.  The  smallest  (var. 
minimus,  Benth.)  are  minute,  with  corolla  only  2  lines  long. 

15.  M.  laciniatus,  Gray.  Annual,  glabrous,  small  and  very  slender,  a  span  or 
less  in  height,  diffuse  :  cauline  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  mostly  laciniately  few- 
tootiied  or  lobed,  sometimes  hastate,  1 -nerved,  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long  and 
with  filiform  petiole  of  equal  or  greater  length  :  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the 


568  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Mimulus. 

leaf:  flowers  very  small :  calyx  short,  ovate  in  fruit,  the  upper  tooth  prominently 

largest :  corolla  yellow,  barely  2  lines  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  98. 

Mariposa  Co.,  on  the  south  fork  of  the  Merced,  at  Clark's  Ranch,  Gray.  A  peculiar  little 
species. 

++  ++  Calyx  not  oblique  or  scarcely  so,  the  teeth  all  equal :  erect  and  small  annuals. 
=  Leaves  all  distinctly  petioled. 

1 6.  M.  FulsifercG,  Gray.  Puberulent-glandular  throughout  and  viscid,  branched 
from  the  base,  barely  a  span  high  :  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  or  the 
radical  roundish,  sparingly  denticulate  or  entire,  3-nerved  at  the  acute  or  cuneate 
base,  about  half  an  inch  long  (on  petioles  of  2  to  4  lines),  about  the  length  of  the 
peduncles  :  calyx  with  very  short  ovate-triangular  teeth,  tlie  tube  oblong  in  fruit 
(3  or  4  lines  long) :  corolla  yeUow  (5  lines  long),  barely  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c. 

SieiTa  and  Indian  Valleys  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Bolander,  Mrs.  PuMfcr  Ames. 
=  =  Leaves  all  hut  the  lowest  sessile. 

17.  M.  inconspicuus,  Gray.  Glabrous  throughout,  2  inches  to  a  span  high, 
simple  or  branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  entire,  more  or  less 
3  -  5-nerved,  all  but  the  lowest  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base  (a  quarter  to  half  an 
inch  long),  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  peduncles  :  calyx  with  minute  teeth,  in 
fruit  oval  and  appearing  truncate  (4  or  5  lines  long) :  corolla  about  5  lines  long, 
yellow  or  rose-color.  —  Pacif  R  Eep.  iv.  120. 

Damp  hillsides,  from  Los  Angeles  to  the  Sacramento  River,  Bigclow,  Bridges,  Rattan.  An 
ambiguous  form  with  more  evident  calyx-teeth.  Contra  Costa  Mountains,  southwest  of  Monte 
Diablo,  Brewer. 

1 8.  ]V[.  bicolor,  Benth.  Viscid-pubescent,  from  2  inches  to  a  span  or  more 
high,  simple  or  branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  with 
tapering  base,  denticulate  or  toothed,  very  obscurely  3-nerved  at  base,  seldom  an 
inch  long ;  the  lower  tapering  into  somewhat  of  a  margined  petiole ;  the  upper 
shorter  than  the  peduncles  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  conspicuous,  triangular  (about  a  line 
long) ;  the  tube  oblong,  4  lines  long  in  fruit :  corolla  more  than  twice  tlie  length  of 
the  calyx ;  the  limb  comparatively  ample,  yellow,  or  the  lower  lip  usually  white. 
—  PI.  Hartw.  328.  3f.  Prattenii,  Durand  in  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  n.  ser.  ii.  98 
(1855). 

Moist  banks,  not  uncommon  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sien-a  Nevada,  and  through  the  central 
part  of  the  State.  Calyx  commonly  dotted  with  purple.  Corolla  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  long. 

19.  M.  rubellus,  Gray.  Viscid- puberulent  or  even  pubescent,  varying  to  glabrous 
"with  some  viscidity,  1  to  6  inches  high,  branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  from  spatu- 
late-oblong  to  linear,  narrowed  at  base,  entire  (rarely  with  one  or  two  denticulations, 
a  quarter  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long) ;  the  lowest  often  obovate  or  roundish,  and 
tapering  into  somewhat  of  a  petiole ;  the  nerves  obscure  and  the  texture  rather 
fleshy  :  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  flower :  calyx  oblong  (mostly  3  lines  long 
in  fruit) ;  the  teeth  short  and  usually  roundish  :  corolla  either  little  or  else  double 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  yellow,  red  or  crimson-purple.  —  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  116; 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  225.  M.  montioides,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  380,  in 
part. 

Var.  latifloms,  Watson,  1.  c,  A  low  and  large-flowered  form,  blossoming  almost 
from  the  ground,  nearly  glabrous  :  corolla  much  surpassing  the  calyx,  often  half  an 
inch  long,  with  narrow  exserted  tube  rather  abruptly  expanded  into  an  ample  limb, 
deep  yellow  with  purple  spots.  —  M.  montioides.  Gray,  1.  c,  mainly. 

Common  through  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  its  foot-hills,  and  through  the  dry  interior  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  New  Mexico.  The  variety  near  Carson,  and  in  the  high  southern  Sierras. 
A  polymorphous  little  species,  the  size  of  the  flower  varying  wonderfully.     There  is  also  a  form 


Mimulm.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  569 

with  calyx-teeth  as  long  in  proportion  as  those  of  M.  hicolor.  In  the  dehiscence  of  the  mem- 
hranaceous  capsule  tlie  placenta  sometimes  splits  into  two  portions  adnata  to  the  valves,  but  as 
commonly  is  barely  2-cleft  at  the  summit.     The  whole  plant  is  often  purplish. 

+-  -(-  Leafy-stemmed,  viscidly  villous  or  pilose :  leaves  all  petioled,  thin  and  hroad, 
toothed,  more  or  less  j^innately  veined :  corolla  yellow :  calyx  slightly  if  at  all 
oblique. 

20.  M.  floribundus,  Dougl.  Annual,  erect  or  with  numerous  ascending 
branches,  a  span  or  two  liigh,  flowering  from  the  base  :  leaves  ovate  (half  to  a  full 
inch  long),  the  lower  slightly  cordate  :  upper  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  : 
calyx  sliort-campanulate,  becoming  ovate  in  fruit  (barely  a  quarter  of  an  incli 
long) ;  the  teeth  short,  equal,  broadly  triangular  :  corolla  barely  half  an  inch  long  : 
capsule  globose-ovate,  obtuse.  —  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  11 25. 

Moist  ground,  throughout  the  Sierra  Nevada  region  {Bigelow,  Lemmon,  Eothrock) ;  thence  to 
Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

21.  M.  moschatUS,  Dougl.  Annual,  or  perennial  by  the  creeping  stems,  diffuse 
and  decumbent,  beset  with  very  soft  long  hairs,  strongly  musk-scented  :  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong,  short-petioled  (an  inch  or  two  long),  mostly  exceeding  the  peduncles  : 
calyx  short-prismatic,  oblong-cam panulate  in  fruit  (a  third  of  an  inch  long) ;  the 
teeth  somewhat  unequal,  rather  long,  acuminate  :  corolla  two  thirds  to  a  full  inch 
long  :  capsule  ovate,  acute.  — Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1118. 

Wet  and  muddy  gi'ound  ;  common  in  the  mountains,  especially  northward,  extending  to 
British  Columbia,  and  eastward  to  Utah.  The  Californian  specimens  of  this,  the  Musk-plant  of 
the  gardens,  incline  to  have  a  longer  corolla,  fully  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  and  twice  the 
size  of  that  of  the  plant  in  common  cultivation. 

-«--{--{-  Scapose. 

22.  M.  primuloides,  Benth.  Perennial  by  stolons,  dwarf :  leaves  sessile,  from 
broadly  obovate  to  linear-oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  3  -  5-nerved,  obtuse  (a  quarter 
to  a  full  inch  long),  all  crowded  in  a  radical  tuft  at  the  base  of  the  tiliform  (1  to  3 
inches  long)  scape,  or,  in  large  and  vigorous  plants,  in  several  approximate  pairs 
on  a  stem  which  is  as  long  as  the  one  or  two  peduncles  (1  to  4  inches) :  calyx 
narrow  (in  fruit  oblong  and  at  most  3  lines  long),  with  short  and  equal  teeth,  less 
than  half  the  length  of  the  funnelform  golden  yellow  corolla.  —  Regel,  Gartenfl. 
1872,  t.  739. 

Wet  meadows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mount  Whitney  northward  to  Oregon,  and  in 
Nevada  ;  only  at  considerable  elevations.  Leaves  at  Krst  villous  with  long  and  soft  jointed 
hairs  :  petluncles  and  calyx  glabrous.     Corolla  vaiying  from  3  to  8  lines  in  length. 

§  5.  Corolla,  <kc.,  of  Mimulus  proper :  calyx  short  and  5-cleft,  not  prismatic  nor  with 
carinate  angles  or  lobes  :  capside  and  divided  placentce  as  of  the  sectio7i 
Ennanus :  low  annual.  —  Mimuloides,  Benth.  under  Herpestis. 

23.  M.  pilosus,  Watson.  Annual,  a  span  or  more  high,  much  branched  from 
the  base,  leafy,  villous  throughout  with  long  and  soft  white  and  somewhat  viscid 
hairs,  flowering  from  almost  all  the  axils  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  almost  oblong,  entire, 
sessile,  the  later  ones  about  the  length  of  the  peduncles  :  calyx  oblique,  the  upper 
tooth  longest  and  about  the  length  of  the  tube,  all  oblong  or  ovate  :  corolla  yellow, 
3  or  4  lines  long,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  lips  short  and  with  equal  lobes,  a 
pair  of  brown-purple  spots  on  the  lower  :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  acute.  —  Bot.  King 
Exp.  22.5.  Herpestis  (Mimtdoides)  pilosa,  Benth.  in  Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  ii.  57,  & 
DC.  1.  c.  394.     Minndus  exilis,  Durand,  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  12,  t.  12. 

Gravelly  banks  of  streams  ;  veiy  common,  extending  into  the  borders  of  Nevada.  Lobes  of 
the  calyx  plane  and  nearly  nerveless ;  the  tube  without  ribs,  a  slight  inflexion  corresponding 
with  the  sinuses.  The  anther-cells  are  oblong,  not  "lineai-."  The  stigma  is  bilameUate,  as  in 
the  genus,  not  "entire." 


570  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Stemodia. 

10.  STEMODIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted ;  the  divisions  narrow  and  nearly  equal.  Corolla  short ; 
the  upper  lip  2-lobed ;  the  lower  3-parted.  Stamens  ^4,  included:  cells  of  the  an- 
thers separated  and  even  short-stalked.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  short,  septicidal 
and  the  valves  at  length  2-parted  :  the  placenta  left  in  the  axis.     Seeds  numerous. 

—  Viscid-pubescent  herbs,  chiefly  tropical,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and 
solitary  flowers  in  their  axils ;  these  sometimes  becoming  spicate  or  racemose  at  the 
summit  of  the  stems  :  a  pair  of  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

1.  S.  dlirantifolia,  Swartz.  Erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high:  leaves  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  mostly  narrowed  below  and  then  with  a  dilated  partly  clasping 
base  :  flowers  sessile  :  corolla  purplish,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long.  —  S.  verticillaris, 
Link;  Reichenb.  Ic.  Exot.  ii.  t.  149. 

Wet  grounds  :  southern  borders  of  the  State,  Coulter,  Palmer.     Extends  to  S.  America. 

11.   GRATIOLA,  Linn.        Hedge-Hyssop. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  divisions  narrow  and  hardly  unequal.     Corolla  with  upper 

lip  entire  or  2-lobed ;  lower  one  3-cleft.     Stamens  included,  only  2  fertile ;  their 

anthers  with  2  transverse  cells  on  a  broad  connective ;  the  anterior  pair  reduced  to 

simple  sterile  filaments  or  wanting.     Style  commonly  bent  at  the  tip  :  stigma  of  2 

flat  lobes  or  lips.     Capsule  many-seeded,  4-valved,  leaving  the  thick  placenta  in  the 

axis.  —  Low  and  branching  herbs ;  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  small  solitary 

flowers  on  simple  naked  peduncles  in  their  axils,  with  or  without  a  pair  of  bractlets 

under  the  calyx  :  flowering  in  summer ;  the  corolla  in  ours  whitish  and  yellowish. 

A  genus  of  about  20  species,  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  mainly  in  temperate  climates, 
inhabiting  wet  places. 

1.  G-.  Virginiana,  Linn.  Minutely  viscid-puberulent,  a  span  high,  diff'use  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  serrate,  mostly  narrower  below  :  peduncles  equalling  or 
surpassing  the  leaves  :  a  pair  of  conspicuous  bractlets  at  the  base  of  tlie  calyx  : 
corolla  (4  lines  long)  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  capsule  ovate. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada,  Plumas  Co.,  &c.  {Lemmoii) ;  thence  through  Oregon  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  Gr.  ebracteata,  Benth.  Lower  and  more  erect,  glabrous,  obscurely  viscid  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  oftener  entire :  no  bractlets  to  the  calyx,  which  about  equals 
the  small  corolla  :  calyx  globose. — DC.  Prodr.  x.  595. 

Northern  part  of  the  State  (Ukiah,  Bolander),  and  in  Oregon.     Root  annual. 

12.  ILYSANTHES,  Raf. 
Calyx  5-parted ;  the  divisions  narrow  and  nearly  equal.  Corolla  with  a  short  and 
erect  2-lobed  upper  lip  ;  the  larger  lower  one  3-cleft  and  spreading.  Stamens  only 
2  fertile,  included,  with  2-celled  anthers ;  the  anterior  pair  sterile,  inserted  high  u]) 
on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  consisting  each  of  an  unequally  2-lobed  filament ;  the 
shorter  lobe  smooth  and  tooth-like,  the  longer  one  glandular.  Style  straight :  stigma 
of  two  small  flat  lobes  or  lips.  Capsule  small,  many-seeded,  2-valved  ;  the  edges  of 
the  valves  separating  from  the  partition,  which  is  left  with  tlie  undivided  placenta. 

—  Small  and  low  annuals,  glabrous ;  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  solitary 
1 -flowered  filiform  and  naked  peduncles  in  their  axils,  the  upper  becoming  racemose 
by  the  reduction  of  the  subtending  leaves  to  bracts.     Flowering  all  summer. 

A  genus  of  several  species,  distributed  over  the  world  in  the  manner  of  Gratiola. 


Synthyris.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  571 

1.  I.  gratioloides,  Benth.  Diffusely  branching,  about  a  span  high  :  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed  or  entire  :  peduncles  mostly  twice  the  length  of 
the  leaves,  divergent  in  fnut :  corolla  violet  or  purple,  3  or  4  lines  long.  —  Capraria 
gratioloides,  Linn. 

Wet  places,  in  tlie  Sierra  Nevada  {Lemmon)  :  thence  to  Oregon  and  through  the  Atlantic 
States  :  also  in  S.  America.     Occurs  on  the  coast  of  France,  but  probably  a  casual  introduction. 

13.  LIMOSELLA,  Lmn.        Mudwort. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  between  rotate  and  campanulate,  5 -cleft, 
nearly  regular.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal :  anthers  confluently  1-celled.  Style  short, 
club-shaped  :  stigma  thickish.  Capsule  globose,  many-seeded,  2-valved ;  the  edges 
of  the  valves  separating  from  the  delicate  or  evanescent  partition :  the  thick  placenta 
left  in  the  axis.  —  Diminutive  and  glabrous  annuals,  rooting  and  creeping  in  mud, 
especially  when  saline;  with  narrow  entire  fleshy  leaves,  in  clusters  around  the 
simple  1 -flowered  peduncles  or  scapes,  and  at  the  end  of  the  runners,  or  when  scat- 
tered alternate.     Flowers  small :  corolla  white  or  purpUsh. 

1.  L.  aquatica,  Linn.  An  inch  to  a  span  high  :  petioles  longer  and  in  water 
much  longer  than  the  linear  or  spatulate-oblong  or  oval  blade,  and  longer  than  the 
peduncles. 

Along  the  sea-shore,  also  in  and  beyond  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  brackish  mud  or  sand,  or  in 
apparently  fresh  water  ;  thence  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Common  in  the  Old  World.  In 
our  broadest-leaved  form  (Sierra  Valley,  Lcmmon),  the  blade  is  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long  and 
one  third  wide,  in  the  narrower  and  smaller  less  than  a  line  wide.  L.  tejiuifolia,  Nutt.,  which 
takes  its  place  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  has  fleshy  petioles  with 
no  distinct  blade. 

14.  SYNTHYBIS,  Benth. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  with  4  slightly  spreading  more  or  less 
unequal  lobes,  or  sometimes  divided  irregularly,  sometimes  wholly  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 2,  inserted  on  the  upper  side  of  the  throat  (rarely  a  lower  pair  inserted  near 
the  base  of  the  corolla  on  the  lower  side) :  anthers  2-celled ;  the  cells  parallel  and 
distinct.  Style  slender :  stigma  small,  undivided.  Capsule  flattened,  obtuse  or 
emarginate,  loculicidal;  the  valves  cohering  below  by  the  partition  to  the  central 
many-seeded  placenta.  —  Perennial  herbs  (all  North  American,  and  chiefly  west- 
ern), with  alternate  and  crenate  leaves,  the  radical  roundish  or  cordate,  and  a  spike 
or  raceme  of  small  purplish  or  greenish  flowers,  terminating  a  leafy  stem  or  a  naked 
scape. 

1.  S.  renifonuis,  Benth.  Slightly  hairy  or  glabrous  :  leaves  all  radical,  round- 
reniform,  thin  :  scape  when  in  blossom  hardly  surpassing  the  leaves  (3  to  8  inches 
high),  bearing  a  short  and  loose  raceme  of  several  flowers:  corolla  "blue,"  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  DC.  Prodr.  x.  454.  Wulfenia  reniformis,  Benth. 
Scroph.  Ind.;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  t.  171. 

Var.  cordata :  a  form  with  rather  coriaceous  and  smaller  leaves ;  the  blade  an 

inch  long  and  ovate-cordate  :  probably  growing  in  a  more  exposed  situation. 

The  species  occurs  in  the  woods  of  Oregon.  This  variety,  on  gravelly  hillsides,  Red  Mountain, 
Mendocino  Co.,  Kellogg. 

S.  RUBRA,  Benth.  1.  c.  {Gijmnmidra  rubra.  Hook.  1.  c.  103,  t.  172),  belongs  to  Oregon,  but 
may  inhabit  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  It  is  stouter  and  coarser,  pubescent  when  young, 
has  ovate  or  oblong  thickish  leaves,  those  of  the  flowering  stem  several  and  sessile,  the  flowers  in 
a  dense  spike  and  destitute  of  corolla.     The  other  species  are  more  eastern. 


572  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Veronica. 

15.   VERONICA,  Linn.        Speedwell,  BrooklIxME. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  4-parted ;  the  lower  lobe  and  sometimes  the 
lateral  ones  narrower  than  the  others.  Stamens  2,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the 
corolla,  one  each  side  of  its  upper  lobe,  exserted  :  cells  of  the  anther  confluent  at 
the  apex.  Style  tipped  with  a  somewhat  capitate  stigma.  Capsule  compressed, 
few-  many-seeded ;  the  dehiscence  generally  loculicidal.  —  Leaves  opposite  or  some- 
times in  whorls,  or  in  one  species  mostly  alternate.  Flowers  small,  in  racemes  or 
spikes,  or  sometimes  solitary  in  the  axils,  blue,  purplish,  or  white. 

A  genus  of  about  150  species,  distributed  ahiiost  throughout  the  world,  mainly  in  temperate 
and  frigid  regions,  not  largely  represented  in  North  America,  and  scanty  in  California.  In  high 
latitudes  of  the  southern  hemisphere  several  are  shi-uVjs  or  trees  :  one  or  two  of  these  are  in  orna- 
mental cultivation. 

*  Low  perennials,  with  opposite  leaves. 
+-  Racemes  axillary :  plants  glabrous,  decumbent  or  ascending,  rooting  at  base. 

1.  V.  Americana,  Schweinitz.  Stems  a  span  to  2  feet  long :  leaves  ovate  or 
mostly  oblong,  serrate,  rather  succulent,  short-petioled,  the  base  slightly  cordate  or 
truncate  :  racemes  opposite,  slender-peduncled,  many-flowered  :  pedicels  slender, 
diverging  :  corolla  bluish  with  purple  stripes  :  capsule  turgid,  many-seeded. 

In  brooks  and  ditches,  not  uncommon  :  extending  north  to  Alaska  and  east  to  the  Atlantic. 
Formerly  confounded  with  the  V.  Bcccabunga  of  Europe. 

V.  Anagallis,  Linn.,  like  the  preceding  but  with  sessile  and  mostly  clasping  acute  leaves, 
occurs  both  north  and  east  of  California. 

V.  scutellata,  Linn.,  growing  in  cold  swamps  northward,  is  also  in  Oregon.  It  is  well 
marked  by  its  linear  sessile  leaves,  loose  racemes  from  alternate  axils,  filifonn  divaricate  pedicels, 
and  very  flat  few-seeded  deeply  notched  capsules. 

-t-  -i-  Baceme  terminal,  leafy  below :  pedicels  short,  erect:  capsule  flat,  several-seeded. 

2.  V.  alpina,  Linn.  Pubescent,  or  becoming  glabrous  below :  simple  stems 
erect  from  a  somewhat  creeping  base,  a  si)an  or  more  high  :  leaves  oval,  oblong,  or 
the  lowest  roundish,  somewhat  toothed  or  entire,  sessile  :  raceme  spike-like,  few- 
flowered  :  corolla  blue:  capsule  obovate  or  oblong,  slightly  notched. — The  Green- 
land and  American  form,  var.  Wormskioldii,  Hook.  Eot.  Mag.  t.  2795.  V.  Wo7'ms- 
kioldii,  Eoemer  &  Schultes. 

High  portions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  at  8,500  to  10,000  feet  {Breioer,  Bolander):  also  in  the 
alpine  region  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  of  the  White  Mountains  in  New  Hampshire,  and  through 
the  arctic  regions. 

3.  V.  serpyllifolia,  Linn.  Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrous,  brandling  and 
creeping  at  base,  leafy  :  flowering  shoots  about  a  span  high  :  leaves  round-ovate  or 
oblong,  obscurely  crenate,  thickish,  barely  half  an  inch  long ;  the  lower  short- 
petioled  ;  the  upper  gradually  diminished  into  lanceolate  or  oblong  bracts  :  raceme 
strict :  corolla  whitish  or  bluish  with  deeper  stripes  :  capsule  strongly  notched, 
broader  than  long. 

Not  yet  received  from  the  State,  but  doubtless  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  as  it  occurs  northward 
and  eastward,  extending  througli  the  cooler  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

*  *  Low  annual :  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate. 

4.  V.  peregrina,  Linn.  Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrous,  a  span  or  more  high, 
erect,  branching  :  leaves  ratlier  succulent,  mostly  linear-oblong,  obtuse  ;  tlie  lower 
common]}'  toothed  ;  the  upper  entire  and  narrower,  gradually  diminishing,  but  all 
longer  than  the  very  short-pedicelled  flowers  in  their  axils  :  corolla  inconspicuous  : 
capsule  rounded-obcordate,  many-seeded. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  es]iecially  near  habitations,  everywhere  appearing  like  an  intro- 
duced weed,  but  doubtless  of  American  origin. 


4| 
Castmeia.  SCROPHULARIACEiE.  573 

16.  CASTILLEIA,  Linn.  f.        Painted-Cup. 

Calyx  tubular,  more  or  less  cleft  either  in  front  or  behind,  or  both ;  the  lobes  2 
and  lateral,  or  4.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  laterally  compressed,  especially  the 
long  and  conduplicate  or  carinate-concave  upper  lip  (galea) ;  the  lower  lip  short  or 
minute,  always  small  in  comparison  with  the  upper,  3-toothed,  3-carinate  or  some- 
what saccate  below  the  short  teeth ;  the  tube  usually  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 
Stamens  4,  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  2-celled ;  the  cells  oblong  or  almost 
linear,  unequal,  the  outer  one  fixed  by  its  middle,  the  inner  one  smaller  and  pendu- 
lous. Style  long  :  stigma  capitate,  sometimes  2-lobed.  Capsule  loculicidally  2- 
valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  placenta  on  their  middle.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a 
loose  and  cellular  favose  coat. — Herbs,  disposed  to  turn  blackish  in  drying,  perennials 
and  sometimes  a  little  woody  at  base,  or  a  few  annual ;  most  of  the  leaves  alternate, 
all  sessile,  the  floral  ones  or  their  tips,  as  well  as  the  calyx-lobes,  commonly  petaloid- 
colored  (red,  sometimes  whitish  or  yellowish).  Flowers  in  terminal  and  simple 
spikes,  without  bractlets.  —  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xxxiv.  335  ;  Watson,  Bot. 
King  Exp.  456. 

A  genus  of  30  or  more  species,  all  American,  except  one  in  Northern  Asia,  the  greater  part 
North  American  west  of  the  Mississippi  and  in  the  Andes.  The  brightly  colored  floral  leaves  or 
bracts  of  most  of  them  are  more  showy  than  the  flowers,  the  corolla  being  commonly  yellowish  or 
greenish. 

§  1.  Annual:  leaves  all  entire  and  linear-lanceolate;  or  the  upper  floral  sometimes  a 
little  dilated  and  incised :  calyx  narrow,  as  deeply  cleft  behind  as  before  and 
visually  more  so  :  all  the  lower  Jiowers  pedicelled. 

1.  C.  affinis,  Hook.  &  Am.  Pubescent :  stem  strict  and  mostly  simple,  a  foot 
to  a  yard  high  :  flowers  scattered  or  the  upper  crowded  in  the  leafy  spike,  curving  : 
calyx  and  the  upper  bracts  tinged  with  red  :  corolla  an  inch  or  more  long,  yellowish, 
or  the  tip  reddish,  surpassing  the  calyx  ;  lower  lip  very  short  but  protuberant,  its 
callous  oblong  teeth  rather  shorter  than  the  keels  beneath  them,  the  upper  lip  almost 
as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  154. 

Moist  giounds  or  along  streams,  from  San  Diego  to  the  Sacramento.  The  plant  figured  under 
this  name  by  the  late  C.  A.  Aleyer,  in  the  Sertum  Petrop.  ii.,  is  apparently  a  common  large- 
flowered  fomi  of  C.  parvijlora,  i.  e.  C.  Douglasii,  Benth, 

2.  C.  minor,  Gray.  More  slender,  a  foot  or  two  high,  simple  or  paniculately 
branching,  the  pubescence  somewhat  viscid  :  flowers  at  length  scattered  in  a  virgate 
leafy  spike,  straight :  upper  bracts  red-tipped,  slender  :  corolla  little  exceeding  the 
green  calyx,  6  to  9  lines  long,  yellowish ;  its  lower  lip  extremely  short  and  not 
protuberant,  its  teeth  thin  and  rounded ;  the  upper  lip  rather  broad  and  not  half 
the  length  of  the  tube.  —  C.  affinis,  var.  minor,  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  119,  & 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c. 

Not  yet  found  within  the  limits  of  the  State,  but  near  by,  in  Nevada,  at  Carson  City  (Aiiderson) 
and  Truckee  Valley  ( IFatson)  ;  also  in  Arizona,  and  east  to  New  Mexico  and  Nebraska. 

§  2.  Perennial:    leaves  all  narrow:    calyx  narrow,  deeply    cleft    before,    ^-toothed 

behind;  the  teeth  suhulute. 

3.  C.  linariaefolia,  Benth.  Glabrous  below,  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent  at 
summit,  2  to  3  or  even  G  feet  high,  slender,  sometimes  paniculately  branched  above : 
leaves  not  broadened  at  base,  linear,  entire,  or  some  of  the  upper  and  floral  3-cleft  : 
spike  dense,  or  below  loose  :  flowers  soon  curved,  the  lower  short-pedicelled  :  corolla 
an  inch  or  two  long,  narrow,  scarlet  or  red,  as  are  also  the  calyx  and  the  lobes  of  the 
bracts ;  the  falcate  upper  lip  commonly  yellow  or  yellowish,  as  long  as  the  tube. 


574  SCROPHULARIACE^.  CastiUeia. 

wholly  exserted  ;  the  lower  lip  extremely  short,  callous  and  protuberant.  —  C.  can- 
dens,  Durand  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v.  12. 

Sides  of  rocky  hills,  near  Fort  Tejon  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  chiefly  in  the  eastern  ranges 
and  at  about  8, 000  feet ;  thence  along  the  mountains  to  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming. 

§  3,  Perennial:  calyx  deft  more  or  less  behind  as  well  as  before;  the  lobes  therefore 
right  and  left,  tivo  and  entire  or  notched,  or  else  2-parted,  making  4,  variable 
in  this  respect. 

*    White-woolly,  rather  shrubby  at  base. 

4.  C.  foliolosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.  A  foot  or  two  high,  clothed  with  a  matted  white 
wool  (consisting  of  intricately  branched  hairs),  which  becomes  loose  with  age  : 
leaves  rather  short  and  very  numerous,  being  often  in  fascicles  in  the  axils,  linear 
and  entire,  or  with  a  pair  of  linear  divaricate  lobes ;  the  upper  floral  cleft  and  their 
lobes  with  more  or  less  dilated  yellowish  or  red  tips :  the  2  calyx-lobes  broad,  retuse 
or  merely  notched,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  the  lower  lip  of  which  is  very 
small.  —  Bot.  Beechey,  154;  Gray  in  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  118. 

Hillsides,  Mendocino  Co.  to  San  Diego,  most  common  southward.  Seeds  elongated-oblong, 
somewhat  club-shaped. 

*  *  Pubescent  or  villous-hirsute  with  simple  hairs,  or  below  glabrous,  herbaceous. 

•i-  Leaves  short  and  small,  broad  and  obtuse. 

5.  C.  latifolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  diffusely  branched  from 
the  base,  the  copious  soft-hirsute  pubescence  viscid  :  leaves  from  round-obovate  to 
oval,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  sometimes  3  -  5-lobed,  especially  tlie  dilated 
floral  ones,  the  uppermost  red ;  the  2  calyx-lobes  broad  and  notched  or  2-lobed  at 
the  summit,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  the  lower  lip  of  which  is  very 
short,  callous,  and  the  teeth  inflexed. 

Along  and  near  the  coast,  Mendocino  Co.  to  Monterey.  Corolla  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long ;  the  narrow  upper  lip  rather  longer  than  the  tube. 

-t-  -t-  Leaves  or  their  lobes  from  lanceolate-oblong  to  narrowly  linear.      {The  species 

variable  and  diffictdt.) 

++  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  elongated,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  tube,  many  times 
longer  than  the  very  short  lower  lip :  floral  leaves  or  their  lobes  dilated  and  jjetaloid, 
scarlet  or  crimson,  rarely  yellowish  or  whitish :  calyx  mostly  tinged  with  the  same 
color :  corolla  yellowish  often  tinged  with  green,  sometimes  with  red. 

6.  C.  parviflora,  Bongard.  From  villous-pubescent  to  hirsute,  especially  above, 
a  span  or  two  to  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  laciniate-cleft  or  incised,  sometimes 
entire  :  corolla  an  inch  to  half  an  inch  in  length ;  the  lower  lip  not  callous-saccate 
and  protuberant. — Veg.  Sitcha,  157;  Gray  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  C.  Toluccensis, 
Cham.  &  Schlecht.  in  Linna^a  ii.  579  (1),  not  of  HBK.  C.  coccinea,  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
t.  1136,  not  of  Spreng.  C.  hispida,  Benth.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  105.  C.  Douglasii, 
Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  530.  Euchroma  angustifolia  &  E.  Bradburii,  Nutt.  in  Jour. 
Acad.  Philad.  vii.  46  ;  small  forms. 

Open  grounds,  from  the  mountains  behind  San  Diego  northward  throughout  the  State,  extend- 
ing to  Sitka,  and  through  the  mountains  to  Dakotah,  &;c.  The  earlier  name  is  the  least  appro- 
priate and  is  even  misleading :  the  flowers  when  well  developed  being  as  large  as  in  the  eastern 
C.  coccinea,  or  even  larger,  except  in  some  dwarfed  mountain  fomis.  Sac  below  the  teeth  of  the 
lower  lip  thin  and  little  projecting,  longer  than  deep,  3-carinate  ;  the  teeth  (at  first  involute  and 
always  small),  remarkably  vfiriable,  sometimes  lanceolate  and  acute  and  as  long  as  the  saccate 
portion,  or  the  middle  one  shorter  or  obsolete ;  sometimes  all  short  and  ovate  or  deltoid ;  occa- 
sionally all  three  truncate  and  extremely  short. 

7.  C.  miniata,  Dougl.  Glabrous  below,  more  or  less  pubescent  above,  commonly 
2  feet  high,  strict,  often  slender  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  almost  always 
entire ;  the  broader  floral  ones  or  bracts  of  the  close  spike  at  most  incised  or  3-cleft, 


Orthocarpus.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  675 

shorter  than  the  flowers :  corolla  more  than  an  inch  long,  narrow ;  the  linear-lan- 
ceolate upper  lip  conspicuously  long  and  exserted  ;  the  lower  very  protuberant,  as 
deep  as  long,  callous  and  mammseform,  with  the  ovate  short  teeth  involute.  — 
Hook.  Fl.  ii.   106.      C.  pallida,  var.  miniata,  Gray  in  Amer.  Jour.  Bci.  1.  c. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  other  mountainous  districts,  extending  northward  and  eastward 
through  the  same  range  as  the  preceding. 

++  ++  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  considerably  shorter  than  the  tube,  barely  twice  or  thrice 
the  length  of  the  comparatively  conspicuous  loiver  lip, 

8.  C.  pallida,  Kunth.  A  foot  or  so  high,  above  commonly  villous  with  long 
and  weak  cobwebby  hairs,  especially  the  dense  leafy-bracted  spike  :  leaves  all  or 
mainly  entire,  membranaceous  ;  the  lower  linear ;  the  upper  from  narrowly  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  the  floral  or  bracts  often  sparingly  laciniate  or  cleft,  colored  usually  with 
white  or  yellowish,  equalling  the  flowers  (these  commonly  an  inch  long)  :  lower 
lip  of  the  corolla  only  one  third  or  half  shorter  than  the  upper.  —  C.  Sibirica, 
Lindl.     Bartsia  pallida,  Linn.     This  is  Siberian  and  Arctic  N.  W.  American. 

Var.  septentrionalis.  Commonly  less  pubescent,  often  almost  glabrous,  a  span 
to  two  feet  high  :  bracts  not  rarely  tinged  Avith  purple  :  corolla  two  thirds  to  three 
fourths  of  an  inch  Ion" ;  its  lower  lip  less  large,  from  one  third  to  half  the  length 
of  the  upper.  —  C.  sejMentrionalis,  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  t.  925  (1825).  C.  acuminata, 
Spreng.  Syst.  ii.  775  (1825,  Bartsia  acuminata,  Pursh,  unless  this  be  C.  miniata,  a 
slender  pale  form  of  which  comes  from  Sitka,  &c.). 

Var.  OCCidentalis.  Barely  a  span  high,  tufted  :  leaves  rather  rigid,  narrow; 
the  upper  cauline  as  well  as  the  sparingly  colored  (pale)  bracts  often  3-cleft :  corolla 
a  third  to  half  an  inch  long ;  its  lower  lip  about  half  the  length  of  the  upper.  C. 
OCCidentalis,  Torr.  in  Ann.  Lye.  K.  Y.  ii.  230. 

Even  the  var.  septentrionalis,  which  abounds  on  the  higher  mountains  north  and  east  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  extends  across  the  continent  high  northward  to  Labrador,  has  not  been  met  with 
in  the  State.  Var.  occidentalis  (belonging  to  the  higher  alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains), 
on  the  higher  parts  of  the  SieiTa  Nevada,  from  Tulare  Co.  to  Sieri-a  Co.,  Brewer,  Bolander, 
Lemmon. 

17.  ORTHOCARPUS,  Nutt. 

Calyx  short-tubular  or  oblong-campanulate,  4-cleft,  or  sometimes  cleft  before  and 
behind,  and  the  two  lateral  divisions  2-cleft  or  parted.  Corolla  tubular ;  the  upper 
lip  (galea)  little  or  not  at  all  longer  than  the  lower,  like  that  of  Castilleia  but 
shorter,  small  in  comparison  with  the  inflated  1  -  3-saccate  lower  one.  Stamens  as 
in  Castilleia,  or  the  lower  and  smaller  anther-cell  sometimes  wanting.  Style,  cap- 
sule, &c.,  similar.  —  Low  annuals,  with  two  exceptions  (of  the  Californian  region 
and  one  South  American),  more  or  less  resembling  Castilleia  in  foliage  and  inflores- 
cence, very  nearly  related  to  it  through  the  first  of  the  following  species,  although 
the  later  ones  are  conspicuously  different. 

§  1.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  simply  or  someivhat  triply  saccate,  and  hearing  3 
conspicuous  mostly  erect  teeth  or  lobes ;  tlie  upper  lip  broadish  or  narrow  : 
stigma  capitate :  anthers  all  2-celled :  seed-coat  very  loose,  cellularfavose  and 
arilliform :  bracts  vMh  more  or  less  of  colored  tips.  —  Castilleioides, 
Gray. 

Closely  connects  with  Castilleia,  through  C.  breviflora,  the  perennial  species  truly  ambiguous 
between  the  two  genera,  but  retained  here  on  account  of  the  size  of  the  lower  lip,  which  nearly 
equals  the  short  upper  one.  In  extending  Bentham's  section  Oncorrhynchus  (so  called  because  it 
includes  Lehmann's  genus  Oncorrhynchus),  the  sectional  name  is  changed  on  account  of  its  inap- 
propriateness  :  for  the  galea  is  not  hooked  in  the  original  South  American  species,  nor  in  any 
other,  except  in  the  anomalous  0.  purpurascens. 


576  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Orthocarpus. 

*  Root  perennial ! :  lips  of  the  short  and  yellowish  corolla  somewhat  equal,  the  upper 
being  broaclish  and  blunt  {straight)  and  the  lower  rather  obscurely  saccate :  fda- 
ments  glabrous. 

1.  O.  pilosus,  Watson,  A  span  or  two  liigh,  niany.stemmed  from  the  firm  root, 
either  soi't-villous  or  hirsute,  very  leafy  :  leaves  rather  rigid,  at  least  when  old ;  the 
lowest  linear  and  entire;  the  others  3-5-parted  into  narrowly  linear  diverging  lohes; 
the  lower  floral  similar,  the  upper  ones  with  more  or  less  dilated  and  sparingly 
colored  (white  or  yellowish)  tips  :  spike  dense,  rather  short  :  calyx  somewhat 
equally  4-cleft  into  narrow  linear  lobes  which  nearly  equal  the  corolla,  or  these 
united  at  base  in  pairs  :  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  at  first  equalling,  at  length  a  little 
shorter  than  the  upper ;  its  lobes  ovate,  shorter  than  the  slightly  saccate  portion 
beneath.  —  0.  pallescens,  Gray  in  Am,  Jour,  Sci.  xxxiv.  339,  &  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  384,  except  as  to  I^uttall's  plant,  0.  pallescens  (the  more  rigid  form)  &  0. 
pilosus  (the  softer  villous  form),  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp,  231,  459. 

Higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Tulare  Co.  to  Sierra  Co.,  and  on  Mount  Shasta,  at 
5,000  to  9,000  feet  {Brewer,  Torrey,  Kellogg,  Lemmon,  &c.);  and  in  the  interior  of  Oregon  and 
Idaho.  Corolla  6  to  8  lines  long  ;  the  lips  only  2  lines  long  ;  lower  with  the  slightly  ventrieose 
portion  rather  longer  than  the  lobes,  obscurely  callous  below  the  base  of  these,  within  more  or 
less  plaited-trisaccate.     Stigma  large,  strongly  capitate. 

0,  PALLESCENS,  Gray,  1.  c,  as  to  Nuttall's  Euchroma  pallcsceiis  only  (and  which  may  best 
retain  the  name,  since  one  is  provided  for  the  si^cies  confounded  with  it),  proves  to  be  identical 
with  0.  Parryi,  Gray  in  Amer.  Nat.  viii.  214,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Western  Wyoming. 
It  is  distinguished  by  a  minute  and  somewhat  hoary  pubescence  (even  the  inflorescence  destitute 
of  villous  or  hirsute  hairs),  less  leafy  stems,  looser  spike,  and  the  pair  of  calyx-lobes  broader  and 
iinited  high  up,  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  rather  more  ventrieose,  and  the  floral  leaves  or  bracts 
nearly  if  not  absolutely  without  colored  tips. 

*  *  Root  annual,  as  in  all  the  follotoing  species. 

+-  Filaments  glabrous  :  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  straight  or  nearly  so,  naked,  narrow, 
lanceolate-triangular  or  broadly  subulate;  the  lower  moderately  ventrieose,  and 
within  somewhat  plaited-trisaccate  for  its  ivhole  length;  its  teeth  or  lobes  erect  and 
cousjncuous,  oblong-linear :  capsule  oblong  or  oval. 

2.  O.  attenuatus,  Gray.  Slender,  strict,  a  span  or  two  high,  mostly  simple, 
above  hirsute-pubescent :  leaves  linear-attenuate  with  a  few  setaceous  lobes,  or  the 
lower  entire  :  spike  virgate,  loosely-flowered  below,  in  small  specimens  with  few 
and  rather  scattered  flowers :  bracts  with  their  slender  divisions  barely  white-tipped : 
corolla  narrow  throughout,  only  half  an  inch  long,  white  or  whitish,  with  one  or 
two  purple  spots  on  the  lower  lip,  the  narrow  teeth  of  which  nearly  equal  the 
upper. — Pacif  E.  Pep.  iv,  121, 

Borders  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  &c.  Also  Oregon  {E.  Hall)  to  Puget  Sound,  Lyall.  Resembles 
a  slender  form  of  0.  hispidus,  but  in  character  more  like  a  depauperate  0.  densiflorus,  into  which 
it  may  pass. 

3.  O.  densiflorus,  Benth.  Erect  or  diff'usely  branched  from  the  base,  a  span 
to  a  foot  high,  above  soft-pubescent :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  and  gradually 
attenuate,  with  a  few  slender  lobes,  or  the  lower  entire :  spike  dense,  many-flowered, 
at  length  cylindrical,  or  the  lower  flowers  somewhat  scattered  :  bracts  3-cleft,  about 
equalling  the  flowers ;  the  linear  lobes  with  purplish  and  white  tips  :  corolla  from 
two  thirds  to  near  an  inch  long,  purple  and  white  (the  lips  or  their  tips  usually 
purple),  the  teeth  of  the  moderately  dilated  lower  lip  shorter  than  the  upper.  — 
Scroph.  Ind,  &  in  DC,  Prodr.  x.  536, 

Low  giounds  along  the  coast,  from  San  Luis  Obispo  to  Sonoma  Co.  The  stem  is  commonly 
erect,  rather  than  "diffuse"  ;  and  the  var.  lati/oliics,  Benth.,  with  few  or  no  lobes  to  the  cauline 
leaves,  is  the  commoner  form.  Seeds  small,  short-oval,  the  mature  nucleus  very  loose  in  the 
cellular  coat. 

4.  O.  castilleioides,  Benth,      At  length  diff'usely  much  branched,  a  span  or 


Orthocarpus.  SCROPHULARIACE^.  577 

two  high,  somewhat  pubescent  or  in  the  mostly  dense  short  spikes  sometimes  vil- 
lous-hirsute  :  leaves  from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong,  entire  or  laciniate-incised 
into  rather  short  and  blunt  lobes ;  the  upper  and  the  bracts  more  cuneate-dilated, 
equalling  the  flowers,  herbaceous,  the  blunt  tips  whitish  or  yellowish  :  corolla  near 
an  inch  long,  dull  white,  often  purplish-tipped ;  the  lower  lip  considerably  dilated. 

Pine  woods  and  low  grounds  near  the  sea-shore,  Monterey  to  Humbohlt  Co. ,  and  along  the 
coast  to  Washington  Territory.  Seeds  oblong,  twice  or  thrice  larger  than  those  of  the  jireceding, 
to  which  the  species  is  much  more  nearly  related  than  to  the  next. 

-{-  -t-  Filaments  pubescent :  upper  Up  of  the  corolla  long  and  almost  linear,  obtuse 
and  hool-ed  at  the  apex,  densely  red-bearded;  lower  lip  with  three  very  smaU  and 
soineivhat  didymous  little  sacs  at  its  broad  apex,  directly  under  and  not  larger  than 
the  short  and  rounded  recumbent  teeth  or  lobes :  stigma  very  large,  depressed-capi- 
tate :  capsule  ovate. 

5.  O.  purpiirascens,  Benth.  Erect,  at  length  diffusely  much  branched  at  the 
base,  ratlier  stout,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  hirsute  :  leaves  above  the  lanceolate  or 
linear  base  laciniately  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  or  filiform 
divisions  :  spike  dense  and  thick,  oblong,  at  length  cylindrical :  bracts  about  the 
length  of  the  flowers ;  their  laciniate-lobed  divisions  or  their  tips  and  those  of  the 
calyx-lobes  crimson-purple  and  rose-color :  coroUa  about  an  inch  long,  the  tube 
yellowish  or  whitish,  the  summit  crimson  or  red. 

Common  along  the  hills  and  mountains  of  the  coast,  from  Monterey  to  Humboldt  Co.,  so 
abundant  as  to  give  the  ground  a  purple  hue  for  miles  in  some  places  :  occasionally,  with  duller 
or  only  pallid  color,  in  salt  marshes.  The  reddish  soft  and  copious  beard  of  the  naiTow  and 
hooked  upper  lip,  which  marks  this  species,  is  composed  of  many-  and  close-jointed  hairs.  Seeds 
oval  ;  the  loose  aiillifonn  coat  deeply  favose. 

§  2.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  simply  saccate  or  nearly  so,  its  3  teeth  very  short  and 
inconspicuous  or  obsolete ;  the  upper  lip  moderately  smaller,  short,  ovate-tri- 
angidar ;  the  tube  hardly  if  at  all  surpassing  the  calyx :  stigma  small  and 
entire :  anthers  cdl  1-celled :  seeds  with  a  very  loose  costate-reticulated  coat : 
bracts  all  herbaceous.  — True  Orthocarpus.     (Orthocarpus,  Nutt.) 

C.  O.  luteus,  Nutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  with  strict  simple  or  virgately 
branched  stem,  minutely  pubescent  and  more  coarsely  hirsute:  flowers  leafy-spicate : 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  3-cleft ;  the  floral  ones  similar  or  often  broader : 
calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acute :  corolla  golden  yellow  (half  an  inch  long),  not  ex- 
ceeding the  floral  leaves  or  bracts  ;  the  lips  of  equal  length  and  not  very  different 
in  size.  —  0.  strictus,  Benth. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  t.  172. 

Dry  banks  and  plains,  along  the  northeastern  borders  of  the  State  (Carson  and  Lake  Washoe, 
Nevada,  Anderson,  Torrcy) ;  thence  northward  and  eastward  to  British  Columbia  and  to  the 
Upper  Mississippi. 

7.  O.  tenuifolius,  Benth.  A  span  or  more  high,  somewhat  hairy  or  glabrate  : 
flowers  in  a  dense  tliick  spike  :  leaves  or  at  least  the  upper  ones  hispid-ciliate  ;  the 
lower  linear  and  mostly  3  -  5-cleft,  with  the  divisions  linear-filiform ;  the  floral  or 
bracts  broadly  ovate,  incisely  2  -  3-cleft  or  toothed,  or  often  entire,  becoming  thin 
and  reticulated  in  age,  usually  imbricated  over  the  flowers  or  fruit :  calyx-teeth 
subulate  :  corolla  purplish ;  the  upper  lip  becoming  longer,  slightly  hooked  at 
the  tip.  —  Bartsia  tenuifolia,  Pursh.     0.  imbricatus,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  458. 

Dry  ridges,  Sierra  Nevada,  near  Summit  (E.  L.  Greene),  and  Lassen's  Peak  {Lemmmi) ;  thence 
to  British  Columbia  and  Montana.  Spikes  from  1  to  at  length  3  or  4  inches  long ;  the  broad 
imbricated  bracts  strikingly  and  abruptly  different  from  the  leaves  below.  The  Califomian 
specimens  are  of  the  smoother  form,  very  nearly  that  described  as  0.  imhricatus. 

8.  O.  bracteosus,  Benth.  In  foliage  and  aspect  resembling  the  preceding,  but 
the  bracts  deeply  3-cleft  and  with  triangular-lanceolate  lobes  (their  pubescence  rather 
hirsute),  shorter  than  the  bright  rose-purple  corolla  :  lower  lip  of  this  ampler  and 
more  saccate ;  the  upper  with  narrower  and  more  decidedly  hooked  tip. 


578  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Orthocarpus. 

Plumas  Co.,  Lemmon.  Thence  north  to  British  Columbia.  Corolla  over  half  an  inch  long, 
slightly  or  decidedly  pubescent. 

0.  ToLMiEi,  Hook.,  is  a  smoothish  and  loosely  branching  species  of  this  section,  with  attenu- 
ate and  mostly  entire  leaves,  flowers  in  short  and  at  length  loose  spikes,  and  smooth  yellow 
corolla  seldom  half  an  inch  long.     It  inhabits  Utah  and  the  interior  of  Oregon. 

0.  PUKPUREO-ALBUS,  Gray  (Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  458),  the  only  remaining  species  of  this 
section,  is  a  native  of  New  Mexico  and  Southern  Utah.  It  is  known  by  its  attenuated  and  uniform 
leaves,  slender  loose  spike,  and  especially  by  the  more  exserted  and  slender  tube  of  the  (purjile 
and  white)  corolla,  the  galea  also  rather  narrower  ;  so  that  it  connects  with  the  next  section, 
with  some  species  of  which  it  agrees  in  having  the  loose  seed-coat  coarsely  reticulated,  but  not 
costate  nor  with  the  areolations  in  longitudinal  rows. 

§  3.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  conspicuoiisf.y  3-saccate,  and  vei-y  much  larger  than  the 
slender  upper  one ;  its  teeth  small  or  minute ;  the  tube  filiform  or  slender : 
stigma  capitate,  sometimes  2-lobed :  bracts  all  herbaceous  and  like  the  leaves,  or 
their  tips  somewhat  colored  in  0.  gracilis  and  the  last  species.  —  Triphysaria, 
Benth.     {^Triphysaria,  Fischer  &  Meyer.) 

*  Anthers  one-celled :  lower  lip  of  corolla  saccately  S-lobed  from  the  end :  seed-coat 
close,  conformed  to  the  1  —  2-apiculate  nucleus. 

+■  Stamens  soon  free  from  the  less  involute  oblong-lanceolate  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

9.  O.  pusillus,  Benth.  Weak  and  diffuse,  branched  from  the  base,  2  to  6 
inches  high,  somewhat  hirsute  :  leaves  1  —  2-pinnatifid  or  floral  ones  3  -  5-parted 
into  filiform  or  almost  setaceous  divisions,  exceeding  the  scattered  and  inconspic- 
uous flowers  :  corolla  purplish,  glabrous,  2  or  3  lines  long ;  the  tube  not  exceeding 
the  calyx  and  little  longer  than  the  lips ;  the  upper  lip  considerably  longer  than 
the  moderately  3-lobed  lower  one,  a  little  surpassing  the  longer  stamens  :  capsule 
globular.  —  Scroph.  Ind.  12,  &  DC.  Prodr.  x.  53.5. 

Low  ground,  around  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  in  Oregon.  Lower  lip  rather  open  and  with 
beardless  throat ;  the  sacs  short. 

10.  O.  floribundus,  Benth.  1.  c.  Slender  and  erect,  a  span  to  a  foot  high, 
almost  glabrous,  fastigiately  branched  :  upper  part  of  the  leaves  pinnately  parted 
into  linear-filiform  divisions,  some  of  them  incised  :  spike  many-flowered,  dense 
above  :  bracts  of  the  upper  flowers  not  exceeding  the  calyx  :  stamens  about  the 
length  of  the  soon  open  upper  lip  of  the  corolla ;  the  lower  lip  Avith  3  diverging 
oval  sacs ;  their  scarious  teeth  lanceolate  and  erect. 

Hillsides,  common  around  San  Francisco  Bay.  Corolla  white  or  cream-color,  half  an  inch 
long,  glabrous  or  the  tube  slightly  pubescent ;  this  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  two  longi- 
tudinal villous  lines  on  the  inside  of  the  lower  lip  corresponding  to  the  sinuses  between  the  sacs. 

-H  -H  Stamens  more  strictly  enclosed  in  the  acute  involute-subulate  upper  lip :  lower 
lip  of  3  obovate  or  globular-infiated  sacs,  tomentose-puberulent  underneath  or  gla- 
brous, not  m.ore  than  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the  filiform  and  mostly  densely 
pubescent  tube ;  the  two  folds  vnthin  separating  the  sacs  villous-bearded :  flowers 
numerous  in  a  rather  dense  spike :  upper  bracts  not  exceeding  the  calyx ;  the  lower 
and  the  cauline  leaves  above  the  •  broader  entire  base  pinnately  parted  into  slender 
setaceous  or  filiform  divisions. 

11.  O.  erianthus,  Benth.  1.  c.  Erect,  fastigiately  much  branched  from  near  the 
base,  soft-pubescent,  a  span  or  two  high  :  corolla  sulphur-color,  with  the  very 
slender  and  acute  slightly  falcate  upper  lip  (and  sometimes  the  throat)  dark  purple ; 
the  tube  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx  (half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long). 

Var.  roseilS,  Avith  rose-colored  corolla  (or  white  turning  rose-purple  1 ) ;  the  tube 
shorter.  —  Triphysaria  versicolor,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petersb.  ii.  52  ? 

Moist  grounds,  common  from  Monterey  Bay  northward.  The  variety  in  sandy  fields,  Noj'O, 
Mendocino  Co.,  Bolnnder.  Fischer  and  Meyer  descril)e  their  plant  above  cited  (which  must  have 
come  from  north  of  San  Francisco)  as  having  a  wliite  corolla  changing  to  rose-color,  and  the 
tube  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  The  beard  withm  the  lower  lip  is  denser  in  this  than  iu  the 
next. 


Orthocarpus.  '  SCROPHULARIACE^.  579 

12.  O.  faucibarbatus,  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  bracts,  &c.,  with  some 
short  hirsute  jjubescence,  rather  stout,  and  the  branches  fewer  :  leaves  rather  coarser : 
corolla  apparently  white  and  with  smaller  sacs  ;  the  beard  within  less  conspicuous ; 
tlie  straight  upper  lip  barely  tinged  with  purple  :  otherwise  nearly  as  0.  erianthus. 
—  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv.  121 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  457. 

Moist  grounds,  around  Sau  Francisco  Bay  and  northward  to  Mendocino  Co.,  apparently  not 
rare. 

*  *  Anthers  2-celled;  the  lower  cell  mostly  small  and  imperfect  in  the  first  two  species: 
seed  with  an  outer  loose  and  arilliform  coarsely  reticulated  coat. 

+-  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  very  broad;  the  sacs  deeper  (^horizontally)  than  long, 
++  Comparatively  small:  narrow  upper  lip  truncate  at  the  tip :  capsule  oblong,  obtuse. 

13.  O.  gracilis,  Benth.  Minutely  pubescent,  or  below  glabrous,  branched  from 
the  base ;  the  slender  branches  a  span  or  more  high  :  leaves  3-parted  into  linear- 
filiform  divisions,  or  some  of  the  lower  nearly  entire  :  upper  bracts  shorter  than  the 
rather  closely  spicate  flowers,  the  tips  of  their  lobes  purplish-tinged  :  corolla  pubes- 
cent, purplish ;  its  slender  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  lower  lip  decidedly 
shorter  than  the  upper ;  its  sacs  small  but  deep,  somewhat  conical. 

California  (near  Monterey  ? ),  Douglas,  Nuttall.  We  have  only  specimens  from  Douglas. 
Corolla  7  lines  long ;  the  upper  lip  2  lines ;  lower  one  a  line  deep.  Seeds  broadly  oval,  in  a  very 
loose  and  lace-like  arilliform  coat. 

++  ++  Sacs  ample :  upper  lip  subulate :  capsule  ovate  :  stem  simple  or  few-branched  : 
spike  thickish  and  comm/)nly  dense,  at  least  above. 

14.  O.  campestris,  Benth.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  below,  above  (the  calyx  and 
base  of  bracts)  hirsute  or  hispid,  2  to  4  inches  high :  leaves  and  bracts  narrow-linear 
and  entire,  rarely  with  a  lobe  or  two  :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  often  united  in  pairs  : 
corolla  white;  the  erect  and  scarious  teeth  of  the  lower  lip  slender  and  rather 
conspicuous.  —  PI.  Hartw.  329. 

Fields  in  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  Hartweg.  Plumas  Co.,  Mrs.  Pulsifcr  Ames.  Corolla 
about  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long  :  lower  lip  2  lines  deep. 

15.  O.  lithospenuoides,  Benth.  Hirsute  above,  pubescent  below,  about  a 
foot  high,  strict  and  simple  or  with  some  erect  branches,  very  leafy :  leaves  lance- 
olate or  lanceolate-linear  and  all  but  the  lower  with  few  or  several  slender  lobes ; 
the  floral  with  a  dilated  base  and  somewhat  palmate  lobes  almost  equalling 
the  crowded  flowers  :  calyx-lobes  linear  :  corolla  cream-color,  "  often  turning  pale 
rose-color  "  ;  the  sacs  very  ventricose  (fully  3  lines  wide) ;  the  teeth  short  and  incon- 
spicuous. 

Hillsides,  and  moist  meadows  ;  common  through  the  western  part  of  the  State  from  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  and  the  Sacramento  northward.     Corolla  an  inch  long  or  rather  less. 

•4-  -{-  Lower  Up  of  the  corolla  less  ample,  surpassed  by  the  subulate  upper  one;  the  sacs 
not  deeper  than  long :  hirsute,  strict  and  simple,  or  tlie  larger  plants  branching,  with 
leaves  and  lobes  linear  and  mostly  attenuated :  spikes  leafy :  calyx-lobes  slender. 

16.  O.  lacenis,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  rather  soft-hirsute  and  above 
viscid  :  leaves  mostly  pinnately  parted  or  the  upper  floral  palmately  3  -  7-cleft  into 
long  and  narrow  divisions  or  lobes  :  leafy  spikes  at  first  dense,  at  length  loose : 
calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube :  corolla  yellow,  its  sacs  about  as  deep  as  long.  — 
PI.  Hartw.  329.     0.  hispidus,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  230,  in  part,  &c. 

Open  grounds,  from  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento  {Hartweg)  and  through  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
where  it  abounds  from  Mariposa  Co.  to  Sierra  Valley.  Corolla  two  thirds  or  half  an  inch  long  ; 
the  tube  little  or  considerably  longer  than  the  calyx.  Related  ou  one  hand  to  0.  lithospermoides 
in  its  larger  forms,  in  the  smaller  ones  to  0.  hispidus,  with  which  it  has  been  confounded. 


680  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Orthocarpus. 

17.  O.  hispidns,  Benth.  Strict,  mostly  slender  and  little  branched,  hirsute  : 
leaves  with  few  slender  divisions,  or  the  lower  entire  :  leafy  spike  virgate  :  calyx- 
lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube  :  corolla  whitish  or  pale  yellow,  its  sacs  rather 
narrow  and  longer  than  deep. 

Common  in  Oregon,  as  far  south  as  Klamath  Valley  {Cronkhitc)  ;  therefore  probably  in  Cali- 
fornia.    Corolla  half  an  inch  long  ;  the  lower  lip  much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

18.  O.  linearilobus,  Benth.  A  foot  high,  above  with  hirsute  or  somewhat 
hispid  pubescence  :  leaves  with  few  or  several  long  and  slender  divisions  ;  floral  ones 
equalling  the  densely  spicate  flowers,  the  tips  of  their  divisions  commonly  tinged 
with  purple  :  calyx-lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube  and  equalling  that  of  the 
(purplish  1)  corolla  :  sacs  of  the  latter  narrow,  tapering  gradually  downward,  much 
longer  than  deep  ;  the  ovate-subulate  teeth  thickish  and  short.  —  PI.  Hartw.  350. 

Mountain  pastures  of  the  Sacramento  district,  Hartweg.  In  grain-fields,  Anderson  Valley, 
Mendocino  Co.,  Bolander.     Corolla  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long. 

18.  CORDYLANTHUS,  Nutt. 

Calyx  spathaceous,  of  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  leaf-like  division,  or  the  anterior 

one  wanting.     Corolla  tubular,  a  little  enlarging  upward,  bilabiate  ;  the  lips  short 

and  nearly  of  equal  length ;  the  lower  very  obtusely  and  crenulately  3-toothed ;  the 

upper  straight  and  compressed,  with  the  apex  more  or  less  uncinately  incurved. 

Stamens  as  in  Orthocarpus :  cells  of  the  anthers  either  ciliate,  or  minutely  bearded 

at  base  and  apex.    Style  mostly  hooked  at  the  tip,  and  more  or  less  thickened  under 

the  entire  terminal  stigma.      Capsule  compressed,   loculicidal.      Seeds  several  or 

rather  numerous,  with  a  loose  coat,  tipped  with  a  point.  —  Branching  annuals ;  with 

alternate  narrow  leaves,  either  entire  or  3  -  5-parted,  the  floral  ones  or  bracts  not 

brightly  colored.     Flowers  one  to  each  bract,  not  showy,  yellow  or  purplish,  capi- 

tately  or  spicately  crowded,  or  sometimes  loosely  paniculate.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.  vii.  381 ;  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  231,  459. 

The  species  are  all  Californian  and  of  the  interior  region  eastward,  one  extending  to  the  western 
frontiei-s  of  Texas.  The  genus  was  first  named  Adcnostegia,  by  Bentham  ;  but  as  this  name  was 
only  partially  applicable,  the  author  himself  adopted  Nuttall's  name,  Cordylanthus. 

§  1.  Calyx  l-leaved :  flowers  shoi't-pedicelled  or  almost  sessile,  subtended  bi/  2  to  4: 
bractlets :  floral  leaves  and  bracts  tdth  the  truncate  retuse  or  2  —  3-toothed  apex 
tipped  with  a  callous  gland.  —  Adenostegia,  Gray. 

*  Stamens  2  :  anthers  \ -celled :  filaments  nearly  glabrous :  posterior  division  of  the 

calyx  2-nerved  and  2-cle/t. 

1.  C.  capitatllS,  Nutt.  A  foot  or  two  high,  paniculately  much  branched, 
finely  soft-pubescent,  rather  hoary:  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  or  the  floral  broader 
and  3  -  5-cleft :  flowers  few  or  several  in  a  capitate  cluster  at  the  end  of  the  branch- 
lets  :  corolla  purplish,  half  an  inch  long  :  capsule  8-seeded.  —  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr. 
X.  597 ;  Watson,  1.  c. 

"California,  Nuttall"  ;  but  more  probably  collected  by  him  in  the  interior  region.  Eedis- 
covered  by  Watson  in  the  Clover  Mountains  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Nevada,  not  far  south  of 
Nuttall's  route  in  crossing  the  continent. 

*  *  Stamens  4  :  anthers  2-celled  :  filaments  villous  :  both  calyx-leaves  5  -  ^-nerved. 

2.  C.  ramosus,  N"utt.  A  span  or  two  high,  diff'usely  branched  from  the  base, 
hoary-puberulent  :  leaves  mostly  3  -  7-parted  into  filiform  divisions,  which  are 
hardly  at  all  glandular  or  dilated  at  the  apex  :  flowers  few  in  a  terminal  fascicle  or 
in  the  upper  axils  :  corolla  yellow  :  capsule  20-seeded.  —  Watson,  1.  c. 


Cordijlanthus.  SCROPHULAEIACE^.  581 

Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada  {Torrey,  &c.)  ;  probably  reaching  the  adjacent  borders  of  Cali- 
fornia :  not  rare  through  the  interior  region  to  the  borders  of  Wyoming. 

3.  C.  fUifolius,  iS^utt.  Paniculately  branched,  a  foot  or  two  high,  puherulent 
and  somewhat  viscid,  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  sometimes  sparsely  hispid  : 
leaves  hliform  or  linear-filiform  ;  the  lower  entire,  the  upper  3  -  5-parted,  the  lioral 
with  cuneate  base  and  bristly-ciliate  margins  ;  the  divisions  with  dilated  and  retuse 
or  notched  gland-bearing  tip  :  flowers  rather  numerous  in  terminal  heads  :  corolla 
purplish,  6  to  9  lines  long.  —  Nutt.  ex  Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  Adenostegia  rigida, 
Benth.  in  Lindl.  Syst.  :Nat.  k  DC.  1.  c.  537. 

San  Diego  Co.  to  San  Francisco,  &c. ,  and  east  to  Mariposa  Co. 

4.  C.  pilosuSj  Gray.  Paniculately  branched,  2  to  4  feet  high,  soft-villous  and 
more  or  less  hoary  :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  entire ;  the  upper  and  floral  ones 
usually  broader  and  notched  or  3-toothed  at  the  tip  :  flowers  crowded  two  or  three 
together  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  or  becoming  scattered  or  paniculate  :  corolla 
yellowish  with  some  purple,  less  than  an  inch  long.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  383. 

Var.  Bolanderi,  Gray,  1.  c.  Little  or  not  at  all  villous,  glandular-pubescent : 
flowers  more  panicled  or  scattered. 

Open  gi'ounds,  Santa  Clara  Co.,  to  the  Sacramento  and  to  Mendocino  Co.,  Brewer,  Bolandcr, 
Kellofjrj,  ke. 

5.  C.  tenuis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Diffiisely  branched  from  the  base,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
from  very  minutely  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous  :  branches  filiform  :  leaves  entire, 
filiform  or  very  narrowly  linear ;  the  upper  sometimes  dilated  or  tridenticulate  at 
the  tip ;  the  floral  sometimes  3-parted  :  flowers  more  or  less  scattered  :  corolla 
purplish  and  yellowish,  6  or  7  lines  long. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  in  the  Sieira  Nevada  from  Mariposa  to  Plumas  Co.,  and  adjacent  frontiei'sof 
Nevada:  also  Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  Co.,  Kellogg  or  Bolander. 

§  2.  Calyx  one-leaved  (the  anterior  division  wanting)  :  flowers  destitute  of  hractlets, 
each  one  sessile  in  the  axil  of  a  clasping  bract :  herbage  not  glandular  but 
sometimes  viscid-pubescent :  no  callous  gland  at  the  tips  of  the  leaves.  — 
Hemistegia,  Gray. 

*  Stamens  4,  all  vnth  villous  filaments  and  2-celled  anthers ;  their  cells  bearded  at 

base  and  apex :  leaves  mostly  3-cleft. 

6.  C.  Kingii,  Watson.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  much  branched,  viscidly  pubes- 
cent :  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear-filiform  :  bracts  3  -  5-cleft :  flowers  crowded  at 
the  summit  of  the  branchlets  :  corolla  pubescent  above,  mostly  purple,  less  than  an 
inch  long.  —  Bot.  King  Exp.  1.  c.  t.  22. 

Monitor  Valley,  Nevada  ( Watson),  and  Southern  Utah  :  not  yet  known  in  California. 

*  *  Stamens  4,  ivith  glabrous  filaments  :  anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  2-celled,  of  the 
shorter  with  a  small  lower  cell  only ;  merely  the  base  of  the  anther-cells  ciliolate  or 
bearded :  leaves  all  entire. 

7.  C.  canescens,  Gray,  1.  c.  About  a  foot  high,  corymbosely  branched,  rather 
stout,  hoary-pubescent  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rather  erect  :  bracts  lanceo- 
late :    flowers  few  in  a  close  capitate  cluster  :  corolla  purplish. 

Washoe  Co.,  Nevada  {Anderson,  Torrey,  &c.),  near  the  California  line,  and  doubtless  also 
within  it. 

8.  C.  maritimus,  Xutt.  1.  c.  A  foot  or  less  high,  corymbosely  branched  from 
the  base,  pale,  less  hoary-pubescent  than  the  preceding,  which  it  resembles  :  the 
leaves  and  bracts  similar  ;  inflorescence  similar  or  more  spicate  :  corolla  dull  pur- 
plish :  filaments  in  very  unequal  pairs. 

Sandy  salt-marshes  along  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  to  San  Diego. 


582  SCROPHULARIACE^.  Cordylanthus. 

*  *  *  Stamens  only  2,  rvith  glabrous  filaments :  antliers  unequally  2-celled :  upper 
leaves  and  bracts  incisely  pinnatifid  or  toothed. 

9.  C.  mollis,  Gray,  1.  c.  Barely  a  foot  liigh,  with  numerous  branches,  villous- 
hirsute  :  leaves  oblong- linear  ;  the  lower  entire  and.  obtuse ;  the  upper  and  the 
bracts  with  2  to  4  pairs  of  laciniate  obtuse  teeth  or  lobes  :  flowers  in  short  thickish 
spikes  :  corolla  whitish  or  yellowish,  with  some  dull  purple. 

Salt-marshes  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  at  Mare  Island  and  Vallejo,  C.  Wright,  E.  L.  Greene. 
Corolla  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long.  Seeds  somewhat  reniform,  with  a  loose  and  thick  cellular- 
reticulated  coat. 

19.  PEDICULARIS,  Toum.        Lousewort. 

Calyx  2  -  5-toothed,  irregular.  Corolla  strongly  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip  (galea) 
arched  and  laterally  compressed,  sometimes  beaked ;  the  lower  erect  at  base,  2-crested 
above,  3-lobed,  Stamens  4,  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  transverse,  equally 
2-celled,  all  or  in  pairs  closely  approximate.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  small,  entire. 
Capsule  ovate  or  lanceolate,  oblique,  compressed,  more  or  less  loculicidal.  Seeds 
several  or  numerous,  comparatively  large,  ovoid.  —  Perennial  herbs  ;  with  alternate 
or  sometimes  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  these  mostly  pinnately  divided  or  lobed, 
the  floral  ones  commonly  reduced  to  bracts  ;  the  flowers  commonly  spicate,  some- 
times racemose,  of  various  colors.     The  leaves  in  ours  all  or  mostly  alternate. 

A  genus  of  nearly  150  species,  widely  distributed,  hut  chiefly  in  the  northern  hemisjiheie  and 
in  cool  temperate  or  arctic  regions,  more  numerous  from  Oregon  northward  and  in  the  Kocky 
Mountains  than  in  California,  which,  however,  has  two  or  three  i)eculiar  species. 

*  Leaves  undivided,  merely  serrate  :  flowers  racemose :  corolla  beaked. 

1.  P.  racemosa,  Dougl.  Glabsous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  numerous  in  a  cluster, 
a  foot  or  two  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  lanceolate,  with  narrowed  base  more  or  less 
petioled,  closely  and  often  doubly  crenate-serrate ;  the  upper  floral  or  bracts  linear 
and  entire  and  shorter  than  the  flowers,  but  the  raceme  leafy  below  :  calyx  split 
down  the  front,  2-toothed  posteriorly  :  corolla  white  or  purplish,  with  tube  hardly 
exceeding  the  calyx  ;  the  upper  lip  strongly  incurving  and  tapering  into  a  subulate 
beak  which  touches  the  broad  lower  lip  :  anthers  pointed  at  base.  —  Hook.  FL 
ii.  108. 

Mountain  woods.  Sierra  and  Bear  Valleys,  Lemmon,  Bolander.  Also  Utah  and  Colorado  in  the 
higher  mountains,  and  north  to  British  Columbia, 

*   *  Leaves  at  least  once  pinnatifid. 

-f-  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  tipped  with  a  long  and  slender  proboscis ;  its  base  vriih  a 
tooth  on  each  side :  anthm's  very  blunt :  stem  and  virgate  spike  strict,  together  from 
a  span  to  2  feet  high. 

2.  P.  Groenlandica,  Eetz.  Glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnately 
parted  ;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  and  sometimes  incisely  serrate:  calyx 
campanulate ;  the  5  teeth  short :  corolla  rose-colored,  short,  barely  half  the  length 
of  the  filiform  deflexed  and  then  ascending  or  recurved  beak,  this  nearly  half  an 
inch  long.  —  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1166,  poor.  F.  incamata,  Eetz,  Obs.  iv.  27,  t.  1.  F.  sm'- 
recta,  Benth.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  107,  &  Prodr.  x.  566 ;  the  larger-flowered  form,  Avhich 
prevails. 

Higher  parts  of  the  Sien-a  Nevada  from  Placer  Co.  {Torrey)  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
north  to  British  Columbia,  Labrador,  and  Greenland  ? 

3.  P.  attollens,  Gray.  Glabrous  below  :  the  dense  spike  rather  woolly  :  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear  in  outline,  pinnately  parted,  with  lineai"  or  somewhat  oblong 
divisions,  some  of  the  lowest  leaves  nearly  bipinnatitid ;  the  upper  scattered,  gradu- 


Pedicularis.  OEOBANCHACE^.  583 

ally  smaller  and  simpler ;  the  lobes  sharply  serrate  :  calyx  unequally  5-toothe(i  ;  the 
teeth  almost  as  long  as  the  tube  :  corolla  purple  ;  the  upper  lip  little  exserted  out  of 
the  calyx,  much  shorter  than  the  broad  lower  one,  and  only  about  half  the  length 
of  its  abrupt  upturned  or  retrocurved  filiform  beak,  this  2  or  3  lines  long.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  384. 

Moist  meadows  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  5,000  to  10,000  feet,  fiom  Mariposa  to  Placer  Co., 
Bridges,  Brewer,  Bolander,  Torrey. 

•4-  -f-  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  hlunt  and  beakless :  radical  leaves  ample,  nearly  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  tlie  spike  or  dense  raceme. 

4.  P.  densiflora,  Benth.  Pubescent  when  young,  or  nearly  glabrous,  stout,  a 
span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  broader  in  general  outline, 
twice  pinnatihd  or  pinnately  parted,  and  the  divisions  irregularly  and  sharply  in- 
cised and  toothed  ;  the  upper  simpler  and  reduced  to  foliaceous  bracts  of  the  dense 
or  in  age  more  lengthened  and  looser  spike  or  raceme  :  calyx-teeth  5,  lanceolate  or 
subulate  :  corolla  red  or  scarlet,  straight  and  narrow,  slightly  clavate,  an  inch  or  more 
long ;  the  lower  lip  very  small,  inconspicuous,  only  a  quarter  of  the  length  of  the 
upper  :  anther-cells  with  tapering  or  acute  base.  —  P.  densiflora  &  P.  attenuata, 
Benth.  in  DC.  1.  c.  574. 

Common  throughout  the  western  and  middle  portions  of  the  State.  Spike  at  first  2  or  3  inches, 
in  age  often  a  foot  or  more  in  length  :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx,  sometimes  very  short. 
Tube  of  the  corolla  either  little  or  considerably  exserted. 

5.  P.  semibarbata,  Gray.  Somewhat  pubescent,  or  at  length  glabrate,  almost 
stemless  :  leaves  crowded  next  the  ground,  slender-petioled,  much  exceeding  the 
short  and  nearly  sessile  spikes,  twice  pinnately  parted  into  small  and  short  mostly 
few-toothed  or  incised  lobes  :  calyx  unequally  5-toothed  :  corolla  yellowish,  exter- 
nally pubescent,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  moderately  enlarging  upward,  straight ; 
the  sliort  obtuse  upper  li])  a  little  incurved,  slightly  longer  than  the  almost  erect 
lower  one  :  the  two  longer  filaments  villous  above  the  middle ;  the  others  nearly 
naked  :  anther-cells  abruptly  pointed  at  the  base.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  385. 

Open  woods  through  the  SieiTa  Nevada,  at  5,000  to  10,000  feet,  from  IMariposa  to  Placer  Co. 
{Brewer,  Bolander,  Gray)  ;  also  found  near  Carson  City  by  Anderson. 

P.  CENTKANTHERA,  Gray  iu  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  120,  is  a  somewhat  similar,  but  more  peculiar, 
nearly  stemless  species,  with  once  pinnatifid  leaves,  longer  and  purple  corolla,  and  awned  anthers. 
It  was  discovered  in  New  Mexico,  but  has  recently  been  detected  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Utah,  so  that  it  may  reach  the  borders  of  California, 


Order  LXIX.     OROBANCHACE^. 

Eoot-parasitic  herbs,  destitute  of  foliage  and  green  color,  with  irregular  chiefly 

bilabiate  corolla,  didynamous  stamens,  and  one-celled  ovary  and  capsule  with  two  or 

more  parietal  many-seeded  placentae,  —  by  the  latter  character  only  distinguished 

from  Scrophulariacece.  —  Seeds  very  small  and  numerous,  anatropous,  with  a  minute 

embryo  at  the  base  of  transparent  albumen.     Calyx  and  corolla  persistent,  hypogy- 

nous.     Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  2-celled.     Style  long :  stigma 

2-lobed  or  nearly  entire.     Capsule  2-valved  :  each  valve  bearing  one  placenta  or  a 

pair.     Dry  or  fleshy  scales,  in  place  of  leaves,  alternate. 

A  small  order  mainly  of  the  northern  temperate  zone,  of  11  genera  and  about  150  species,  all 
except  a  dozen  belonging  to  the  Old  World,  only  two  genera  represented  in  or  near  California. 

1.  Aphyllon.     Stamens  included :  cells  of  the  anthers  pointed  at  base.     Calyx  5-cleft. 

2.  Boschniakia.     Stamens  protruded:  anther-cells  closely  parallel  and  blunt  at  base.     Calyx 

truncate  posteriorly,  the  teeth  anterior  and  lateral. 


584  OROBANCHACE^.  Aphyllon. 

1.  APHYLLON,  MitchelL        Cancer-root. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  more  or  less  tubular  and 
curved,  either  almost  regular  or  bilabiate.  Stamens  included  :  cells  of  the  anther 
deeply  separated  from  below  upward,  mucronate  at  base.  Style  long  :  stigma  disk- 
shaped  and  peltate,  or  more  or  less  bilamellar ;  the  lobes  anterior  and  posterior.  A 
double  placenta  or  a  pair  of  contiguous  placentae  on  the  middle  of  each  valve  of  the 
capsule.  Low  and  commonly  viscid-pubescent  or  glandular,  pale  or  brownish  in 
hue,  some  with  slender  naked  scapes  or  peduncles,  others  with  spicate  flowers  : 
corolla  purplish  or  yellowish. — Gray,  Man.  Bot.  ed.  1,  290,  ed.  5,  323;  Benth.  & 
Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  983.  Anoplanthus  §  Euanoplon,  Endl.,  Eeuter  in  DC.  Prodr. 
xi.  41,  with  species  of  Fhelipcea. 

A  North  American  genus,  to  ■which  must  be  added  two  or  three  species  ■wliioh  had  been  referred 
to  Fhelipcea  as  that  genus  had  been  understood.  The  original  Fhelipcea,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
more  like  the  original  Aphyllon  in  habit. 

§  1.  Scapes  or  peduncles  naked,  long  and  slender,  from  a  loosely  scaly  rootstock  or  short 
ascending  stem,  and  no  hractlets  at  the  base  of  the  5-lobed  calyx:  co7'olla  with 
an  almost  regular  and  equally  spreading  b-lobed  border.  —  True  Aphyllon. 

1.  A.  uniflomm,  Gray,  1.  c.  Scapes  few  and  barely  a  span  high  from  a  nearly 
subterranean  short  rootstock  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer  than  its  tube,  subulate  : 
corolla  (about  an  inch  long)  bluish-purple  or  purplish.  —  Pacif.  E.  Rep.  iv.  118. 
Orobanche  uniflora,  Linn. 

Parasitic  on  roots  of  various  plants,  not  rare  in  California,  and  north  to  British  Columbia,  east 
to  the  Atlantic.     Flowers  vernal,  with  the  odor  of  violets. 

2.  A.  fascicillatum,  Gray,  1.  c.  More  pubescent  and  glandular  :  scaly  stem  ris- 
ing out  of  ground  2  or  3  inches,  bearing  numerous  fascicled  peduncles  of  about  the 
same  length  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  not  longer  than  its  tube,  broader  and  shorter  than 
in  the  preceding:  corolla  purplish  or  sometimes  sulphur-yellow.  —  Orobanche  fas- 
ciculata,  Nutt. ;  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  93,  t.  170. 

Sandy  ground  :  commoner  than  the  other,  extending  eastward  to  the  Mississippi  and  the  upper 
Great  Lakes. 

§  2.  Stems  rising  above  the  ground:  flowers  racemose,  panicled,  or  sjncate,  mostly  tvith 
one  or  two  bractlets  close  to  or  rarely  below  the  calyx :  corolla  2ilainly  bila- 
biate;  upper  lip  '2-lobed  or  notclied  ;  lower  3-parted.  —  JS^othaphyllon,  Gray. 

*  Flowers  racemose,  distinctly  pedicelled,  pretty  large  (an  inch  or  more  long) :  the  lobes 
of  tlie  corolla  more  or  less  spreading :  calyx  5-pai'ted  into  long  and  slender  lobes. 

3.  A.  comosum,  Gray.  Low,  branching  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  : 
flowers  on  slender  and  mostly  naked,  pedicels  in  a  corymb  or  short  raceme :  bractlets 
at  the  calyx  often  wanting,  when  present  very  slender :  corolla  rose-colored  or  purple, 
with  oblong  spreading  lobes.  —  Orobanche  comosa,  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  1G9, 

Dry  hills  ;  parasitic  on  Artemisia  and  other  plants  ;  on  the  Coast  Range  back  of  Monterey 
(Brewer)  to  Washington  Territory.  Pedicels  sometimes  nearly  an  inch  long.  Calyx  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla,  which  is  not  rarely  1 J  inches  long  and  broad  at  the  throat.     Anthers  woolly. 

4.  A.  Califomicum,  Gray.  Stem  stout,  a  span  or  more  high,  simple  or  branch- 
ing :  flowers  crowded  in  an  at  length  elongated  and  dense  spike-like  raceme  :  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  calyx,  which  is  commonly  2-bracteolate  and  its  slender  divisions 
almost  as  long  as  the  yellowish  or  purplish  corolla,  the  lobes  of  Avhich  are  rather 
shorter  and  less  spreading  than  in  the  preceding.  —  Orobanche  Galifornica,  Cham.  & 
Schlecht.  Phelipoea  Californica,  Don  ;  Renter  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  11.  P.  erianthera, 
Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  225,  not  of  Eugelm. 

Dry  hills,  from  near  the  coast  to  Nevada.     Anthers  naked  or  slightly  hairy. 


Boschniakia.  OROBANCHACE^.  585 

*  *  Flowers  mainly  sessile,  crowded  in  a  simple  or  branching  spike :  lobes  of  the 
corolla  short  and  less  spreading :  calyx  deeply  5-cleft  into  linear-lanceolate  divisions, 
2-bracteolate. 

5.  A.  Ludovicianum,  Gray.  More  pubescent,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  ;  calyx 
about  lialf  the  length  of  the  dull  purple  or  sometimes  yellowish  corolla  :  anthers 
(before  opening)  glabrous  or  slightly  woolly.  —  Orobanche  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.  Gen. 
ii.  58.     Phelipaea  Ludoviciana,  Walp. ;  lieuter,  1.  c. 

Near  Fort  Mohave,  Cooper.  Thence  through  New  Mexico  to  Texas,  Illinois,  and  Minnesota. 
"Rootstock  bitter,  but  eaten  by  the  Mohaves."  Corolla  barely  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long: 
upper  lip  occasionally  entire  :  calyx  often  rather  iiTegular. 

A.  MULTIFLORUM,  Gray  {Orobanche  vndtiflora,  Nutt.  PL  Gamb.  179,  &  PliclipcBa  criantJiera, 
Engelni.),  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  which  resembles  the  preceding  species,  has  larger  flowers, 
the  lower  ones  more  or  less  pedicelled,  longer  calyx-lobes,  and  very  woolly  anthers.  It  may  also 
reach  California. 

*  *  *  Flowers  mainly  sessile,  in  a  panicle  or  thyrsoid  cluster,  small,  at  most  half  an 
inch  long :  calyx  %bracteolate  ;  its  lobes  rather  short :  corolla  with  short  and  hardly 
spreading  lobes  :  anthers  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  stems  from  a  thick  and  firm  tuber- 
ous base. 

6.  A.  tuberosum,  Gray.  Minutely  puberulent,  low  and  stout,  the  thickened 
base  with  firm  imbricated  scales  :  flowers  in  a  compact  cluster  :  calyx  unequally 
cleft,  a  little  shorter  than  the  yellowish  corolla.  —  Phelipaea  tuberosa,  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  371. 

Sandy  soil  on  dry  ridges,  Gavilan  Mountains  east  of  Monterey,  Brewer.  Specimens  mainly  in 
fruit. 

A.  PIXETORUM,  Gra.j  (P/ielipcea  }}i7ietorum.  Gray,  1.  c.,  and  Orobanche  pinetoruvi,  Geyer  in  Hook. 
Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii.  297),  of  the  Columbia  River  region,  another  species  of  this  section,  has  more 
tapeiing  stems  and  a  looser  panicle,  often  a  foot  high,  and  equal  calyx-lobes  rather  shorter  than 
its  tube. 

2.   BOSCHNIAKIA,  C.  A.  Meyer. 

Calyx  short  and  cupshaped,  oblique,  or  the  upper  side  truncate,  the  lower  side 
with  about  3  distant  teeth  :  no  bractlets  at  its  base.  Corolla  ventricose ;  the  upper 
lip  erect  or  somewhat  arched  and  entire ;  the  lower  3-parted,  sometimes  very  short. 
Stamens  somewhat  protruded  :  anthers  blunt  at  base.  Seeds  with  a  thin  and  retic- 
ulated coat.  —  Short  and  stout  simple  stems  from  a  tuberous  base,  thickly  beset 
with  scales,  glabrous  throughout ;  the  flowers  iix  a  dense  scaly  spike,  yellowish  or 
brownish.  —  Bongard,  Veg.  Sitcha,  158. 

B.  GLABRA,  C.  A.  Meyer,  the  original  species  (which  is  figured  in  Hooker's  Flora  Bor.-Am.), 
inhabits  Siberia  and  the  high  northern  parts  of  this  continent.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  ex- 
tremely short  lower  lip  to  the  corolla. 

B.  HooKEi'.i,  Walp.  (figured  by  Hooker  as  Orobanche  tuberosa),  known  only  by  a  specimen 
collected  by  Menzies  on  the  N.  W.  Coast,  must  be  near  the  following,  but  has  short  and  blunt 
calyx-teeth  and  narrow  bracts  to  the  spike. 

1.  B.  Strobilacea,  Gray.  A  span  high,  thick  and  stout,  with  broad  and 
rounded  dark-brown  scales  overlying  one  another,  so  as  to  resemble  a  spruce-cone, 
floriferous  from  near  the  base  :  calyx  truncate-entire  on  the  posterior  side,  on  the 
anterior  with  3  linear-subulate  teeth  longer  than  the  tube  :  lower  lip  of  the  corolla 
as  long  as  the  upper,  of  3  oblong  spreading  lobes  :  filaments  strongly  bearded  at 
base:  placentae  4,  equidistant.  —  Pacif  R  Rep.  iv.  118. 

On  dry  steep  hills  of  the  South  Yuba,  Bigelow.  Sta.  Lucia  Mountains,  parasitic  on  roots  of 
Manzanita,  Brewer.  "Scales  brownish-red  with  light  margins  :  corolla  striped  with  white  and 
brownish-red." 


586  LENTIBULARIE^.  Utricularia. 

Order  LXX.    LENTIBULARIE-SI. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  bilabiate  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  personate  and 
spurred  or  saccate  on  the  lower  side,  only  2  stamens,  their  anthers  confluently 
1-celled,  and  the  free  ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free  central  placenta.  Ovules  numerous, 
anatropous.  Capsule  many-seeded,  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  destitute  of  albu- 
men :  the  embryo  thick,  almost  entire,  a  mere  notch  for  the  cotyledons.  Flowers 
perfect,  on  a  scape  or  scape-like  peduncle. 

The  principal  genera  are  Pinguicula  or  Butterwort,  inhabiting  wet  rocks,  one  species  in  Oregon, 
and  the  rather  large  genus,  — 

1.  UTRICULAHIA,  Linn,        Bladderwoet. 

Calyx  persistent,  its  lips  entire.  Corolla  with  very  short  tube  and  ample  lips ; 
the  lower  larger,  3-lobed,  bearing  a  prominent  and  usually  bearded  palate,  decid- 
uous. Stamens  borne  in  the  base  of  the  corolla,  connivent :  anthers  approximate. 
Style  short :  stigma  1  -  2-lipped.  —  The  commoner  species  are  immersed  in  still  or 
slow-flowing  water,  have  branching  stems,  and  capillary  dissected  leaves,  and  on 
some  of  them  bladders  with  a  valvular  opening,  in  which  minute  aquatic  animals 
are  caught  and  retained. 

A  genus  of  numerous  species,  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  several  in  the  Atlantic  United 
States,  but  only  the  following  known  in  California,  both  ranging  round  the  world. 

1,  U.  vulgaris,  Linn,  Stems  1  to  3  feet  long,  swimming  free  under  water,  beset 
with  twice  or  thrice  pinnately-parted  capillary  leaves  bearing  many  bladders  : 
peduncles  rising  out  of  the  water  ,6  to  12  inches  high  :  flowers  5  to  12  in  a  raceme, 
(f  inch  broad) ;  the  conical  curved  spur  rather  shorter  than  the  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla  :  pedicels  nodding  after  flowering. 

Lakes  and  pools,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  in  the  northwestern  counties  ;  the  var.  Americana, 
Gray,  having  a  narrower  and  less  blunt  spur  than  in  the  European  plant. 

2.  IT.  minor,  Linn,  Stems  a  few  inches  long,  slender,  swimming  free,  branch- 
ing, beset  with  short  and  2  to  4  times  forked  leaves  having  linear-filiform  divisions  : 
peduncle  slender,  rising  out  of  the  water,  and  bearing  3  to  8  flowers  in  a  raceme  : 
corolla  3  lines  long,  with  very  short  and  blunt  spur  or  sac  :  pedicels  nodding  after 
flowering. 

Big  Spring  in  Indian  Valley,  Lemmon.  Collected  by  Watson  in  Nevada  and  Utah,  but  only 
sterile. 

Order  LXXI.    BIGNONIACE^. 

"Woody  plants,  erect  or  climbing,  with  more  or  less  bilabiate  corolla,  didynamous 
or  by  abortion  diandrous  stamens,  a  free  ovary  with  two  parietal  placentae  but  very 
commonly  2-celled  by  a  false  partition,  and  numerous  seeds  with  a  flat  embryo  and 
no  albumen.  Leaves  various,  but  commonly  opposite.  Flowers  usually  large  and 
showy,  perfect.  Corolla  5-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  three  lobes  of  the 
lower  lip  covering  the  others.  Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  alternate 
with  the  lobes ;  the  anterior  pair  always  fertile  and  rudiments  of  the  3  others 
present,  or  4  fertile,  the  uppermost  rudimentary  or  wanting  :  anthers  2-celled.  A 
fleshy  annular  disk  around  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Style  single  :  stigma  of  2  broad 
lips.     Ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous.     Fruit  mostly  a  capsule,  opening  by  2 


Chilopm.  ACANTHACE^.  587 

valves  which  fall  away  from  the  placentiferous  partition  or  replum.  Seeds  large, 
winged  or  appendaged ;  the  kernel  consisting  of  the  flat  embryo  :  cotyledons  broad 
and  foliaceous  :  radicle  short. 

A  large  order  in  the  tropics,  and  with  a  few  representatives  in  the  temperate  zones,  especially 
in  America,  such  as  the  Trumpet-Creeper  ( Tecoma  radicans)  and  the  Catalpa-tree  in  the  Atlantic 
States.  There  are  some  tme  Bignoniacex  in  the  southern  part  of  Lower  California  ;  but  in  our 
State  only  one,  and  that  barely  along  the  southeastern  frontiers. 

Martynia  (Unicorn-plant)  is  represented  by  a  species  or  two  in  Lower  California  and  Arizona, 
but  none  is  known  along  or  near  our  boundary.  They  are  viscid  and  rank-scented  herbs,  with  a 
sort  of  drupaceous  imperfectly  2  -  5-celled  fruit,  and  thick-coated  wingless  seeds.  M.  probos- 
CIDEA,  Glox.,  the  common  Unicorn-plant,  sometimes  cultivated  in  gardens,  is  not  unlikely  to 
occur  in  California  as  an  introduced  i)lant.  These  plants,  with  Sesamum  and  some  other  genera, 
constitute  the  order  or  suborder  Pedaline^. 

1.  CHILOPSIS,  Don.        Desert- Willow. 

Calyx  membranaceous,  ovate  in  the  bud,  irregularly  bilabiate,  often  split  deeper 
on  one  side.  Corolla  funnelform,  ventricose  above,  with  an  ample  bilabiately 
5-lobed  spreading  limb ;  the  rounded  lobes  erose  and  undulate.  Stamens  4  and  a 
sterile  filament :  cells  of  the  anther  naked  and  diverging.  Capsule  long  and  linear, 
terete,  resembling  that  of  Catalpa,  2-celled  with  the  at  length  loose  narrow  partition 
contrary  to  the  valves.  Seeds  oblong,  thin,  with  the  wing  at  each  end  dissected 
into  a  woolly  or  fine  bristly  tuft.  Cotyledons  2-lobed.  —  Don  in  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour. 
ix.  261  ;  DC.  Prodr.  ix.  227.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  C.  saligna,  Don,  1.  c.  Shrub  or  tree,  10  to  20  feet  high,  with  hard  wood, 
willow-like,  pubescent  when  young,  soon  glabrous,  with  slender  branches  bearing 
numerous  leaves  :  these  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  6  inches  long,  opposite, 
whorled,  or  mostly  irregularly  alternate,  entire,  slightly  glutinous  when  old :  flowers 
in  a  short  terminal  raceme  :  corolla  one  or  two  inches  long,  white  and  purplish  :  caj)- 
sule  6  to  10  inches  long.  —  C.  linearis,  DC.  1.  c.  Bignonia  (?)  linearis,  Cav.  Ic.  iii. 
t.  269. 

Along  water-courses,  San  Bernardino  and  San  Diego  counties,  and  through  the  arid  interior 
region  to  the  borders  of  Texas  and  the  northern  part  of  Mexico. 

Order  LXXII.    ACANTHACE-ZE. 

Like  Scrophulariacece  in  general  character,  except  in  the  capsule  and  seeds. 
Flowers  perfect,  mostly  with  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  2-celled, 
with  placenta  in  the  axis,  bearing  few  or  definite  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Capsule  2-celled,  few-seeded.  Seeds  borne  on  hook-like  or  rarely  cupshaped  pro- 
cesses of  the  placenta  [retinacula),  destitute  of  albumen.  Cotyledons  broad  and 
flat.     Corolla  with  lobes  either  imbricated  or  convolute  in  the  bud. 

A  very  large  family,  chiefly  in  and  near  the  inter-tropical  regions  ;  a  few  in  the  Eastern  United 
States  extending  even  to  the  Great  Lakes  ;  a  larger  number  along  the  southern  border  of  the 
United  States  ;  one  or  two  only  known  to  occur  within  the  borders  of  the  State  of  California,  but 
several  not  far  distant.  One  or  two  species  of  Thunbcrgia  commonly  represent  the  order  in 
cultivation.     The  herbage  is  bland  or  slightly  bitter,  and  destitute  of  active  properties. 

*  Stamens  4  :  corolla  hardly  or  only  slightly  bilabiate. 

1.  Ruellia.     Anthers  2-celled.     Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.     Capsule  several-seeded. 

2.  Berginia.     Aiithers  1 -celled.     Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Capsule  4-seeded. 

*  *   Stamens  only  2  :  anthers  2-celled  :  corolla  strongly  bilabiate  :  capsule  4-seeded. 

3.  Beloperone.     Anthers  with  lower  cell  spiured  or  pointed  at  base.     Flowers  1-bracted. 

4.  Dicliptera.     Anther-cells  pointless.     Flowers  1  to  3  between  a  pair  of  valvate  bracts. 


588  ACANTHACE^.  Ruellia. 

1.   RUELLIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted  into  narrow  and  nearly  equal  divisions.  Corolla  broadly  funnel- 
form,  almost  regularly  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  broad  and  flat,  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included  :  filaments  united  at  the  base  in  pairs  :  anthers 
sagittate,  2-celled;  the  cells  nearly  parallel  and  equal.  Capsule  oblong  or  club- 
shaped,  nearly  terete,  8— 16-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped. 
— Perennials  and  chiefly  herbs;  with  oval  or  oblong  and  petioled  leaves,  and  rather 
large  blue  or  purple  flowers ;  many  of  the  most  fertile  ones  never  unfolding,  being 
close-fecundated  in  the  bud. 

1.  R.  tuberosa,  Linn.  Pubescent,  2  or  3  feet  high  :  leaves  oval  or  ovate  : 
flowers  in  a  nearly  naked  terminal  panicle  :  corolla  (1|  to  2  inches  long)  with  a 
slender  tube  suddenly  expanded  into  an  ample  throat :  stigma  single  (the  other  fork 
wanting)  :  capsule  12  — 16-seeded.  —  Cryphiacanthus  Barbadensis,  K^ees. 

California,  Coulter.  But  his  plant  (N^o.  556)  very  likely  collected  in  Arizona,  ■whence  this 
species  extends  to  Texas,  and  is  common  in  Mexico,  W.  Indies,  &c. 

2.   BERGINIA,  Harvey. 

Calyx  5-parted  into  narrow  chartaceous  and  striate  nearly  equal  divisions.  Corolla 
with  tube  about  equalling  the  calyx  and  the  irregular  rather  bilabiate  limb ;  upper 
lip  nearly  erect,  2-parted,  the  lobes  oblong,  interior  in  the  bud ;  lower  longer  and 
spreading,  3-parted  or  cleft;  the  lobes  somewhat  obovate,  the  middle  one  with  a 
bearded  patch  at  and  below  its  base.  Stamens  4,  inserted  in  the  throat :  filaments 
subulate,  the  anterior  pair  bearded  inside  next  the  anther  :  anthers  ovate-lanceolate, 
the  acute  tips  at  first  lightly  cohering  by  a  minute  beard.  Style  thickened  at  apex : 
stigma  naked,  truncate  and  a  little  cupped.  Capsule  not  at  all  stalk-like  or  nar- 
rowed at  base,  ovate,  apparently  thin-walled  and  not  compressed,  4-seeded  from 
near  the  base.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  B.  virgata,  Harvey,  in  herb.  Apparently  a  low  and  somewhat  shrubby 
plant,  minutely  puberulent,  with  slender  branches  :  leaves  linear-oblong,  entire, 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  scabrous  (half  an  inch  or  so  in  length),  with  midrib  prominent 
underneath ;  the  upper  reduced  to  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  of  the  loose  interrupted 
spike,  barely  equalling  the  2-bracteolate  calyx  :  corolla  apparently  white,  less  than 
half  an  inch  long.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  1096. 

California,  No.  603,  Coulter.  Not  since  met  with ;  more  probably  collected  in  Arizona  or 
within  the  borders  of  Mexico. 

3.  BELOPERONE,  Nees. 

Calyx  equally  5-parted,  subtended  by  a  pair  of  small  bractlets.  Corolla  tubular, 
bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  interior  in  the  bud,  concave,  erect  or  arching,  entire  or 
emarginate ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-lobed.  Stamens  2  :  anthers  2-celled ;  the 
cells  disjoined,  one  higher  than  the  other,  the  lower  one  with  a  short  spur  at  base. 
Style  filiform  :  stigma  mostly  entire.  Capsule  clavate,  having  a  long  empty  stalk- 
like base ;  the  short  cells  each  2-seeded.  —  Mostly  shrubs,  of  Tropical  America ; 
with  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes ;  the  bracts  and  bractlets  small  and  narrow.  — 
Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  ii.  1110. 

1.  B.  Calif ornica,  Benth.  Tomentose  or  hoary:  stems  shrubby,  slender,  often 
becoming  leafless  :  leaves  ovate,  round-oval,  or  somewhat  cordate,  nearly  entire. 


Dicliptera.  LABIATE.  589 

slender-petioled  :  racemes  short  and  loose  :  bracts  and  bractlets  deciduous  :  calyx- 
lobes  subulate  :  corolla  dull  red,  narrow,  an  inch  long ;  the  lips  truncate  :  cells  of 
the  anther  nearly  equal  in  size,  the  lower  with  a  short  blunt  spur  :  capsule  tomen- 
tose,  club-shaped,  the  stalk-like  empty  base  longer  than  the  seed-bearing  portion.  — 
Bot.  Sulph.  38.  Jacobinia  Californica,  Xees  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  729.  Sericographis 
Calif ornica,  Gray  in  Bot,  Mex.  Bound.  125. 

Along  the  southeastern  borders  of  the  State  {Fremont,  Newberry,  Parry,  &c.),  in  Arizona,  and 
through  Lower  California.  Capillary  style  rather  persistent,  at  length  separating  by  a  jomt  above 
the  base. 

4.  DICLIPTERA,  Juss. 

Bracts  a  pair,  valvately  enclosing  1  to  3  flower-buds.  Corolla  tubular,  bilabiate ; 
the  upper  lip  interior  in  the  bud,  flat  or  concave,  emarginate  or  entire ;  the  lower 
spreading,  3-toothed  or  lobed.  Stamens  2  :  anthers  with  2  cells,  one  higher  than 
the  other,  both  pointless.  Capsule  short,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  4-seeded, 
the  base  seedless  and  stalk-like  :  the  strong  processes  that  bear  the  seeds  curving 
upward  and  becoming  hook-like  at  dehiscence.  Seeds  flat.  —  Mostly  herbs ;  with  6- 
angled  stems,  broadish  and  petioled  leaves,  and  either  scattered  or  clustered  flowers : 
mainly  tropical,  two  or  three  species  reaching  the  United  States. 

1 .  D.  resupinata,  Juss.  Nearly  glabrous  :  stems  slender,  loosely  branching  : 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  slender-petioled  :  peduncles  scattered,  bearing  a  pair  of 
cordate  or  rounded  foliaceous  bracts,  and  between  them  a  single  flower  or  rarely  a 
pair  :  corolla  purplish,  half  an  inch  long. — Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  125.  D.  thlas- 
pioides,  Nees  in  DC.  1.  c.  474. 

California,  No.  557,  Coulter :  but  perhaps  only  in  Arizona,  where  it  abounds,  as  also  in  Lower 
California,  in  the  fonn  of  D.  thlaspioides  ;  so  called  because  the  flattened  pair  of  bracts  (3  to  5 
lines  in  diameter),  terminating  a  peduncle  of  about  the  same  length,  may  be  likened  to  the  "silicle 
of  a  Thlaspi.  In  most  species,  when  the  flowers  are  in  clusters,  many  of  the  corollas  appear  to 
be  reversed  (resupinate),  the  3-lobed  lip  seemingly  the  upper  one  as  respects  the  main  axis. 


Order  LXXIII.    LABIATE. 

Herbs,  or  chiefly  so,  mostly  aromatic,  with  square  stems,  opposite  simple  leaves 

and  no  stipules,  bilabiate  corolla,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  an  ovary 

parted  into  4  lobes  around  the  single  style,  forming  1-seeded  seed-like  nutlets  in  the 

bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  3  -  5-toothed  or  cleft,  or 

bilabiate.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed  or  entire ;  the  lower  3-cleft  or  parted 

(or  in  the  first  tribe  as  if  4  in  the  upper  and  one  in  the  lower  lip).    Stamens  on  the 

tube  of  the  corolla.    Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  often  unequally  so,  or  one  of  the  lobes 

obsolete  :  stigmas  minute.     Seed  erect  from  the  base  of  the  nutlet,  mostly  without 

albumen.     Embryo  straight  (except  in  Scutellaria)  ;  the  radicle  inferior.  —  Foliage 

mostly  dotted  with  impressed  glands,  producing  the  volatile  oil  upon  which  depends 

the  aroma  and  warm  pungency  of  a  large  part  of  the  order.     Inflorescence  axillary, 

the  flowers  when  clustered  cymose,  the  cymes,  clusters,  &c.,  sometimes  racemose  or 

spicate  at  the  upper  portion  of  the  stem  or  branches. 

A  large  order,  "found  in  all  countries,  but  most  abundant  in  warm-temperate  regions.  All  the 
])lants  innocent,  but  some  aromatic-pungent ;  several  used  in  medicine  or  for  condiments ;  others, 
with  brilliant  blossoms,  such  as  Mexican  and  Brazilian  Sages,  cultivated  for  ornament.  Many 
Old-World  species,  such  as  Marjoram,  Savory,  Thyme,  several  Mints,  Cat-Mint,  Motherwort,  &c., 
are  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States,  but  have  not  been  met  with  on  the  Califoruian  side. 


590  LABIATiE. 

Hyssopus  officinalis,  Linn.,  the  Hyssop  of  the  Old  World,  which  has  sparingly  escaped  from 
gardens  to  roadsides  at  the  East,  has  once  been  received  from  Plumas  Co.,  California  ;  but  prob- 
ably it  is  not  there  naturalized. 

Nepeta  Cataria,  Linn.,  the  Catnip,  and  perhaps  N.  Gi<pcHOMA,  Benth.,  the  Ground  Ivy, 
also  Galeopsis  Tetrahit,  Linn.,  the  Hemj>Nettle,  Leonurus  Cardiaca  &  L.  Siriricus, 
Linn.,  Motherwort,  and  Lamium  amplexicaitle,  Linn.,  &c.,  Dead-Nettie, — weeds  from  the  Old 
World,  —  are  to  be  expected  in  California,  but  apparently  have  not  yet  found  their  way  thither. 

I.  Nutlets  not  reticulated,  quite  distinct  and  attached  at  the  veiy  base  :  corolla  not  more  deeply 
cleft  down  the  upper  side. 

Teibe  I.  OCIMOIDEjE.  Stamens  declined  towards  or  resting  upon  the  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla,  all  four  fertile.  Corolla  declined,  the  4  somewhat  equal  lobes  forming  the  upj)er 
lip,  and  the  fifth  dissimilar  one  the  lower.  (Ocimum  Basilicum,  Linn.,  the  Sweet  Basil, 
cultivated  as  a  sweet  herb,  is  the  type  of  this  tribe.) 

1.  Hyptis.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Lower  lobe  of  the  corolla  saccate,  abruptly  deflexed  at  the  base. 

Tribe  II.  SATUREIEiE.  Stamens  erect  or  ascending  ;  the  posterior  pair  shorter  or  wanting : 
anthers  2- celled,  and  the  short  cells  never  far  separated,  sometimes  partly  confluent  but  not 
blended.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  never  hooded  :  all  the  lobes  flat  or  flattish. 

*  Corolla  (small  and  short)  about  equally  4-lobed  and  calyx  4  -  5-toothed  :  tube  naked  within. 

2.  Mentha.     Stamens  4 ,  nearly  equal,  erect,  straight  and  distant. 

3.  Lycopus.     Stamens  2  with  anthers  :  the  posterior  pair  sterile  or  wanting. 

*  *  Corolla  with  border  bilabiate,  and  no  hairy  ring  within  the  base  of  the  tube. 
+-  Calyx  about  equally  5-toothed  and  13-nerved:  style  beardless. 

4.  Pycnanthemum.   Flowers  glomerate-capitate.    Stamens  4,  straight,  distant  and  divergent : 

anther-cells  parallel.     Corolla-lips  and  lobes  short. 

5.  Monardella.     Flowers  glomerate-capitate.     Stamens  4,  straight,  exserted  :  anther-cells  at 

length  divergent.     Corolla-lobes  nan-ow. 

6.  Micromeria.     Flowers  solitary  or  loosely  clustered  in  the  axils.     Stamens  4,  cui-ving  and 

ascending,  shorter  than  corolla. 

+-  +-  Calyx  distinctly  bilabiate  :  style  beardless. 

7.  Calamintha.    Flowers  scattered  or  loosely  clustered.    Stamens  4,  the  shorter  pair  sometimes 

sterile,  conniving  in  pairs  or  ascending  parallel. 

Hf-  -J-  tK  Calyx  unequally  and  deeply  5-cleft,  mostly  15-nerved:  style  bearded  above. 

8.  Pogogyne.     Stamens  4,  sometimes  the  upper  pair  sterile,  ascending. 

*  *  ♦  Corolla  not  manifestly  bilabiate  :  a  hairy  ring  at  the  base  of  the  tube  within. 

9.  Sphacele.     Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  and  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  membranaceous  and 

enlarging  in  fruit,   only  10-nerved,   reticulated.      Stamens  4,   distant.      Corolla  with 
5  roundish  lobes,  the  lower  longest. 

Tribe  III.  MONARDE^.  Stamens  only  2  fertile,  the  upper  pair  rudimentary  or  wanting  : 
anthers  apparently  or  really  of  a  single  linear-oblong  cell,  or  of  2  cells  very  widely  sepa- 
rated upon  the  two  ends  of  a  filament-like  connective. 

10.  Salvia.     Connective  longer  than  the  filament  itself,  which  it  strides,  a  narrow  anther-cell  at 

its  upper  end,  a  smaller  one  or  a  long  process  at  the  lower. 

11.  Audibertia.     Connective  much  shorter  th,in  the  filiform  filament  and  continuous  or  barely 

articulated  with  its  apex,  or  apparently  none  :  anther  1-celled,  no  rudiment  of  the  second 
cell  below. 

Tribe  IV.  NEPETE^.  Stamens  all  four  with  good  anthers,  ascending  or  divergent ;  the 
posterior  pair  surpassing  the  anterior.  Corolla  distinctly  bilabiate  :  calyx  15-nerved. 
(Nei'ETA,  the  type  of  this  tribe,  would  be  expected  to  give  two  European  weeds,  the  Cat- 
nip and  Ground  Ivy  ;  but  they  have  not  yet  been  seen  in  collections.) 

12.  Lophanthus.     Calyx  15-nerved,  5-toothed.     Stamens  divergent,  the  pairs  crossing  :  anther- 

cells  parallel. 

Tribe  V.  STACHYDEiE.  Stamens  all  4  with  good  anthers,  ascending  and  parallel  under 
the  concave  or  galeate  ujjper  lip  of  the  corolla.  Calyx  5 -10-nerved.  Herbage  much  less 
aromatic  than  in  the  preceding  tribes,  the  glandular  dots  or  oil-glands  scanty. 

♦  Anthers  of  the  longer  pair  of  stamens  with  one  cell  abortive  or  wanting,  as  also  is  the  upper 
fork  of  the  style  :  embryo  cui"ved  ;  the  short  radicle  resting  against  one  of  the  cotyledons  : 


Mentha.  LABIATJS.  591 

lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  commonly  united  rather  to  the  upper  than  to  the  lower  :  calyx 
with  sliort  entire  lips. 

13.  Scutellaria.     Calyx  with  a  strong  projection  on  the  upper  side,  becoming  casque-shaped, 

finally  splitting  and  the  upper  part  usually  falling. 

14.  Salazaria.     Calyx  with  no  projection  on  the  back,  enlarged  and  bladdery-inflated  in  fruit. 

*  *  Anthers  all  alike  2-celled.     Embryo  straight,  as  in  the  order  generally. 

15.  Brunella.     Calyx  reticulate-veiny,  strongly  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  truncate-3-toothed,  lower 

2-(deft.     Filaments  2-forked  at  apex,  one  fork  bearing  the  anther. 

16.  Marrubium.     Calyx  5-10-nerved,  10-toothed.     Stamens  enclosed  in  the  short  tube  of  the 

corolla. 

17.  Stachys.     Calyx  5-10-nerved,  5-toothed.     Stamens  rising  out  of  the  throat  and  under  the 

upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

II.  Nutlets  rugose-reticulated,  somewhat  united  at  base  or  obliquely  fixed  :  corolla  most  deeply 
cleft  between  the  two  upper  lobes. 

Tribe  VI.  AJUGOIDEJ?.  Stamens  ascending  parallel,  and  protruded  from  the  cleft  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  corolla,  which  thus  divides  completely  the  upper  lip  :  the  anterior  longer 
than  the  posterior  pair. 

18.  Trichostema.     Calyx  cam j)anulate,  5-cleft.    Corolla  with  5  somewhat  similar  oblong  lobes; 

the  limb  oblique  in  the  bud  and  containing  the  spirally  coiled  stamens. 

1.    HYPTIS,  Jacq. 

Calyx  somewhat  equally  5-tootlied.  Corolla  short ;  the  lower  lohe  saccate, 
abruptly  deflexed  at  the  contracted  and  callous-margined  base ;  the  other  4  lobes 
nearly  equal  and  flat.  Stamens  4,  declined,  included  in  the  sac  of  the  lower  lobe. 
—  Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  of  very  many  South  American  and  Mexican  species,  a  few 
reaching  the  United  States. 

1.  H.  Emoryi,  Torr.  Minutely  scurfy-tomentose  and  canescent,  shrubby,  4  or 
5  feet  high,  with  slender  branches  :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  obscurely  crenate,  an  inch 
or  less  in  length,  slender-petioled :  flowers  in  loose  short-peduncled  axillary  clusters : 
pedicels  about  the  length  of  tlie  somewhat  turbinate  calyx,  both  densely  scurfy.  — 
I>ot.  Ives  Colorado  Exp.  20.  H.  lanata,  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  129,  a  slip  for 
H.  laniflora,  excl.  syn. 

Gravelly  ravines  of  the  Mohave  {Fremont,  Cooper)  and  eastward,  Einory,  Newberry,  &c.  Ca&on 
Tantillas,  within  the  borders  of  Lower  California,  Palmer,  "Fragrant."  Corolla  2  or  3  lines 
long,  apparently  purplish. 

H.  ALBiDA,  HBK.,  a  related  Mexican  species,  sparingly  occurs  in  Arizona,  but  no  nearer  than 
Camp  Grant,  Pahncr. 

H.  LANIFLORA,  Benth.,  and  H.  tepiirodes.  Gray,  are  known  only  from  the  southern  part  of 
Lower  California. 

H.  POLYSTACiiYA,  HBK.,  which  is  probably  only  H.  spicata,  Poiteau,  an  annual  species,  of 
Mexico,  &c.,  is  doubtfully  enumerated  in  Bot.  Beechey's  voyage ;  but  notlxtng  like  it  is  known 
from  California. 

2.   MENTHA,  Linn.        Mint. 

Calyx  about  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  a  short  included  tube,  and  a  cam- 
panulate  almost  equally  4-cleft  border;  the  upper  lobe  broadest,  either  entire  or 
sometimes  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  erect,  distant. —  Odorous  perennial 
herbs,  usually  multiplying  by  creeping  shoots  or  rootstocks ;  with  very  small  flowers 
in  dense  clusters,  the  two  opposite  ones  forming  an  apparent  whorl,  either  in  the 
axils  or  else  spicate  at  the  top  of  the  branches  :  corolla  whitish  or  purplish. 

1 .  M.  Canadensis,  Linn.  About  a  foot  high,  sweet-scented,  sometimes  soft- 
pubescent,  sometimes  almost  glabrous :  leaves  from  oblong-ovate  to  almost  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  acute,  short-petioled  :  flowers  all  in  short  axillary  clusters,  the  sum- 
mit of  the  .stem  being  sterile  :  calyx  hairy,  its  teeth  short. 


592  LABIATE.  Lycopus. 

Border  of  streams  and  springs,  San  Francisco  Bay  and  eastward  to  Nevada,  &c.  Extends 
northward  to  Puget  Sound,  and  east  to  the  Atlantic. 

M.  PIPERITA,  Linn.,  the  Peppennint,  which  is  glabrous,  the  leaves  petioled,  and  the  flowers 
crowded  in  a  terminal  spike,  is  probably  in  cultivation,  and  therefore  likely  to  be  naturalized. 

M.  viKiDis,  Linn.,  the  Spearmint,  like  the  last,  but  withjp^iny  less  smooth  and  sessile  leaves, 
probably  in  large  demand  for  juleps,  is  sure  to  be  naturaliijed  before  long. 

3.  LYCOPUS,  Toum.        Water  Horehound. 

Like  Mentha,  "but  the  posterior  pair  of  stamens  wanting  or  sterile.  Calyx  in  the 
same  species  either  5-toothed  or  4-toothed.  Corolla  apparently  regular,  being  about 
equally  4-lobed.  Nutlets  with  thickened  margins  at  the  top.  Flowers  white  or 
nearly  so,  in  close  sessile  whorl-like  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  —  A  genus 
of  few  species,  Avidely  dispersed.  —  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  285. 

1.  L.  sinuatus,  Ell.  Not  stoloniferous  nor  tuberiferous,  but  with  rootstocks 
more  or  less  creeping,  glabrous  or  minutely  roughish-pubescent,  a  foot  or  two  high, 
loosely  branching  :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  laciniate-pinnatitid  or 
irregularly  incised,  or  merely  sinuate,  petioled  :  outer  bracts  barely  equalling  the 
flowers  :  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate  antl  cuspidate,  rigid,  nearly  equalling  the 
corolla,  in  fruit  surpassing  the  nutlets  :  rudiments  of  sterile  stamens  slender  and 
with  a  thickened  tip. 

Wet  grounds  ;  rare  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  not  uncommon  in  Oregon,  extending 
through  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  L.  lucidus,  Turcz.,  var.  Americanus,  Gray,  1.  c.  Somewhat  stoloniferous 
from  the  base  of  the  stem,  and  with  stouter  subterranean  runners  producing  large 
tubers,  nearly  glabrous,  or  usually  puberulent-hirsute :  stem  stout  and  strictly 
erect,  2  or  3  feet  high,  very  leafy,  ^cutely  angled  towards  the  summit :  leaves  lan- 
ceolate (2  to  4  inches  long),  acute  or  acuminate,  sliarply  and  coarsely  serrate  with 
ascending  teeth,  sessile  or  nearly  so  :  subulate  outermost  bracts  as  long  as  the 
flowers  :  calyx-teeth  slender-subulate,  equalling  the  corolla,  not  exceeding  the  nut- 
lets :  rudiments  of  sterile  stamens  slender  and  with  a  thickened  tip. 

Low  grounds  near  San  Francisco  {Kellogg,  &c. ) :  also  from  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  to  Sas- 
katchewan.    Foliage  not  at  all  lucid  as  in  the  Siberian  plant. 

L.  ViRGiNlcus,  Linn.,  in  a  large-leaved  foi-m  {L.  macrophyllus,  Benth.)  occurs  in  Oregon  and 
eastward.  It  may  be  known  by  the  abundance  of  filifoiTU  runners  produced  during  the  summer, 
and  the  pointless  calyx-teeth,  which  are  mostly  4,  while  5  largely  j)revails  in  the  other  species. 
An  unusual  bitterness  gave  this  plant  a  ceiiain  repute  in  medicine,  but  it  is  of  no  account. 

4.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  Michx. 

Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  short-tubular,  ours  with  5  short  equal  teeth ;  the  throat 
naked  within.  Corolla  short,  with  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  and  a  distinctly 
2-lipped  border;  both  lips  nearly  flat;  the  upper  entire  or  nearly  so  and  rather 
erect;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft  into  short  and  obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  4, 
straight,  distant  and  divergent ;  the  anterior  pair  slightly  longer  :  anther-cells  close 
and  parallel.  —  Perennial  erect  herbs,  with  densely-crowded  flowers  (whence  the 
name) ;  consisting  of  1 6  species  of  the  Atlantic  United  States,  and  one  in  California. 

1.  P.  Calif omicum,  Torr.  About  2  feet  high,  corymbosely  branched,  sweet- 
odorous,  whitened  with  a  fine  and  soft  close  pubescence,  or  in  age  sometimes 
smoothish  and  greener  :  leaves  from  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  closely  sessile  by  a 
roundish  or  slightly  cordate  base,  sparingly  denticulate  or  entire  (1  to  3  inches 
long) :  heads  of  flowers  very  dense  at  summit  and  in  2  or  3  upper  pairs  of  axils, 
compacted  with  slender  bracts,  white-villous  :  flowers  whitish. — Pacif.  K.  Kep. 
iv.  122. 


MonardeUa.  LABIATE.  593 

Dry  and  open  ground  ;  common  neai-ly  throughout  the  State  to  the  southern  boundary  and  the 
frontiers  of  Nevada.  The  var.  glabellum  is  a  green  and  glabrate  state,  hardly  needing  a  distinc- 
tive name.  "* 

5.  MONARDELLA,  Benth. 

Calyx  tubular,  narrow  or  elongated,  10  -  13-nerved,  5-tootlied;  the  teeth  short, 
straight,  and  nearly  equal ;  the  throat  naked  within.  Corolla  Avith  the  tube  either 
slightly  or  manifestly  longer  than  the  calyx,  glabrous  within ;  the  2-cleft  upper  lip 
and  the  lobes  of  the  3-parted  lower  one  all  flat  and  linear  or  oblong.  Stamens 
4,  exserted,  either  strongly  or  moderately  unequal :  anther-cells  often  divergent  or 
divaricate.  —  Annual  or  perennial  sweet-odorous  herbs  (all  Californian,  one  or  two 
extending  to  Oregon) ;  with  the  aspect,  inflorescence  and  calyx  of  Monarda,  and  the 
corolla  rather  of  P ycnanthemum,  but  mostly  on  a  larger  scale  :  the  flowers  compacted 
in  terminal  heads  involucrate  with  bracts,  rose-color,  purple,  or  white.  Leaves 
entire  or  obscurely  toothed.  —  Lab.  331,  &  DC.  Prodr.  xii.  190. 

§  \.  Flowers  comparatively  few  and  loose  in  the  head,  large:  corolla  mostly  with  long- 
exserted  tube  :  anther-cells  oval-oblo7ig,  divaricate. 

L  ]VI.  macrantha,  Gray.  Perennial,  tufted,  a  span  high  from  creeping  rather 
woody  rootstocks,  puberulent  or  pubescent :  leaves  thickish,  ovate,  obtuse  (6  to  10 
lines  long),  glabrate,  slender-petioled  :  bracts  of  the  10- 20-flowered  head  ovate  or 
oblong,  obtuse,  thin-membranaceous  or  somewhat  scarious,  sometimes  whitish  or 
purplish -tinged,  externally  like  the  calyx  villous-pubescent :  teeth  of  the  latter  lan- 
ceolate, merely  acute  :  corolla  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  glabrous,  orange-red  ; 
its  tube  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  lobes  lanceolate.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  100. 

Cuiamaca  Mountains  and  near  Julian  City,  northeast  of  San  Diego,  Cleveland,  Palmer.  Calyx 
three  fourths  or  in  fruit  even  a  full  inch  long.  Corolla  often  nearly  2  inches  long,  apparently 
bright  orange-colored  with  the  limb  scarlet,  the  tube  gradually  enlarging  upward. 

2.  M.  nana,  Gray,  1.  c.  Eesembles  the  preceding,  with  somewhat  hirsute  pu- 
bescence :  flowers  smaller :  corolla  not  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  white  or 
tinged  with  rose-color ;  the  slender  tube  pubescent :  bracts  whitish  and  rose-color. 

Mountains  behind  San  Diego,  Cleveland.  Specimens  hardly  sufficient.  Calyx  barely  two 
thirds  of  an  inch  long  :  tube  of  the  pale  corolla  sometimes  hardly  exceeding  its  lanceolate  teeth, 
sometimes  2  lines  longer. 

§  2.  Flowers  numerous  and  densely  capitate :  calyx  from  a  fourth  to  a  third  of  an 
inch  long :  anther-cells  shorter  and  less  divaricate. 

*  Perennial,  in  tufts  from  a  procumheM  and  almost  woody  base,  or  from  somewhat 
creeping  slender  rootstocks :  corolla  from  flesh-color  to  purple,  the  tithe  little  if  at  all 
exceeding  the  calyx. 

3.  M.  villosa,  Benth.  Soft-pubescent  or  villous,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves 
ovate,  often  with  a  few  obtuse  teeth,  veiny  (6  to  10  lines  long),  petioled  :  bracts 
ovate,  foliaceous,  pinnately  veined. — Lab.  332,  &  Bot.  Sulph.  42,  t.  21. — Varying 
greatly,  especially  in  the  pubescence. 

Var.  leptosiphon,  Torr. :  a  less  pubescent  form,  with  thinner  and  almost  entire 
leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  slender  more  exserted  tube  to  the  corolla.  —  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  129. 

Var.  glabella.  Gray :  a  form  with  nearly  oblong  leaves,  sometimes  almost  ses- 
sile, varying  from  5  to  18  lines  in  length  ;  the  pubescence  very  close  and  minute.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  386.     M.  Sheltoni,  Torr.  in  Durand,  PI.  Pratten. 

Dry  and  mostly  wooded  grounds,  common  through  the  State  ;  the  more  villous  fonn,  which 
suggested  the  specific  name,  chiefly  southward. 


594  LABIATE.  MonardeUa. 

4.  M.  odoratissima,  Benth.  Pale  and  nearly  glabrous,  or  canescently-tomen- 
tulose,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  entire  (4  to  15  lines 
long),  and  short-petioled ;  the  veins  not  prominent :  bracts  thin-membranaceous 
and  colored  (whitish  or  pinkish),  inclining  to  parallel-veined,  ciliate  or  villous  : 
calyx-teeth  short,  triangular-lanceolate,  hirsute  without  and  Avithin. 

Dry  liills  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  5,000  to  10,000  feet,  aiul  through  the  interior  of  Oregon 
to  Washington  Territoiy.  Phmt  with  a  strong  scent  of  Pennyroyal  :  in  California  it  is  hardly  if 
at  all  pubescent,  except  the  head. 

5.  lul.  linoides,  Gray.  Minutely  canescent,  but  the  pubescence  imperceptible  : 
stems  more  erect  and  rigid,  a  foot  high,  slender :  leaves  small  (about  half  au  inch 
long),  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  linear  and  sessile  and  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate,  ob- 
tuse, the  veins  very  obscure  :  bracts  nearly  as  in  the  preceding  but  barely  ciliate  : 
calyx-teeth  narrowly  lanceolate,  merely  pubescent,  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  101. 

Mountains  east  of  San  Diego,  near  the  Oroflamme  mine,  Palmer.     Redolent  of  Bergamot. 

*  *  Annual,  less  leafy :  leaves  entire  or  merely  undulate. 

"(-  Corolla  {from  flesh-color  to  rose  or  purple)  with  tube  slightly  or  moderately  ex- 
serted  from  the  calyx  :  the  lobes  linear  or  elongated-oblong. 

++  Bracts  pointless,  parallel-veined  or  chiefly  so :  calyx-teeth  ratlier  broad  and  blunt. 

6.  M.  undulata,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high  :  leaves  from  oblong- 
spatulate  to  nearly  linear  with  a  narrowed  base,  obtuse,  undulate-margined  (com- 
monly an  inch  long),  tapering  into  a  petiole,  minutely  pubescent  or  glabrous :  bracts 
and  calyx  villous ;  the  former  broadly  ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  thin-membranaceous  or 
scarious,  destitute  of  cross- veinlets  between  the  nerves  :  corolla  rose-color. 

Not  uncommon  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  from  near  San  Francisco  to  its  southern  bor- 
ders.     "  Exhales  a  strong  odor  of  Peppermint." 

7.  IVE.  lanceolata,  Gray.  A  foot  or  so  high,  brachiately  branched,  green  and 
almost  glabrous,  or  the  stem  puberulent :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  (an 
inch  or  two  long),  tapering  below  into  slender  petioles ;  the  upper  acute  ;  all  with 
entire  and  even  margins :  bracts  foliaceous  or  nearly  so,  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly 
acute,  copiously  reticulated  between  the  ascending  or  parallel  ribs  or  primary  veins 
by  cross  veinlets  :  calyx  inconspicuously  nerved ;  the  short  teeth  densely  hirsute 
within,  sparsely  if  at  all  so  Avithoufc :  corolla  bright  rose-color  or  purple,  sometimes 
spotted  with  darker  dots.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1.  c.  102. 

Dry  gi-ound,  common  along  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Plumas  Co.  to  Tejon 
and  San  Diego  Co.  It  has  been  confounded  both  with  M.  undulata  and  M.  candicans.  Apparently 
mixch  handsomer  than  either. 

8.  M.  candicans,  Benth.  A  foot  or  so  in  height,  at  length  loosely  branched, 
canescently  soft-puberulent,  at  least  above  :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  (about  an 
inch  long),  commonly  obtuse,  rather  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  slender 
petiole,  the  margins  even  :  bracts  thin-membranaceous  or  almost  scarious,  ovate, 
obtuse,  reticulated  by  some  cross-veinlets  between  the  parallel  ribs :  calyx  evidently 
nerved ;  the  teeth  very  villous  both  within  and  without :  corolla  pale  or  white,  the 
tube  not  exserted.  —  PI.  Hartw.  330. 

Foot-hills  on  the  Sacramento,  Stanislaus,  Cosumnes,  &c. 

++  ++  Bracts  cuspidate,  mostly  scarious  except  the  strong  ribs :  calyx-teeth  subulate. 

9.  M.  Bre'weri,  Gray.  A  span  or  more  high,  puberulent :  leaves  oblong  or 
ovate,  abruptly  petioled,  pinnately  veined  (the  larger  an  inch  long) :  bracts  broadly 
ovate,  abruptly  acuminate-cuspidate,  whitish-scarious,  the  outer  pinnately  and  the 
inner  nervosely  7  -  9-ribbed,  most  of  the  ribs  converging  into  the  point :  corolla 
rose-purple,  the  tube  surpassing  the  calyx.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  38G. 

Corral  Hollow,  Contra  Costa  Co.,  south  of  Monte  Diablo,  on  a  very  di-y  sandy  hill.  Brewer. 
The  plant  has  the  aspect  of  a  small  Monarda  Jistulosa. 


Micromeria.  '  LABIATE.  595 

10.  M.  Douglasii,  Bentli.  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high,  loosely  branched, 
puberulent  and  above  hirsute  :  leaves  lanceolate  (about  an  inch  long),  tapering  into 
the  petiole,  the  veins  inconspicuous  and  ascending  :  bracts  ovate  and  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, gradually  acuminate  to  a  cuspidate  point,  wholly  or  mainly  trausparent- 
scarious  (silvery  white  or  tinged  purplish),  except  the  strong  midrib  and  divergent 
piimate  veins  which  all  run  into  a  marginal  false  vein  of  equal  strength,  forming  a 
rigid  framework  :  corolla  deep  rose-color,  the  tube  little  exserted  beyond  the  sharp- 
pointed  calyx -teeth,  —  Lab.  332,  &  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  M.  candicans,  var.  venosa, 
Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Pep.  iv.  123. 

Hills  and  plains,  around  San  Francisco  Bay  and  north  to  Yuba  Co.  Plant  strong-scented.  The 
very  thin  and  transparent  veinless  substance  of  the  bracts  set  as  in  frames  formed  of  the  ribs  and 
simple  veins. 

-i-  +-  Corolla  {white  ?)  small,  vdth  wholly  included  tube  and  short  ovate-oblong  lobes. 

11.  M.  leucocephala,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  minutely  cinereous-pubes- 
cent :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  short-petioled  :  bracts  orbicular-ovate, 
pointless,  thin-scarious,  bright  white,  7  -  9-nerved,  and  with  a  few  indistinct  vein- 
lets  :  calyx  hirsute,  finely  and  closely  nerved  ;  the  teeth  subulate  and  whitish.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  385. 

Plains  near  Merced,  Brewer.  Bracts  4  or  5  lines  long,  the  veins  minutely  hispid  underneath. 
Calyx  2^  lines  long.  Corolla  probably  more  conspicuous  in  other  specimens.  Tlie  species  is  a 
very  peculiar  one. 

6.  MICROMERIA,  Benth. 

Calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  about  13-striate,  terete,  not  gibbous  nor  declined,  about 

equally  5-toothed.     Corolla  short,  naked  within,  distinctly  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  erect, 

flattish,  entire  or  emarginate  ;  lower  spreading,   3-parted,     Stamens  4  :  filaments 

arcuate-ascending ;  the  anterior  pair  longer  :  anthers  2-celled.     Style  glabrous.  — 

Low  plants,  sweet-odorous,  various  in  habit,  with  small  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the 

leaves. 

A  genus  of  numerous  Old  World  and  several  South  American  species,  one  of  which  (of  the 
peculiar  section,  Hespekotuymus)  reaches  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  and  has  a  relative 
on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

1.  M.  Douglasii,  Benth.  Perennial  herb,  slightly  pubescent,  with  long  and 
slender  creeping  and  trailing  stems  :  leaves  round-ovate,  thin,  sparingly  toothed  (an 
inch  or  less  in  diameter)  short-petioled  :  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  a 
long  and  filiform  2-bracteolate  peduncle  :  calyx-teeth  subulate  :  corolla  purplish,  4 
lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  tube  exserted. —  Lab.  372.  Thymus 
Douglasii  &  Chamissonis,  Benth.  in  Linnsea,  vi.  82.  Micromeria  barbata,  Fischer 
&  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  viii.  67. 

Woods  of  the  Coast  Ranges,  mostly  in  sandy  soil,  from  Santa  Barbara  Co.  northward  to  Wash- 
ington Territory.     A  sweet-scented  herb,  the  well-known  Verba  Buena. 

2.  M.  purpurea,  Gray.  Erect  and  much  branched,  a  foot  or  two  high,  rather 
finely  and  loosely  pubescent :  leaves  short-petioled,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sparsely 
serrate  with  sharp  appressed  teeth  (an  inch  long) :  flowers  numerous  in  umbel-like 
sessile  or  short-peduncled  fascicles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  :  calyx  oblong-campanu- 
late,  about  the  length  of  the  pedicels,  naked  in  the  throat ;  the  slender-subulate  teeth 
one  third  the  length  of  the  tube  :  corolla  "  purple-blue,"  2  lines  long,  little  exceed- 
ing the  calyx.  — Hedeoma  purpurea,  Kellogg  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  52. 

Webb's  Landing,  on  an  island  in  the  San  Joaquin  River,  Kellogy.  Plant  with  "the  strong 
odor  and  carminative  properties  of  the  comm(jn  Pennyroyal."  Not  otherwise  met  with,  and 
rather  obscure.  It  is  in  no  respect  a  Hedeoma :  in  unexpauded  flower-buds  all  four  filaments 
bear  fertile  and  similar  anthers. 


596  LABIATE.  Calamintha. 

7.  CALAMINTHA,  Mcench.        Calaminth. 

Calyx  oblong  or  tubular,  often  gibbous,  about  13-striate,  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip 
S-tootbed  or  3-cleft ;  lower  3-parted  ;  tlie  throat  either  naked  or  bearded.  Corolla 
with  a  straight  tube  mostly  exceeding  the  calyx,  an  enlarging  throat,  and  a  distinctly 
bilabiate  limb ;  upper  lip  erect,  flattish  or  concave,  entire  or  emargiuate,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-lobed  or  parted.  Stamens  4 ;  the  upper  pair  sometimes  smaller  and 
sterile  :  filaments  ascending  parallel  under  or  beyond  the  upper  lip,  or  conniving  in 
pairs  :  anthers  2-celled,  with  or  without  a  thickened  connective.  —  Herbs  or  some- 
what suffruticose  plants,  of  various  habit,  forming  four  or  five  very  distinct  sections ; 
the  species  dispersed  around  the  northern  hemisphere. 

C.  Palmeri,  Gray,  is  a  new  species  of  the  Acinos  section,  a  low  and  small-flowered  annual, 
with  wholly  the  aspect  of  a  Hedeoma.  It  was  recently  discovered  on  Guadalupe  Island  off  Lower 
California,  by  Dr.  E.  Palmer. 

1.  C.  mimuloides,  Benth.  Erect,  2  feet  high,  somewhat  viscidly  villous  : 
leaves  ovate,  thin,  coarsely  serrate,  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  slender- petioled:  flowers 
nearly  solitary  in  the  axils ;  their  slender  peduncle  leafy-bracteate  at  the  base :  calyx 
tubular,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat,  barely  bilabiate, 
the  three  teeth  of  the  upper  lip  united  higher  than  the  two  lower,  all  cuspidate 
from  a  broadly  triangular  base  :  corolla  orange,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  its  cylin- 
drical tube  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  PL  Hartw.  331. 

Shady  places,  Carmel  River,  Monterey  Co.,  Hartweg. 

2.  C.  (])  ilicifolia,  Gray.  Annual,  branched  from  the  base,  3  to  6  inches  high, 
rigid,  puberulent  or  glabrate  :  leaves  coriaceous,  ovate-spatulate  or  cuneate,  coarsely 
few-toothed,  about  half  an  inch  long  and  with  a  petiole  of  equal  length  :  bracts 
nearly  as  large  as  the  leaves,  but  'closely  sessile,  rigid-coriaceous,  broadly  ovate  or 
roundish,  callous-margined ;  the  stout  midrib  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  pinnate  divaricate 
veins  projecting  into  long  prickles :  flowers  several  and  sessile  in  each  axillary 
cluster,  each  pair  of  clusters  (making  a  false  whorl)  involucrate  by  4  bracts  :  calyx 
oblong,  villous-pubescent,  moderately  bilabiate ;  the  teeth  spinulose-subulate  from  a 
broad  base  :  corolla  apparently  purplish  or  white  (half  an  inch  long) ;  the  tube  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  upper  lip  erect,  oblong  and  concave,  entire;  the  lower  broad 
and  spreading,  3-lobed ;  the  lobes  short  and  rounded  ;  middle  one  deeply  and  the 
lateral  ones  slightly  emarginate  :  stamens  inserted  high  in  the  enlarged  throat ; 
the  pairs  very  unequal ;  anterior  pair  with  stout  filaments  and  divaricate  almost 
confluent  anthers ;  posterior  pair  with  slender  filaments  and  much  smaller  or  abor- 
tive anthers.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  368. 

California,  Major  Rich,  in  herb.  Torrey.  Near  San  Diego,  D.  Cleveland.  Described  as  consti- 
tuting a  peculiar  section,  Acanthomintha.  Additional  sjwcimens,  from  Mr.  Cleveland,  show 
abortive  anthers  to  the  upper  pair  of  stamens  (and  no  villosity  to  the  fertile  stamens,  as  described 
from  Ilich's  specimen  in  the  Torreyan  herbarium);  and  the  upper  lip  is  so  concave  that,  taking 
the  singular  bracts  and  the  habit  into  view,  the  plant  may  with  reason  be  ranked  as  a  genus. 

8.   POGOGYNE,  Benth. 

Calyx  unequally  and  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  lanceolate  teeth  longer  than  the  campan- 
ulate  or  turbinate  mostly  15-nerved  tube,  the  two  lower  longer ;  throat  naked. 
Corolla  straight,  tubular-funnelform,  with  short  lips ;  the  erect  and  entire  upper  lip 
and  the  three  lobes  of  the  spreading  lower  one  oval  and  somewhat  alike.  Stamens 
4  with  anthers,  or  the  upper  and  shorter  pair  sterile,  ascending,  and  above  more  or 
less  approximate  in  pairs  :  anthers  2-celled  ;  the  cells  parallel  and  pointless.  Style 
somewhat  exserted,  bearded  above  with  hirsute  hairs. — Low  annuals  (all  Californian), 


Pogogyne.  /  LABIATE.  597 

sweet-aromatic ;  with  oblong  or  oblanceolate  mostly  entire  leaves,  narrowed  into  a 
petiole ;  flowers  mostly  crowded  and  interrupted  spicate  ;  bracts  and  calyx  hirsute- 
ciliate,  the  teeth  of  the  latter  mostly  3-nerved;  the  corolla  blue  or  purplish. — Benth. 
Lab.  414. 

§  1.  Stamens  all  four  vdth  anthers  :  style  conspicuously  bearded  above,  and  its  subulate 
lobes  almost  equal :  corolla  (6  to  9  lines  long)  tubular-funnelform,  the  tube 
surpassing  the  calyx  {calyx-teeth  variable). 

*  Flower-clusters  densely  crowded  into  an  oblong  or  cylindrical  spike,  which  is  con- 
spicuously white-hirsute  with  the  long  and  stiff  dilate  hairs  of  the  bracts  and 
calyx. 

1.  P.  Douglasii,  Benth.  Eather  stout,  a  span  to  a  foot  high:  leaves  oblong, 
spatulate,  or  oblanceolate,  veiny,  sometimes  sparingly  toothed:  spikes  dense  :  bracts 
linear,  acute  :  lower  divisions  of  the  calyx  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  tube 
and  much  longer  and  narrower  than  the  others  :  corolla  half  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  blue,  or  sometimes  purplish. — Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  5886.  P.  multiflora, 
Benth.  Lab.  ifec,  a  smaller  form  with  rather  shorter  bracts. 

Open  and  shady  grounds,  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State  and  into  the  foot-hills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

2.  P.  parviflora,  Benth.  More  slender,  5  to  8  inches  high  :  leaves  narrower : 
spike  shorter  :  bracts  mostly  obtuse  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  rather  broad,  the  lower 
hardly  longer  and  the  upper  shorter  than  its  tube  :  corolla  barely  half  an  inch  long. 

San  Francisco  Bay  to  Mendocino  Co.,  Douglas,  Bolander,  &c. 

*  *    Whorl-like  floiver-clusters  more  or  less  distant :  bracts  and  calyx  sparsely  and 

rather  slightly  hirsute-ciliate. 

3.  P.  nudiuscula,  Gray.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  with  slender  puberulent 
branches  :  leaves  spatulate  or  linear-spatulate,  obtuse  (an  inch  or  less  in  length), 
glabrous  :  bracts  linear-subulate  and  cuspidate  :  corolla  half  an  inch  long,  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx  :  anthers  of  the  posterior  stamens  usually  smaller  than  the 
others,  but  polliniferous. 

Near  San  Diego,  D.  Cleveland.  Calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate  or  linear-subulate,  in  the  later 
flowers  all  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  tube,  but  in  some  of  the  earlier  ones  little  longer  than 
the  tube. 

§  2.   Upper  stamens  sterile :  style  sparingly  hairy,   its  lobes  very  unequal :  flowers 
small.  —  Hedeomoides,  Gray. 

*  Tube  of  the  corolla  slender  and  manifestly  exceeding  the  calyx,  4:  or  5  lines  long : 

inflorescence  capitate. 

4.  P.  tenuiflora,  Gray.  A  span  or  less  in  height,  puberulent  or  at  the  summit 
pubescent,  corymbosely  branched  or  simple  :  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  their  peti- 
oles and  the  narrow  bracts  slightly  and  sparsely  and  sometimes  not  at  all  bristly- 
ciliate  :  calyx-lobes  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  filiform 
tube  of  the  corolla  :  sterile  filaments  tipped  with  a  small  capitate  gland.  —  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xi.  100. 

Guadalupe  Island,  Lower  California,  Dr.  Palmer.    Added  to  complete  the  account  of  the  genus. 
*  *   Corolla  at  most  2  lines  long,  little  if  at  all  surpassing  the  calyx. 

5.  P.  ziziphoroides,  Benth.  Stems  2  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  oval, 
thickisli ;  the  floral  with  the  rigid  narrow  bracts  and  the  calyx  hirsute-ciliate  with 
strong  white  hairs  :  inflorescence  capitate  or  spicate,  sometimes  interrupted,  or  with 
a  few  solitary  flowers  in  the  lower  axils  :  calyx-lobes  slightly  unequal,  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, very  acute,  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the  tube,  the  longer  equalling  the 


598  LABIATE.  Pogogyne. 

corolla  :  posterior  filaments  not  reduced  in  size,  but  bearing  only  abortive  anthers.  — 
PL  Hartw.  330. 

Valley  of  the  Sacramento,  Hartwcg,  Andrews,  Bolandcr. 

6.  P.  serpylloides,  Gray.  Stems  slender,  diffuse,  3  to  6  inches  high  :  leaves 
obovate-oval  or  spatulate  :  lower  flowers  remote  and  often  solitary  in  the  axils,  leafy- 
bracted  ;  the  upper  usually  interruptedly  spicate  :  calyx-lobes  unequal  and  with  the 
bracts  more  minutely  and  sparsely  ciliate,  all  much  longer  than  the  tube,  the  larger 
fully  equalling  the  violet  or  bluish  corolla  :  sterile  filaments  of  the  posterior  stamens 
tipped  with  minute  rudiments  of  anthers  :  style  bearded  above  with  very  few  and 
coarse  haii-s.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  386.  Hedeoma  (?)  serpylloides,  Ton*.  Pacif. 
K.  Eep.  iv.  123. 

Monterey  to  Mendocino  Co. :  apparently  common.  Leaves  2  or  3  lines  long,  besides  the  petiole. 
Corolla  inconspicuous. 

9.   SPHACELE,  Benth. 

Calyx  campanulate,  nearly  equally  5-cleft,  thin-membranaceous  and  reticulated, 
especially  when  enlarged  in  fruit,  irregularly  about  10-nerved,  naked  within.  Corolla 
cylindraceous  or  oblong-ca:upanulate,  with  5  broad  and  roundisli  rather  erect  lobes, 
the  lower  one  longest :  a  hairy  riug  at  the  base  of  the  tube  within.  Stamens  4, 
distant,  somewhat  ascending :  filaments  naked ;  the  posterior  pair  shorter  :  anther- 
cells  diverging.  —  Somewhat  shrubby,  veiny-leaved,  and  rather  large-flowered.  All 
South  American  and  Mexican,  excepting  one  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  and  the 
following. 

1.  S.  calycina,  Benth.  Shrubby  oidy  at  the  base,  2  to  5  feet  high,  villous- 
pnbescent  or  tomentose,  leafy  :  leaVes  2  to  4  inches  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly 
obtuse,  crenate  or  serrate,  sometimes  almost  entire,  thinnish,  either  roundish,  cune- 
ate,  or  occasionally  obscurely  cordate  at  base,  usually  petioled ;  the  floral  ovate-lan- 
ceolate and  sessile  :  flowers  an  inch  long,  mostly  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  forming 
a  short  leafy  raceme  ;  calyx  a  little  shorter  than  the  purplish  or  lead -colored 
corolla,  soon  inflated;  the  lobes  triangular-lanceolate. — Lab.  568,  &  in  DC. 
Prodr.  xii.  25.5. 

Var.  glabella,  Cray  :  a  form  with  pubescence  minute  or  hardly  any,  the  veinlets 
sometimes  inconspicuous,  sometimes  more  prominently  reticulated. 

Yar.  TVallacei,  Gray  :  loosely  villous  :  lower  leaves  with  truncate  or  sometimes 
hastate-subcordate  base  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  attenuately  linear-lanceolate  from  a 
broader  base. 

Not  uncommon  on  hillsides,  from  San  Francisco  Bay  southward  :  the  var.  glabella  collected 
by  Bridges  and  S.  F.  Peckliam  (Santa  Barbara  Co. )  :  var.  IVallacci  only  by  Wallace,  near  Los 
Angeles  ? 

10.  SALVIA,  Linn.        Sage.     Chia. 

Calyx  bilabiate;  its  upper  lip  (2-)  3-toothed  or  entire,  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla 
deeply  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  erect,  straight  or  falcate,  entire  or  emarginate,  or 
rarely  2-lobed ;  the  lower  spreading  or  drooping,  its  middle  lobe  sometimes  notched 
or  obcordate,  commonly  large.  Stamens  2,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla : 
filaments  short,  sometimes  very  short,  apparently  forked,  i.  e.  a  slender  connective 
attached  by  the  middle  to  its  apex,  its  posterior  portion  ascending  and  bearing  a 
linear  anther-cell ;  its  anterior  or  descending  end  bearing  a  smaller  and  deformed 
anther-cell  or  a  mere  rudiment.  Posterior  stamens  mere  vestiges  or  none.  Nutlets 
when  wetted  mostly  developing  abundant  mucilage  and  long  spiral  threads.  —  Her- 


Salvia.  LABIATE.  599 

"baceous  or  suffruticose  plants,  aromatic  and  titterish,  of  various  aspect,  many  with 

showy  flowers. 

A  genus  of  about  450  species,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  but  mainly  in  warm  temperate 
and  subtropical  regions.  There  are  about  two  dozen  species  in  the  United  SUites,  but  only  two, 
and  of  a  peculiar  section,  have  yet  been  met  with  in  the  State  of  California. 

§  1 .  Throat  of  the  calyx  villous  or  naked ;  its  upper  lip  much  longer  than  the  loiver, 
more  or  less  incurved,  3  —  2-toothed ;  the  lower  2-jxa'ted ;  the  teeth  all  spin- 
ulose-aivned :  corolla  ringent^  blue  or  purple  ;  its  tube  ivith  a  hairy  ring  inside, 
and  the  upper  Up  1-lobed :  stamens  distant  from  the  upper  Up,  unconnected ; 
the  lower  fork  of  the  long  filiform  connective  bearing  a  polliniferous  anther- 
cell  :  root  anmial  or  perhaps  biennial :  leaves  p)innatifid  :  flowers  in  solitary  or 
2  to  4:  proliferous  dense  capitate  clusters,  which  are  involucrate  with  persist- 
ent bract-like  floral  leaves.  —  Echinosphace.  (§  Echinosphace  &  Pycnosphace, 
Beuth.) 

1.  S.  carduacea,  Benth.  White-woolly  with  lax  cohwehby  hairs  :  stem  stout, 
simple,  a  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  naked,  at  base  surrounded  by  a  cluster  of  oblong 
sinuate-pinnatihd  and  spinulose-toothed  Thistle-like  leaves  :  head-like  false  whorls  1 
to  4,  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  very  many-flowered,  equalled  or  surpassed  by  the 
involucrate  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  spinescently  pectinate-toothed  bracts  : 
calyx  long-woolly,  many-nerved ;  its  ample  upper  lip  strongly  3-toothed,  the  middle 
tooth  much  the  larger,  the  lateral  ones  distant ;  the  throat  villous  :  tube  of  the 
corolla  slightly  exserted ;  its  upper  lip  erose-denticiilate  and  2-cleft ;  the  lower  with 
small  lateral  lobes  and  a  larger  flabelliform  and  fimbriately  many-cleft  middle  one  : 
proper  filaments  hardly  any  :  anther-cells  hairy.  —  Hook.  JBot.  Mag.  t.  4874.  S.  gos- 
sypina,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  330. 

Sandy  soil,  not  uncommon  throughout  the  western  and  middle  parts  of  the  State  to  San  Diego. 
Corolla  an  inch  long. 

2.  S.  ColumbariaB,  Benth.  Minutely  tomentose  or  soft-pubescent  :  stem  com- 
monly slender,  branching,  and  leafy  below,  a  span  to  a  foot  or  two  high  from  an 
annual  root,  naked  and  peduncle-like  below,  terminated  by  a  solitary  or  two  prolif- 
erous head-like  false  Avhorls  :  leaves  deeply  once  or  twice  pinnatitid  or  parted  into 
oblong  and  crenately-toothed  or  incised  divisions,  pointless,  rugose  :  involucrate 
floral  leaves  bract-like  and  short,  ovate,  entire  :  bracts  similar  but  membranaceous, 
sometimes  purplish,  abruptly  acuminate-awned  :  flowers  small :  calyx  naked  within  ; 
its  large  upper  lip  arched,  hispid  at  base  outside,  tipped  Avith  a  pair  of  connivent 
and  partly  connate  short-awned  teeth,  much  exceeding  the  two  small  and  porrected 
teeth  of  the  lower  lip  :  corolla  (blue)  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx ;  its  npper  lip 
merely  notched ;  the  lower  with  small  lateral  lobes ;  the  middle  one  much  larger, 
transversely  oval,  on  a  short  claw,  2-lobed,  and  otherwise  nearly  entire  :  filaments 
slender. 

Common  through  the  State,  Nevada,  and  Arizona,  especially  soiithward.  Corolla  3  or  4  lines 
long.  Calyx  with  middle  tooth  of  the  upper  lip  always  wanting.  This  is  the  "  Cliia"  of  the 
aborigines  :  the  seed-like  nutlets,  infused  in  water,  form  a  pleasant  mucilaginous  druik,  which  is 
largely  used. 

§  2.  Throat  of  the  calyx  naked:  anthers  tvith  only  one  polliniferous  cell;  the  lower  fork 
of  the  connective  naked,  deflexed  into  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  linear  or  oblong  ; 
the  pair  more  or  less  united  lengthwise  or  at  the  tip.      (None  indigenous.) 

S.  COCCINEA,  Linn.,  an  herbaceous  scarlet-flowered  species  of  tropical  America,  with  green  and 
deciduous  bracts-and  loose  inflorescence,  is  not  unlikely  to  be  spontaneous  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  State,  as  it  is  in  the  Gulf  States. 

S.  SPLENDENS,  with  floral  leaves  or  bracts  and  calyx  also  bright  scarlet,  and  S.  fulgkns,  with 
these  nearly  gi'een  and  corolla  red-hairy,  are  the  common  Scarlet  Sages  of  cultivation  :  but  they 
seem  not  to  have  become  spontaneous. 


600  LABIATiE.  Audibertia. 

S.  rLATYCiiEiLA,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  292,  a  shrubby  and  hoary  bhiish-flowered  species, 
the  funiiclfonn  dilated  calyx  with  ovate  lips,  was  discovered  liy  I)r.  Palmer,  at  Carmen  Islajid, 
Lower  California,  lat.  26°.  It  is  related  to  S.  BALLOTiEFLORA,  Benth.,  of  New  Mexico  and 
Texas. 

11.  AUDIBERTIA,  Benth. 

Calyx  nearly  as  in  Salvia,  or  more  cleft  on  the  lower  side,  as  if  spathaceons. 
Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  spreading,  2-lobed  or  emarginate  ;  the  lower  spreading 
and  3-lobed,  the  broad  middle  lobe  emarginate.  Stamens  2  :  filaments  slender,  ex- 
serted,  apparently  simple  and  bearing  a  linear  one-celled  anther,  or  with  an  articula- 
tion, showing  that  the  portion  above  it  answers  to  a  filiform  connective,  the  lower 
end  of  which  sometimes  projects  into  a  subulate  point,  but  never  shows  any  trace  of 
a  second  anther-cell.  Vestiges  of  the  posterior  stamens  often  present.  Perennial 
aromatic  herbs  or  undershrubs  (all  Californian  extending  into  the  regions  adjacent), 
hoary ;  with  rugose-veiny  mostly  crenulate  leaves,  resembling  those  of  Sage,  and 
capitate-glomerate  or  sometimes  a  more  open  and  paniculate  inflorescence  :  the 
flowers  prized  for  bees. 

§  1.  Flowers  densely  capitate-glomerate :  bracts  crowded  and  conspicuous. 

»  Large :  corolla  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  crimson-purple  ;  its  upper  lip  rather  erect 
and  short :  lower  leaves  cordate  or  hastate  at  base. 

1.  A.  grandiflora,  Benth.  Stem  villous  and  glandular,  stout,  1  to  3  feet  high 
from  a  scarcely  woody  base  :  leaves  very  rugose,  sinuately  crenate,  white-tomentose 
beneath ;  the  lower  hastate-lanceolate  and  obtuse,  3  to  8  inches  long,  on  margined 
petioles ;  the  upper  oblong  and  sessile ;  floral  ones  and  bracts  broadly  ovate,  mem- 
branaceous, villous,  cuspidate-tipped  :  heads  large,  interruptedly  spicate  :  stamens 
much  exserted  :  a  conspicuous  slender  tooth  representing  the  lower  fork  of  the 
connective.  —  Ton*.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  1 32,  t.  38,  the  sterile  filaments  incorrectly 
represented. 

On  the  Coast  Eanges,  from  San  Mateo  Co.  southward.     A  showy  plant 

*  *  Smaller-flowered :  corolla  from  half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  violet  or 
bluish-purple :  leaves  not  cordate. 

-t-  Bracts,  most  of  the  floral  leaves,  and  the  bilabiate  calyx  scarious-membranaceous, 
reticulated,  more  or  less  colored;  the  tip  obtuse,  pointless,  or  at  most  mucronate: 
dense  heads  interrupted-spicate  or  rarely  solitary :  corolla  not  over  half  an  inch 
long  :  low  species  of  the  interior  arid  region. 

2.  A.  incana,  Benth.  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  so  in  height,  finely  tomentose-canescent, 
leafy :  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire,  not  rugose,  glandular-dot- 
ted, seldom  an  inch  long,  all  but  the  uppermost  tapering  into  a  petiole  :  bracts  and 
upper  floral  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  the  innermost  spatulate,  pubescent  and  ciliate, 
tinged  with  rose  or  purple  :  calyx  turbinate,  its  ovate  or  oblong  anterior  teeth  nearly 
equalling  the  very  broad  truncate  and  emarginate  upper  lip :  stamens  much  exserted. 
—  Lindl.  Bot.  Beg.  t.  1469. 

From  San  Diego  Co.  along  the  eastern  borders  of  the  State,  and  from  S.  Utah  northward  to 
the  Upper  Columbia  River. 

3.  A.  capitata,  Gray.  Cinereous-pubescent :  leaves  oblong,  acutish,  very  rugose, 
crenulate,  somewliat  abruptly  petioled  :  flowers  usually  in  a  single  terminal  head  : 
bracts  a:id  floral  leaves  apparently  whitish,  ovate  or  oval,  minutely  glandular :  other- 
wise resembling  the  preceding.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  387. 

Summit  of  Providence  Mountains,  San  Bemadino  Co.,  Cooper. 


Audihertia.  LABIATiE.  601 

-H-  -t-  Bracts  more  or  less  herbaceous  :  leaves  minutely  rugose  and  crenulate. 

++  Corolla  half  an  inch  or  less  in  length  :  all  the  calyx-teeth  and  the  bracts  subulate 

or  awn-pointed. 

4.  A.  humilis,  Benth.  A  span  high,  tomentulose-caiiescent,  cespitose :  flowering 
stem  scape-like  :  leaves  mainly  radical,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong,  very  obtuse, 
tapering  into  a  slender  petiole  :  spike  of  3  or  4  small  and  closely  sessile  head-like 
clusters  :  bracts  lanceolate  oi:  ovate,  villous-hirsute,  their  tips  and  the  calyx-teeth 
subulate,  not  rigid  :  stamens  and  style  long-exserted. 

Near  San  Francisco  or  Monterey,  Douglas.  Hillsides  near  Nevada,  Bigelow.  Mountains  of  San 
Diego  Co.,  Palmer. 

5.  A.  Stachyoides,  Benth.  Decidedly  shrubby,  3  to  8  feet  high,  rigid,  with 
herbaceous  flowering  branchlets,  leafy,  cinereous-tomentulose,  becoming  greener  and 
glabrate  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  into  more  or  less  of  a  petiole,  obviously 
crenate,  the  upper  surface  glabrous  with  age  :  bracts  of  the  3  to  5  dense  sessile  and 
mostly  remote  heads  ovate  or  oblong,  and  with  the  calyx-teeth  abruptly  cuspidate  or 
awned  :  style  and  especially  the  stamens  little  exserted. 

Common  from  the  Contra  Costa  Mountains  to  the  southern  borders  of  the  State. 

++  ++  Corolla  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  its  tube  much  exceeding  the 
calyx  and  the  short  bracts:  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  barely  I  —3-mucronate,  the  teeth 
of  the  lower  more  pointed :  stamens  and  style  moderately  exserted :  stems  4  ^o  8  feet 
high,  with  'paniculate  and  virgate  herbaceous  remotely-leaved  flowering  branches  ; 
the  stem  below  woody. 

6.  A.  Falmeri,  Gray.  Minutely  tomentulose-canescent :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  (the  larger  2  or  3  inches  long)  :  head-like  clusters  of  flowers  5  to  8,  remote  in 
the  elongated  virgate  naked  spike :  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate  into  a  slen- 
der cuspidate  tip :  lower  calyx-teeth  subulate-setaceous. 

NearTighes  Ranch  in  the  mountains  northeast  of  San  Diego.  "Corolla  a  delicate  blue."  In 
some  respects  intennediate  between  the  foregoing  and  the  following.  The  virgate  much  inter- 
rupted spikes  often  a  foot  or  more  in  length  ;  the  whorl-like  capitate  clusters  from  3  inches  to 
half  an  inch  apart. 

7.  A.  Cleveland!,  Gray.  Minutely  tomentulose-canescent :  leaves  oblong  or 
the  upper  lanceolate-oblong,  all  obtuse  (an  inch  or  two  long) :  head-like  clusters  one 
or  two  (rarely  3)  and  rather  distant,  or  single  terminating  peduncle-like  branch- 
lets  :  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  merely  mucronate  or  abruptly  short-pointed,  viscid- 
pubescent,  as  is  the  calyx  :  upper  lip  of  the  latter  short  and  subulate.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  X.  76. 

Mountains  northeast  of  San  Diego,  at  about  2,200  feet,  Cleveland,  Palmer.  The  latter  found 
it  growing  in  or  near  the  habitat  of  the  preceding  and  closely  related  species. 

++  ++  ++  Corolla  barely  half  an  inch  long,  its  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  herbaceous 
blunt  and  pointless  bracts  and  calyx. 

8.  A.  nivea,  Benth.  Shrubby,  3  or  4  feet  high,  leafy,  mealy-tomentose,  and 
very  white  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  very  short-petioled,  the  upper  trun- 
cate at  base  :  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  much  imbricated  :  calyx  splitting  down  the 
front  and  at  length  notched  posteriorly:  corolla  "light  purple";  the  tube  hardly 
longer  than  the  lips  :  stamens  and  style  conspicuously  exserted. 

Dry  hillsides  from  Santa  Barbara  southward.  Full-grown  capitate  flower-clusters  an  inch 
broad  (rather  larger  than  in  the  two  preceding  species),  from  2  to  4  in  the  interrupted  spike. 

§  2.  Flowers  thyrsoid-paniculate :  the  floral  leaves  and  the  few  bracts  of  the  small  and 
numerotis  clusters  lanceolate  or  subulate. 

9.  A.  polystachya,  Benth.  Shrubby,  3  to  10  feet  high,  closely  and  finely 
tomentose-canescent :  herbaceous  flowering  branches  virgate  :    leaves  lanceolate  or 


602  LABIATE.  Audibertia. 

the  lower  oblong,  minutely  rugose,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  the  floral  small  and 
bract-like ;  the  uppermost  minute  :  open  thyrsoid-virgate  inflorescence  a  foot  or  so 
in  length,  naked  :  flowers  nearly  sessile  :  the  broad  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  entire  or 
obsoletely  3-toothed,  double  the  length  of  the  triang^ilar-subulate  teeth  of  the  lower 
lip  :  corolla  apparently  white  or  pale,  with  very  short  tube  and  ample  lower  lip  : 
stamens  and  style  long-exserted. 

Dry  hills  and  banks,  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego  and  eastward,  where  it  is  one  of  the  various 
shrubs  called  Grease-wood.  Corolla  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length.  The  open  inflorescence  of 
this  species  gives  it  a  peculiar  asjject. 

12.  LOPHANTHUS,  Benth. 
Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  15-nerved,  rather  oblique,  5-toothed.  Corolla  with 
tube  not  surpassing  the  calyx  :  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2-lobed ;  the  lower  some- 
what spreading  and  3-cleft,  its  broad  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  4,  exserted, 
straight ;  the  upper  pair  declined  and  the  lower  and  shorter  pair  ascending,  so  that 
the  pairs  cross  :  anthers  short,  2-celled,  the  cells  nearly  parallel.  —  Tall  perennial 
herbs,  mostly  coarse ;  with  ovate  and  serrate  petioled  leaves,  and  small,  purplish, 
violet,  or  whitish  flowers,  crowded  into  terminal  spikes. 

A  small  genus,  of  two  N.  E.  Asiatic,  three  Eastern  North  American  species,  and  one  in  Oregon 
and  California.  L.  anisntus,  Benth. ,  the  sweet-scented  species  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  region, 
is  in  Bolander's  published  list  of  plants  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco ;  but  the  fol- 
lowing was  doubtless  intended. 

1.  L.  urticifolillS,  Benth.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  4  to  6  feet  high:  leaves  ovate 
and  cordate,  coarsely  or  crenately  toothed  (2  to  4  inches  long,  pleasantly  scented), 
rather  short-petioled  :  flower-clusters  compacted  in  a  close  oblong  or  cylindrical 
pedunculate  spike :  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate,  membranaceous,  whit- 
ish and  purplish  :  corolla  light  violet-purple.  ' 

Through  the  wooded  i:egion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  Co.  noi-thward,  extending  to 
Oregon  and  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

13.  SCUTELLARIA,  Linn.        Skull-cap. 

Calyx  in  flower  campanulate,  with  two  entire  lips  and  a  gibbous  projection  on 
the  back,  closed  and  with  the  dorsal  projection  enlarged  after  flowering,  becoming 
casque- shaped,  at  length  splitting  to  the  base,  and  the  upper  or  casque-shaped  por- 
tion usually  falling  away.  Corolla  with  an  elongated  and  curved  ascending  tube, 
a  dilated  throat,  naked  within,  an  erect  arched  or  galeate  upper  lip  (entire  or  barely 
notched),  with  which  the  lateral  lobes  belonging  to  the  lower  lip  appear  to  be  more 
or  less  connected ;  the  anterior  lobe  (convex  or  with  the  sides  recurved  and  apex 
notched)  appearing  to  form  the  whole  lower  lip.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla ;  the  lower  or  anterior  pair  longer  and  with  one-celled  (or 
half-)  anthers  ;  the  posterior  pair  with  2-celled  cordate  anthers :  these  in  all  ours 
ciliate  or  bearded.  Upper  fork  of  the  style  very  small  or  abortive.  Outlets  gran- 
ulate or  tuberculate.  Embryo  curved  !  —  Bitterish  herbs,  not  aromatic,  chiefly 
perennial ;  with  single  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts ;  the  corolla  more 
commonly  blue  or  bluish. 

A  genus  of  almost  100  species,  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  most  largely  in  temperate 
regions,  well  represented  in  the  Atlantic  United  States,  but  few  in  California,  none  of  them  with 
racemose  or  spicate  inflorescen<;e. 

S.  LATERIFLORA,  Linu.,  Well  characterized  by  its  small  flowers  in  axillary  one-sided  racemes, 
extends  northwardly  across  the  continent  to  Oregon,  and  may  therefore  reach  the  northern  por- 


ScuteUaria.  LABIATE.  603 

tion  of  California.  —  The  following  all  bear  single  and  short-peduncled  flowers  in  the  axils  of 
ordinary  cauline  leaves,  but  the  uppermost  leaves  are  sometimes  a  little  reduced,  giving  a  ten- 
dency to  racemose  inflorescence. 

*  Leaves  all  broad  and  somewhat  cordate  or  truncate  at  base:  stems  very  leafy : propa- 
gating by  filiform  subterranean  shoots :  tubers  none  or  hardly  any. 

1.  S.  galericulata,  Linn.  Minutely  pubescent  or  partly  glabrous  :  stem  a  foot 
or  two  high,  simple  or  at  length  loosely  branched  :  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
the  upper  lanceolate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  acute,  pinnately  veiny,  all  but  the  upper- 
most seiTate  :  corolla  pubescent,  light  blue  (about  two  thirds  or  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long),  with  slender  tube  and  enlarging  throat ;  the  lower  lip  nearly  erect  and 
larger  than  the  upper. 

Wet  gi-ounds  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Plumas  Co.,  Lemmon) :  extending  north  to  British  Columbia 
and  east  to  the  Atlantic.     The  only  species  common  to  America  and  the  Old  World. 

2.  S.  Bolanderi,  Gray.  Minutely  soft-pubescent  :  stem  a  foot  high,  simple  or 
branched  from  the  base,  equally  very  leafy  to  the  summit :  leaves  thinnish,  oval, 
obtuse,  with  subcordate  base,  closely  sessile,  an  inch  long  or  less,  entire,  or  the 
lower  sparingly  somewhat  crenately  toothed,  a  pair  of  veins  from  the  base  on  each 
side  :  corolla  whitish  or  cream-colored,  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  much  enlarged 
above  from  a  short  tube ;  the  lower  lip  ample.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  387. 

Wooded  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  :  at  Clark's,  Mariposa  Co.,  Bolandcr.  Also  Indian  Valley, 
Plumas  Co.,  Lemmon.  Leaves  18  to  22  pairs,  mostly  longer  than  the  intemodes.  Neither  tubera 
nor  filiform  subterranean  shoots  have  been  seen. 

*  *  Leaves,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  narrowed  or  merely  obtuse  at  base, 

-H  From  oblong  to  linear,  entire  or  nearly  so :  stems  erect :  filiform  subterranean 
shoots  abundant,  but  slightly  if  at  all  tuberiferous. 

3.  S.  angustifolia,  Pursh.  Minutely  cinereous-pubescent  or  almost  glabrous, 
a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  stems  simple  or  branching  from  below  :  leaves  from  linear  to 
narrowly  oblong  (about  an  inch  long),  all  but  the  lower  acute  at  the  sessile  base  or 
tapering  into  a  slight  petiole ;  tlie  radical  leaves  often  roundish  or  even  cordate  and 
sometimes  toothed  :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  corolla  blue  or  violet,  an  inch 
long,  Avith  slender  tube  and  moderately  enlarged  throat ;  lower  lobe  villous  inside. 

Var.  canescens,  Gray  :  a  fonn  with  soft-hoary  pubescence,  and  the  tube  of  the 
corolla  often  with  recurving  base,  and  above  this  erect  or  thrown  somewhat  back- 
ward. —  S.  siphocampyloides,  Vatke  in  Bot.  Zeit.  xxx.  717. 

Sierra  Nevada  and  foot-hills,  from  Placer  Co.  northward,  extending  to  British  Columbia.  The 
var.  canescens  along  the  mountains  from  Monterey  Co.  to  Lake  Co. 

4.  S.  antirrhinoides,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  resembles  the 
preceding,  but  with  broader  and  oblong  leaves  abruptly  short-petioled ;  the  upper 
sometimes  lanceolate  ;  the  lower  often  serrate  :  corolla  shorter  and  broader  tlirough- 
out,  from  half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long,  apparently  paler.  —  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  viii.  396.     .S'.  resinosa,  Watson,  Bot.  King  Exp.  in  part. 

Var.  Califomica,  Gray,  1.  c.  Stems  more  rigid :  corolla  apparently  yellowish, 
more  ventricose,  its  tube  more  enlarging  immediately  above  the  calyx.  —  S.  angusti- 
folia,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  331  (Xo.  1918),  is  a  narrow-leaved  form  of  this. 

Along  streams,  Alameda  to  Mendocino  Co.     Also  in  Oregon  and  the  mountains  of  Nevada. 

+-  -i- Leaves  ovate,  petioled:  stems  low  or  diffuse:  propagating  by  filiform  subterranean 
shoots  terminated  by  moniliform  tubers. 

5.  S.  tuberosa,  Benth.  Soft-villous  or  pubescent,  an  inch  or  two  high,  or  at 
length  with  diffuse  or  trailing  stems  a  foot  long,  slender  :  leaves  thin,  from  cordate- 
ovate  to  obovate  or  the  upper  cuneate-oblong,  slender-petioled,  coarsely  more  or  less 
toothed :  corolla  pubescent,  blue  or  violet,  over  half  an  inch  long,  and  with  rather 
slender  tube. 


604  LABIATE.  Scutellaria. 

Plains  and  hillsides,  rather  common  from  Monterey  Co.  northward  ;  beginning  to  blossom  in 
February.  Varying  gi-eatly  in  size.  Upper  flowers  iu  vernal  specimens  sometimes  much  exceeding 
the  leaves,  on  the  longer  trailing  stems  much  exceeded  by  them. 

6.  S.  nana,  Gray.  Dej^ressed,  cinereous-puberul.ent  throughout :  stems  tufted  on 
the  filiform  subterranean  shoots,  2  or  3  inches  high :  leaves  thickish,  obovate  or 
ovate,  very  obtuse,  entire,  lialf  an  inch  long,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  equalling 
the  flow^ers  :  pedicels  very  short :  corolla  "  white,"  half  an  inch  long,  rather  broad, 
and  with  short  equal  lips.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  100. 

On  a  clay  ridge,  Winnemucca  Valley,  near  Pyramid  Lake,  N.  W.  Nevada,  Lemmon.  Tubers 
copious,  moniliform,  an  inch  or  two  long.  Corolla  appearing  purplish  in  the  dried  specimens, 
said  to  be  white. 

14.   SALAZARIA,  Torr. 

Calyx  at  first  campanulate  or  oblong,  with  two  entire  lips  and  no  gibbous  projec- 
tion on  the  back,  in  fruit  much  enlarged  and  globose-inflated,  thin  and  bladdery, 
reticulated,  closed.  Corolla,  stamens,  &c.,  as  in  Scutellaria.  Upper  fork  of  the  style 
wanting.  —  A  single  species. 

1.  S.  Mezicana,  Torr.  Shrubby,  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  slender  and  divaricate 
straggling  branches,  somewhat  sarmentose,  canescent :  leaves  becoming  green  and 
glabrate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  mostly  entire,  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  on  short 
slender  petioles ;  those  of  the  flowering  branches  reduced  to  bracts  of  the  loose 
raceme  or  spike  :  corolla  purple  or  whitish,  nearly  an  incli  long,  pubescent :  scarious 
fruiting  calyx  over  half  an  inch  in  diameter  :  nutlets  depressed,  minutely  muricate.  — 
Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  133,  t.  39. 

S.  E.  borders  of  the  State,  on  the  Mohave,  &c.,  to  S.  Utah,  and  south  to  the  adjacent  part  of 
Mexico,  Fremont,  Parry,  Cooper,  &c.  Named  in  honor  of  Signor  Salazar,  Mexican  Boundary 
Commissioner. 

15.  BHTJNELLA,  Toum.        Self-heal. 

Calyx  oblong,  about  10-nerved  and  reticulate-veiny,  bilabiate;  the  lips  flattened 
and  closed  in  fruit ;  the  upper  dilated,  truncate  and  3-toothed,  its  teeth  very  broad 
and  short ;  lower  2-cleft,  the  teeth  lanceolate.  Corolla  with  ascending  tube,  open 
lips,  and  slightly  contracted  orifice  :  upper  lip  arched  and  entire ;  lower  3-lobed,  its 
middle  lobe  drooping,  rounded,  concave,  denticulate.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  lower  lip  :  filaments  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  tlie  2-celled 
anther,  the  ceUs  of  which  are  divergent.  Nutlets  smooth.  —  Low  perennials,  of 
two  or  three  very  similar  species :  the  flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal  oblong  or  cylin- 
draceous  head  or  spike. 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  Linn.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  roughish-pubescent  or  almost 
glabrous  :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  slender-petioled,  entire  or  toothed  :  corolla  violet, 
purple,  or  rarely  white,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  purplish  calyx. 

Open  grounds  or  borders  of  woods,  near  San  Francisco  and  near  the  Yosemite,  probably  in- 
digenous, as  it  certainly  is  in  Oregon,  British  Columbia,  and  eastward  :  extending  round  the 
northern  hemisphere. 

16.  MARRUBITJM,  Linn.        Horehound. 

Calyx  cylindraceous,  5 -10-nerved,  of  firm  texture,  10-toothed  ;  the  alternate 
(accessory)  teeth  shorter,  spiny-tipped  and  recurved  at  maturity.  Corolla  short,  its 
tube  included  in  the  calyx  ;  the  upper  lip  erect  and  concave,  narrow,  2-lobed  at  the 
tip ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  included  in  the  tube  of  the 
corolla  :  anthers  2-celled,  but  the  cells  confluent.  —  Bitter-aromatic  whitish- woolly 


Stachys.  LABIATE.  6()5 

perennials,  branched  from  the  base :  leaves  rugose  :  flowers  small,  much  crowded  in 
axillary  false  whorls  or  heads.  —  An  Old  World  genus,  a  single  species  naturalized 
in  the  !New,  used  iu  popular  medicine. 

1.  M.  vulgare,  Linn.     A  foot  or  two  high,   hoary- woolly :  leaves  roundish, 
crenate  :  flowers  crowded  in  the  upper  axils  :  corolla  small,  white  :  calyx-teeth  and 
bracts  hooked  at  the  tip. 
Waste  and  dry  gi'ounds  near  the  coast :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

17.   STACHYS,  Linn.        Hedge-Nettle. 

Calyx  tubular-campanidate  or  turbinate,  5-10-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed  ; 
the  teeth  sometimes  rigid  or  spiny-pointed.  Corolla  with  cylindrical  tube,  not 
dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  erect  and  concave  or  arched,  entire  or  merely 
emarginate ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-lobed,  its  middle  lo})e  larger.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip  :  filaments  naked  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs, 
2-celled ;  the  cells  either  parallel  or  divergent.  Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate.  — 
Herbs  (or  a  few  undershrubs),  not  aromatic ;  with  flowers  clustered,  capitate,  or 
scattered,  often  spicate  or  racemose  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches :  ours  all 
perennials,  and  the  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

*   Tube  of  the  corolla  little  if  at  all  longer  tJian  the  calyx. 

-(-  Corolla  white  or  ivhitish  ;  the  upper  lip  bearded  or  woolly  on  tlie  back :  herbage 

tomentose  or  soft-hairy. 

1.  S.  ajugoides,  Benth.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  villous  or  silky-hirsute  with 
whitish  hairs  :  leaves  oblong,  very  obtuse,  crenately  toothed  (1  to  3  inches  long), 
the  base  either  obtuse  or  tapering  into  the  petiole  ;  the  upper  sessile  :  flowers  about 
3  in  the  axils  of  tlie  distant  upper  ordinary  leaves,  and  loosely  leafy-spicate  at  the 
summit,  mostly  surpassed  by  the  floral  leaves:  calyx  short-campanulate,  very  hairy; 
its  teeth  ovate  and  merely  mucronate-acuminate.  —  Prodr.  xii.  474. 

Moist  grounds,  common  from  Monterey  to  Lake  Co. 

2.  S.  albens,  Gray.  Tall  (3  to  5  feet  high)  and  rather  strict,  soft-tomentose 
throughout  with  white  or  whitish  wool,  leafy  :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate  and  mostly 
cordate,  obtuse,  crenate  (2  or  3  inches  long),  the  lower  short-pet ioled,  the  upper 
nearly  sessile  :  flowers  several  or  numerous  in  tlie  capitate  clusters,  which  mostly 
exceed  the  floral  leaves  and  form  an  interrupted  at  length  elongated  virgate  spike 
(from  3  to  9  inches  long):  calyx  turbinate-campanulate,  its  teeth  triangular  and 
awn-pointed  :  corolla  white  with  purple  dots  on  the  lower  lip,  glabrous  except  the 
villous  beard  on  the  back  of  the  upper  lip.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  387. 

Moist  and  rich  soil,  on  the  mountains  and  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Fort  Tejon  to 
Santa  Clara  and  Tuolumne  Co. 

3.  S.  pycnantha,  Benth.  Two  feet  high  or  more,  very  hirsute  or  villous  with 
long  and  mostly  soft  spreading  hairs,  not  white  :  leaves  oblong-ovate  and  somewhat 
cordate,  obtuse,  crenate  {2  to  4  inches  long),  all  but  the  floral  ones  rather  long 
petioled  :  flowers  in  a  dense  cylindraceous  naked  spike  (an  inch  or  two  long),  ex- 
ceeding the  small  bract-like  floral  leaves  except  in  the  lowest  and  sometimes  rather 
distant  clusters  :  calyx-teeth  triangular  and  slightly  mucronate  :  corolla  apparently 
white  or  cream  color  with  purple  on  the  lower  lip,  the  upper  lip  strongly  bearded 
on  the  back.  —  PL  Hartw.  331. 

Monterey  Co.  {Uartwcg)  to  near  San  Francisco,  Kellogg. 

+-  -(-  Corolla  purple,  the  upper  lip  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  bach :  pubescence  hirsute 
or  hispid,  at  least  on  the  stem  ;  no  tomenttim. 


g06  LABIATJE.  Stachys. 

4.  S.  bullata,  Benth.  Stem  retrorsely  hispid  or  hirsute  especially  on  the  angles, 
a  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  at  least  the  lower  more  or  less 
cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  obtuse,  veiny,  sometimes  rugose,  nearly  all  petioled  (an 
inch  or  two  long),  most  of  the  floral  much  reduced  and  shorter  than  the  calyx  : 
flowers  usually  6  in  the  false  whorls,  these  rather  distant,  forming  a  narrow  much 
interrupted  spike  :  calyx  turbinate-campanulate,  mostly  hirsute  or  villous  with 
widely  spreading  hairs ;  the  teeth  triangular-ovate  and  subulate-cuspidate,  rigid  : 
lower  lip  of  the  corolla  fully  as  long  as  the  tube,  much  larger  than  the  upper.  — 
S.  bullata,  &  S.  Californica,  Benth.  in  DC.  S.  Nuttallii,  var.  leptoatachya,  Benth. 
PI.  Hartw.  331. 

Mendocino  Co.  to  San  Diego  and  Fort  Mohave  ;  apparently  a  very  common  as  well  as  wide- 
spread and  variable  species ;  the  pubescence  of  the  leaves  often  soft.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  4 
or  5  lines  long,  the  upper  2  or  3. 

S.  PALUsTius,  Linn.,  in  some  of  its  foi-ms  occurs  in  Oregon,  and  may  reach  the  northern  bor- 
ders of  California. 

*  *   Tube  of  the  red  corolla  much  surpassing  the  calyx,  over  half  to  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  long :  flowers  mostly  6  in  the  false  whorls. 

5.  S.  Chamissonis,  Benth.  Stem  2  to  5  feet  high,  stout,  mostly  rough-hispid 
■with  rigid  retrurse  bristles,  at  least  on  the  angles:  leaves  (2  to  5  inches  long)  oblong- 
ovate  and  mostly  a  little  cordate,  crenately  serrate,  usually  villous  or  hirsute  above 
and  villous-tomentose  beneath,  nearly  all  petioled;  all  but  the  lowest  floral  ones 
shorter  than  the  loosely  interrupted  spicate  flowers :  calyx  tubular-canipanulate ;  its 
triangular-ovate  teeth  cuspidate-tipped :  corolla  rose-red ;  its  tube  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx  ;  the  lips  pubescent  outside. 

Wet  grounds  ;  common  around  San  Francisco  Bay. 

S.  CILIATA,  Dougl.,  a  smoother  and  thinner-leaved  species  of  this  section,  with  the  lower 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves,  belongs  to  the  coast  of  Oregon  and  northward,  perhaps 
also  in  the  northern  part  of  California.  - 

S.  cocciNEA,  Jacq.,  a  handsome  Mexican  species,  with  a  tubular  scarlet  corolla,  occurs  in 
Arizona  and  may  jierhaps  reach  the  lower  borders  of  California. 

18.  TBICHOSTEMA,  Linn.        Bltje-curls. 

Calyx  campanulate,  in  ours  little  oblique  and  almost  equally  5-cleft.  Corolla  with 
short  or  rather  slender  tube  and  almost  equally  5-parted  limb,  which  is  gibbous  or 
oblique  in  bud ;  the  lobes  oblong  and  similar.  Stamens  4  :  filaments  long  and 
capillary,  spij-ally  coiled  in  the  bud,  long-exserted  from  the  upper  side  of  the  corolla, 
sometimes  monadelphous  at  base  :  anther-cells  divergent  or  divaricate,  and  soon 
confluent.  Nutlets  coarsely  rugose-reticulated.  —  Sweet-aromatic  herbs  or  sufirutes- 
cent  plants  (all  North  American) ;  with  entire  leaves,  and  blue  or  purple  corolla 
and  stamens.  —  The  two  species  of  the  Atlantic  United  States  have  scattered  and 
pedunculate  flowers,  with  a  very  oblique  and  unequally  2-lipped  calyx ;  the  inter- 
mediate T.  Arizonicum  has  the  loose  inflorescence  of  the  foregoing  with  the 
almost  regitlar  calyx  of  the  western  species,  all  Avhich  have  very  short  axillary 
peduncles,  bearing  several  or  numerous  flowers  in  dense  and  mostly  unilateral 
cymose  clusters. 

*  Corolla  hardly  if  at  all  surpassing  the  calyx. 

1.  T.  oblongum,  Benth.  Annual,  soft-villous  :  stem  a  span  or  two  high, 
diffusely  branching,  equally  leafy  to  the  top  :  leaves  oval-oblong,  thin,  contracted 
at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  much  exceeding  the  small  and  dense  cluster  of  nearly 
sessile  flowers  :  calyx  very  villous,  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  lanceolate-subulate.  — 
Lab.  659  &  in  DC'.  Prodr.  xii.  573. 


Trichostema.  VERBENACE^.  607 

Wooded  poi-tion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Mariposa  to  Shasta  Co.,  and  in  Oregon.  Plant 
with  a  pungent  and  very  pleasant  aroma.  Leaves  barely  an  inch  long  ;  the  pinnate  veins  ascend- 
ing.    Corolla  barely  3  lines  long,  and  the  stamens  2  lines  longer. 

*  *   Corolla  vrith  slender  tube  exceeding  the  calyx :  cymose  flower-clusters  disposed  to 
fork  and  to  become  raceme-like  in  age. 

2.  T.  lazuiu,  Gray.  Annual,  minutely  soft-pubescent,  about  a  foot  high,  simple 
or  loosely  branched  from  the  base  :  leaves  rather  distant,  lanceolate  and  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rather  obscurely  pinnately  veined  (an  inch  or  two 
long),  tapering  at  the  base  mostly  into  a  slender  petiole  :  axillary  cymose  clusters 
distinctly  peduncled,  usually  forked  and  in  age  equalling  the  leaves ;  the  flowers 
pedicelled :  calyx-lobes  ovate-triangular  and  equalling  the  tube :  corolla  almost 
glabrous,  3  or  4  lines  long,  and  the  stamens  half  an  inch  longer.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  vii.  387. 

Diy  ground,  from  Marin  Co.  to  Humboldt  Co.  ;  apparently  a  rather  common  species.  Flowers 
indigo-blue. 

3.  T.  lanceolatum,  Benth.  Annual,  cinereous-pubescent  or  villous,  a  span  to 
a  foot  or  more  in  height,  with  virgate  stem  or  branches  very  leafy  :  leaves  much 
longer  than  the  internodes,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  broad  base, 
gradually  acuminate,  traversed  by  3  to  5  strong  and  almost  parallel  nervose  veins 
or  ribs  (an  inch  or  less  long) :  cymose  axillary  clusters  nearly  sessile,  short,  one- 
sided :  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate  :  corolla  somewhat  pubescent,  half  an  inch  long, 
the  tube  almost  filiform. 

Dry  ground,  chiefly  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  rather  common  from  Los  Angeles  Co. 
northward  and  in  Oregon. 

4.  T.  lanatuxn,  Benth.  Shrubby  below,  2  or  3  feet  high,  very  leafy  :  branches 
and  foliage  canescently  puberulent  or  tomentulose  and  glabrate  with  age  :  leaves 
very  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  1 -nerved  and  with  revolute  margins,  Rosemary-like, 
many  fascicled  in  the  axils ;  the  floral  ones  mostly  small  and  bract-like :  flower- 
cluster's  glomerate  and  se&sile,  numerous  in  a  virgate  interrupted  purple-woolly  spike 
(of  a  foot  or  less  in  length) :  corolla  very  woolly,  nearly  an  inch  long,  and  the  stamens 
and  style  an  inch  or  two  longer.  —  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  t.  40. 

Kocky  ledges,  Monterey  ?  or  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego  Co.  Flowers  violet.  Very  striking 
for  the  purple-woolly  spike  and  long  capillary  stamens  and  style. 


Order  LXXIV.     VERBENACEiE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  differing  from  Labiatce  mainly  in  the  ovary  and  fruit,  which 
is  undivided  and  2-4-celled,  at  maturity  either  dry  and  splitting  into  as  many 
1 -seeded  nutlets,  or  drupaceous  containing  as  many  little  stones.  —  Calyx  persistent. 
Corolla  either  bilabiate  or  merely  somewhat  irregular ;  the  lobes  imbricate  in  aestiva- 
tion. Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Style  single  :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed.  Solitary 
ovule  erect  or  ascending  and  anatropous.  Seed  with  a  straight  embryo,  its  radicle 
inferior,  and  no  albumen.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  very  rarely  alternate,  with- 
out stipules,  sometimes  aromatic,  but  not  glandular-punctate  in  the  manner  of  most 
Labiatce.     Flowers  perfect :  inflorescence  various. 

An  order  of  moderate  extent  in  tropical  and  warm-temperate  regions,  a  few,  chiefly  weeds,  in 
the  cool-temperate,  of  no  striking  sensible  properties  or  economical  importance,  excepting  the 
American  Verbenas  so  common  in  ornamental  cultivation,  and  a  few  species  of  Lantana.  The 
Californian  representation  of  the  order  is  feeble. 

1.  Verbena.     Fruit  of  4  united  nutlets.     Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic. 

2.  Lippia.     Fruit  of  2  united  nutlets.     Calyx  2-cleft. 


608  VERBENACE^.  Verbena. 

1.  VERBENA,  Linn.        Vervain. 

Calyx  tubular  or  plicately  prismatic,  5-toothed,  one  tooth  often  shorter.     Corolla 

salverform ;  the  tube  sometimes  curved ;  the  limb  more  or  less  unequally  5-cleft. 

Stamens  4,  included ;  the  upper  pair  sometimes  ste'rile.     Stigma  of  two  dissimilar 

lobes,  one  of  them  smaller  and  mostly  abortive.     Ovary  4-celled,  in  fruit  splitting 

into  4  one-seeded  little  nutlets.  —  Herbs  (or  a  few  South  American  species  shrubby); 

with  the  flowers  in  single  or  panicled  spikes  or  heads,  small,  or  in  some  showy. 

The  commoner  species  are  apt  to  hybridize  naturally,  and  the  hybrids  are  not  rarely 

fertile. 

Chiefly  an  American  genus,  mainly  South  American ;  the  few  Californian  representatives  weeds 
or  weedy,  and  only  two  or  three  truly  indigenous. 

§  1.  Flowers  small  in  proportion  to  the  spike:  antliers  glandless. 

*  Stem  erect :  spikes  filiform  and  vrith  the  flowers  or  fruits  at  length  more  or  less 
scattering :  bracts  usually  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx. 

-(-  Annual,  or  the  base  becoming  ligneous  and  of  longer  duration. :  stems  a  span  to  2 
feet  high,  slender :  some  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid,  tajiering  at  base,  the  lower  into  a 
margined  petiole. 

1.  V.  canescens,  HBK.  Hoary-hirsute  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  cuneate- 
obovate,  rigid,  sharply  incised  or  pinnatifid  :  spikes  mostly  solitary,  terminating  the 
branches ;  some  of  the  bracts  exceeding  the  flowers  :  corolla  bluish,  the  limb  a  line 
or  so  in  diameter.  —  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  ii.  274,  t.  136.  V.  remota,  Benth.  PI.  Hartw., 
from  Mexico,  is  a  simple-stemmed  form. 

Cafton  Tantillas,  south  of  San  Diego  Co.,  Palmer.  Probably  extends  within  the  State,  as  it 
does  eastward  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

2.  V.  officinalis,  Linn.  Minutely  roughish-pubescent,  loosely  branched  :  leaves 
obovate  or  oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  some  merely  incised,  others  once  or  twice 
pinnatifid  or  3 -5-cleft :  bracts  all  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  corolla  purplish  or  lilac, 
the  limb  2  lines  in  diameter,  sometimes  more. 

Dry  waste  gioimds  through  the  western  part  of  the  State,  probably  naturalized,  but  the  species 
occurs  round  the  world.  A  stouter  form,  and  with  limb  of  corolla  3  or  more  lines  in  diameter, 
answering  to  V.  sororia,  Don,  was  sent  from  San  Diego  by  Dr.  Hitdicock. 

4-  -t-  Perennial,  2  to  5  feet  high  :  leaves  serrate  or  merely  incised. 

3.  V.  polystachya,  HBK.  Scabrous  with  very  short  partly  hispid  pubescence, 
green,  paniculately  branched  :  leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceolate  (mostly  about  2 
inches  long),  sessile  by  a  narrowed  base,  or  the  lower  short-petioled,  coarsely  seiTate 
or  sparingly  incised  :  spikes  loosely  panicled  or  sometimes  solitary  :  corolla  purplish 
or  nearly  white,  the  limb  about  a  line  in  diameter.  —  V.  polystachya,  V.  biserrata,  (fe 
(according  to  Schauer)  V.  veronicoefolia,WPiK.  1.  c.  V.  Carolinensis,  &c..  Dill.  Hort. 
Elth.  407,  t.  301.  V.  Carolina,  Linn.,  but  it  is  a  Mexican,  not  a  Carolinian  spe- 
cies. V.  Caroliniana,  Spreng. ;  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  156;  Schauer  in  DC. 
Prodr,  xi.  546. 

Monterey  or  San  Francisco,  according  to  Hooker  &  Arnott  in  the  Botany  of  Beechey's  Voyage. 
Los  Angeles,  IVallace  ? 

V.  xjRTiciFOT.iA,  Linn.  Green,  minutely  roughish-pubescent :  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceo- 
late, mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  all  but  the  uppermost  with  rounded 
base  and  a  slender  petiole,  the  larger  4  or  5  inches  long  :  panicled  spikes  very  slender  :  corolla 
mostly  white. 

A  common  weed  in  the  Atlantic  States,  extending  into  Mexico,  &c.  ;  very  likely  to  reach  Cali- 
fornia :  the  specimen  sent  by  Wallace,  mentioned  under  the  preceding,  is  too  incomplete  to  deter- 
mine whether  it  belongs  to  that  or  the  present  species. 


Lippia.  /  VERBENACEiB.  609 

*  *  Stem  erect:   spikes  slender-cylinch'ical,  densely-flowered;    the  flowers  and  fridt 

overlapping :  bracts  shoi't. 

4.  V.  hastata,  Linn.  Perennial,  minutely  pubescent :  stem  stouter,  3  to  6  feet 
high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  coarsely  or  incisely  serrate, 
petioled,  some  of  the  lower  ones  commonly  hastate-3-lobed  :  spikes  numerous  in  a 
terminal  panicle,  2  to  4  inches  long  :  corolla  blue,  2  lines  long,  and  the  limb  as 
broad.  —  V.  panicidata,  Lam.,  the  name  given  to  the  form,  not  uncommon,  which 
has  no  lobes  to  the  leaves. 

Marshes  on  the  Lower  Sacramento,  according  to  Torrey,  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp.  403.  Probably  else- 
where in  the  State. 

*  *  *  Stems  spreading  or  merely  ascending :  sjnkes  not  filiform. 

5.  V.  prostrata,  R.  Brown.  Soft-hirsute  or  villous :  stems  at  first  erect  or 
ascending,  a  foot  high,  at  length  widely  branched  and  diffuse,  rarely  prostrate  : 
leaves  obovate,  ovate,  or  oblong,  with  cuneate  base  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole, 
sharply  serrate,  incised,  or  3  -  5-cleft :  spikes  solitary  or  panicled,  rather  slender  but 
dense  when  in  flower,  becoming  4  to  10  inches  long,  hirsute  or  villous  :  bracts 
subulate,  not  longer  than  the  calyx  :  corolla  violet  or  blue,  2  lines  long.  —  Ait. 
Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  iv.  41.     V.  lasiostachys,  Link;  Hook,  k  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  156. 

Common  in  dry  ground  through  the  western  parts  of  the  State.  Root  probably  perennial. 
Plant  very  variable.  From  Jamuel  Valley,  below  San  Diego,  Dr.  Pahiur  sends  a  more  upright 
and  thiekish-spiked  plant,  which  might  be  a  cross  between  this  and  V.  strida,  if  the  latter  were 
Californian  ;  or  perhaps  it  has  some  V.  Imstata  in  it. 

6.  V.  bracteosa,  Michx.  Perennial,  hirsute,  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  at  length 
diffusely  much  branched  :  leaves  cuneate-oblong  or  obovate,  pinnately  incised  or 
3-cleft  and  coarsely  toothed;  the  lower  narrowed  into  a  short  margined  petiole;  the 
uppermost  passing  into  bracts  :  spikes  terminating  the  branches,  thickish,  rather 
dense,  and  squarrose  with  the  rigid  lanceolate  or  linear  acuminate  and  sparsely  his- 
pid foliaceous  bracts,  which  surpass  the  flowers  :  corolla  purplish  or  blue,  small  and 
slender.  —  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2910. 

Near  Monterey,  in  alkaline  soil,  Bolander:  a  peculiar  and  rigid  form,  with  bracts  or  bract-like 
leaves  far  down  the  stem.    The  ordinary  form  occurs  in  Oregon,  and  extends  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

§  2.  Flowers  more  showy :  spike  at  first  short  and  capitate  :  connective  of  the  anthers 
of  the  longer  stamens  tipped  with  a  gland. 

7.  V.  ciliata,  Benth.  Low  and  diffuse,  apparently  annual,  villous-hirsute ;  or  the 
leaves  somewhat  strigose-hispid,  once  or  twice  3-parted  or  cleft,  short-petioled ;  the 
lateral  divisions  commonly  2-lobed  and  the  middle  one  3-5-lobed  or  incised:  bracts 
lanceolate-subulate,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  tube  of  the  latter  oblong ;  the  teeth 
rather  short-subulate,  nearly  equal :  corolla  '*  blue,"  or  purple ;  the  tube  hardly 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  PI.  Hartw.  21  ;  Schauer  in  DC.  Prodr.  xi.  553. 

Tantillas  Mountains  on  the  southern  borders  of  the  State  (Palnier),  a  form  with  rather  coarsely 
cleft  leaves  :  extends  through  Aiizona  {Palmer,  Lieut.   Wheeler,  <kc.),  to  W.  Texas  and  Mexico. 

V.  Bii'iNNATiFiDA,  Schauer  [Glandularia  bipiniiaf/lfida,  Nutt.),  from  Colorado  to  Texas,  is 
certainly  perennial,  and  has  much  longer  and  slender  bracts  and  calyx-teeth,  the  latter  very 
unequal. 

2.  LIPPIA,  Linn. 

Corolla  somewhat  funnelform  or  salverform  ;  the  limb  either  bilabiate  (upper  lip 
entire  or  2-lobed,  lower  3-partcd),  or  4-cleft  and  merely  oblique.  Stamens  4,  in- 
cluded. Stigma  capitate  or  oblique.  Ovary  2-celled,  in  fruit  forming  2  one-seeded 
nutlets.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  of  various  aspect :  the  foliage  sometimes  aromatic,  as  in 
L.  citriodora,  the  sweet  Verbena-shrub  of  the  gardens,  native  of  S.  America,  to 
which  most  of  the  species  belong. 


610  PL  ANT  AGIN  ACE^.  Uppia. 

1.  L.  lycioides,  Stei;del.  Shrubby,  4  to  10  feet  high,  minutely  puberulent : 
branches  long  and  slender ;  branchlets  sometimes  spinescent  :  leaves  lanceolate- 
oblong,  obtuse  (a  quarter  to  a  full  inch  long),  narrowed  at  base  into  a  slight  petiole, 
1-nerved,  nearly  veinless,  roughish  above,  on  flowelnng  stems  commonly  entire  : 
flowers  small,  vanilla-scented,  in  slender  naked  spikes  :  calyx  very  hirsute,  4-cleft : 
corolla  barely  2  lines  long,  white  or  bluish,  4-lobed. 

No.  548  in  the  Californian  collection  of  Coulter.  More  likely  collected  in  the  Mexican  prov- 
ince of  Sonora,  where  it  was  found  by  Dr.  Palmer,  whence  it  extends  eastward  to  Texas.  Also 
a  native  of  Buenos  Ayres,  &c. 

2.  L.  nodiflora,  Michx.  Perennial  1  herb,  creeping  extensively,  minutely  cine- 
reous-pubescent or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  cuneate-spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  obscurely  veined  or  veinless,  the  tapering  base  entire,  from  the  middle 
to  the  apex  sharply  serrate  :  peduncles  erect  from  the  rooting  joints,  1  to  4  inches 
long,  much  exceeding  the  leaves  :  flowers  in  a  globular  or  at  length  cylindraceous 
head,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick  :  bracts  closely  imbricated  :  calyx  compressed 
fore  and  aft,  2-cleft,  2-carinate,  the  lobes  conduplicate,  linear-lanceolate,  lateral : 
corolla  purplish  or  white,  bilabiate :  fruit  corky,  not  readily  separating  into  the  2 
nutlets.  —  Zapania  nodiflora,  Lam.  Lippia  lanceolata,  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  Exp., 
403,  not  of  Michx. 

Banks  of  the  Lower  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  to  the  Rio  Colorado:  east  to  Texas  and 
Florida ;  and  widely  dispersed  over  the  warm  regions  of  the  world.  Includes  several  nominal 
species. 

Order  LXXV.    PLANTAGINACE.ffi. 

Stemless  herbs  with  flowers  in  spikes,  the  4-cleft  regular  corollas  dry  and  scarious, 
consisting  almost  wholly  of  the  gentls, 

1.  PLANTAGO,  Linn.        Plantain.    Ribgrass. 

Flowers  perfect,  or  sometimes  more  or  less  dioecious,  in  a  spike  or  head,  each  sub- 
tended by  a  bract.  Calyx  of  4  persistent  imbricated  sepals,  free  from  the  ovary. 
Corolla  hypogynous,  of  scarious  texture,  veinless,  withering-persistent,  short  salver- 
form  ;  its  limb  4-parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  to  4,  inserted  on  tlio 
corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  filaments  commonly  long  and  flaccid  in  anthesis  : 
anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  2-celled,  or  by  a  false  parti- 
tion in  some  3-4-celled,  with  one  or  more  amphitropous  ovules  in  each  cell :  style 
filiform,  all  the  upper  part  pubescent  or  bearded  and  stigmatic.  Fruit  a  membrana- 
ceous or  coriaceous  capsule,  circumscissile  towards  the  base,  the  upper  part  falling 
away  as  a  lid,  carrying  with  it  the  loose  partition,  which  bears  one  or  more  peltate 
seeds  on  each  face.  Seed-coat  mucilaginous  when  wet.  Embryo  straight,  about 
the  length  of  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  Mostly  stemless  herbs,  with  nerved  or  ribbed 
radical  leaves,  and  naked  scapes  of  small  mostly  greenish  flowers. 

A  large  genus,  widely  distributed  over  the  world,  mainly  in  the  temperate  zones,  in  Europe 
accompanied  by  a  monrecious  genus,  Littorella,  but  otherwise  having  no  obvious  near  relation- 
ship.    The  North  American  species  are  few. 

§  1.  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  with  the  4  stamens  and  long  style  both  much  ex- 
serted,  hut  at  different  periods,  i.  e.  the  latter  while  the  stamens  are  still  in  the 
unopened  corolla,  these  protruded  by  the  elongation  of  the  slender  filaments  a 
day  or  two  later,  after  the  stigma  has  begun  to  tvither :  lobes  of  the  corolla  not 
closed  after  floivering. 


Plantago.  PL  ANT  AGIN  ACE^.  611 

*  Leaves  3  -  1 -ribbed,  not  fleshy :  root  perennial. 

1.  P.  major,  Linn.  Glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent :  leaves  ovate  or  broadly- 
oblong,  large,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  channelled  petiole,  5  —  7-ribbed  :  spike 
long  and  slender  :  capsule  7  —  1 6-seeded. 

San  Diego  to  Oregon  ;  apparently  sparingly  naturalized  in  California.  This  Wayside  Plantain, 
probably  indigenous  only  to  the  Old  World,  is  reported  to  spring  up  in  North  America  "  wherever 
the  white  man  has  set  his  foot." 

2.  P.  lanceolata,  Linn.  ^lostly  hairy  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  elongated-oblong, 
3  -  5-ribbed  :  scape  deeply  grooved  and  angled,  slender,  at  length  much  surpassing 
the  leaves  (a  foot  or  two  long),  bearing  a  head  which  commonly  lengthens  into  a 
dense  thick  spike  :  bracts  and  sepals  scarious,  two  of  the  latter  commonly  united 
into  one  :  capsule  2-seeded  :  seeds  hollowed  on  the  inner  face. 

Drj'  fields,  near  San  Francisco.  The  Ribgrass,  Ripplegrass,  or  English  Plantain  ;  introduced 
from  Europe  ;  apparently  not  widely  established. 

*  *  Leaves  ribless  or  nearly  so,  fleshy  and  narrow. 

3.  P.  maxitima,  Linn.  Perennial  or  biennial :  the  thick  crown  more  or  less 
woolly  among  the  bases  of  the  leaves,  which  are  linear,  usually  much  fleshy-thick- 
ened, entire  or  with  a  few  scattered  sharp  teeth  :  scapes  a  span  or  less  in  height, 
bearing  a  dense  many-flowered  oblong  or  cylindrical  spike  :  sepals  scarious-mem- 
branaceous  with  a  thickish  green  centre,  which  in  the  posterior  ones  is  crested  : 
capsule  often  more  or  less  3  -  4-celled,  a  single  seed  in  each  cell. 

Along  the  sea-shore,  on  rocks,  in  sand,  or  in  salt-marshes.  Widely  dispersed  over  the  world, 
and  vaiying  in  form. 

§  2.  Floivers  of  two  kinds  on  different  individuals,  both  vnih  4  stamens,  one  sort  with 
long  exserted  filaments,  the  other  vdth  short  included  filaments  and  small 
anthers. 

4.  P.  Patagonica,  Jacq.  Annual,  silky- woolly,  or  sometimes  merely  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  varying  from  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  to  nearly  filiform,  entire  or 
sparingly  denticulate,  1  -  3-nerved :  scape  slender,  2  to  6  inches  high,  bearing  a 
dense  cylindrical  or  oblong  spike,  in  depauperate  specimens  frequently  reduced  to  a 
head :  flowers  all  perfect :  sepals  very  obtuse,  scarious  except  a  thick  central  por- 
tion :  lobes  of  the  corolla  round-ovate  and  cordate,  remaining  expanded  after  an- 
thesis  :  capsule  2-seeded  :  seeds  large,  deeply  hollowed  on  the  face  or  boat-shaped. 
—  Gray,  Man.  ed.  5,  312,  &  in  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  117. 

Open  grounds,  common  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  chiefly  in  a  small  form.  Extends 
southward  almost  to  the  extremity  of  the  American  continent,  and  on  the  eastern  side,  under  sev- 
eral forms,  from  Texas  through  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  great  plains  to  the  Sas- 
katchawan  district. 

5.  P.  Virginica,  Linn.,  var.  maziina.  Annual  or  biennial,  pubescent  or  hir- 
sute with  many-jointed  hairs,  becoming  woolly  at  the  crown  :  leaves  from  oblanceo- 
late  to  oblong  and  oval  or  obovate,  3  to  10  inches  long,  obtuse,  sparingly  denticulate, 
3  -  7-ribbed,  tapering  into  a  narrowed  base  or  wing-margined  petiole  :  scape  a  span 
to  a  foot  or  more  long,  bearing  a  dense  spike  :  bracts  not  longer  than  the  calyx  : 
lobes  of  the  rather  small  corolla  ovate  and  slightly  cordate  ;  in  the  long-stamened 
and  sterile  form  remaining  open  or  reflexed  ;  in  the  much  commoner  and  fully 
fruitful  form  with  small  or  included  stamens,  closing  permanently  over  the  ovary 
and  capsule  and  somewhat  indurating  in  the  form  of  a  slender-conical  beak,  crown- 
ing the  summit  of  the  ovate  obtuse  2  -  3-seeded  capsule  :  seeds  nearly  flat  on  the 
face.  —  P.  Kamtchatica,  Hook.  &  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  156.  F.  Durvillei,  var.  Cali- 
fornica,  Fischer  &  Meyer,  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop. 

Along  the  coast,  San  Francisco  Bay  to  Monterey.  The  association  of  this  robust  plant  with 
the  tiny  P.  Virginica  of  the  Atlantic  border  will  appear  strange  ;  but  a  Texan  form  {P.  purpuras- 
ccTis,  Nutt.)  connects  them. 


612  PLANTAGINACE^.  Plantago. 

§  3.  Flowers  perfect  [and  perhaps  of  two  kinds) :  stamens  2. 

6.  P.  Bigelovii,  Gray.  Annual,  small  and  slender,  a  span  or  less  in  height, 
slightly  hirsute  :  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  a  line  or  two  wide,  the  broader  ones 
obscurely  3-nerved,  shorter  than  tlie  scape  :  spike  bblong  or  linear,  densely  few  - 
many-flowered  :  bracts  carinate,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate,  remaining  open  :  stamens  and  style  a  little  exserted  :  capsule  ovoid-oblong, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx,  2-celled,  4-seeded  :  seeds  oblong,  not  hollowed  on 
the  face.  —  Pacif.  R.  Eep.  iv.  117. 

Salt-marshes,  San  Pablo  Bay,  at  Benicia  and  Vallejo,  Bigelow,  E.  L.  Greene.  Ee-described 
from  good  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  Greene.  Flowers  tjvice  the  size  of  those  of  the  eastern 
P.  pusilla,  which  extends  westward  to  Utah,  and  was  mistaken  for  this  in  the  Botany  of  King's 
Expedition. 

P.  ERIOPODA,  Ton*.,  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  reaches  Northeastern  Nevada,  also 
P.  MACROCARPA,  Cham.  &  Schlecht. ,  of  the  northern  Pacific  coast,  are  the  only  other  "Western 
species  ;  both  with  thickish  spikes  and  rather  large  flowers  and  capsules. 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 


Page  43.  17.   NASTURTIUM. 

3".  N.  obtusum,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  stems  much 
branched,  decumbent  or  procumbent,  a  span  long  or  less  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  or 
divided ;  the  segments  mostly  oblong,  sinuately  toothed  :  flowers  minute  :  pods 
ovate-  to  linear-oblong,  2  or  3  lines  long,  very  obtuse  or  acutish,  beaked  by  the 
short  style  :  pedicels  about  a  line  long.  — Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  74. 

On  the  headwaters  of  Kern  River  {Rothrock)  ;  Northern  Nevada  (  Watson)  ;  frequent  eastward 
from  Colorado  and  New  Mexico  to  the  Mississippi. 

Page  300.  3.   BRICKELLIA. 

2.  B.  grandiilora,  Nutt.,  var.  minor,  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  March,  1863, 
67.  A  form  decidedly  smaller  in  all  its  parts ;  collected  on  a  peak  near  Lake 
Tahoe,  Lemvioa. 

Page  313.  16.  APLOPAPPUS. 

8'.  A.  Falmeri,  Gray.  Shrub  4  feet  high,  paniculately  much  branched,  some- 
what resinous ;  branches  often  virgate,  very  leafy  :  leaves  filiform,  about  an  inch 
long,  with  shorter  ones  fascicled  in  the  axils,  obscurely  punctate  :  heads  paniculate, 
4  lines  long  :  involucre  turbinate ;  the  scales  oblong-linear,  very  obtuse,  chartaceous, 
minutely  granulose-glandular,  the  narrow  scarious  edges  especially  at  the  tip  ciliate- 
fringed  :  rays  3  or  4,  not  longer  than  the  11  to  15  disk-flowers :  akenes  short-linear, 
villous-pubescent.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  74. 

Tecate  Mountains,  in  Lower  California,  20  miles  or  more  below  the  State  boundary  {Palmer) ; 
San  Bernardino  Co.,  Parry.  One  of  tlie  Ericameria  section,  related  to  A.  pinifolius,  A.  ericoides, 
and  the  New  Mexican  A.  laricifolius. 

14.  A.  gracilis,  Gray.  Rigid-herbaceous  (the  root  in  ours  seemingly  perennial), 
pubescent :  stems  a  span  to  a  foot  high,  loosely  and  simply  branching,  slender : 
leaves  linear  or  the  lowest  somewhat  spatulate,  pinnately  5  -  7-cleft  or  incised,  the 
lobes  short  and  tipped  with  a  rigid  bristle ;  upper  leaves  gradually  reduced  to  linear 
and  entire  small  and  appressed  bracts  (3  to  2  lines  long),  which  pass  into  the 
appressed  closely  imbricated  scales  of  the  obovate  involucre  :  heads  small,  terminat- 
ing the  virgate  branches  :  rays  12  to  18,  short:  akenes  silky-hairy:  pappus  dirty 
white,  of  rather  scanty  and  extremelj^  unequal  bristles  ;  the  innermost  rigid  and  wider 
downward,  about  the  length  of  the  disk-corolla,  the  others  successively  shorter  and 
finer  :  style-appendages  linear,  as  long  as  the  stigmatic  portion.  —  PI.  Fendl.  76. 

Southeastern  part  of  the  State  ;  San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino  counties  {Cooper,  Cleveland, 
Palmer)  ;  thence  east  to  New  Mexico.  Head  a  quarter  of  an  inch  high  :  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear,  rigid,  mostly  bristle-tipped,  in  the  plant  of  Arizona  and  California  minutely  gi-anulate- 
glandular.  Belongs  to  the  Blepharodon  section,  along  with  A.  aremirius  and  A.  spinulosus, 
referred  to  on  p.  314. 

Page  314.  17.   BIGELOVIA. 

1*.  B.  spathulata,  (jray.  A  low  and  corymbosely  much-branched  shrub,  gla- 
brous, hardly  at  all  glutinous  :  branchlets  leafy  to  the  summit :  leaves  (half  an  inch 


614  ADDITIONS  AND   CORRECTIONS. 

long)  cuneate-obovate,  entire,  mostly  retuse,  thick-coriaceous,  veinless  and  with  mid- 
rib indistinct,  obscurely  if  at  all  punctate  :  heads  in  small  corymbose  terminal  clus- 
ters, 4  or  5  lines  long,  about  1  G-Howered  :  scales  of  the  turbinate  involucre  numer- 
ous and  regularly  imbricated ;  all  of  the  inner  ones  broadly  linear,  coriaceous, 
rather  obtuse,  destitute  of  green  tips ;  the  outer  'shorter,  greenish,  and  gradually 
passing  into  roundish  rigid  scale-like  bractlets  :  appendages  of  the  style-branches 
slender-subulate,  as  long  as  the  stigmatic  portion  and  narrower  :  akenes  silky -hairy. 
—  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  74. 

Tantillas  Mountains,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Great  Ca&on,  below  the  southern  boundary  of 
the  State,  Pabtier.  Too  closely  resembles  Aplopappus  cuneatus,  p.  312  ;  but  not  balsamic-resin- 
ous ;  leaves  almost  dotless  ;  heads  smaller,  fewer-flowered,  and  rayless  ;  akene  shorter  and  with 
silky  pubescence,  and  slender  bristles  of  the  pappus  not  thickened  toward  the  tips. 

2.  B.  arborescens.  Gray.  Foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Calaveras  Co., 
Lemmon,  1875. 

3".  B.  brachylepis,  Gray.  Eesembles  B.  Cooperi :  heads  larger  and  broader, 
4  or  5  lines  long,  8  -  12-flowered,  corymbose  or  thyrsoid,  or  terminating  short-leaved 
branchlets  :  scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre  all  obtuse,  many  with  resinous- 
glandular  tliickened  midrib,  the  innermost  not  exceeding  the  linear  akenes  :  style- 
appendages  slender-subulate,  obtusish. 

Larkens'  Station,  80  miles  east  by  north  of  San  Diego,  Dr.  Palmer.  Shrub  4  to  6  feet  high, 
fastigiately  branched.  Also  resembles  B.  teretifolia  in  foliage  and  in  traces  of  glands  to  the  invo- 
lucre. 

8.  B.  paniculata,  Gray.  San  Bernardino  County,  Parry.  Also  Southern 
Utah,  Palmer. 

9.  B.  graveolens.  Gray,  has  been  found  as  far  west  as  Kern  Co.,  Rothrock. 

10.  B.  Douglasii,  Gray.  To  the  varieties  must  be  added  a  most  distinct  and 
remarkable  one, 

Var.  Stenophylla,  Gray.  Leaves  all  from  very  narrowly  linear  to  filiform, 
smooth:  heads  narrower,  oftener  only  4-flowered. 

N.  W.  Nevada  f  ^ateon,  Lemmmi,  &c.)  to  borders  of  Lower  California,  Palmer.  Perhaps  a 
distinct  species. 

Page  324.  21.   ASTER. 

1 0*.  A.  sestivus,  Ait.  (I)  Minutely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  nar- 
rower and  heads  more  paniculate  than  in  A.  Douglasii:  scales  of  the  involucre 
narrower,  the  outer  all  linear,  mainly  green. —  A.  laxifolitis,  Nees.  A.  Douglasii, 
DC.  in  part. 

Moist  grounds,  mountains  of  San  Diego  Co.  {Cleveland)  ;  Southern  Sierra  Nevada,  Tulare  Co., 
&c.,  Rothrock.     Not  uncommon  far  eastward  and  northward. 

1 6.  A.  spinosus,  Benth.  Glabrous,  2  or  3  feet  high,  with  slender  virgate  or 
rush-like  branches,  terminated  by  single  naked  heads,  bearing  also  some  soft-spines- 
cent  branchlets  below  :  leaves  small  and  linear,  or  reduced  to  minute  subulate  scales, 
at  length  deciduous  :  heads  3  lines  long  :  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate  :  rays 
rather  short,  whitish  :  akenes  glabrous.  —  PI.  Hartw.  20 ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  165. 

Interior  of  San  Diego  Co.,  Pal'iner.     Extends  through  Arizona  to  Texas  and  into  Mexico. 

Page  333.  25.  BACCHARIS. 

8.  B.  brachyphylla,  Gray.  Minutely  roughish-puberulent :  slender  and  diffuse 
branches  2  or  3  feet  long  from  a  woody  base,  beset  with  small  linear  or  lanceolate 
subulate  leaves  (the  lower  half  an  inch  long,  the  upper  reduced  to  scale-like  bracts 
less  than  a  line  long),  bearing  loosely  paniculate  heads  :  involucre  2  lines  high ;  the 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS.  615 

scales  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  puberulent  and  greenish  on  the  back,  and  with 
scarious  margins  :  pappus  short,  fulvous.  —  PL  Wright,  ii.  83. 

Eastern  part  of  San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino  counties  {Palmer,  Parry)  ;  eastward  to  New 
Mexico. 

Page  34.3.  37\   DICORIA,  Torn  &  Gray. 

Head  heterogamous,  discoid ;  one  or  two  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile, 
apetalous,  consisting  of  an  ovary  and  a  2-parted  style;  the  other  flowers  6  to  12, 
staminate  and  sterile,  with  obconical  5-toothed  corolla,  completely  monadelphous 
filaments,  slightly  coherent  anthers,  and  undivided  style  destitute  of  stigma  and 
appendages.  Involucre  of  about  5  short  and  oval  herbaceous  scales,  and  of  either 
one  or  two  much  larger  and  flat  accrescent  scarious  ones,  each  of  the  latter  subtend- 
ing a  fertile  flower.  Receptacle  with  a  few  delicate  chaff"y  scales  among  the  fertile 
flowers.  Akenes  obcom  pressed,  oblong,  surrounded  by  a  toothed  border  or  wing, 
much  exceeding  the  outer  involucre.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  whitened  with 
appressed  hirsute  pubescence;  with  entire  or  serrate  petioled  leaves,  the  lowest 
opposite,  the  upper  alternate,  and  racemosely  or  spicately  paniculate  and  scattered 
small  heads,  nodding  in  fruit;  the  flowers  greenish  yellow.  —  Emory  Eep.  143, 
&  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  86,  t.  30 ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  76. 

1.  D.  canescens,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  to  a  yard  high  :  leaves  from 
oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate  :  internal  and  greenish-yellow  scales  of  the  involucre  a 
pair,  orbicular,  in  fruit  3  lines  long,  longer  and  broader  than  the  broadly  and  veiny- 
winged  akenes  they  subtend. 

Desert  washes  in  San  Beniardino  Co.  {Parry),  and  eastward  in  S.  Utah  and  Arizona. 

D.  Brandegei,  Gray,  1.  c,  of  S.  E.  Colorado,  has  narrow  leaves,  and  a  single  fertile  flower,  the 
akene  of  which  has  a  callous-toothed  border  in  place  of  wing,  and  much  exceeds  the  relatively 
smaller  subtending  scale. 

Page  343.  38.   IV A. 

2.  L  Hayesiana,  Gray.  Apparently  herbaceous  from  a  woody  base,  and  from 
1  to  3  feet  high,  erect,  and  the  larger  plants  paniculately  much  branched  :  cauline 
leaves  opposite,  spatulate-oblong  and  very  obtuse,  an  inch  or  two  long,  the  base  nar- 
rowed into  a  distinct  petiole ;  those  of  the  branches  alternate  and  gradually  passing 
into  linear  bracts,  the  uppermost  hardly  surpassing  the  heads  ;  these  rather  crowded 
in  panicled  spikes  :  involucre  of  about  5  rounded  and  completely  distinct  imbricated 
scales.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  78. 

San  Diego  Co.  ;  near  Warner's  Pass  {Sutton  Hayes,  1858),  collected  in  October,  when  all  the 
flowers  had  fallen  ;  Jamuel  Valley,  south  of  San  Diego,  Dr.  Palmer,  1875. 

Page  344.  41.  PBANSERIA. 

3.  F.  pumila,  Nutt.  Common  in  the  streets  of  San  Diego,  Parry,  Cleveland. 
The  fruit  is  small,  and  much  of  it  one-celled  and  spineless,  and  therefore  that  of  an 
Ambrosia.  The  species  needs  to  be  compared  with  A.  tenuifolia,  Spreng.,  and  A. 
frtiticosa,  DC,  var.  canesceiis. 

10.  F.  ilicifolia,  Gray.  Shrubby,  much  branched  ;  branches  very  leafy,  hirsute 
and  pubescent  :  leaves  closely  sessile  by  an  auriculate  half-clasping  base,  coriaceous, 
prominently  veiny  and  reticulated,  ovate  or  oblong  (less  than  2  inches  long),  sca- 
brous and  pubescent,  coarsely  serrate ;  the  teeth  and  especially  the  acuminate  apex 
spiny-tipped:   fertile  involucre  globose,  thickly  armed  with  hook-tipped  prickles. 


QIQ  ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS. 

which  are  as  long  as  the  somewhat  stouter  beaks,  2-celled,  2-seede(l.  —  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  77. 

In  the  Tantillas  Cafion,  northern  part  of  Lower  California,  Palmer.  A  remarkable  species, 
with  Holly-like  leaves.  Sterile  involucres  unknown.  Full-grown  bur  half  au  inch  in  diameter 
including  the  prickles. 

Page  349.  45.  WYETHIA. 

3'.  "W.  coriacea,  Gray.  (In  character  between  *  and  *  *.)  Barely  a  foot 
higli,  villous-pubescent :  stem  stout,  few-leaved  :  leaves  long-petioled,  firm-coriaceous, 
much  reticulated,  ovate,  or  sometimes  roundish,  or  the  upper  oblong,  3  to  5  inches 
long ;  the  base  either  truncate  or  inclining  to  cordate,  or  oblique,  or  sometimes  nar- 
rowed into  the  petiole  :  heads  few,  rather  narrow  :  scales  of  the  involucre  5  or  6, 
foliaceous,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  5  to  8  rays,  also  2  or  3  smaller  rather  chaffy  ones  within  :  akenes 
glabrous ;  those  of  the  ray  oblong  and  obcompressed,  of  the  disk  4  -  5-angled  and 
narrower :  pappus  4  to  6  small  and  stout  rather  unequal  blunt  teeth,  a  little  united 
at  base,  rarely  one  of  them  longer  and  subulate.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  77. 

On  the  Mesa  Grande,  70  miles  northeast  of  San  Diego,  Dr.  Pahner. 

Page  352.  47.  ENCELIA. 

5.  E.  viscida,  Gray.  Apparently  a  foot  or  two  high  and  herbaceous,  branching, 
viscid-glandular  throughout :  stem  and  branches  (as  well  as  s])aringly  the  leaves) 
hirsute  with  long  and  slender  many-jointed  widely  spreading  hairs  :  leaves  alternate, 
ovate  or  oblong,  sessile,  mostly  with  auriculate  or  cordate  half-clasping  base,  spar- 
ingly serrate,  an  inch  or  two  long  (the  lower  not  seen) :  heads  terminating  short 
leafy  branches  :  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear,  obtuse,  a  little  unequal,  all 
shorter  than,  the  disk ;  the  outer  greenish  and  viscid,  thin-membranaceous ;  the 
innermost  like  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle  thin-scarious  :  rays  none  :  disk-corollas 
light  yellow  :  akenes  narrowly  cuneate,  with  callous  margins  and  summit,  strongly 
white-villous,  especially  the  margins,  these  extended  into  strong  pubescent  awns.  — 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  78. 

Southeni  part  of  San  Diego  Co.,  at  Lai-kcns'  Station,  80  miles  east  of  San  Diego,  Dr.  Palmer. 
A  remarkable  species,  with  the  aspect  and  foliage  of  a  Ilulsca.  Heads  three  fourths  of  an  inch 
long.     Akenes  4  or  5  lines  long  ;  and  the  subulate  awns  2  or  3  lines. 

Page  353.  49.  HELIANTHUS. 

6.  H.  gracilentUS,  Gray.  Perennial  (but  base  not  seen),  apparently  3  feet  or 
more  higli  :  slender  branches  nearly  smooth  and  glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate,  rather 
short,  entire,  pale  and  minutely  hispid-scabrous  both  sides,  obscurely  triplinerved  ; 
the  lower  opposite  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  petiole ;  the  upper  scattered 
and  gradually  reduced  to  an  inch  or  less  in  length  :  peduncles  few  or  solitary  and 
slender  :  involucre  shorter  than  the  brownish-yellow  disk  ;  its  scales  regularly  im- 
bricated, acute,  destitute  of  tips,  densely  and  rather  hirsutely  puberulent :  rays  12 
to  16,  an  inch  or  less  long  :  akenes  flat  and  broad,  smooth,  only  half  the  length  of 
the  slender  bayonet-shaped  scales  of  the  pappus,  which  are  fully  three  fourths  the 
length  of  the  disk-corolla.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  77. 

Mountains  45  miles  northeast  of  San  Diego,  Dr.  Palmer. 

Page  362.  57.   HEMIZONIA. 

5'.  H.  floribunda,  Gray.  Erect,  apparently  3  feet  high,  with  very  numerous 
and  leafy  branches,  minutely  glandular-pubescent:  lower  leaves  not  seen  ;  the  upper 
linear,  obtuse,  entire,  a  half  to  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  :  heads  terminating  the 
branchlets,  3  or  4  lines  broad  and  high,   many-flowered :  scales  of  the  involucre 


^  ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS.  617 

oblong-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  disk,  rather  ohtuse,  extremely  glandular :  rays 
20  or  more,  forming  two  series,  with  cuneate  3-lobed  deep  orange-yellow  ligules  : 
disk-flowers  about  as  many,  most  of  them  fertile  :  chatf  of  the  tiattish  receptacle 
only  between  the  ray  and  disk  flowers,  of  linear  and  nearly  distinct  scales  :  pappus 
of  the  disk-akenes  of  5  to  8  ovate  or  roundish  blunt  and  entire  scales,  which  are 
hairy  on  the  back  and  margin.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  79. 

On  the  Fort  Yuma  road,  at  Larkens,  80  miles  east  of  San  Diego,  Palmer.  A  stiiking  species 
of  the  Hartmannia  section,  in  some  respects  resembling  H.  frutescens,  to  be  inserted  in  the  subdi- 
vision (with  some  emendation)  which  includes  H.  angusti/olia  and  H.  corymbosa. 

11  ^  H.  Wheeleri,  Gray.  Loosely  branched  from  the  base,  slender,  a  span  to  a 
foot  higli,  somewhat  hirsute,  hardly  at  all  glandular  :  leaves  all  linear  and  entire, 
scattered  (the  lower  an  inch  or  two  long)  :  heads  scattered,  short-ped uncled  :  scales 
of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  herbaceous,  rather  short :  rays  only  5  or  6,  bright  yel- 
low :  disk-flowers  numerous  (yellow),  with  abortive  ovary  and  no  pappus  :  outer 
chatt'  of  the  receptacle  of  distinct  thin  scales  ;  inner  mostly  wanting  :  fertile  akenes 
triangular. 

Tulare  Co.,  Monachay  Meadows,  &c.,  upper  part  of  South  Fork  of  Kern  River,  at  8,200  to 
10,000  feet  altitude,  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Expedition,  1875.  Head  barely  3  lines  high  :  I'ays  2 
lines  long  and  wide.  Smooth  akenes  a  line  and  a  (|uarter  long.  A  well-marked  species  of  the  Eu- 
hemizonia  section. 

Page  391.  77^    HYMENOPAPPUS,  L'Her. 

Head  homogamous ;  the  rather  numerous  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubular. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  6  to  12,  more  or  less  imbricated,  obovate  or  oval,  flat,  thin, 
often  partly  scarious  or  colored  (whitish,  rarely  purplish).  Eeceptacle  small,  naked. 
Corolla  with  a  narrow  and  glandular  tube,  abruptly  dilated  into  a  campanulate 
throat,  and  with  5  revolute  lobes.  Style-branches  rather  broad  and  obtuse.  Akenes 
turbinate  or  inversely  pyramidal,  with  a  short  stalk-like  base.  Pappus  of  8  or  10 
short  and  blunt  silvery-scarious  scales,  nearly  or  quite  nerveless.  —  Biennial  or 
rarely  perennial  herbs  (all  N.  American),  whitened  with  a  rather  deciduous  wool ; 
the  stems  Avith  a  solitary  or  corymbose  head  of  whitish  or  yellow  flowers. 

1.  H.  luteus,  Xutt.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves  mainly  in  a  tuft  at  the 
root,  twice  pinnately  divided ;  the  lobes  narrowly  linear  with  revolute  margins  or 
nearly  flliform  :  stem  scape-like,  bearing  few  or  rarely  solitary  long-peduncled  heads 
of  light  yellow  flowers  ;  akenes  very  villous,  at  least  on  the  angles  :  pappus  nearly 
as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  —  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  ii.  373. 

Tantillas  Mountains,  near  the  State  line,  in  Lower  California,  Br.  Palmer.  Extends  eastward 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Page  399.  88.   PECTIS. 

1.  P.  papposa,  Gray,  var.  epapposa.  A  depauperate  short-peduncled  form, 
collected  by  Ur.  Palmer,  about  half-way  between  San  Diego  and  Fort  Yuma  (also 
in  S.  Utah  and  Arizona) :  some  of  the  specimens  with  the  normal  barbellate- bristly 
pappus  to  the  disk-flowers,  the  others  with  a  mere  vestige  or  none. 

Page  402.  03.  TANACETUM. 

*  *   *  Pappus  none  :  leaves  only  7>-deft  or  entire.     (Sphceromeria,  N"utt.) 

3.  T.  canum,  T).  C.  Eaton.  A  span  high  or  more,  in  tufts  from  a  woody  base, 
silvery-canescent :  flowering  stems  simple,  terminated  by  one  or  two  or  several  corym- 
bose-crowded heads  :  leaves  half  an  inch  or  more  long,  sessile,  some  cuneate  and 


618  ADDITIONS  AND   CORRECTIONS. 

3-cleft  into  naiTow-entire  lobes,  others  linear  or  lanceolate  and  entire  :  involucre  2 
lines  high,  of  about  12  obovate  scales:  flowers  yellowish;  a  few  of  the  outer  ones 
pistillate  ;  the  rest  perfect.  — Bot.  King  Exp.  180,  t.  19. 

Olanche  Mountain,  Tulare  Co.,  at  10,000  feet,  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875.  Elsewhere 
found  only  in  the  E.  Humboldt  Mountains,  Nevada,  Watson. 

Page  405.  94.  ARTEMISIA. 

1 2.  A.  Rothrockii,  Gray.  Shrubby,  a  foot  or  less  high,  bushy,  cinereous  with 
a  minute  appressed  pubescence,  but  green  or  greenish,  and  sometimes  almost  gla- 
brous, or  slightly  viscid  :  leaves  from  cuneate  and  3  -  4-cleft  above  into  oblong  lobes 
to  cuneate-linear  or  spatulate  and  (especially  on  flowering  shoots)  entire,  or  some  of 
the  upper  linear-oblong :  heads  crowded,  spicate-panicled,  greenish,  2|  to  3  lines 
long,  10  -  12-flowered  :  scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre  concave,  rather  firm; 
the  outer  ovate  and  largely  herbaceous ;  tlie  inner  oblong  :  flowers  all  perfect  and 
fertile. 

Sierras  of  Tulare  Co.,  Olanche  Mountains  and  Monachay  Meadows,  at  8,000  to  9,300  feet,  Roth- 
rock in  Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875.  The  Sagc-hrush  of  the  region.  Heads  even  thicker  than  those 
oi  A.  cana. 

13.  A.  Falmeri,  Gray.  Apparently  wholly  herbaceous  and  at  least  3  feet  high, 
cinereous-puberulent :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  the  lower  3  -  5-parted  (the  divi- 
sions an  inch  or  two  long  and  a  line  or  more  wide),  with  revolute  margins,  the 
lower  surface  minutely  white-woolly  :  heads  greenish,  very  numerous  in  an  ample 
open  panicle  :  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  thin  :  flowers  all  perfect,  most  of  them 
subtended  by  chaff  similar  to  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre  (or  the  innermost 
much  smaller),  — an  anomaly  in  the  genus.  — Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  79. 

Jamuel  Valley,  20  miles  east  of  south  of  San  Diego,  Palrner. 

Page  412.  101.   SENECIO. 

9.  S.  Fremontii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     A  very  well-marked  form  of  this  species  is 
Var.  OCCidentalis,  Gray.     Much  more   slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  :  leaves 
from  ovate-orbicular  and  repand  to  obovate  or  spatulate  and  incised,  thinner,  most 
of  them  on  rather  long  and  wing-margined  petioles  :  heads  smaller  (4  lines  high), 
fewer-flowered,  and  slender-peduncled. 

Sierra  Nevada,  on  Mount  Whitney  at  12,000  feet,  and  S.  Fork  of  Kem  Eiver  down  to  9,800 
feet,  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875.  Lemmon's  plant  from  Lassen's  Peak  is  between  this 
and  Watson's  and  Pany's  specimens  from  the  mountains  of  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

Page  417.  103.  RAILLARDELLA. 

A  part  of  the  generic  character  to  be  modified,  and  a  portion  of  it  thrown  into 
a  §  1,  to  contrast  with  the  following  :  — 

§  2.  Scales  of  the  involucre  distinct  to  the  base,  the  margins  heloiv  at  length  more  or 
less  involute :  central  flowers  {always  ?)  sterile,  both  anthers  and  ovary  imper- 
fect :  stem  leafy. 

3.  R.  Muirii,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  slender,  hirsute,  and  with  some  stalked 
glands  above  :  leaves  (about  an  inch  long)  linear,  with  somewhat  revolute  margins, 
acute  :  heads  terminal  and  short-peduncled,  and  also  2  or  3  lateral  ones  :  involucre 
campanulate :  bristles  of  the  pappus  10  to  12,  stouter,  fully  equalling  the  corolla  in 
length. 

In  the  Sierra  Nevada  (the  station  unknown),  J.  Miiir.  Head  little  over  half  an  inch  long. 
Stem  slender,  very  leafy  below,  sparsely  so  above.  In  habit  unlike  the  genuine  species  of  Raillar- 
della,  but  the  floral  characters  accord.  The  mature  akenes  are  terete,  but  so  they  may  be  when 
ripe  in  the  original  species. 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS.  gig 

Page  441.  122.   LYGODESMIA. 

2.  L.  spinosa,  var.  cladopappa,  Gray ;  a  state  with  many  of  the  stiff  bristles 
of  the  pappus  bearing  a  few  slender  branches  toward  the  base. 

Carson  Valley,  Lemmon,  1875.  Specimens  by  other  collectors  from  the  same  neighborhood  do 
not  show  this  peculiarity  of  the  pappus,  in  which,  as  well  as  in  the  rigidity,  there  is  an  approach 
to  Chcetadelpha. 

Page  442.  123.  LACTUCA. 

Lactuca  Canadensis,  Linn.,  was  collected  in  a  grain-field  in  Sierra  Valley,  in  the  summer  of 
1875.  Being  otherwise  unknown  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  it  was  probably  a  waif  or  chance- 
comer. 

Page  443.  Order  LI.    LOBELIACE.S!. 

Eeplace  the  key  to  the  genera  under  the  Tribe  LOBELIILE  by  the  following. 

*  Capsule  short,  2-celled,  2-valved  at  the  top. 

1.  Lobelia.     Corolla  with  the  more  or  less  elongated  tube  split  from  top  to  bottom  on  the  appar- 

ently upper  side.     Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 

2.  Palmereila.     Corolla  with  a  long  tube,  which  is  entire  at  the  summit  ;  the  stamens  adnate 

to  its  upper  part. 

3.  Laurentia.     Corolla  with  a  rather  long  entire  tube  ;  the  stamens  free  from  it,  except  perhaps 

at  the  very  base. 

*  ♦  Capsule  and  ovary  long  and  linear,  one-celled,  opening  down  the  sides. 

4.  Downingia.     Corolla  with  a  very  short  and  entire  tube. 
Prefix  no.  5  to  Nemacladus. 

1.  LOBELIA,  Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  and  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  split  down  to 
the  base  on  one  (apparently  the  upper)  side  ;  the  two  lobes  on  that  side  erect  or  more 
separated  from  the  three  more  united  ones ;  all  the  petals  sometimes  inclined  to 
separate  at  the  base.  Anthers  and  all  the  upper  part  of  the  filaments  united  around 
the  style  :  these  inserted  with  the  corolla.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved  at 
the  top.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  small.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  of  wide  geographical 
distribution  ;  with  racemose  or  spicate  flowers,  produced  in  summer. 

1.  L.  splendens,  Willd.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  simple  stem  2  or  3  feet  high  : 
leaves  linear- lanceolate,  glandular-denticulate  :  raceme  naked,  many-flowered  :  tube 
of  the  calyx  hemisplierical ;  its  lobes  slenderly  linear-subulate  :  corolla  intense  red, 
an  inch  long  ;  its  lobes  (in  our  plant)  only  half  the  length  of  the  tube  :  two  of  the 
anthers  strongly  bearded  at  the  tip.  —  Hort.  Berol.  t.  86. 

Mountains  northeast  of  San  Diego,  Cleveland,  Pabner.  Extends  through  Arizona  to  Texas  and 
Mexico,  probably  only  in  shaded  and  moist  or  wet  places.  Much  resembles  the  eastern  L.  cardi- 
nalis  or  Cai-dinal-flower.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  much  smaller  than  in  the  cultivated  and  some  of 
the  wild  Mexican  specimens. 

2.  PALMERBLLA,  Gi-ay. 

Calyx  5-parted  down  to  the  turbinate  tube,  which  is  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary ; 
the  lobes  slenderly  linear-subulate.  Corolla  with  its  long  and  straight  narrow-cylin- 
drical tube,  entire  (at  least  the  upper  part),  not  at  all  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  short 
lobes  abruptly  spreading ;  two  smaller  distinct,  spatulate-linear  and  turned  back- 


620  ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

wards ;  the  other  three  ohloiig,  united  at  the  very  base.  Filaments  (more  or  less) 
adnate  to  near  the  throat  or  the  upper  part  of  the  tube  of  tlie  corolla,  then  free  or 
further  adnate  to  one  side,  and  monadelphous  :  anthers  oblong,  united,  three  of 
them  naked,  two  tipped  with  a  small  tuft  of  very  unequal  rigid  bristles.  Stigma, 
ovary,  and  apparently  capsule  of  Lobelia,  of  which  the  plant  has  the  habit,  except 
in  the  remarkably  long  tube  of  the  corolla.  —  Name  in  acknowledgment  of  the 
services  to  North  American  Botany  rendered  by  the  discoverer.  Dr.  Edward  Palmer, 
who  more  than  any  one  else  has  explored  the  botany  of  the  region  to  which  it 
belongs,  viz.  Arizona,  the  southern  frontiers  of  the  State  of  California,  and  Lower 
California.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  80. 

1.  P.  debilis,  Gray.  Herb  a  foot  or  two  high,  probably  from  a  perennial  root, 
smooth  and  glabrous  except  the  inside  of  the  corolla ;  stem  weak  and  slender,  sim- 
ple or  at  length  loosely  branched  :  leaves  thin  (the  lowest  not  seen) :  the  cauline 
ones  linear-lanceolate,  2  or  3  inches  long,  entire  or  rarely  a  little  denticulate,  sessile, 
alternate,  above  gradually  diminished  into  slender  bracts  of  the  several-flowered 
leafy  raceme  :  limb  of  the  corolla  bright  blue ;  the  tube  whitish,  half  or  three 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  hairy  inside. 

Var.  serrata,  Gray.  Minutely  puberulent,  at  least  toward  the  summit  and  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  :  leaves  almost  all  acutely  serrate,  or  the  upper  merely  denticu- 
late ;  the  lower  spatulate  or  obovate  (one  or  two  inches  long,  sometimes  an  inch 
broad) :  flowei"s  rather  few  and  crowded. 

Great  Canon  of  the  Tantillas  Mountains,  in  Lower  California,  Sept.  1875,  Dr.  E.  Palmer.  The 
variety,  on  wet  sandstone  rocks  in  the  valley  of  Ojai  Creek,  Ventura  Co.,  July,  1875,  Dr.  Roth- 
rock  in  Wheeler's  Exped.  The  base  of  the  corolla-tube  inclines  to  break  up  in  age  as  it  were 
into  claws  of  the  five  component  petals,  as  in  Lobelia  splendens,  &c.  Then  the  adnate  fila- 
ments become  fi'ee  below,  remaining  coalescent  above. 

Page  476.  1.  ASCLEPIAS. 

7.  A.  leucophylla,  Engelm.,  var.  obtusa,  Gray.  Wool  deciduous,  hardly 
any  on  the  outside  of  the  corolla  :  leaves  oblong,  all  the  lower  very  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate :  hoods  rather  broader  and  truncate. 

Bartlett's  Canon,  near  Santa  Barbara,  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875.  The  hoods  in  this 
species  and  in  A.  eriocarpa  have  a  lamelliform  fold  or  duplication  on  each  side  below  near  the 
interior  margin. 

Page  478.  4.  LACHNOSTOMA,  HBK. 

Calyx,  corolla,  fruit,  &c.,  nearly  as  in  Sarcostemma.  Crown  (in  the  following 
species)  consisting  of  a  hood-like  appendage  behind  each  anther,  not  unlike  that  of 
Asclepias.  Anthers  short,  and  the  pollen-masses  horizontal,  otherwise  nearly  as  in 
Asclepias.  —  A  tropical  and  subtropical  American  genus  of  the  Gonolobus  tribe, 
chiefly  of  twiners ;  mostly  with  opposite  cordate  and  petioled  leaves,  and  small 
dull-colored  flowers.  —  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  ii.  767. 

1.  L.  hastulatum,  Gray.  A  slender  twining  plant,  herbaceous  or  nearly  so, 
clothed  with  a  fine  and  dense  soft  pubescence  :  leaves  hastate,  2  or  3  lines  long,  on 
a  slender  petiole  :  flowers  solitary  and  scattered,  nearly  sessile,  whitish  :  calyx 
5-parted,  the  divisions  linear  :  corolla  5-parted,  the  divisions  oblong-linear,  almost 
glabrous  inside  :  hoods  behind  the  anthers  oblong-obovate,  white,  acutely  3-toothed 
at  the  apex,  and  with  a  short  triangular-subulate  internal  horn  :  follicles  fusiform, 
beset  with  a  few  small  and  soft  processes.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  87. 
Tantillas  Cafion,  within  the  Iwrders  of  Lower  California,  Dr.  E.  Palmer. 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS.  621 

Page  483.  4.  EUSTOMA,  Salisb. 

Calyx  5  -  6-parted ;  the  divisions  slender-subulate,  carinate.  Corolla  campan- 
ulate,  not  appendaged  or  gland-bearing ;  the  tube  shorter  than  the  5  or  6  obovate  or 
oblong  ample  lobes.  Filaments  filiform,  borne  in  the  throat.  Anthers  oblong,  not 
twisted.  Style  filiform,' persistent :  stigma  of  2  broad  plates.  Capsule  ovoid,  many- 
seeded.  —  Glaucous  annuals  or  biennials ;  with  oblong  partly  clasping  leaves,  and 
showy  slender-peduncled  flowers ;  the  corolla  generally  sky-blue  or  lavender-color. 
Of  the  two  published  species,  one,  E.  Russelianum,  very  ornamental  in  cultivation, 
belongs  to  Texas  and  adjacent  districts.  E.  gracile,  Engelm.  ined.,  of  Northern 
Mexico,  is  perhaps  a  slender  variety  of  it.     The  remaining  less  showy  species  is  — 

1.  C  exaltatum,  Grisebach.  A  foot  or  two  high  :  leaves  cordate-clasping  and 
often  connate,  1  to  3  inches  long  :  corolla  about  an  inch  long ;  its  lobes  nearly 
oblong  and  only  twice  the  length  of  the  tube  :  capsule  elliptical-oblong,  very  obtuse. 
—  Lisiantluis  exaltatuSy  Lam.     L.  glaucifolius,  Jacq.  Ic.  liar.  t.  33. 

Canon  Tantillas,  near  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State,  Dr.  Palmer.  Also  San  Bernardino 
Co.,  Parry. 

Page  500.  5.  LCESELIA. 

2.  L.  eSilsa,  Gray.  Resembles  L.  tenuifolia,  but  more  diffusely  much  branched 
from  an  annual  root :  leaves  apparently  all  entire,  short-filiform,  from  half  to  a 
fourth  of  an  inch  long  (but  the  lowest  are  wanting) :  flowers  loosely  panicled :  calyx- 
teeth  very  short,  pointed  from  a  broad  base  :  corolla  barely  half  an  inch  long, 
"  pink  "  or  purple  ;  the  cuneate  and  truncate  obscurely  3-toothed  lobes  as  long  as 
the  tube  (which  little  surpasses  the  calyx)  and  nearly  equalling  the  declined  incurved 
capillary  filaments  and  style.  —  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  86,  where  a  section,  Giliopsis, 
is  proposed  for  this  very  Gilia-like  species  and  L.  tenuifolia. 

Tantillas  Mountains,  within  the  borders  of  Lower  California,  Dr.  Palmer. 

Page  517.  .  U.   NAMA. 

To  the  character  of  the  genus  add  :  leaves  sometimes  toothed. 

§  3.  Perennials,  sometimes  woody  below;   the  pubescence  hispid  or  hirsute:  flouoers 
densely  clustered :  leaves  toith  undulate  or  sinuate-toothed  margins,  sessile. 

5.  N.  Rothrockii,  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high  from  a  perennial  root,  cinereous- 
pubescent  or  minutely  hirsute  and  slightly  viscid  :  the  stem,  calyx,  &c.,  hispid  with 
long  and  sharp  ( Wigandia-VikQ)  bristles  :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  obtusely  pinnati- 
fid-toothed  :  flowers  numerous  in  a  terminal  and  sessile  capitate  cluster :  sepals 
hardly  at  all  dilated  upward,  half  an  inch  long,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla :  seeds 
rather  few,  large  (almost  a  line  long),  oval,  closely  reticulate-pitted. 

Meadows  on  S.  Kern  River,  at  5,000  feet,  Rothrock,  in  Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875.  Leaves  an 
inch  or  more  long  ;  the  rather  prominent  pinnate  veins  running  to  the  sinuses  between  the  strong 
teeth,  and  there  forking.  Corolla  whitish  or  purplish.  Ovary  and  2-celled  capsule  somewhat 
hii-sute.  Most  remarkable  in  the  genus  for  the  toothing  of  the  leaves  and  for  the  almost  stinging 
hairs,  like  those  of  Wigandia.  But  the  narrow  funnelform  corolla  and  the  habit  are  those  of  Navia. 

6.  N.  Parryii,  Gray.  Six  feet  high  !  from  a  woody  stout  base  :  leaves  linear, 
villous-hirsute  throughout,  numerously  pinnately  veined  and  somewhat  bullate,  the 
margins  revolute  and  undulate  or  repand  :  flowers  unilateral  and  at  length  densely 
spicate  on  the  few  branches  of  the  compact  scorpioid  cyme  :  sepals  nearly  filiform, 
little  surpassing  the  oval  capsule  :  seeds  oval,  half  a  line  long,  minutely  marked  with 
narrow  tmnsverse  reticulations. 


622  ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

On  the  Mohave  slope  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  Parry,  Dec.  1875,  in  fruit  only. 
Leaves  on  new  shoots  2  or  3  inches  long  and  only  2  or  3  lines  wide.  Cymes  apparently  pedun- 
culate. Capsule  and  calyx  only  2  lines  or  so  in  length.  Stem  Wigandia-\\k&,  over  half  an  inch  in 
diameter  at  base,  decidedly  woody,  but  with  a  large  pith. 

Page  550,  3.   ANTIRRHINUM. 

8,  A.  Nuttallianum,  var.  efiiisum,  Gray,  Climbing  over  bushes,  5  feet  high  : 
flowering  branches  paniculate  :  pedicels  all  hliform  and  longer  than  the  flowers :  ribs 
of  the  seeds  less  wing-like  :  calyx-lobes  rather  less  unequal. 

Jamuel  Valley,  southeast  of  San  Diego,  Dr.  Pahncr, 

Page  556.  8.   PENTSTEMON. 

14'.  P.  Fremonti,  Torr.  &  Gray,  A  span  or  more  high,  pruinose-puberulent 
or  below  glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  and  the  lowest  spatulate 
or  oval,  an  inch  or  two  long :  flowers  racemose-thyrsoid,  rather  crowded  and  numer- 
ous :  pedicels  and  mostly  the  peduncles  short  and  glandular-pubescent :  corolla  pur- 
ple or  whitish,  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  tubular-funnelform  :  anthers  not 
opening  widely  :  sterile  filament  dilated  and  bearded  at  the  tip.  —  Proc,  Am.  Acad, 
vi.  60;  Watson,  Bot.  King.  Exp.  218. 

Sierra  Nevada,  on  a  high  mountain  near  Donner  Pass  ( Torrey) ;  Utah,  Fremont.  A  smoother 
and  taller  variety  (Parryi),  Nevada,  Watson,  Wheeler,  &c. 

After  no.  17,  add  a  fifth  subdivision,  as  follows  :  — 

++  ++  ++  ++  ++  Corolla  scarlet,  tubular  ;  its  upper  lip  erect  and  2-toothed  ;  the  lower 

reflexed  and  3-parted. 

17'.  P.  barbatus,  Nutt.,  var,  labrosus,  Gray.  Entirely  glabrous,  somewhat 
glaucous  :  stems  virgate,  2  feet  high  or  more  :  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate  ;  the  upper 
narrowly  linear  ;  panicle  slender  and  raceme-like  :  sepals  ovate,  short :  corolla  an 
inch  and  a  half  long ;  its  lips  half  an  inch  or  more  ;  the  upper  oblong  and  concave, 
barely  2-lobed  at  the  tip ;  the  lower  3-parted  into  linear  divisions ;  these  and  the 
throat  glabrous,  as  also  the  stamens  and  style :  anther-cells  divaricate,  never  spread- 
ing open,  the  inner  portion  of  the  line  of  dehiscence  remaining  cl'osed. 

On  Mount  Pinos,  south  of  Tejon,  at  7,000  feet,  Rothrock  in  Wheeler's  Expcd.,  1875.  A  remark- 
able fonn,  seemingly,  of  P.  barbatus,  agi'eeing  with  the  var.  Torreyi  of  New  Mexico  and  Colorado 
in  the  want  of  beard  ;  but  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  remarkably  long  and  narrow.  The  tube  of 
the  corolla  appeal's  to  have  been  yellowish,  the  lips  scarlet. 

Page  575.  17.   ORTHOCARPUS. 

Chloropyron  palnstre,  Behr  in  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  62,  66,  is  some  one  of  the  species  of  this 
genus,  vaih.  reduced  anther-cells  ;  perhaps  0.  faucibarbatus  or  0.  floribundus. 

Page  581.  18.  CORDYLANTHUS. 

3.  C.  filifolius,  Nutt.  The  ripe  seeds  are  ovate  or  oval ;  the  coat  close,  and  in 
the  dry  state  lineate-reticulated  under  a  lens  with  innumerable  slender  wavy  lines 
or  wrinkles  :  embryo  little  shorter  than  the  nucleus,  the  cotyledons  orbicular.  The 
ovules  are  slender,  tapering  to  the  apex,  which  is  coiled  into  a  helix. 

Var.  brevibracteatus,  Gray.  Tall  and  stouter,  glabrous  u]}  to  the  floral  leaves  ; 
these  hirsute-ciliate  and  all  shorter  than  the  flowers,  more  dilated,  and  not  gland- 
tipped  :  cauline  leaves  not  seen. 

Near  Soda  Spring  on  Kern  Eiver,  at  8,500  feet,  Rothrock  in  "Wheeler's  Exped.,  1875,  A  rather 
smooth  fonn  collected  by  D.  Cleveland  near  San  Diego  approaches  this. 


INDEX. 


Namrs  of  OnnEns  and  SinoRPrRS  in  small  capitjils,  of  Genera  and  Sections  in  Roman  lower 
case,  and  Sininnymy  in  Italics. 


Alirotnnnm,  403. 
Ahiitilon,  87. 
Acacia,  16,3. 
Accna,  186. 
A<;ann>tn|iappns,  304. 

ACANTIIACK.B,  f>^l . 

Acanthoniintha,  596; 
yicnnfhonifcJn'a,  72. 
Acarph^a,  391. 
Acer,  107. 
AcrrnJrs,  476,  477. 
AnKlMNF.^-,  106. 
Achillea,  400. 
ArhiHra,  381. 
Achlys,  15. 
Acliyrachsena,  371. 
Acliyronyehia,  72. 
Acoina,  .356. 
Aconitum,  12. 
Acourlin,  422. 
Act-ea,  12. 
Actinella,  3!>3. 
Aetinolepis,  377. 
AdenocaiiI<in,  335. 
Adenostetiia,  .'iSO. 
Adenostoina,  184. 
A.icnostylcs.  300. 
Adolpliia,  101. 
>f;s(ulus,  106. 
Aqnrifilfi,  'i'l't. 
yhlTafum,  388. 
Ajiriinoiiia,  185. 
Acrimony,  185. 
Alar(;onia,  349. 
Alchemilla,  185. 
Alfalfa.  132. 
AKilaria,  94. 
Al^^aroliia,  16.3. 
Alloseris.  42".t. 
Allotropn.  461. 
Alsine,  69. 
Alum-root,  200. 
Alyssum,  27. 
ATnaiiria,  385. 
AniblyopappuR,  385. 
Amyoualk.'K,  164. 
Ambrosia,  344. 
Amhrosin,  34.5,  346. 
Amelanchier,  189. 
American  Ijaurel,  456. 
Amida,  360. 


Annnannia,  21  4. 
Aniniobronia,  464. 
Amnioflia,  3i)0. 
Aniorplia.  140. 
Ampliia.liyris,  ,302. 
A in/>hi/i'i/i/)ii<i,  .303. 
AmsiiK'kia,  523. 
ANAiAKDIArF,.*:,  109. 
AnaijMllis,  469. 
Aiiniilhr.ri.r,  477. 
Anaphalis,  340. 
Anatlirix,  43.5. 
Ancistrocarphiis,  337. 
Andrnwrdn,  453,  456. 
Androsace,  468. 
Anemone,  3. 
Anfjelica,  265. 
Ani.tncnr/nii,  358. 
Anisoeonia,  43ii. 
Aiiop/iDithns,  584. 
Anfennaria,  338. 
.InfriDinrifr,  341. 
A)lfh<V,irfr.f,   1S9. 

Antirrliiinstrum,  548. 
Antinhiniim,  548,  622. 
Aiifirr/iiii inn,  552. 
Ajyin/i'i,  440. 
Apnrpiiliiim,  439. 
Aplianosteinma,  6. 
Apll'niforhwia,  305. 
Aphyllon,  584. 
.\piastriim,  258. 
.Apinm,  2.')8. 
Apl->pap|>n9,  310,  613. 
,ti>lof,„pp„.t,   304,  311, 

:n.5,  321,  323. 
ArncYNACF..*;,  472. 
.Xpocynnm,  473. 
Apple,  188. 
Apple  of  Peru,  537. 
A<|uilegia,  9. 
Arabis,  31. 
Aralia,  273. 
AllALIACKvF,,  273. 
Arbutus,  451. 
Arhiiliis,  453. 
Arctomecon,  21. 
Arctostapbylos,  452. 
Arennria,  68. 
Argemone,  21. 
Anneri.i,  465. 


Ariiii-a,  414. 
Aionia,  190. 
A  mm  in,  385. 
Arrow -wood,  335. 
Artemisia,  40'2,  618. 
Arlrminn,  401,  402. 
Articlioke,  417. 
AnuKus,  170 
Asnijnrn,  14:<. 
.\s(  i,F.riADA<  ^  F..  474. 
Asclcfiias,  474,  620. 
Axrirpins,  477. 
Asli.  472. 
Aster,  321,  614. 
Axtir.    303,    321,    326, 

331. 
.Astragalus,  144. 
A-ihnpliiff.,  160. 
.\taniisqnrPA,  50. 
.\trnia,  2.59. 
.Xtiajjene,  3. 
AuIm  rxine,  538. 
AudilxTtia,  600. 
Awl  wort,  4.3. 
Azalea,  458. 
Ha-vbaris,  332,  614. 
I'leria,  375. 
Hahia,  379. 
H'f/iut,  379. 
liiifiiripsi.t,  354. 
Hnileva,  373. 
Balsam,  93. 
Ualsam-root,  347. 
Balsjunorhi/A,  347. 
Haneberry,  12. 
Barbarea,  40. 
Bar^K-rry,  14. 
Barkhausia,  438. 
Bartonia,  236. 
Unrlxia,  575,  577. 
Batrachium,  5. 
Bearln-ny,  453. 
Bedstraw,  282. 
Hflhrdia,  423. 
Bellflower,  447. 
BelojMM-one,  588. 
BKURKIMDACEiB,  14. 
Berberis,  14, 
Brrgrlln,  80. 
Ber«,Ma,  80. 
Uerginia,  583. 


Bemla,  260. 
Bi.lens,  357. 
Bifi-Root,  240. 
Bigelovia,  314,  613. 
Hitjnnniii,  587. 
Bn;N<>\MArF,;K,  586. 
BillK'rry,  450. 
Bindweed,  53.3. 
Biscutrlla,  48. 
Bla.k  Ni^dit'ibade,  538. 
inackberrv.  171 
Bladder  Nnt,  108. 
Bla<l<ler-j>od,  43. 
Bladd.Mwort,  586." 
Bleunosj>erma,  395. 
Blijibaripappns,  357. 
lUrpfiJirip'ippiis,  368. 
Blepliari/onia,  366. 
Blne-.urls.  608. 
Boisdnvalia,  233. 
Bolan.lra.  196. 
liolirnrlii,  471. 
Boi:ka(;i\  \(  k  f.  518. 
lioschniakia,  585. 
Bowlesia.  255. 
lV>xKld.r.  108. 
Bovkinia.  195. 
Bra-liyactis.  326. 
lirnrhiirin,  302. 
Brasenia,  16. 
Brassii'a,  39. 
lirrirrrin/r,  69. 
Brickellia,  299,  613. 
Brooklime,  572. 
Brookweed,  470. 
Brunella,  604. 
Bryantbus,  456. 
Bn.  klx'an,  485. 
r.ii.keye,  106. 
Buektiiorn,  100. 
Buddleia,  48.5. 
Hii/hai/if'is,  299,  409. 
Bidliarda,  209. 
Bnphthnhnum,,  348. 
BurCIover,  133. 
Bur- Marigold,  357. 
Burnet,  186. 
Burning-bush,  98. 
Burrielia,  374. 
Bnrriclia,  375,  379. 

ButttTCUp,  6. 


624 


INDEX. 


Buttcrwort,  .ISB, 
Button-lnish,  281. 
Biitton  Hnakcroot,  255. 
Cncnlin,  301. 
CACTACK.K,  242. 

CflEnotns,  331, 
Ci*:MAt,HNEi?;,  113. 
Cnlabazilla,  239. 
Calais,  423. 
Calnininth,  .506. 
Calamintha,  596. 
Calandrinia,  74. 
Cairfi-Hcad,  18. 
California  Lilar,,  102. 
Callinrhyrin,  370. 
("allirhroa,  369. 
('nllifilossa,  370. 
Vnllirrhm,  83. 
Callitrichc,  215. 
Calooalais,  426. 
Caltha,  9. 
Cftlyradenia,  364. 

CAI.YCANTIIArEiK,  190. 

CalycanthiiR,  191. 
Calj'coscris,  431. 
("fllyptiidimn,  78. 
Calystrfjt/i,  633. 
Comnrostaphylis,  454. 
Campanula,  447. 
Campanula,  446. 
Campanulace*,  445. 
Campion,  62. 
Cmnpyloccra,  446. 
Cancer-root,  584. 
Canrhalagna,  479. 
Candlcwood,  79. 
Cunotia,  190. 
Caiiftia,  493,  496,  498. 
Cnpvorchix,  24. 
Capparidaoe^,  49. 
Caprarur.,  571. 
Capri roLiACE.^,  277. 
Caprifolium,  280. 
CapscUa,  44. 
Cajisicum,  539. 
Cardamine,  30. 
Cardiospcrmum,  106. 
Cardiiu.i,  419,  420. 
Carpentaria,  203. 
Carpetwced,  252. 
Carjihcphonis,  30l. 
Carphrphnruft,  408. 
Carrot,  272. 
Carroway,  259. 
Canim,  259. 
Cauyophyi-laceje,  61. 
Cassia,  161. 
Cassiope,  455. 
Castill.'ia,  578. 
Catchfly,  62. 
C^atnip,  590. 
Caucalis,  272. 
Cautanthus,  36. 
Cayenne  Pepper,  639. 
Ceanothus,  102. 
Celastrace*,  98. 
Cclnstrus,  98. 
Celery,  258. 


Ccntanrea,  421. 
('(•iituiiculnH,  469. 
Cephaliuitlms,  281. 
(,'erastr's,  104. 
Ccrastiiini,  66. 
Ol-nsuR,  107. 
('emtophyllnm,  216. 
Ccrcidivm,  162. 
Ccrris,  IrtO. 
("erco<;ai*pus,  174. 
Ccreiis,  246. 
Chsennctis,  388. 
Chnrnphyllnw,  263. 
C'lifTtadripha,  429. 
Chaniirlwtia,  173. 
rhamfrlMitiaria,  170. 
("hiimaphysalis,  541. 
< 'hamii'siiracha,  540. 
Chaniiso,  184. 
Chamomile,  400. 
Chnrlock,  40. 
Cltriranthndnidron,  88. 
ClieimnthuR,  35. 
Cliclone,  556. 
Cborry,  166. 
Cherry  Tomato,  538. 
Chia,  .598. 
Chiralote,  21. 
duckweed,  66,  67. 
Chile,  539. 
Chile  Colomdo,  540. 
Chili  Cojot/^,  240. 
Chilopsi's,  .587. 
Chiniaphila,  459. 
Chimmiiflivs,  472. 
Chlnrnpyrnn,  622. 
Choke  Cherry,  167. 
Chrysanthemum,  401. 
Chrysnhntrya,  207. 
Chryso<'apnos,  24. 
Chrysnr.nmn,  317. 
Chrysopsis,  309. 
Chrympxh,  329. 
Cli rysnfh-mnnux,  31 4. 
Chylismia,  227. 
Cknidia,  480. 
Ciouta,  260. 
Circea,  234. 
Cirsinm,  417. 
CisTAcK^:,  54. 
Clackia,  231. 
Clnririrrn,  299. 
Claytouin,  75. 
Cleavers,  282. 
Clematis,  2. 
Cleome,  51. 
Cleomella,  51. 
ClifT-Rose,  175. 
Clintnnifi,  444. 
Clotbur,  346. 
Clover,  125. 
Cneoridium,  97. 
Cnicus,  417. 
Cobrea,  485. 
Cocklebur,  346. 
Cninngyne,,  372. 
Coldenia,  520. 
f'oleofjyne,  174. 


CoUinsia,  552. 
Collinsia,  5;»6. 
(  oUomia,  487. 
Col/omia,  4!>2. 
Cobnnbine,  9. 
Comarum,  180. 
Compos  I  TiR,  28^. 
Con  an  thus,  515. 
Cone-flower,  347. 
Cmiinthclc,  395. 
Conitim,  258. 
C'()NV()i,vui-AfE«,  532. 
'onvolvuliis.  ,533. 
<'ony7ji,  ,332. 

<  'on'lylanthus,  580,  622. 
Coreocarpus,  3.56. 

( 'oicomia,  3,5.5. 
<'"ntliroj<ytie,  320. 

<  "in  Poppy,  1!'. 
Coni-SpHiTcy,  70. 
(  oKNAfE^,.  274. 
Cornel,  274. 
Coriius,  274. 
Cnrolliiphi/lhtm,  464. 
Corydalis,  'H. 
('(tsinnnfhiis,  .513. 
(■otton-i)lant,  82. 
("otiila,  40.5. 
Co/iila,  401. 
Cotyledon.  210. 
I'oiirinifdn,  4S8. 
("o\v  Parsnip,  271. 
Cowani.i,  175. 
CrH})-Applo,  188. 
(lanlwriT,  450. 
Crancsbifl,  93. 
Cr.AssiTLAc  k.t;,  208. 

(  nita'gtis,  189. 
CrnOrrfits,  188. 
Cream  Cnps.  20. 
(  reosote-lnish.  92. 
Crrpidinw,  436. 
("repis,  435. 
Cressa,  534. 
Crinilarin,  317. 
Croeidium.  396,  406. 
("lossosonm.  13. 
Crossostiprna,  220. 
Crowfoot,  5. 
Cv.itctff.ii'f;,  25. 
<  'ryphiacn  iilh  us,  588. 
('ryp(,o]}!ei'nf,  439. 
Crvptostemnia,  298. 
CilcHmit,  239. 
Cucnrbita,  239. 
Crct'RniTACEiB,  238. 
Cudweed,  341. 
Curhint,  204. 
f'tiscuta,  535. 
(ycladenia,  473. 
( 'ylindro]>untia,  249. 
Cymopterus,  266. 
Cynapium,  264. 
('i/nnpiuni,  271. 
f'vnara,  417. 
f'ynoglossum,  530. 
('ifnn<jlossiim,  528,  531 
Dactyloiihyllnm,  489. 


Daisy,  401. 
Dalea,  141. 
Dandelion,  4-39. 
Dnpli  n  idosfttph  ylig,  463. 
Darliugtonia,  17. 
Datisca,  242. 
Dati.»<(Ace^,  242. 
l>atura,  543. 
Daucus.  272. 
Jhiiirus,  273. 
Dead-Nettie,  590. 
Dcljihiiiiutn,  10. 
DDidroniccon,  22. 
Dcntjiria,  20. 
Ilrntiirin,  31. 
Desert -Willow,  687. 
Deweya,  2.57. 
Dicen'tra,  23. 
Dich.Tt.,  376. 
Diehoii.lni,  .5,32. 
Diclipti>ra,  589. 
Dicona,  615. 
IHrtrrin,  322. 
Dipl.iens,  565. 
J>ipli)IHippiis,  321,  322, 

329. 
DiPsACEi*;,  287. 
Dii)sacus,  287. 
Dilhirtrn,  48. 
Dodder,  535. 
Dode<atheon,  466. 
Dofjlwine,  473. 
l>()gwoo<l,  274. 
Downinpia,  444. 
I>T-aba,  27. 
Di-acunculns,  404. 
!>raperia,  50.5. 
Drosrra,  213. 

DRDSKItACF.V,,  212. 

Drymaria,  62. 
Dusty  Miller,  410. 
Duteli  Clover,  129. 
Dyer's  Weed,  53. 
/>ysvi  icod^on ,  446. 
Dvsodia,  397. 
Kfitonella,  379. 
FHrvrrin,  210. 
Kcliidocarya,  519. 
K'/n  II  ais,' 420. 
K.liinella,  8. 
Ivliinocactus,  244. 
Ivbinoccreus,  246. 
luliiiiorys/is,  241. 
Erhiiinjiannr,  278. 
Kehinospermum,  629. 
Erhiiwspcnmim,  528. 
Fichino.sphaee,  599. 
Edosmia,  259. 
Eddya,  520. 
Eggplant,  538. 
Elaphoeera,  495. 
Fil.ATINACK^.,  80. 
Klatine,  80. 
Ehtinr,  80. 
Elder,  277. 
Enimia.,  54. 
Ellisia,  504. 
Emmenanthe.  514. 


INDEX. 


625 


Emplcctorlaiius,  168. 
Kiircliii,  :{51,  616. 
Kiiirliii,  3.'i4. 
Eiichaiitor'H  NighU 

shaflr,  2.'}4. 
En.livr-,  42-2. 
Kpilohiiim,  218. 
K)iiiiii-iliii\n,  1,5. 
Krciniastnnn.  306. 
Ekhacf..*;,   J 48. 
Kricnmrrin,  .113,  314. 
Kri^«>rnn,  .126. 
Eritfrnn,  .'52.'»,  332. 
Kiiodii-tyon,  518. 
Erioffipiin,  171. 
Eri'ipnppu.i,  368. 
E!io|ihyllniu,  380, 
Eritiifliitini,  ,525, 
Erodiuin,  P4. 
Eiynjjiiini,  2r)5. 
Eiysinmni,  38. 
Erifxinni.in,  36,  41. 
Eiyllinra.  470. 
Esilisrholtziiv,  22. 
Esjirlptia,  348. 
Eiiraly|)tus,  lf>l. 
EiKhniirliiim,  232. 
Eiifhrnmn,  .576. 
F^ncniflc,  237. 
Eiirrypte,  505. 
Enlolms,  221. 
EunnnnA,  564. 
Eimnnitx,  66.3. 
Euoiiymna,  98. 
Enpatorium.  299. 
E>ir]iptrra,,  269. 
Eiistonia,  621. 
Enthaniia,  318. 
Eutora,  508. 
Extoca,  513,  614,  615. 
Evax.  337. 

Evc?)iii^  Primrose,  223. 
EvcrlasfiiiR.  340,  341. 
Evolviilu.s,  532. 
Erncnm,  480. 
Fapotiia,  92. 
Fallngia,  175. 
Fatsia,  273. 
Fnizlia,  490. 
Ferula,  271. 
FieninK;K,  250. 
Firhtfji,  423. 
Fifj- Mary  gold,  261. 
Figwfirt,  552. 
Filago,  338. 
Fivp-fiiig(!r,  177, 
Flax,  89. 

Flax-I)o<l.lcr,  535. 
Flrabanc,  326. 
Flnrkca,  95. 
Eln'rk<'n,  95. 
Forgct-mc-not,  522. 
Fouipiiera,  79.    , 
Fragaria,  176. 
Frangula,  101. 
Frankenia,  6<t. 
Frank  KM  AfK/*;,  60. 
Franseria,  344,  615. 


Frascm,  483. 
Fraxinns,  472. 
Frftuontia,  88. 
Fi'iiige-|)odt  40, — _,.« 
Fuchsia,  216. 
Finnnrin,  24. 
Fi;.MAUiAri:.f,,  2.3. 
Fnllora'  Tcaspl,  287. 
Caillanlia,  .391. 
GnJtiftiirinn,  520. 
(;alooi»sis,  590. 
fJalinm,  282. 
rjalvesia,  551. 
Oainlwlia,  551. 
rJainoclinitA,  342. 
Clarrya,  275. 
Oauitlioria,  454. 
r.atira,  233. 
Gnnrn,  234. 
(tayo|ihytuin,  221. 
Go ifnphjit.nm,  233. 
fJontiana,  481. 
OKNTrANACK/F,,  478. 
Gcntianrlla,  481. 
Genea,  351. 
OBltANlArB*;,  92. 
Oeranium,  93. 
(fcmrdin,  556. 
Onum,  176. 
Cilia,  4H9. 
GUin,  4SS. 
Giliopsis,  621. 
Githopni.s,  446. 
Glnnnulorin,  609, 
(ilaux,  469. 
(:ioss(i|N>talon,  108. 
(nvosnia.  262. 
Giy.yrrliiza,  1 43. 
<Jly|>t«plinra,  431, 
Gnaplialiiun.  :!41. 
Gnnphaliiim,  338,  339, 

341. 
Gol)criiarlora,  92, 
(Jwlftia,  228. 
Goinj»hocarpuR,  477. 
Goowlicrry,  480. 
Gossypiutn,  82, 
Grajle,  105. 

Gras.s-of-  Pamawjus,  201 . 
Gratiola,  570. 
Grrck  Valerian,  499. 
Grintlelia,  303. 
Grotiiwell,  522. 
Grossnlari.a,  204. 
Groumi  <'h<rry,  540. 
GroiiiKJ  Ivv,  .590, 
Gr..uii.ls.l,"  410, 
Ciiin  i.laut,  .303. 
Gutierrezia,  302. 
Oi/mnn)ulrn,  571. 
Gymnobythus,  513. 
Halenia,  478, 
HAT/»UAf;K*,  214, 
Harjiararjins,  360. 
Ifarpar/t.  r/>i"<,  36 1 , 
Harpagoinlla,  ."(31. 
Hartniannia,  3fil. 
Hnrtmannia,  370. 


Hnwkwecd,  440. 
Hnirnifxi,  595,  598. 
Hedge- Hys.sop,  570. 

iiedxi-'  •  Mujstaitl,  i.(L.. . 

Hedge- Nettle,  605. 
Mel.niiim.  392. 
If, /r>,, II III,  .381. 
Heliaiithella,  .352. 
Meli.'Mitliemuni,  54. 
Heliaiitiius,  352.  616. 
Uriiiiiiihiis,  350,  354. 
Hrliup'iix,  348. 
II.dio»i..|>e,  .521. 
Ileljotropiutn,  521, 
llrl.uiytu,  299. 
f/i/nxii/niiuw,  259,  260. 
Iletiiiptilium,  427. 
Ileiiiistegia,  581. 
Urmilnints,  464. 
Ilenn/onella,  360. 
Heniizojiia,  361,  »>16. 
Ifriiiizimia,    360,     361, 

367. 
I  f cm p- Nettle,  590. 
Ifi-radeum,  271. 
Jlrrjifsli'i,  669. 
Iles|i<'rastnim,  322. 
ll<s|Mrel;ea,  471, 
Hrxprris,  35. 
Hesjienxhiron,  516. 
HeH|M<r«iliiion,  8!». 
Hetenxdilon,  447. 
Iliterogaura,  234. 
Mf'teroiiii'les,  188. 
||.-tcr'>sjiermum,  357. 
H.t.Tiitlieca,  .308. 
lieu,  hera,  200. 
If'Urhrril,  197,  199. 
Ililiisriis,  87. 
Ilid.oiido,  92. 
HiciMiiiijii,  440. 
Hii  niriiiin,  434. 
Ilipp!iri><,  215. 
Ifot'm.istcria,  298. 
Ilmtzin,  493, 
Hologyinnc,  384, 
noniiilnhiuf^  1,53. 
Ifnino/Hipptct,  312. 
Money  iMtwquit,  lfi3, 
HoneVsiiekle,  280. 
Hoj.  tr-e,  97, 
H.iKJiound,  604. 
lIorkrliH,  181. 
Ilorhlix,  183. 
Morse.  Iicatnut,  106. 
Morsf radish,  43. 
Mos.i.  ki.i,  1.33. 
Mound  s-tonguc,  630. 
Mugelia,  496. 
Mulsea.  385. 
Ilutrhin.tia,  42. 

MYnilANOIBi15,   192. 
Mydro<<.tyle,  254. 
MYI»U<lFIfYIiLA»  K.K, 

,501 . 
Mydrophyllnm,  ,502. 
Hi/t/rnphj/Uum,,  510. 
Hymenoclea,  343. 


Hynwitmumn.,  424,  425. 
llyuienopappus,  617. 
H!liiifiinpnp]ius,  391. 
Hymrno.ryn,  378.         __ 
HvrKiMcAcEA,  8d. 
Hy|MMiium,  81, 
Mv|Mieh;eris,  430. 
H'vjM.pitvs,  463. 
Myptis,  "5".tl. 
Hyssop.  590. 
Hyssopus,  590. 
Ice- Plant,  251. 
Idria,  79. 
r.rr,  99. 

ll,t,K(KBRArK«,  72. 
Ilysaiitlics,  570. 
Impatiens,  93. 
Indian  Hemp,  473. 
Indian  Pipe,  462. 
liifmUra,  385. 
IlKinupa,  5.33. 
f/xiiniyr,  534. 
Ipoinojwi.s,  496. 
/piiinnp<ii.<i,  498. 
Iron  wood,  157. 
Is((meris,  50. 
lso])yrun>,  9. 
Iv.i,  343,  615. 
Ivcsi,a,  182. 
firsi't,  182. 
Jiirohhiin,  589. 
Jawi.tia,  428. 
.laumea,  371. 
.Icwcl-weed,  9,3. 
.ludns-tree,   160. 
.Iiinelierry,  189. 
.lussiipa,  217. 
K'lllinrtix,  347. 
k'nff.sfrmiiin,  91. 
Kalmia,  4.56. 
Karwiiiskia,  100. 
Kclloggia,  282. 
K'  nlntplnjtn,  156, 
Kiiitiikinick,  453. 
Kraineria,  59. 
Kryiiitzkiii,  527. 
Kulinioi<|es,  301. 
Eifmnp/nira,  439. 
Labiat/k.  ,589. 
liabnulor  Te.a,  458. 
F/ice-|K»d,  49. 
l<achTiostf)ma,  620, 
bictuca,  442,  619. 
l>iMly's  Mantle,  185. 
Lagophylla,  367. 
I>agotlmmnus,  407. 
liapbaniia,  396. 
larkspur,  10, 
liarrea,  92. 
Laathenin,  384. 
Lfi-ifJicnui,  382. 
IjathyniH,  158. 
Ijaurel,  356. 
Laurentia,  443. 
Laurwemsus,  168. 
Ijavatera,  82. 
Layia,  368. 
Ledum,  458. 


626 


INDEX. 


LKOITMIVOfS^,   111. 

lyf-na  Hinaiilla,  15. 
licnnoa,  464. 
LksnoatK;*-,,  464. 
LKNTiniihAuiK*,  586. 
Lrontodnn,  \'W,  440. 
Fieoimnis,  500. 
Le.piilanthus,  401. 
Ijepidinm,  45. 
Lr./)ulnnrtnii,  423. 
ly»pi<losparton.  408. 
Lr.piiltiftfephnnu.s,  371. 
lypidi'thrrn ,  401. 
Ijopiffonutn,  71. 
Ijrplnrrhnin,  103. 
lioptodactylon,  492. 
Ijf.ptnsrris,  433. 
liOptosiplinn,  491. 
l^.|it<»sync,  3.'»5. 
Lcpfnftrnia,  271,  272. 
Ijcssiiigia,  306. 
I>cttti«-.-,  422",  442. 
l^iCHi-anthomum,  401. 
I/Citronr.ris,  434. 
JjCUfothoc,  455. 
l/cwisia,  78. 
Lignsticnm,  264. 
Lilac,  102. 
LiiDimnthcs,  95. 
liiiiiosella,  571. 
Linages,  88. 
Linanthns,  490. 
liinaiia,  548. 
Liiinasa,  278. 
Linmijrix,  314,  408. 
Lintiin,  89. 
Livtnn,  54. 
Lippia,  609. 
Li(jHoricc,  143. 
Liainnthv^,  621. 
Litliophragma,  197. 
Lithosiyrmum,  522. 
Lilhoxpcrmum,  524, 627. 
Litlinea,  111. 
LoASACK.*;,  235. 
Iy:>l)adiutn,  110. 
Lolx-lia,  619. 
Lobelia,  444. 
LoBEUACK^.,  443,  619. 
Loeflingia,  71. 
I^ocsHia,  500,  621. 
liOr.ANiArF,*;,  485. 
I/Oiiiocra,  280. 
Ijooscstrife,  214. 
Lophanthus,  602. 
Lotm,  135,  137. 
liOnsewort,  582. 
Lucerne,  132. 
Lndwigia,  217. 
liuina,  408. 
Lupine,  115. 
Lupinellua,  125. 
Lupinus,  116. 
Ltitkea,  171. 
Lychnis,  64. 
Lycinm,  542. 
Lycopersicum,  63.8. 
Lycopsix,  522. 


Tjyropns,  592. 
I<ygfMlcsii)ia,  441,  619. 
Lifi/ixfrsntin,  428. 
Iiyr<varjt.T,  44. 
Lysimmhia,  466. 
Lytmi.'Ack.i-;,  213. 
Lytlinini,  214. 
MiirliaM-nnthcra,  322. 
Mncri^crjthux,  .391. 
Miirrnnnna,  313,  314. 
Miirrnpofiiinn,  38. 
Macrorliynclius,  438. 
Madaria,  3.''.S. 
Madaroglossa,  368. 
M.idia.  358. 
Mndorrlla,  359. 
Madrono,  451. 
.Mahonia,  14. 
Afahiamien.s,  434. 
^fahl.'l,  188. 
Malacothrix,  432. 
Mrtliirolhri.r,  436. 
Mallow,  83. 

Malva,  8.1.  ' 

Mnira,  84-87. 
Mat-vacK/K,  82. 
Malvastnun,  84. 
Malriixirum,  86. 
Mamillaria,  243. 
Manzanita,  4r>2. 
Maple,  107. 
Mnrnh,  241. 
Marcs  Tiiil,  215. 
Maniilntim,  604. 
Marsh  rcnnywort,  254. 
Marsh  Hoscniary,  465. 
Martynia,  587. 
Mnruin,  401. 
Matricaria,  401. 
MauraiKlclla,  .'iSO. 
Mnnrnniiift,  550,  551. 
May-Ai)ple,  16. 
May- Weed.  401. 
Meadow  Sw.i't,  169. 
Meconclla,  20. 
Me<<)nopsi.s,  21. 
Medieago,  132. 
Megala.'^truni,  323. 
Megarrhiza,  240. 
Mr/nndn/nm,  64. 
Melilotiis,  132. 
Melothfia,  240. 
Mcno<loi-a,  471. 
Mentha,  591. 
Mentzclia,  2.35. 
MfMzclin,  237. 
Mcnyanthes,  485. 
Menziesia,  457. 
Afmzirjiin.,  456. 
Afrritnna,  80. 
Merten.sia,  523. 
MeRembryanthemum, 

251. 
Mesquit.  162. 
Microcala,  480. 
Microgenctes,  511. 
Microlotu.s,  137. 
Micromeria,  595. 


Mi<Topns,  335. 

yirro/iiis.  336. 

Mieinrliainnns,  99. 

M ii  idseii.s,  423.    ,  ^ 

MicrnsrriH,  440. 

Mignonette,  53. 

Milk  Thistle,  421. 

Milkweed,  474. 

Millitzia,  514. 

MiMMsi  .F,,  11.3. 

Mininlns,  562. 

Mint,  r.iil. 

Mitella.  199. 

Mitrlh,,  197. 

Mitre  wort,  199. 
'  M«'<  k  Orange,  2o2. 

M<iliiiMgia,  70. 
'  Moh.'ixea,  551. 

Mollnj,'..,  2.52. 

MKnanlella,  593. 

Moncses,  459. 

Moiikiv-flower,  .562. 

Monkshood,  12. 

Monolopift,  3^3. 

Monnlnjtm,  384. 

Monoptilon,  306. 

Monotrojw,  462. 

Montia.  77. 

Mountain  Ash,  189. 

Mountain      Mahogany, 
174. 

Mouse-car    Chickweed, 
!      66. 

I  Mouse-tail,  4. 
;  Mud  wort,  $71. 

Afii/'fffiium,  442. 

Muliein,  548. 

Mnstai-d,  ,39. 

Mwiuidn,  99. 

MvoM)tia,  522. 

M'unsniis,  525,  526,  528, 
529. 

Myosnnis,  4. 

Mvriophyllnni.  215. 

Mi/rrhis,  262. 

Myktace*,  191. 

Xania.  517,  621. 

Nnma,  506. 

Narfimtmia,  407. 

Nasturtium,  42,93,613, 

Navarretia,  493. 

Navorrfiia,  488. 

Negundo,  108. 

Neillia,  171. 

Nemacladus,  445. 

Nemophila,  503. 

Nepta,  590. 

Newln-rrya,  463. 

Nicandra,  537. 

Nieolletia,  398. 

Ni<otiana,  544. 
*Night.shade,  538. 

Nine-bark,  171. 

Nothaphyllon,  584. 

Nothotroxinion,  437. 

Nupliar,  17. 

Nuttallia,  168. 

NvMPHiBACE*,  16. 


Ocimuni,  ,590. 
(Kiiantlie,  263. 
•  Knoe,  563. 
«Kn<.tliera,  222. 
(A»^»//(rr«,  228, 229,230, 

231,  233. 
niea,  471. 
ni.EA<  K.t.,  471. 
Ojijrouieris,  .53. 
niive-tree,  471. 
Oliieya,  l.'>7. 
Own  Inn  tin  IX,  402. 
fhnafn/fs,  402 
()NA(;r.A«  i.,»;,  216. 
Opsin )i//ii.i,  232. 
Opuntia,  247. 
Oregon- Ash,  47 J. 
< tregon <  rab-  Apple,  1 88. 
Ori'gon  (Jrajv.  15. 
Orritphiht,  9i». 

OlSrinAM  1IA(  R.F.,  58,3. 
Ornhnvrhr,  584.  58.5. 
Ornhiis,  160. 
Orthocnrpua,  575,  622. 
Orv't.s.  .541. 
Osiiin(/t)iin,  365. 
Osmonhiza,  261. 
Oso  Merry,  168. 
Onriftin,  516. 
O.x-eye  Daisy,  401. 
f).\alis,  96. 
O.rjipnppiis,  378. 

Oxystvlis,  53. 
Oxytenia,  343. 
Oxytri|)olinni,  325. 
Oxytropis,  144. 
ih-f/uni,  370. 
PnihtijHirlinm,  37. 
Pachvstima,  98. 
Pad  us,  167. 
I'iPonia,  13. 
I'ainted-Cup,  573. 
Talafoxia,  3f<7. 
I'alnierella,  619. 
I'apaver,  19. 
I'aIVW  F.KA(  E^,,  18. 
I'arabryanthus,  456. 
Parkinfbnia,  161. 
Parnassia,  201. 
I'nrni) i/ckin ,  72. 
Pai-sley,  258. 
Pear,  188. 
Pcariwort,  70. 
Peavine,  158. 
Pectis,  399,  617. 
Pectocarya,  631. 
Pedicularis,  582. 
Pelargonium,  93. 
Pentaca^na,  72. 
Pentaehreta,  305. 
Pcntstenion,  556,  622. 
Peppcr-gra.ss,  45. 
Pcpi)crmint,  592. 
Perezia,  422. 
Perityle,  396. 
Petnlonyx,  238. 
Pctaioptemon,  141. 
Petasites,  406. 


TNDEX. 


627 


rrfrophytitm,  170. 
Pet  nil  in,  r>4r.. 
PiMi(((l;uinni,  267. 
roii'TpJivlInni,  409. 
Phafn,   i46,    148-151, 

155. 
Phncclia,  506. 
Ph'treJin,  505,  515. 
Phrtwfnni'r,  2^2. 
riiiilacrolonin,  331. 
Phfilai'inspris.  423. 
PhAipin^  .r,S4^  5S5, 

Phrlhnidriiim,  2fi4. 
Pliila<lplplius,  202. 
PMox,  486. 
Phlnr,  493. 
Phfrnimnfix,  35. 
Pholistna,  464. 
Plinfiuia,  188. 
Ph'fffoflurr,  456. 
/*/?  i/ffopapptifi,  423. 
Piiysalis,  540. 
Plivsaria,  47. 
Pickorin^ifi,  114. 
Pirrnihnin,  .394. 
Pirrothnmtnin,  404. 
PilocoiiMis,  247. 
Pimi)cinel,  469. 
Pimpinclla,  259. 
Pin-clover,  95. 
Pin-crmss,  95. 
Pine-sap,  462. 
Pincilrops,  461. 
Pinj^iicnla,  586. 
Pipsis.snwa,  459. 
Piptoenlyx,  527. 
Pirns,  188. 
Pistacia,  109. 
Piffria,  98. 
Plngiohothrys,  526. 

Pl.VNTAOINAfE^,,  610. 

Plantago,  610. 
Plantain,  610. 
Platopnntia,  248. 
Platycaiixis,  124. 
PIatys|)ermum,  27. 
Platystemon,  19. 
Platystigma,  20. 
Ple.-tritis  287. 
Plcnrieospora,  463. 
Plenrogyno,  478. 
Plnchea;,  334. 
Plnin,  166. 

Pt,J'.MRAr:iN.\rK.K,  465. 
Pneiimonanthe,  482. 
P(i»los<iaiUnm,  26.3. 
pogorryne,  596. 
Poison  Hemlock,  258. 
Poison  Oak,  110. 
Polanisia,  50. 

POLKMONIACE/K,   485. 

Polemoniuni,  499. 
Polynarpon,  71. 
Polygala,  58.  j 

Pt)i,Yr.Ai,ACF..f;,  58. 
Pnlj/pnppii.'i,  334.  I 

PoMK^,,  166. 
Pond- Lily,  17.  I 


Porophvllnm.  398. 
for/rn/hf,  444. 
I'ortiiljirn,  73. 

j'nlMri.ACACK^.,   73. 

Potato,  558. 
I  Potentilln,  177. 
!  pofr„f,ni,  181,  184. 

Potrrii'mm,  186. 

Poterinni,  186. 

Prninvthix,  428. 

Primrose,  468. 

F'rimnla,  468. 

PniMrt,A<T,.f.,  466. 

Prince's  Pine,  459. 

Prosopis,  162. 

Prunns,  166. 

P.sn  thy  rotes,  409. 

P.silocnrpbus,  336. 

PsiliM-firphiis,  337. 

IVilocbenia,  435. 

Psoralea,  139. 

F'telf.n.  97. 

Pteros|Kira,  461. 

Pli-roxlrphftv  IIS,  431. 

Plilnrnhfr,  520. 

Ptilomeri.s,  378. 

Ptilophora,  423. 

I'nci'oon,  522. 

Pnf(io]>aj>pns,  354. 

Piihtiminriti,  523. 

Pnlsatilla,  3. 

Pnrsliia,  173. 

Purslane,  73. 

Pvcnantliemnm,  5P2. 

i'vrola,  460. 

P'urola,  4.*>9,  46n. 

Pinrncmna,    311,    312, 
315. 

Radish,  49. 

Pafines-inia,  429. 

Hngwcfnl,  344. 

Haillnnlella,  416,  618. 

RANfNIltt.ACF.it;,   2. 

Rannneulns,  5. 
Kaphanns,  49. 
Raspl>enT,  171. 
Rattleweed,  144. 
Re.l-btid,  160. 
Red  Clover,  128. 
Redwood,  104. 
Rellmninm,  283. 
Reseda,  53. 
Rf-skoack.^,  53. 
RirAMNACK.f.,  99. 
Rhamnns,  100. 
Rliodo<lendron,  457. 
Rhns,  109. 
Rhi/nchnfrpt.t,  335. 
RiV)e.sia,  206. 
Ribes,  204. 
Ribgrass,  610. 
Riddelia,  372. 
Rigiojiappns,  387. 
Robsonia.  204. 
Ronianzoffia,  516. 
Romneva,  20. 
Rosa,  187. 
Rosace.*,  164. 


1  Pose,  1 87. 

{  Rose  P.av,  458. 

Rosinwce.l,  361. 
I  RlRIAfK/K,  281. 
'  Rnbns,  171. 
j  RndlM'ckia,  347. 

Rnellia,  .588. 

RtTAt  F.^.  96. 

Jlii/iKiiiiiJ,  97. 

Siuriilnria,  551. 

.'^age,  598. 

S:ig<'-bnsli,  402. 

Sagina,  70. 

St.  .Iobn"s-\vort,  80. 

.Salal,  454. 

Salazaria,  604. 

Sal  moil -Iwrry,  171. 

Sfifpiiflossifi,  546. 

SalsilV,  422. 

Snlvia,  .59,'*i 

Sambnriis,  277. 

Saniolns,  470. 

SaiHJ-Spniicv,  71. 

Sandwort.  6«. 

Sinnfiii'x/nhii,  186. 

Sani<  le,  255. 

Saiiieiila.  255. 

S'liitnlinn,  401. 

.SAriNPArr.t.,  10.5. 

Siirrirhn,  .'ilO,  541. 

San'rwles,  462. 

Snicostenim.i,  477. 

S\I!I!A(F.M  AI-KiT,.  17. 

Saxifraga.  1!t2. 

S'lrilrmjii,    196. 
SAMFnACAlK;*!,   192. 

Sa.xifiage,  192. 
.'^.biniis.  109. 
S'l-hizin'rn-ifn,  234. 
Seliizonotns,  477. 
S'rfrntrnrpiis,  .360. 
.*«eor]>ion-(!ra.s.s,  522. 
Scoizonella,  424. 
S<rew-l)ean,  162. 
Scifw-jKxl  Meaqnite, 

16.3. 
Scropbnlaria,  5.52. 

ScIJoriHI.ARIACK*, 

546. 
Sentellaria.  602. 
Sea- Milkwort.  469. 
Sea-Pni-slane,  251. 
Sednm,  209. 
Snlin,,,  211,  2t2. 
S(  If-beal,  604. 
Selinnm,  264. 
S'r/iiiinn.  266. 
Sfm|H>rvivum,  208. 
Seiiebiera,  48. 
Seneeio,  410,  618. 
Srjifrio,   434. 
Senna,  161. 
Serieorarpns,  31  P. 
Sirirotfrnphis,  589. 
Reriphidium,  40.5. 
Scrvice-I  erry,  189. 
Sr.vh;  268. 
Sesavium,  251. 


Sheplierds  Pnrse,  44. 
Sfiorfi'i,  37S. 
Siblialdia,  180. 
Sida,  86. 
Sidfi,  83,  84,  87. 
Sidaleca,  83. 
Siriyrnia,  1 76. 
Sileiie,  62. 
Silybiini,  421. 
Silk  weed,  474. 
Simsin,  351. 
SinnpiJt,  39. 
Siplioralyx,  207. 
Si|)lionella,  492. 
.•>isyiiibrinni,  40. 
Sinni,  261. 
Si II 111,  260. 
Sknil.'ap,  602. 
Small  Manzanita,  453. 
Sinelowskia,  42. 
S'liiffnii'xHrt,  41. 
Sna|Mli-agon,  548. 
Sii.fze-wee.l,  392. 
Snow-I'lant,  462. 
.Snowlx-rry,  279. 
Siiowlnisb,  103. 
Sni.ANA*  F,.F,,  .537. 
Solannm,  538. 
Sill  mi  inn,  538. 
S.>li.lag»..  318. 
Sniiihiifn,  .114. 
Soliva,  40(5. 
Soiichiis,  442. 
Soiirkii.t,  412. 
.Sopliora,  1 1 4. 
Sorbns,  189. 
Sow-Thistle,  442. 
Spanish  Needles,  357. 
.Spearmint,  592. 
S|MMnlaria,  446. 
Speedwell,  572. 
Spergnla,  70. 
Sprrijnln,  70. 
SfhTfiu/'irin,  71. 
Sphaeele,  598. 
Sphn'noscindinm.,  265. 
Spha'raleea,  86. 
Sphcernlcca,  87. 
Sph/rrn  merin,  617. 
Sph.'Prostigma,  226. 
Spikenard,  27.3. 
Spilnvihr!*,  397. 
Spill. lie-tree,  98. 
Spira>a,  169. 
Spirit  a,  171. 
Spragnea,  77. 
Stachys,  605. 
Stanleya,  38. 
Stnphylca,  108. 
Star-flower,  468. 
Star-Thistle,  421. 
Statiee,  465. 
Sfafirr,  465. 
Sfrt/nncarpim,  620. 
Stellaria,  67. 
Stenio<lia,  570. 
Ste.nnrJis,  330,  831. 
Sl^snotta,  311. 


628 


INDEX. 


Str[th«notnoria,  427. 
S/iphnininrria,  424. 
Stkimjjmack^,,  88. 
Stirksccil,  5'2!). 
Stoiic-croi),  '209. 
Stoinx,  470. 
Striiinoniuni,  643. 
StnuvbeiiT,  1 7*!. 
Strcptaiitims,  33. 
Slrq^aiUhuH,  30 -38. 
StioinlKM-arpii,  163. 
Stylocline,  3.36. 
Shflojuippiin,  438. 
SiYiiACArK;*;,  470. 
Styrax,  470. 
Styplionia,  110. 
yulMiliiiia,  43. 
Snndcw,  213. 
Suiillowcr,  352. 
Sweet  Aly.s.snm,  27. 
Sweet  I{a.sil,  590. 
Sweet  Cicely,  261. 
Sweet  Clover,  132. 
Sweet  Mignonette,  53. 
Swec't-seenteil  Shrub, 

191. 
Swcrtia,  478. 
Syninlioricai-pns,  279. 
Syntliyris,  571. 
Syntriehopappus,  394. 
Syringa,  202. 
Symiatium,  137. 
Talmcnm,  545. 
Taliniim,  74. 
Talinv-m,  74,  76. 
TAMAIlI.SCINKiB,  79. 
Tanacetum,  402,  617. 
TaiutcMnm,  iO\. 
Tansy,  402. 
Taraxia,  224. 
Taraxicum,  439. 
Tare,  157. 
Tameetl,  358,  361. 
Teasel,  287. 
Telliraa,  197. 


Trssrtron/hi  117)1,  484. 
'I'esHaria.  334. 
Tetrailyiniii,  407. 
Tcfrnciifnua,  409. 
Thiilictnini,  4. 
Thaninosmn,  97. 
Thditin,  460,  461. 
Tlielyjiodiuni,  37. 
Therniopsis,  113. 
Thistle,  417. 
Thiaspi,  45. 
Thorn,  189. 
Thoni-Apple,  543. 
Thrift,  465. 
Thifnntx,  595. 
Thysanocarpus,  48. 
Tiarella,  199. 
Tinrd/n,  197. 
Tidy-tips,  370. 
TiJl'aea,  208. 
Tiquilia,  520. 
Toad-flax,  548. 
Tolwicco,  544. 
Tollon,  188. 
Tolmiea,  196. 
Tomato,  538. 
Tonella,  555. 
Tornilla,  16.3. 
Toxicodendron,  110. 
Tovon,  ISf*. 
Trachyphytnm,  235. 
Trago]M>fron,  422. 
Tree  Mnllow,  82. 
Tree  Stramonitim,  543. 
Tribnln.s,  91. 
Tricardia,  515. 
Trircrnx/rs,  242. 
Trirfioph>//htm.  381. 
Trichoptilium,  395. 
Triehostema,  606. 
Trientalis,  468. 
Trifolium,  125. 
Tri])hysaria,  578. 
Tripoliwni,  325,  326. 
Tro[weoluin,  93. 


Tropi<lo(:ti|>Mm,  44. 
Troximon,   K57. 
'i'i\(  kernianiriii,  356. 
Turnip,  3'.i. 
Turnsole;  521. 
Turrit  is,  41. 
Tum/iujo,  407. 
Twin -flower,  278. 

rMRKLt.IFF.I!*,   252. 

rnit;orn-]>]ant,  587. 
rroiHtpjms,  427. 
Uslnrin,  551. 
rtnc.ulariii,  586. 
I'va-ursi,  4."i3. 
V^aeciniuni.  450. 
Valerian    286. 
Valerian  i.  286. 
Vai.kui  \N\(  !•:-«,  286. 
Vancouvcriii,  16. 
V^enegasiii,  372. 
Verlwiscum,  548. 
Verlx'ua.  608. 
VerV)ena-sliriib,  609. 
Veubknack^,,  607. 
Venbesina,  3r>0. 
Veronica,  572. 
Vervain,  608. 
Vesicaria,  43. 
fcsiatria,  47. 
Vetch,  157. 
Vibnmuni,  278. 
Vicia,  l.'>7. 
Viguieni,  354. 
fu/ar.iiff,  l>\7. 
Vine-Maple,  107. 
Viola,  5.5. 
VioLA(  KK,  54. 
Violet,  :>'' 
Virgaurea,  318. 
VITACK.T.,  105. 
Vitis,  105. 
IVahlenhrrfjia,  448. 
Water-Cres.s,  43. 
Water  Hemlock,  260. 
Water  Horehound,  592. 


W.iter  Milfoil.  215. 
Wnter  I'aisnip,  216. 
Watcr-Shi.ld.  16. 
Waterleaf,  502. 
Weld,  53. 
Western  Mountain  Ash, 

189. 
Whipplea,  203. 
White  Clover,  129. 
White  Daisy,  401. 
White-weed",  401. 
Whitlavia,  513. 
Whitui  vn,  374. 
U-ina.i'.ho,  518. 
WiidMo,k(  herrv,  167. 
Willi  (nl.bnge.  36. 
Wild  (  luirv,  167. 
Willi  I'lnni;  167. 
Wild  Kadish,  49. 
Willow- Herb,  218. 
Winter  ( 'ress,  40. 
Wintergiccn,   454,  460. 
Wisli/enia.  52. 
Ilifhoni.f,  540. 
Wood-Anemone,  4. 
Woo<l-Sorrel,  96. 
Woodbine,  280. 
Woodvillea,  331. 
Wonnwood,  402. 
Wulfmin,  571. 
Wyethia,  348,  616. 
Xanthinm,  346. 
Xrrdholriix,  453. 
Ximnirxia,  350. 
Xyloc(M;cuH,  454. 
Xyl.xlalea,  142. 
Xylosteum,  280. 
Yarrow,  400. 
Yeara,  110. 

Yellow  Pond-Iiily,  17. 
Yerlw  nucna,  595. 
ZrtfHinin,  610, 
Zan.schneria,  217. 
Zizyphus,  99. 
Zygophyllace^,  91. 


END  OF  VOL.   I. 


University  Press  :    John  Wilson  &  Son,  Cambridge. 


s\ 


THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  SANTA  CRUZ 

SCIENCE  LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  DATE  stamped  below. 


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REG'O  h 

;.:h('  8     1985 
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